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Caracalla, RIC 311d, Date 213-217 AD, Silver Antoninianus Rome, VENVS VICTRIX (with Helmet)
Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Caracalla
Antoninianus of the Roman Imperial Period 213/217 AD
Material: Silver
Diameter: 23mm
Weight: 5.19g
Mint: Rome
Reference: RIC IV Caracalla 311d var. (Rare, with Helmet)
Provenance: Ex Dr. Gernot Heinrich Collection
This ist the RIC 311d Version with Helmet under the shield. An fantastic Antoninianus with many details on obverse and reverse, fantastic Caracalla bust and a clear reverse Venus. Rare RIC, and more Rare in this condition.
Obverse:
You can see the right-facing bust of Caracalla with a radiant crown. The inscription reads: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM for Antoninus Pius Augustus Germanicus.
Reverse:
The goddess Venus can be seen standing to the left, leaning on a shield. In her left hand she holds a Victoriola, in her right hand a spear. Standing, she leans on her shield and helmet. The inscription reads: VENVS VICTRIX for Venus Victrix (the victorious Venus).
Comments:
In ancient Rome, Venus Victrix is the form of the goddess Venus as victor or „as the one who brings victory“. Especially Pompeius Magnus celebrated his military successes in their honor. This was probably inspired by the armed Aphrodite (nikephoros carrying victory) who protected the Acropolis in certain eastern regions of ancient Greece. In Rome, the victorious Venus was mainly in the third century BC increasingly invoked in the wars against Carthage. Iulius Caesar traced the descent of his family and thus his own from Venus (Venus Genitrix). Pompey, as his adversary, identified his glorious destiny with Venus Victrix in order to claim Venus‘ protection in the secret rivalry. After his victory in the war against Mithridates in 55 BC Pompeius celebrated his triumph „de orbi universo“ (over the whole world) and had a temple built for the victorious Venus, which unfortunately has not been preserved. The sanctuary of Venus Victrix stood on the Capitol, which was probably built during the war against the Samnites. Her feast days were August 12 and October 9, with an annual sacrifice being made on the latter date. At the same time, homage was also paid to Victoria, who closely connected the Romans with Venus Victrix.
Associating this type of coin directly with a specific historical event in the reign of Caracalla is difficult. This Antoninianus is between 213 and 217 AD dated. He could therefore retrospectively refer to the victories in the Germania campaign in 213 AD relate to the battles in Dacia against the Carps in 214 AD refer to or anticipate „the-victorious“ Venus Victrix to refer to the coming eastern campaign against the Parthians.paul1888
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Magnus Maximus, AE2. Lyons. AD 383-388. DN MAG MAXI-MVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right / REPARATIO-REIPVB, Emperor standing left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling, turreted woman. No fieldmark. Mintmark LVGP. RIC IX Lyons 32; Sear 20649.Antonivs Protti
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Magnus Maximus, RIC VIII 26a Arles, 383-388 CE.Magnus Maximus AE2
Obverse: D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: REPARATIO REIPB, Emperor standing left, raising kneeling woman.
PCOM in ex. Arles mint, 21.9 mm, 4.4 g.NORMAN K
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Hugh Magnus: denier (Orléans)Hugh Magnus (Hugues de France in french) (1007-1025)
Denier (Orléans)
Billon, 1.28 g, diameter 17.5 mm, die axis 12h
O/ +D-I DEXTRA BE; city gate with an H on the left, a V below, a G on the right and a O on the top
R/ +AVRELIANIS CIVITAS; cross pattée
Hugh was the elder son of Robert II (the Pious), second capetian king of the Franks (996-1031). Hugues was crowned as an associate king in 1017. However, he died before his father and consequently he never ruled. No other son of a king of France had been called Hugh.
The obverse legend is a Christian one: dei dextra benedictus (blessed on God's right). As usual for Orléans mint, the I after the L in Avrelianis is in the angle.
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RIC.84b Magnus Maximus (siliqua, Virtvs Romanorvm)Magnus Maximus, usurpor (383-384), western roman emperor (384-388)
Siliqua: Virtvs Romanorvm (383-388, Trèves mint)
silver 900‰, 18 mm diameter, 2.24 g, die axis: 1 h
A/ D N MAG MAX-IMVS P F AVG; pearl diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right
R/ VIRTVS RO-MANORVM / TRPS in exergue; Roma seated left on throne, holding Victory on globe and spear
Die breaking on the cheek
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RIC.29a Magnus Maximus (AE4, Spes Romanorvm)Magnus Maximus, usurpor (383-384), western roman emperor (384-388)
Nummus AE4 : Spes Romanorvm (383-388, Arles mint)
bronze, 12 mm diameter, 1.40 g, die axis: 5 h,
A/ D N MAG MAXI-MVS P F AVG; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ SPES RO-MA-NORVM / PCON; open camp-gate with star between its two turrets
RIC.29a
NBD.55515
Ferrando II 1677 (C2)
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RIC.35 Magnus Maximus (AE4, Vot V Mvlt X)Magnus Maximus, usurpor (383-384), western roman emperor (384-388)
Nummus AE4 : Vot V Mvlt X (383-388, Lyon mint)
bronze, 14 mm diameter, 1.72 g, die axis: 6 h,
A/ [D N MA]G MAXI-MVS P F AV[G]; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ VOT / V/ MVLT / X / LVCS in exergue; in wreath
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RIC.26a1 Magnus Maximus (AE2, Reparatio Reipvb)Magnus Maximus, usurpor (383-384), western roman emperor (384-388)
Maiorina pecunia AE2 : Reparatio Reipvb (383-388, Arles mint)
bronze, 23 mm diameter, 4.23 g, die axis: 5 h
A/ D N MAG MAXI-MVS P F AVG; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ REPARATIO-REIPVB / PCON in exergue, C in the field; emperor standing facing left, with right hand raising kneeled turreted woman, and holding Victory on globe in left hand
RIC.IX 26.a.1(C)
Ferrando II 1669 (C4)
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RIC.26a2 Magnus Maximus (AE2, Reparatio Reipvb)Magnus Maximus, usurpor (383-384), western roman emperor (384-388)
Maiorina pecunia AE2 : Reparatio Reipvb (383-388, Arles mint)
bronze, 21 mm diameter, 5.04 g, die axis: 1 h
A/ D N MAG MAXI-MVS P F AVG; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ REPARATIO-REIPVB / SCON in exergue, C in the field; emperor standing facing left, with right hand raising kneeled turreted woman, and holding Victory on globe in left hand
RIC.IX 26.a.2(C)
Ferrando II 1670 (C4)
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RIC.32.(6 or 7) Magnus Maximus (AE2, Reparatio Reipvb)Magnus Maximus, usurpor (383-384), western roman emperor (384-388)
Maiorina pecunia AE2 : Reparatio Reipvb (383-388, Lyon mint)
bronze, 23 mm diameter, 3.95 g, die axis: 7 h,
A/ D N MAG MAXI-MVS P F AVG; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ REPARATIO-REIPVB / LVG? in exergue, C in the field; emperor standing facing left, with right hand raising kneeled turreted woman, and holding Victory on globe in left hand
RIC.IX 32.(6 ou 7)(S)
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RIC.85 Magnus Maximus (AE2, Reparatio Reipvb)Magnus Maximus, usurpor (383-384), western roman emperor (384-388)
Maiorina pecunia AE2 : Reparatio Reipvb (383-388, Trèves mint)
bronze, 23 mm diameter, 5.23 g, die axis: 7 h,
A/ D N MAG MAX-IMVS P F AVG; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ REPARATIO-REIPVB / SMTRP; emperor standing facing left, with right hand raising kneeled turreted woman, and holding Victory on globe in left hand
RIC.IX 85.1(S)
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RIC.33 Magnus Maximus (AE2, Victoria Avg)Magnus Maximus, usurpor (383-384), western roman emperor (384-388)
Maiorina pecunia AE2 : Victoria Avgg (383-388, Lyon mint)
bronze, 21 mm diameter, 4.41 g, die axis: 6 h,
A/ D N MAG MAXI-MVS P F AVG; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ VICTOR-IA AVGG / LVGP; emperor standing left, holding victory and standard
RIC.IX 33.1(S)
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383 - 388 AD
AE 22 mm 4.29 g
O: DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG
DIAD BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB
EMPEROR STANDING, HEAD L. HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FEMALE
LVGP IN EXE
LUGDUNUM
SCARCElaney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383 - 388 AD
AE 24 mm 4.16 g
O: DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG
DIAD BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB
EMPEROR STANDING, HEAD L. HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FEMALE
PCON IN EXE
ARELATElaney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383 - 388 AD
AE 22 mm 5.07 g
O: DN MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right.
