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516. HonoriusFlavius Honorius (September 9, 384–August 15, 423) was Emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 395 until his death. He was the younger son of Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of the Eastern emperor Arcadius.
Honorius was declared Augustus in 393 by his father and became western emperor at the age of 10, following his father's death in January 395. For the first part of his reign he depended on the military leadership of the Vandal general Stilicho. To strengthen his bonds to the young emperor, Stilicho married his daughter Maria to him.
At first Honorius based his capital in Milan, but when the Visigoths entered Italy in 402 he moved his capital to the coastal city of Ravenna, which was protected by a ring of marshes and strong fortifications. While the new capital was easier to defend, it was poorly situated to allow Roman forces to protect central Italy from the barbarian incursions.
The most notable event of his reign was the assault and sack of Rome on August 24, 410 by the Visigoths under Alaric.
The city had been under Visigothic siege since shortly after Stilicho's deposition and execution in the summer of 408. Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly barbarian Roman Army, Honorius could do little to attack Alaric's