R: VICTORIA AVGG, emperor stading facing, head left, holding Victory & standard
LVGP IN EXE
LUGDUNUMlaney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383 - 388 AD
AE 21.5 mm X 25 mm 4.48 g
O DN MAG MAXI[MV]S PF AVG
DIAD DRAPED AND CUIR BUST R
R: REPARATIO REI[PVB]
MAGNUS STANDING L HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FEMALElaney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUSMAGNUS MAXIMUS
383 - 388 AD
O: DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG
DIAD BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB
EMPEROR STANDING, HEAD L. HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FEMALE
SCON IN EXE
ARELATE
RIC 26(a) IXlaney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383 - 388 AD
AE 21.5 mm 4.28 gO: DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG
DIAD BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB
EMPEROR STANDING, HEAD L. HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FEMALE
laney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383 - 388 AD
AE 21 mm 4.62 g
O: DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG
DIAD BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB
EMPEROR STANDING, HEAD L. HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FEMALE
laney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383 - 388 AD
AE 22 mm; 6.25 g
O: DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG diademed bust right
R: REPARATIO REIPVB Emperor standing head left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling female; SCON in exe
Arleate mint; RIC 26(a) IXlaney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383 - 388 AD
AE 21.5 mm X 25 mm 4.48 g
O DN MAG MAXI[MV]S PF AVG diademed, craped and cuirassed bust right
R: REPARATIO REI[PVB] Magnus staging left holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling female
laney
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(0383) MAGNUS MAXIMUS383-388 AD
AE 22 mm, 4.81 g
O: D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right;
R:REPARATIO REIPVB, emperor standing facing, head left, raising turreted woman with right hand, Victory on globe in left hand, Victory crowning him with wreath and holding palm frondlaney
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(Deceased) Constantine I MagnusFuneral issue of Constantine I (347-348 CE)
Veiled head of Constantine, right/Constantine standing right, wearing toga and veil. Legend: Veneranda Memoria.
Minted in Constantinople.
AEBelisarius
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(Deceased) Constantine I Magnus(Deceased) Constantine I Magnus, (338-340 CE)
Constantine I, veiled head/Constantine riding quadriga right, reaching up towards the hand of god (Manus Dei).
Trier Mint (?)
AE 12Belisarius
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0001 Sextus Pompey, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet [Youngest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]Q. Nasidius for Sextus Pompey
Obv: NEPTVNI (open P) downward on the l., bareheaded portrait of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus facing r., trident with prongs pointing upward on the r., dolphin facing r. below neck, banker's mark to r. of bottom of neck. Border of dots.
Rev: Q. NASIDIVS below galley moving r. with billowing sail and bank of rowers, steersman on l. facing r. on stern with star above, pilot on r. facing r. standing on prow. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Sicily, uncertain location1; Date 42 BC2; Weight: 3.87g; Diameter: 19mm: Die axis: 150º; References, for example: Cohen 15; Babelon Nasidia 1 and Pompeia 28; BMCRR v. II Sicily 21; Crawford RRC 483/2; Sydenham 1350; CRI 235.
Notes:
Q. Nasidius, a naval commander under Pompey the Great, eventually wound up in the services of Sextus. See Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily p. 564 and Sear CRI pp. 139 - 140.
1Sydenham, Crawford RRC, and Estiot (2006) place the minting of this coin type in Sicily, but without referencing a location. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily also places the minting of this coin in Sicily and hesitatingly suggests the city of Catana. By his own admission "...this attribution is quite conjectural" (p. 557). Sear CRI, however, argues for a completely different location. On the basis of the naval theme and the absence of the title PRAEF⦁ORAE⦁MARIT⦁ET⦁CLAS⦁S⦁C, which for him pushes the date of minting to a time prior to April of 43 BC, Sear posits the minting of this coin to Sextus' time at the port of Massilia in southern Gaul.
2This is the date argued for in Estiot (2006) (p. 145), "...possibly around the time just before the beginning of the issue of Sextus Pompieus" imp. iter. praef. clas. et orae marit ex S C. coinage" [translation my own]. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily proposes 38 - 36 BC with Sydenham and DeRose Evans (1987) following suit. Crawford RRC suggests 44 - 43 BC.
Provenance: Ex CNG Auction 114 May 13, 2020 Lot 646; From the B. G. Collection, Ex CNG Auction 108 May 16, 2018 Lot 526.
Photo Credits: CNG
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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0002 Sextus Pompey -- Neptune and Naval TrophySextus Pompey, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet
[Youngest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]
Obv: [MAG or MA (ligatured) G]⦁PIVS⦁IMP⦁ITER; Portrait of Neptune facing r., diademed and bearded, trident over l. shoulder. Border of dots.
Rev: [PRAE (AE ligatured) F⦁CLAS⦁ET⦁ORAE (AE ligatured)]⦁MAR (ligatured) IT⦁EX⦁S⦁C⦁; Naval trophy with trident on top and anchor on bottom, prow stem on l. and aplustre on r., at base two representations of Charybdis and two dog heads of Scylla. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Sicily, uncertain location1; Date: summer 42 - summer 39 BC2; Weight: 3.89g; Diameter: 17mm; Die axis: 30º; References, for example: Sear CRI 333; BMCRR v. II Sicily 15, 16, and 17 variant3; Sydenham 1347 variant3; Crawford RRC 511/2a or 2b4.
Notes:
Obverse legend: MAG[NUS]⦁PIVS⦁IMP[ERATOR]⦁ITER[UM]
Reverse legend: PRAEF[ECTUS]⦁CLAS[SIS]⦁ET⦁ORAE⦁MARIT[IMAE]⦁EX⦁S[ENATUS]⦁C[ONSULTO]
1Sear CRI, Crawford RRC, Sydenham, and DeRose Evans (1987) all place the minting of this coin type in Sicily, but they do not reference a possible location. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily suggests Messana.
2This is the date range argued for in Estiot 2006 (p. 145). Estiot recommends returning to Crawford's proposal of 42 - 40 BC. Crawford RRC, p. 521 suggests the period in 42 BC after Sextus Pompey defeated Q. Salvidienus Rufus. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily, p.562 proposes 38 - 36 BC and Sydenham, p. 210 adopts the same datation. DeRose Evans (1987), p. 129 offers a time between late summer 36 and September 36 BC.
3Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily 15, 16, and 17 and Sydenham 1347 only list a reverse legend containing MAR (ligatured) I but the coin here is MAR (ligatured) IT.
4It is impossible to see the full obverse legend, so it cannot be determined if MA is ligatured or not. The reverse legend is clearly the first variety of 2a or 2b, a variety not found on 2c.
Provenance: Ex Shanna Schmidt Numismatics April 11, 2019; from the collection of W. F. Stoecklin, Amriswil, Switzerland; acquired from Hess AG in Luzern, from the Ernst Haeberlin collection, Cahn & Hess, Frankfurt, July 17, 1933 Lot 2889.
Photo credits: Shanna Schmidt Numismatics
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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0004 Sextus Pompey -- Pharos and ScyllaSextus Pompey, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet
[Youngest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]
Obv: MAG⦁PIVS⦁IMP⦁ITER; Pharos of Messana, Neptune on top standing r. with r. hand on a trident and l. hand on a rudder, resting l. foot on prow. Galley sailing l., aquila atop a tripod placed in prow and a scepter tied with a fillet in stern. Border of dots.
Rev: PRAEF⦁ORAE⦁MARIT⦁ET⦁CLAS⦁S⦁C [AEs and MAR ligatured]; Scylla attacking l. wielding a rudder in both hands, the torso of a nude woman with two fishtails and the foreparts of three dogs as the lower body. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Sicily, uncertain location1; Date: summer 42 - summer 39 BC2; Weight: 3.566g; Diameter: 19.8mm; Die axis: 225º; References, for example: BMCRR v. II Sicily 20 variant3, Sydenham 1349 variant3; Crawford RRC 511/4d; Sear CRI 335b.
Notes:
Obverse legend: MAG[NUS]⦁PIVS⦁IMP[ERATOR]⦁ITER[UM]
Reverse legend: PRAEF[ECTUS]⦁ORAE⦁MARIT[IMAE]⦁ET⦁CLAS[SIS]⦁S[ENATUS]⦁C[ONSULTO]
1Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily, p.557 and Sear CRI, p. 203 suggest Messana as a possible mint location. DeRose Evans (1987), p. 124 hesitatingly suggests Mitylene (on the island of Lesbos).
2This is the date range suggested by Estiot 2006, p. 145, as she recommends going back to Crawford's proposal of 42 - 40 BC. Crawford RRC, p. 521 suggests the period in 42 BC after Sextus Pompey defeated Q. Salvidienus Rufus. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily, p.556 proposes 38 - 36 BC. Sydenham, p.211 follows Grueber. DeRose Evans (1987), p. 129 submits 35 BC.
3Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily 20 and Sydenham 1349 list MAR (ligatured) I but the coin here is clearly MAR (ligatured) IT. Neither Grueber nor Sydenham record MAR (ligatured) IT as part of this reverse legend for this coin type. Crawford and Sear do.
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins 15 January 2019; Nomos Obolos 10, 30 June 2018 Lot 349.
Photo credits: Forum Ancient Coins
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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0006 Sextus Pompey -- Pompey the Great and Neptune with Catanaean BrothersSextus Pompey, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet
[Youngest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]
Obv: [MAG⦁PIVS⦁IMP⦁ITER]; portrait of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus r.; behind jug; before lituus. Border of dots.
Rev: above, [PRAE (AE ligatured) F]; in exergue, CLAS⦁ET⦁[ORAE (AE ligatured)⦁MAR (ligatured) IT⦁EX⦁S⦁C]; Neptune standing l., wearing diadem, aplustre in r. hand, cloak over l. arm, r. foot on prow,; on either side a Catanaean brother bearing one of his parents on his shoulders1. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Sicily, uncertain location2; Date: summer 42 - summer 39 BC3; Weight: 3.68g; Diameter: 17mm; Die axis: 30º; References, for example: Sear CRI 334; BMCRR v. II Sicily 7, 8, 9, and 10; Sydenham 1344; Crawford RRC 511/3a.
Notes:
Obverse legend: MAG[NUS]⦁PIVS⦁IMP[ERATOR]⦁ITER[UM]
Reverse legend: PRAEF[ECTUS]⦁CLAS[SIS]⦁ET⦁ORAE⦁MARIT[IMAE]⦁EX⦁S[ENATUS]⦁C[ONSULTO]
1Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily appears a bit hesitant in his pronouncement that the representation of the Catanaean brothers in fact refers to Sextus' title Pius (p. 561), but Sear CRI appears to have no such hesitation when he states "...the type illustrates the theme of 'Pietas' in connection with the assumption of the name Pius." (p.203). DeRose Evans (1987) goes further (pp. 115 - 116), arguing that Sextus chose the Catanaean brothers ("...he consciously identifies himself with the south Italian heroes") as a way to deliberately contrast his Pietas with that of Octavian's.
2Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily tentatively suggests Catana as a possible location and Sear CRI follows suit.
3This is the date range argued for in Estiot 2006 (p. 145). Estiot recommends returning to Crawford's proposal of 42 - 40 BC. Crawford RRC, p. 521 suggests the period in 42 BC after Sextus Pompey defeated Q. Salvidienus Rufus. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily, p.560 proposes 42 - 38 BC and Sydenham, p. 210 follows suit. DeRose Evans (1987), p. 129 offers a time between late summer 36 and September 36 BC.
Provenance: Ex Shanna Schmidt Numismatics 11 June 2019; from the collection of W. F. Stoecklin, Amriswil, Switzerland, acquired from Hess AG in Luzern prior to 1975. Ex Dr. Jacob Hirsch 33, 17 November 1913 Lot 1058.
Photo credits: Shanna Schmidt Numismatics
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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0008 Gnaeus Pompey Junior, Imperator [Oldest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]Obv: M POBLICI LEG PRO counterclockwise from below and PR counterclockwise behind (M. Poblicius, Gnaeus Pompey Jr.’s legatus pro praetore), helmeted head of Roma r. Bead and reel border.
Rev: CN MAGNVS IMP counterclockwise in exergue and on right, Hispania on l. standing r., round shield on her back, two transverse spears in l. hand, presenting palm frond with r. hand to a soldier (Gnaeus Pompey?) standing l. on prow, l. hand resting on pommel of sword in sheath. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Hispania, Cordoba mint; Date: 46 - 45 BC; Weight: 3.659g; Diameter: 19.8mm; Die axis: 180º; References, for example: Cohen Pompey the Great 1; Babelon Pompeia 9; BMCRR Spain 72; Sydenham 1035; Sear CRI 48; SRCV 1384; Crawford 469/1a.
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins July 2, 2022; Roma Numismatics e-sale 95 April 13, 2022 Lot 860; ex Z.P. Collection (Austria).
Photo credits: Forum Ancient Coins
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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000c. Sextus PompeySextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey, was a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). He was the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate.
Sextus Pompeius was the youngest son of Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. His older brother was Gnaeus Pompeius, from the same mother. Both boys grew up in the shadow of their father, one of Rome's best generals and originally non-conservative politician who drifted to the more traditional faction when Julius Caesar became a threat.
When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Sextus' older brother Gnaeus followed their father in his escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Sextus stayed in Rome in the care of his stepmother, Cornelia Metella. Pompey's army lost the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and Pompey himself had to run for his life. Cornelia and Sextus met him in the island of Mytilene and together they fled to Egypt. On the arrival, Sextus watched his father being killed by treachery on September 29 of the same year. After the murder, Cornelia returned to Rome, but in the following years Sextus joined the resistance against Caesar in the African provinces. Together with Metellus Scipio, Cato the younger, his brother Gnaeus and other senators, they prepared to oppose Caesar and his army to the end.
Caesar won the first battle at Thapsus in 46 BC against Metellus Scipio and Cato, who committed suicide. In 45 BC, Caesar managed to defeat the Pompeius brothers in the battle of Munda. Gnaeus Pompeius was executed, but young Sextus escaped once more, this time to Sicily.
Back in Rome, Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 BC by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus. This incident did not lead to a return to normality, but provoked yet another civil war between Caesar's political heirs and his assassins. The second triumvirate was formed by Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus, with the intention of avenging Caesar and subduing all opposition. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was certainly a rebellious man, but the Cassius and Brutus faction was the second triumvirate's first priority. Thus, with the whole island as his base, Sextus had the time and resources to develop an army and, even more importantly, a strong navy operated by Sicilian marines.
Brutus and Cassius lost the twin battles of Philippi and committed suicide in 42 BC. After this, the triumvirs turned their attentions to Sicily and Sextus.
But by this time, Sextus was prepared for strong resistance. In the following years, military confrontations failed to return a conclusive victory for either side and in 39 BC, Sextus and the triumvirs signed for peace in the Pact of Misenum. The reason for this peace treaty was the anticipated campaign against the Parthian Empire. Antony, the leader, needed all the legions he could get so it was useful to secure an armistice in the Sicilian front. The peace did not last for long. Octavian and Antony's frequent quarrels were a strong political motivation for resuming the war against Sextus. Octavian tried again to conquer Sicily, but he was defeated in the naval battle of Messina (37 BC) and again in August 36 BC. But by then, Octavian had Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a very talented general, on his side. Only a month afterwards, Agrippa destroyed Sextus' navy off Naulochus cape. Sextus escaped to the East and, by abandoning Sicily, lost all his base of support.
Sextus Pompeius was caught in Miletus in 35 BC and executed without trial (an illegal act since Sextus was a Roman citizen) by order of Marcus Titius, Antony's minion. His violent death would be one of the weapons used by Octavian against Antony several years later, when the situation between the two became unbearable.
Sicilian Mint
Magn above laureate Janiform head
PIVS above, IMP below, prow of galley right
Sear RCV 348, RPC 671, Sydenham 1044a, Cohen 16
43-36 BC
Check ecoli
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001b. Pompey MagnusPompey was considered to be the premier general of his day. He initially was an ally with Julius Caesar, in part cemented by the marriage of Pompey to Caesar's daughter Julia. The two then broke, however, with Pompey siding with the optimates (the wealthy faction) against Caesar, with his populist leadership. During the civil war following Caesar’s invasion of Rome, Pompey was decisively defeated at the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. He fled to Egypt, where he was murdered, much to Caesar’s displeasure.
Coin: Cn Pompeius Magnus. Denarius, 48 BC. 17mm, 3.58 g. Terentius Varro, proquaestor. Uncertain Greek mint. Obv: VARRO PRO Q, bust of Jupiter Terminus right. Rev: MAGN PRO COS in two lines in exergue. Vertical scepter, with dolphin to left and eagle to right. Cr447/1a, Syd 1033, RSC 3, Pompeia 7. Triskeles Auction 28, Lot 261.lawrence c
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001b2. Pompey MagnusDenarius
49 BC
19mm, 3.6 g.
Struck by Q. Sicinius and C. Coponius in East.
Obv: Q SICINIVS III VIR, diademed head of Apollo right, star below.
Rev: C CONONIVS PR S C, club of Hercules surmounted by a facing lion's scalp, arrow left, bow right.
RRC 444/1, Sear 413.
NOTE: Sicinius is striking as a moneyer in exile in the East, having fled Italy with Pompey. The Praetor Coponius commanded the Pompeian fleet.lawrence c
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011 HarthacnutPenny of Harthacnut, king of Denmark 1035-1042 and England 1040-1042
Danish issue as king of Denmark
Moneyer: Toci
Mint: Lund
S. 1170, Hbg 28 (var.)
Hauberg 28
O: NARÐECII
R: TOOCI ON LVNDI
Danish coin of Harthacnut, imitating the long cross type of Aethelred II. Harthacnut faces left with a nice head of bushy hair, looking somewhat more like a rooster's comb. In front of him is an extended hand, which seems to be clothed in a gauntlet. The lanky fingers look almost skeletal. The significance of this hand may be related to similar imagery of the 'benediction hand' on other coins of Aethelred II. This similar hand is also seen on late Roman coins. This image only appears on coins of Toci. Toci also struck coins for Cnut the Great, Magnus the Good, and Cnut IV.
Ex- Hafnia coins, Künker Auction 194 (lot 2132)St. George's Collection
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013 StridsperiodenAnonymous penny from the Stridsperioden ("Battle" or "strife" period) 1044-1047
Moneyer: Suerlced (?)
Mint: Lund
O: IPPDCC+IICVI
R: +SV ERL CDO NLVN
These anonymous coins are thought to have been made from 1044-1047 when Magnus the Good, Harald Hardrade, and Svend Estridsen were all competing for the rule of Denmark. It is thought that because the mint was changing hands so frequently, it was likely that the coins were purposely given garbled nonsense obverse legends.
Ex- Bruun Rasmussen 916 (lot 67), K KoldSt. George's Collection
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056 Magnus LadulåsBracteate of Magnus III "Ladulås", king of Sweden 1275-1290
Mint: Skara?
SMB 159
LL XVIII:C:2a
Magnus enlisted the help of Denmark to oust his brother Valdemar, the king of Sweden. His nickname "Ladulås", is of uncertain origin. It it thought to mean "barn-lock" noting that Magnus set a law that allowed the peasant class to refuse handing over their food to any nobility who could previously just demand it (i.e. a peasant could just "lock his barn").
Ex- G.WardSt. George's Collection
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075 Magnus Maximus. AE4obv: DN MAG MA_XIMVS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust r.
rev: SPES RO_MA_NORVM campgate with two turrents star above
ex: SMAQS
hill132
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076 Magnus maximus. AE4obv: DN MAG MA_XIMVS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust r.
rev: SPES RO_MA NORVM campgate with two turrents star above
ex: SMAQPhill132
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078 Magnus maximus. AE4obv: DN MAG MAXI_NVS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. uir. bust r.
rev: SPES RO_MA NORVM campgate with two turrents star above
ex: SCONhill132
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079 Magnus Maximus AE4obv: DN MAG MAXI_MVS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust r.
rev: SPES RO_MA_NORVM campgate with two turrents star above
ex: SCONhill132
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102a. GratianWestern Augustus August 367-August 383.
Son of Valentinian I, and made co-emperor at age 8. Put in charge of West in 375 at age 16. Appointed Theodosius as co-emperor, but considerable struggles between the two. Gratian campaigned against Magnus Maximus. Gratian’s troops turned against him and he was killed while fleeing.lawrence c
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105a. Magnus MaximusOf Spanish descent, Maximus became a very successful general. In 383, as commander of Britain, he tried to usurp Gratian. After negotiations with emperor Theodosius I, he was made emperor in Britannia and Gaul the next year while Gratian's brother Valentinian II retained Italy, Pannonia, Hispania, and Africa. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, resulting in his defeat by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Save in 388. He then was beheaded. Maximus later featured prominently in both Welsh folklore and in literature.lawrence c
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105a01. Magnus MaximusAE2. 23.5mm, 5.03 g. Arles mint. Obv: D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right. Rev: REPARATIO-REIPVB, emperor standing left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling, turreted woman. Mintmark PCON. RIC IX Arles 26a; Sear 20650.lawrence c
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105a02. Magnus MaximusAE2. 23.5mm, 5.03 g. Arles mint. Obv: D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right. Rev: REPARATIO-REIPVB, emperor standing left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling, turreted woman. Mintmark PCON. RIC IX Arles 26a; Sear 20650.lawrence c
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105a03. Magnus MaximusAE4. 11.5mm, 1.47 g. Aquileia mint. 387-388 AD. Obv: DN MAG MA-XIMVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: Campgate with six rows, two beacons, star above, no doors. Mintmark SMAQS. RIC IX Aquileia 55a; Sear 20657.lawrence c
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105a04. Magnus MaximusAE4. Arles as Constantina. DN MAG MAXI_MVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right / SPES ROMANORVM, campgate , star above. Mintmark [?]CON. RIC IX Arles 29alawrence c
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105b. Flavius VictorSon of Magnus Maximus, and co-emperor May 387 - August 388. He was a child at the time. When Magnus invaded Italy in 387, Flavius Victor was left in Gaul for his safety, but he was executed by the Frankish Magister Militum Arbogastes by order of Theodosius.lawrence c
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11 - Personalities of the Empire
Magnentius, Decentius, Vetranius, Constantius Gallo, Julian II, Jovian, Valentinianus I, Valens, Procopius, Gratianus, Valentinianus II, Theodosius I, Aelia Flacilla and Magnus Maximus mdelvalle
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145 Magnus Maximus. AR silique 1.7gmobv: DN MAG MAX_IMVS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust r.
rev: VIRTUVS RO_MANORVM Roma seated facing, holding globe and reversed spear
ex: TRPShill132
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1503a, Gratian, 24 August 367 - 25 August 383 A.D.Gratian, 24 August 367 - 25 August 383 A.D. Bronze AE 3, F, 2.352g, 19.13mm, 0o. Obverse: emperor's diadmed bust right; reverse GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor draging captive, * in left field.
Gratian, son of Valentinian I, became the sole ruler of the Western empire in 375 A.D., and after the catastrophic defeat of the Roman forces at Hadrianopolis the Eastern empire also came under his rule. To better cope with the empire, he elevated general Theodosius to the Eastern throne. Because of a shortage of coinage to meet the payroll, Gratian was abandoned by his troops during the revolt of Magnus Maximus. He was overtaken and killed while fleeing to the Alps.Cleisthenes
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162 Magnus Maximus (383-388 A.D.), Arles, RIC IX 026a-S, -/-//SCON, AE-2 Follis, REPARATIO REIPVB, Emperor, #1162 Magnus Maximus (383-388 A.D.), Arles, RIC IX 026a-S, -/-//SCON, AE-2 Follis, REPARATIO REIPVB, Emperor, #1
avers:- D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- REPARATIO REIPVB, emperor standing left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling, turreted woman.
exergo: -/-//SCON, diameter: 22,0-24,0mm, weight: 5,80g, axis: 6h,
mint: Arles, date: 383-388 A.D., ref: RIC-IX-26a-S, p-, Sear 20650,
Q-001quadrans
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1701 - États de NantesLouis XIV
6,16g
28 mm
argent
LUDOVICUS. MAGNUS. REX.
"Louis le Grand Roi"
Tête à droite de Louis XIV, le col nu et les cheveux longs,
au-dessous signature R
.IETONS. DES. ESTAS. DE. BRETAGNE.
Écu couronné écartelé aux 1 et 4 de France,
aux 2 et 3 de Bretagne,
sur un manteau semé de fleurs de lis et d’hermines
à l'exergue 1701
Daniel 52 PYL
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1707 - États de DinanLouis XIV
6,56g
28 mm
argent
LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX.
"Louis le Grand roi"
Tête à droite de Louis XIV, le col nu et les cheveux longs,
au-dessous signature TB en monogramme
.IETONS. DES. ESTAS. DE. BRETAGNE.
Écu couronné écartelé aux 1 et 4 de France,
aux 2 et 3 de Bretagne,
sur un manteau semé de fleurs de lis et d’hermines
1707 à l'exergue
Daniel 62 PYL
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1709 - États de Saint-BrieucLouis XIV
6,85g
28 mm
argent
LUDOVICUS. MAGNUS REX.
"Louis le Grand roi"
Tête à droite de Louis XIV, le col nu et les cheveux longs,
au-dessous signature TB en monogramme
.JETTON DES ESTATS DE BRETAGNE.
Écu couronné écartelé aux 1 et 4 de France,
aux 2 et 3 de Bretagne,
sur un manteau semé de fleurs de lis et d’hermines
1709 à l'exergue
Daniel 64PYL
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1709 - États de Saint-BrieucLouis XIV
6,71g
28 mm
argent
LUDOVICUS. MAGNUS REX.
"Louis le Grand roi"
Tête à droite de Louis XIV, le col nu et les cheveux longs,
au-dessous signature TB en monogramme
.JETTON DES ESTATS DE BRETAGNE.
Écu couronné écartelé aux 1 et 4 de France,
aux 2 et 3 de Bretagne,
sur un manteau semé de fleurs de lis et d’hermines
1709 à l'exergue
Daniel 64 PYL
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1711 - États de DinanLouis XIV
6,47g
28 mm
argent
LUDOVICUS. MAGNUS REX.
"Louis le Grand roi"
Tête à droite de Louis XIV, le col nu et les cheveux longs,
au-dessous signature TB en monogramme
IETONS. DES. ESTAS. DE. BRETAGNE
Écu couronné écartelé aux 1 et 4 de France,
aux 2 et 3 de Bretagne,
sur un manteau semé de fleurs de lis et d’hermines
à l'exergue .1711.
Daniel 66PYL
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1715 - États de Saint-Brieuc Louis XIV
6,75g
28 mm
argent
LUDOVICUS. MAGNUS REX .
"Louis le Grand Roi"
Buste à droite de Louis XIV signé TB
IETONS DES ESTAS DE BRETAGNE
Écu écartelé de France et de Bretagne couronné sur un manteau fleurdelisé
à l'exergue 1715.
Daniel 71 PYL
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185 - Magnus Maximus, AR Siliqua, RIC IX 84b1Obv:– D N MAG MAX-IMVS P F AVG, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, head left, holding globe & spear
Minted in Trier (TRPS), A.D. 383-388
Reference:– RIC IX, 84b1. RSC 20a.maridvnvm
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190 - DECENTIVSMagnus Decentius was a usurper of the western portion of the Roman Empire against emperor Constantius II. Decentius was the brother of Magnentius, who had revolted against Constantius on 18 January 350.
for obverse, reverse and coin details click hereshanxi
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194. Magnus Maximus (Pretender under Theodosius I)Av.: DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG
Rv.: REPARATIO REIPVB
Ex.: LVGP
AE Maiorina Ø22 / 5.8g
RIC IX 32 Lyons
Scarce!
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1ew Magnus Maximus383-388
AE2
Diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right, D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG
Emperor standing left, raising kneeling female; mintmarks PCON, SCON and TCON known, REPARATIO REIPVB
RIC 26a
Zosimus reports: While the affairs of Thrace were, thus situated, those of Gratian were in great perplexity. Having accepted the counsel of those courtiers who usually corrupt the manners of princes, he gave a reception to some fugitives called Alani, whom he not only introduced into his army, but honoured with valuable presents, and confided to them his most important secrets, esteeming his own soldiers of little value. This produced among his soldiers a violent hatred against him, which being gradually inflamed and augmented incited in them a disposition for innovation, and most particulary in that part of them which was in Britain, since they were the most resolute and vindictive. In this spirit they were encouraged by Maximus, a Spaniard, who had been the fellow-soldier of Theodosius in Britain. He was offended that Theodosius should be thought worthy of being made emperor, while he himself had no honourable employment. He therefore cherished the animosity of the soldiers towards the emperor. They were thus easily induced to revolt and to declare Maximus emperor. Having presented to him the purple robe and the diadem, they sailed to the mouth of the Rhine. As the German army, and all who were in that quarter approved of the election, Gratian prepared to contend against Maximus, with a considerable part of the army which still adhered to him. When the armies met, there were only slight skirmishes for five days; until Gratian, |115 perceiving that the Mauritanian cavalry first deserted from him and declared Maximus Augustus, and afterwards that the remainder of his troops by degrees espoused the cause of his antagonist, relinquished all hope, and fled with three hundred horse to the Alps. Finding those regions without defence, he proceeded towards Rhaetia, Noricum, Pannonia, and the Upper Moesia. When Maximus was informed of his route, he was not negligent of the opportunity, but detached Andragathius, commander of the cavalry, who was his faithful adherent, in pursuit of Gratian. This officer followed him with so great speed, that he overtook him when he was passing the bridge at Sigidunus, and put him to death. . . .
The reign of Gratian being thus terminated, Maximus, who now considered himself firmly fixed in the empire, sent an embassy to the emperor Theodosius, not to intreat pardon for his treatment of Gratian, but rather to increase his provocations. The person employed in this mission was the imperial chamberlain (for Maximus would not suffer an eunuch to preside in his court), a prudent person, with whom he had been familiarly acquainted from his infancy. The purport of his mission was to propose to Theodosius a treaty of amity, and of alliance, against all enemies who should make war on the Romans, and on refusal, to declare against him open hostility. Upon this, Theodosius admitted Maximus to a share in the empire, and in the honour of his statues and his imperial title. . . .
Affairs being thus situated in the east, in Thrace, and in Illyricum, Maximus, who deemed his appointments inferior to his merits, being only governor of the countries formerly under Gratian, projected how to depose the young Valentinian from the empire, if possible totally, but should he fail in the whole, to secure at least some part. . . . he immediately entered Italy without; resistance, and marched to Aquileia. . . .
Theodosius, having passed through Pannonia and the defiles of the Appennines, attacked unawares the forces of Maximus before they were prepared for him. A part of his army, having pursued them with the utmost speed, forced their way through the gates of Aquileia, the guards being too few to resist them. Maximus was torn from his imperial throne while in the act of distributing money to his soldiers, and being stripped of his imperial robes, was brought to Theodosius, who, having in reproach enumerated some of his crimes against the commonwealth, delivered him to the common executioner to receive due punishment. Such was the end of Maximus and of his usurpation. Having fraudulently overcome Valentinian, he imagined that he should with ease subdue the whole Roman empire. Theodosius, having heard, that when Maximus came from beyond the Alps he left his son Victor, whom he had dignified with the title of Caesar, he immediately sent for his general, named Arbogastes, who deprived the youth both of his dignity and life. Blindado
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202 – MAGNVS MAXIMVSMagnus Maximus was Roman emperor in the western portion of the Empire from 383 to 388.
for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi
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403. CarausiusMarcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius (d. 293) was a Roman usurper in Britain and northern Gaul (286–293, Carausian Revolt).
Carausius was a man of humble origin, a Menapian from Belgic Gaul who distinguished himself during Maximian's campaign against the Bagaudae rebels in Gaul in 286. As a result, he was appointed to command the Classis Britannica, a fleet based in the English Channel, with the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coast. However, he was suspected of keeping captured treasure for himself, and even of allowing the pirates to carry out raids and enrich themselves before taking action against them, and Maximian ordered his execution. In late 286 or early 287 Carausius learned of this sentence and responded by declaring himself Emperor of Britain and northern Gaul.
He could count on the alliegance of the three legions based in Britain, as well as one in northern Gaul. How he was able to win support from the army when his command had been sea-based is uncertain. The emperor briefly assumed the title Britannicus Maximus in 285, and the British towns of Wroxeter and Caistor by Norwich towns show signs of destruction around this time, so it is possible Carausius won the army's support during military action in Britain shortly before his rebellion. Alternatively, if the accusations of larceny are true, he could perhaps afford to buy their loyalty. He also appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule: he issued coins with legends such as Restitutor Britanniae (Restorer of Britain) and Genius Britanniae (Spirit of Britain).
Maximian, busy with wars on the Rhine, was unable to challenge him immediately, but in the Autumn of 288 he began massing troops and ships for an invasion. In 289 an invasion of Britain intended to dislodge him failed badly due to storms, although a naval defeat is also possible. An uneasy peace continued until 293, during which Rome prepared for a second effort to retake the province, while Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition. He minted his own coins and brought their value in to line with Roman issues as well as acknowledging and honouring Maximian and then Diocletian. Coinage is the main source of information about the rogue emperor; his issues were initially crude but soon became more elaborate and were issued from mints in Londinium, Rotomagnus and a third site, possibly Colonia Claudia Victricensis. A milestone from Carlisle with his name on it suggests that the whole of Roman Britain was in Carausius' grasp.
It has been speculated (namely, by the historian Sheppard Frere) that the rebellion of Carausius endangered Diocletian's vision of a strong, centralized government based on his tetrarchy. In any case, by early 293 Constantius Chlorus had gained control of northern Gaul, including the rebel's stronghold and port of Bononia, on which Carausius was heavily dependent. Constantius built a mole across the harbour mouth to ensure it did not receive maritime aid.
Constantius also regained the allegiance of the rebellious Gallic legion and defeated the Franks of the Rhine mouth who seem to have been working in league with Carausius. Weakened by these setbacks, Carausius was assassinated, possibly at York, by his treasurer, Allectus.
aVF/aVF Carausius Antoninianus / Pax / Green Patina and Nice Style
Attribution: RIC 895
Date: 287-293 AD
Obverse: IMP CARAVSIVS P F AVG, radiate and draped bust right
Reverse: PAX AVG, Pax standing left, holding branch and transverse sceptre.
Size: 20.91 mm
Weight: 3 gramsecoli
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501b. Crispus BEATA TrierTrier
The Romans under Julius Caesar subdued the Celtic Treverans in 58 to 50 BC. When the Roman provinces in Germany were reorganised in 16 BC, Augustus decided that Trier, then called Augusta Treverorum, should become the regional capital. From 259 to 274 Trier was the capital of the break away Gallic Empire. Later for a few years (383 - 388) it was the capital of Magnus Maximus, who ruled most of the western Empire.
The ruins of the Roman baths.Sacked by Attila in 451, it passed to the Franks in 463, to Lorraine in 843, to Germany in 870, and back to Lorraine in 895, and was finally united to Germany by Henry I the Fowler. The Archbishop of Trier was, as chancellor of Burgundy, one of the electors of the empire, a right which originated in the 12th or 13th century, and which continued until the French Revolution. The last elector removed to Koblenz in 1786; and Trier was the capital of the French department of Sarre from 1794 till 1814, after which time it belonged to Prussia.
RIC VII Trier 308
ecoli
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507a. DecentiusMagnus Decentius (d. 18 August 353) was a Roman usurper against Roman Emperor Constantius II.
Probably brother of Magnentius, Decentius was made Caesar by him in winter 350/351, and was consul in 352 and 353. When Magnentius was defeated by Constantius at the Battle of Mons Seleucus and killed himself, Decentius, who was leading reenfocement, hanged at Senonae.
Decentius as Caesar, AD 350-353, AE Double Cententionalis (25mm, 8.11g)
O: DN DECENTIVS NOB CAES; Cuirassed bust facing right.
R: SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES; Large Chi-Rho flanked by A and w; LSLG in exergue.
RIC 155 (Scarce), VM 6.
This is a full weight AE1 size of this Christogram series.
ecoli
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513. GratianFlavius Gratianus Augustus (April 18/May 23, 359 - August 25, 383), known as Gratian, was a Western Roman Emperor from 375 to 383. He was the son of Valentinian I by Marina Severa and was born at Sirmium in Pannonia.
On August 4, 367 he received from his father the title of Augustus. On the death of Valentinian (November 17, 375), the troops in Pannonia proclaimed his infant son (by a second wife Justina) emperor under the title of Valentinian II.
Gratian acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, he handed over Italy, Illyria and Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Milan. The division, however, was merely nominal, and the real authority remained in the hands of Gratian.
The Eastern Roman Empire was under the rule of his uncle Valens. In May, 378 Gratian completely defeated the Lentienses, the southernmost branch of the Alamanni, at the Battle of Argentovaria, near the site of the modern Colmar. Later that year, Valens met his death in the Battle of Adrianople on August 9.
In the same year, the government of the Eastern Empire devolved upon Gratian, but feeling himself unable to resist unaided the incursions of the barbarians, he promoted Theodosius I on January 19, 379 to govern that portion of the empire. Gratianus and Theodosius then cleared the Balkans of barbarians in the Gothic War (377–382).
For some years Gratian governed the empire with energy and success but gradually sank into indolence, occupying himself chiefly with the pleasures of the chase, and became a tool in the hands of the Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop Ambrose of Milan.
By taking into his personal service a body of Alani, and appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian warrior, he aroused the contempt and resentment of his Roman troops. A Roman general named Magnus Maximus took advantage of this feeling to raise the standard of revolt in Britain and invaded Gaul with a large army. Gratian, who was then in Paris, being deserted by his troops, fled to Lyon. There, through the treachery of the governor, Gratian was delivered over to one of the rebel generals and assassinated on August 25, 383.
RIC IX Antioch 46b S
DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG
CONCOR-DIA AVGGGecoli
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514. Valentinian IIValentinian II (371 - 392) was elevated as Western Roman Emperor at the age of four in 375, along with his half-brother Gratian.
Valentinian and his family lived in Milan, and the empire was nominally divided between them. Gratian took the trans- Alpine provinces, while Italy, Illyricum in part, and Africa were to be under the rule of Valentinian, or rather of his mother, Justina. Justina was an Arian, and the imperial court at Milan struggled against the Catholics of that city, led by their bishop Ambrose. The popularity of Ambrose was so great that the emperors' authority was materially shaken. In 387, Magnus Maximus, a Roman consul who had commanded an army in Briton, and in 383 (the year of Gratian's death) had declared himself emperor of Western Rome, crossed the Alps into the valley of the Po and threatened Milan.
The emperor Valentinian II and his mother fled to Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor and Valentinian's brother in law. Valentinian was restored in 388 by Theodosius, following the death of Magnus Maximus.
On May 15, 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in the town of Vienne in Gaul. The Frankish soldier Arbogast, Valentinian's protector and magister militum, maintained that it was suicide. Arbogast and Valentinian had frequently disputed rulership over the Western Roman Empire, and Valentinian was also noted to have complained of Arbogast's control over him to Theodosius. Thus when word of his death reached Constantinople Theodosius believed, or at least suspected, that Arbogast was lying and that he had engineered Valentinian's demise. These suspicions were further fueled by Arbogast's elevation of a Eugenius, pagan official to the position of Western Emperor, and the veiled accusations which Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, spoke during his funeral oration for Valentinian.
Valentinian II's death sparked a civil war between Eugenius and Theodosius over the rulership of the West in the Battle of the Frigidus. The resultant Eastern victory there led to the final brief unification of the Roman Empire under Theodosius, and the ultimate irreparable division of the Empire after his death.
Bronze AE3, RIC 22, VF, 2.19g, 17.7mm, 0o, Arelate mint, 378-383 A.D.; obverse D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse VICTORIAE AVGGG, Victory advancing left holding wreath in right and palm frond in left, [S]CON in ex;Ex Aiello;Ex Forumecoli
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515b. Magnus MaximusA Spaniard, Maximus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 383, while serving with the army in Britain. Later legend made him King of the Britons; he handed the throne over to Caradocus when he went to Gaul to pursue his imperial ambitions.
Following his destruction of Gaul, Maximus went out to meet his main opponent, Gratian, who he defeated near Paris. Gratian, after fleeing, was killed at Lyon on August 25, 383. Soon after, Maximus managed to force Valentinian II out of Rome after which he fled to Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor. Maximus made his capital at Augusta Treverorum (Treves, Trier) in Gaul. He became a popular emperor, although also a stern persecutor of heretics.
Theodosius I and Valentinian II campaigned against Magnus Maximus in July-August 388. Maximus was defeated in the Battle of the Save, near Emona, and retreated to Aquileia. Andragathius, magister equitum of Maximus and killer of Gratian, was defeated near Siscia, his brother Marcellinus again at Poetovio. Maximus surrendered in Aquileia and although pleaded for mercy was executed. However, his wife and two daughters were spared. Maximus' son, Flavius Victor, was defeated and executed by Valentinian's magister peditum Arbogast in the fall of the same year.
What happened to his family is not related, although it is clear that they survived and that his descendants continued to occupy influential posts. We encounter a possible daughter of Magnus Maximus, Sevira, on the Pillar of Eliseg, an early medieval inscribed stone in Wales which claims her marriage to Vortigern, king of the Britons. Another daughter was possibly married to Ennodius, proconsul Africae (395). Their grandson was Petronius Maximus, who was another ill-fated emperor, ruling in Rome for but 77 days before he was stoned to death while fleeing from the Vandals on May 24, 455. Other descendants included Anicius Olybrius, emperor in 472, but also several consuls and bishops such as St. Magnus Felix Ennodius (Bishop of Pavia c. 514-21).
Magnus Maximus AE-4
Obv: MM right, DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG; Reverse: SPES ROMANORVM, campgate with two turrets and star above. Coin is nice VF for this small issue. ecoli
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515c. Flavius VictorFlavius Victor was the infant son of Magnus Maximus by his wife Helen, allegedly the daughter of Octavius. He was proclaimed an Augustus from 384 to his death in 388.
Victor's father was considered a usurper of the Western Roman Empire. He negotiated receiving recognition by the legitimate Augusti Valentinian II and Theodosius I. When negotiations failed, Maximus pressed the matter by proclaiming his son an Augustus, indicating an attempt to secure a succession. This method had been used by former Emperor Valentinian I who declared his son and heir Gratian an Augustus in 367 and by Theodosius who had declared his own son and heir Arcadius an Augustus in 383.
Maximus and Victor gained recognition of their legitimacy for their co-reign by Theodosius in 386. In 387, Maximus campaigned in Italy against Valentinian II. Victor was left behind in Trier. His father defeated Valentinian but failed against a then hostile Theodosius in 388. Theodosius send Arbogastes in Trier to slay Victor.
Victor's death left Valentinian II, Theodosius and Arcadius as the sole Augusti in the Empire
RIC IX Aquileia 55b
ecoli
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72. Magnus Maximus.AE 4, summer 387 - Aug. 28, 388, Aquileia mint.
Obverse: DN MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG / Diademed bust of Maximus.
Reverse: SPES ROMANORVM / Camp gate with star between its two turrets.
Mint mark: SMAQ(?)
1.32 gm., 13 mm.
RIC #55a; LRBC #1003; Sear #20657.
The last letter of the mint mark is not readable. It should be a P or S.Callimachus
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A144-02 - Magno Máximo (383 - 388 D.C.)AE4 Nummus 11 x 12 mm 1.1 gr.
Anv: "DN MAG MA - XIMVS PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "[SPES RO] - MA - NORVM " - Puerta de campamento, sin puertas ni ventanas, dos torres, " * " arriba, cuatro capas de piedras. "SMAQP" en exergo.
Acuñada 387 - 388 D.C.
Ceca: Aquileia (Off.1ra.)
Rareza: S
Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Aquileia) #55a Pag.105 - Cohen Vol.VIII #7 Pag.167 - DVM #16 Pag.314 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9264.d. Pag.291 - Sear RCTV (1988) #4206mdelvalle
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A144-10 - Magno Máximo (383 - 388 D.C.)AE2 Maiorina 22 x 20 mm 3.9 gr.
Anv: "DN MAG MA[XI] - MVS PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "REPARATIO REIPVB" - Emperador vestido militarmente de pié de frente, viendo a izquierda, ayudando a la República con corona torreada a levantarse con el brazo derecho y portando una Victoriola en su mano izquierda. "[SVGP ó S]" en exergo. Estimo la ceca en función de la leyenda del anverso, única Lyon con esta leyenda.
Acuñada 383 - 386 D.C.
Ceca: Lugdunum - Lyon (Off.Incierta)
Rareza: S
Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Lugdunum) #32 Pag.49 - Cohen Vol.VIII #3 Pag.167 - DVM #13 Pag.313 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9261.b. Pag.291 - Sear RCTV (1988) #4203mdelvalle
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As, Sex. Pompeius MagnusAs, Sextus Pompey Magnus
RRC: 479/1
45 bc
19,64 gr
AV:Laureate head of Janus, with the features of Cn. Pompeius Magnus; MAGN above
RV:Prow right; PIVS above, IMP below.
ex Savoca, Silver 22, Lot 426, 29.04.2018Norbert
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CAMPGATE, Magnus Maximus Magnus Maximus (383-388 AD), AE4 (13mm)
Obv: DN MAG MAXI-MVS PF AVG
diademed, draped,cuirassed facing right bust.
Rev: SPES RO-MA-NORVM; Campgate with star between two
turrets. RIC IX Arles 29a R
OWL365
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CAMPGATE, Magnus Maximus, Aquilea AE4Coin supported on pencil eraser.Curtis JJ
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Campgate: Magnus Maximus (383-388 d.C.), zecca di AquileiaMagnus Maximus (383-388 d.C.)
AE, 1,6 gr, 12,0 mm
D/ D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, diademed bust right
R/ SPES ROMANORVM, camp gate with star between two turrets, SMAQ in ex
RIC IX Aquileia 55
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo, Roma Italia (29 novembre 2012, numero catalogo 172); ex Borislav P. Kirev collection (Rector Orbis Inc., Tampa, Saint Petersburg, Florida, Usa, fino al 2012)paolo
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Campgate: Magnus Maximus, AE2 (383-388 d.C.) zecca di LugdunumMagnus Maximus, Lugdunum mint, R
AE2. 1,22 gr., 13,50 mm, B
D/ DN MAG MAXI-MVS PF AVG, Busto drappeggiato e corazzato verso destra
R/ SPES RO-MA-NORVM campgate. LVG [.] in ex
RIC IX 36 var. (obverse legend)
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo (Roma, Italia dal 20 dicembre 2015, numero catalogo 243); ex Asta Tintinna 51, Dea Moneta (San Marino, 20 dicembre 2015) lotto 2195; ex collezione Massimo Campani (Scandiano, Reggio Emilia, Italia, fino al 2015) paolo
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Campgate: Magnus Maximus, zecca di ArlesMagnus Maximus (383-388). , Arelate mint
AE, 13 mm., gr. 1.15, S
D/ DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG. Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
R/ SPES ROMANORVM. Camp-gate with star between its two turrets; in ex S CON
RIC IX, 29
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo (Roma, Italia dal 17 gennaio 2015, numero catalogo 231), ex Artemide aste 28E, lotto 349 (San Marino, 17 gennaio 2015) paolo
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Campgate: Magnus Maximus, zecca di Roma, I officina (387-388 d.C.)Magnus Maximus, Bronze half centenionalis, 1st officina, Rome mint, R
AE, 0.931gr, 13.1 mm, 225°,
D/ D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ SPES ROMANORVM, campgate with star between two turrets, RP in exergue
RIC IX Rome 59.1, LRBC II 795, SRCV V 20658, Cohen VIII 7
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo (Roma, Italia, 25 settembre 2015, numero catalogo 246); ex FAC fino al 25 settembre 2015, ex Seaver Collection (Morton&Eden Ltd, , auction 57/2012, lot 400)paolo
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CNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS Pompey the Great.AR denarius. (4.51 gr). 49-48 BC. Uncertain mint in Greece. Diademed head of Numa Pompilius right. CN PISO PRO Q. / Prow right, MAGN above, PRO COS below. Crawford 446/1; RSC 4. Smyth XII/35. Iridescent toning .
CNG 64, Lot: 812
CNG photographbenito
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Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus Junior AR Denarius
17.86 mm 3.89 gr.
Obv: M POBLICI LEG PRO PR, Roma helmeted head right
Rev: CN MAGNVS IMP, Hispania standing right, shield on back, holding two spears, presenting palm branch to Cnaeus Pompey standing left on prow
Mint: Córduba (46-45 BC)
RSC I 1; Sear HCRI 48; Sydenham 1035Ken W2
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CNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS Pompey the Great. AR denarius. (4.51 gr). 49-48 BC. Uncertain mint in Greece. Diademed head of Numa Pompilius right. CN PISO PRO Q. / Prow right, MAGN above, PRO COS below. Crawford 446/1; RSC 4. Smyth XII/35.
benito
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Constantine I MagnusConstantine I Magnus (313-319 CE)
Diademed bust of Constantine/Sol standing, holding globe (with victory on globe?). No captive in left field.
AE 18mm FollisBelisarius
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ConstantinopleConstantine I Magnus,
Helmeted head reprisenting the city of Constantinople, left/Victory standing on boad, left, with shield.
Snipped into square.Belisarius
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crw 479/1 Roman Republic . Sextus Pompey, Younger Son of Pompey the Great, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet . Æ As. 43 - 36 B.C.Roman Republic . Sextus Pompey, Younger Son of Pompey the Great, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet . Æ As. 43 - 36 B.C.
18.242g, 31.2mm . Sicilian or Spanish mint . 43 - 36 B.C.
Obverse : MAGN (above, MA ligate), laureate head of Janus with the features of Cn. Pompeius Magnus .
Reverse : Prow of galley right, PIVS above, IMP below .
Crawford 479/1, Sydenham 1044, RPC I 671, Sear CRI 366
Ex Forum . Vladislav D
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Decentius AE Barbarous Imitation (Victories/wreath) v.1MAGNUS DECENTIUS as Caesar, AD 350-3
AE Barbarous Imitation (22.14mm, 5.06g, 6h)
Likely struck AD 350-3
Imitation of the Lugdunum mint
Obverse: [D N D]ECENTI-VS CAESAR, bare-headed, draped and/or cuirassed bust of Decentius right
Reverse: VICT[? ? ? ? ?] VG ET CES, two Victories standing facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT [? ?] [MVLT] X which is resting on short column; [?]PLG in exergue
These 'unofficial' issues were struck to help alleviate severe local shortages of coinage.
From the collection of Commodore Daniel Turner (1794-1850), naval veteran of the War of 1812 and later captain of the USS Constitution.
The son of a naval officer, Daniel Turner (born 1794, Staten Island, New York) began his own career in the United States Navy as a midshipman on January 1, 1808, at the age of fourteen. Following brief duty at the New York Naval Station, he served aboard the USS Constitution on the North Atlantic Station. On June 17, 1810, he transferred to the frigate President and remained there until June 1812, when he was ordered to Norwich, Connecticut to command the gunboats there. On March 12, 1813, Turner received his commission as a lieutenant.
On March 14, two days later, Turner was sent to Sackett's Harbor, New York, located on the shores of Lake Erie. There, he took command of Niagara, a brig in Oliver Hazard Perry's squadron. However, just before the Battle of Lake Erie, he relinquished command to Captain Jesse D. Elliott and assumed command of Caledonia. The little brig played an important role in the battle on September 10, 1813, because, at one point in the action, her two 24-pounder long guns were the only ones in Perry's flotilla capable of returning the distant fire of the three heaviest Royal Navy ships then in the process of pounding Perry's flagship Lawrence. For his part in the American victory at Lake Erie, Lt. Turner received the praise of Perry, a vote of thanks and a medal from Congress, and a sword from the state of New York.
In the summer of 1814, Turner succeeded to the command of schooner Scorpion, and he cruised Lakes Erie and Huron in her supporting army operations around Detroit and blockading British forces at the Nottawasaga River and Lake Simcoe. On September 6, 1814, Turner and his command were captured by the British when he brought Scorpion alongside the former American schooner Tigress which, unbeknownst to him, had been captured a few days earlier. After a period of imprisonment at Fort Mackinac, Lt. Turner returned to the United States in exchange for a British prisoner of war.
Between 1815 and 1817, Turner cruised the Mediterranean in the frigate Java commanded by his old superior on the Great Lakes, Oliver Hazard Perry. During that deployment, Java visited Algiers and Tripoli in a show of American naval strength calculated to impress the Barbary pirates and intimidate them into honoring their treaties with the United States. In 1817, Java returned to Newport, Rhode Island, to be laid up.
Between 1819 and 1824, Turner returned to sea in the schooner Nonsuch attached to a squadron commanded again by Oliver Hazard Perry. In addition to hunting West Indian pirates, his ship sailed up the Orinoco River to carry Perry on a diplomatic mission to the Venezuelan government under Simon Bolivar. During the return downriver, Perry and many of the crew contracted yellow fever. Turner was close at hand when his mentor died at Trinidad on August 23, 1819. During the remaining years of Turner's assignment to Nonsuch, his ship worked along the east coast of the United States, patrolled in the West Indies to suppress piracy, and made a brief cruise to the Mediterranean in 1824.
Following shore duty at Boston, Massachusetts, Turner returned to sea in 1827 for a three-year assignment with the West India Squadron, as the commanding officer of Erie. In 1830, he came ashore again for three years at the Portsmouth Navy Yard.
Promoted to captain on March 3, 1835, Turner spent a long period waiting orders before returning to sea in 1839 in command of USS Constitution. He sailed the Pacific Squadron in "Old Ironsides," until he was relieved in 1841. From 1843 to 1846, he commanded the American squadron which operated along the Brazilian coast. From that duty, he reported ashore again as Commandant, Portsmouth Navy Yard.
Captain Daniel Turner died suddenly on February 4, 1850 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and he was buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.
(Adapted and compiled from the Foster History and the USS Constitution Museum websites)
In addition to being a competent naval commander, Daniel Turner was also a keen coin collector, and during his career he accumulated a large collection of nearly three hundred ancient coins, which he stored in a wooden chest along with his own handwritten labels. In 2015, 165 years after the Commodore's death, the Turner descendants consigned this collection to Cowan’s Auction house of Cincinnati, Ohio.CPK
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Divo 157. 1676, Levee du siege de Maastricht.Obv. Bust right LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS
Rev. Pallas standing holding spear and shield with three Fleur de Lys PULSIS AD MOSAM BATAVIS TRAIECT LIBERAT MDCLXXVI
Commemorates the lifting of the Siege of Maastricht. Curiously. the medal is dated 1676 while the siege ended in 1673. Maastricht was given back to the Dutch in the Treaty of Nijmegan in 1678-9. This siege is where the historical figure of Comte d'Artagnan, the inspiration for Alexandre Dumas' character, was killed.LordBest
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Divo 168. 1677, Prise de Saint-Ghislain.Obv. Bust right LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS
Rev. Pallas standing right holding spear and wreath, shield at feet ANNUS FELICITER CLAUSUS FANUM S. GISLENI CAPTUM MDCLXXVI
LordBest
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Divo 176. 1678, Combat de Saint-Denis.Obv. Bust right LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS
Rev. Mars advancing left holding branch and trophy mounted on spear MARS PACIS VINDEX PUGNA AD FANUM DVONESII XIII AVG MDCLXXVIIILordBest
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Divo 180. 1680, Marriage du Dauphin avec Marie-Anne de Baviere.Obv. Bust right LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS
Rev. The Cardinal of Bouillon centre, marrying the Dauphin Louis left and Anne Marie of Bavaria right, temple behind VICTORIA ET PACE AUSPICES MARIE ANNA BAVAR?? LUD DELPH NUPTA? MDCLXXX
Commemorates the mariage of the Dauphin Louis to Anna Marie of Bavaria in 1680.LordBest
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Divo 199. 1683, 800 gens d'elite enroles pour la marine de guerre.Obv. Bust right LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS
Rev. King flanked by two figures, one kneeling, nautical scene with ship behind LECTI JUVENES INNAVALEM MILLITIAM CONSCRIPTI DCCC MDCLXXXIIILordBest
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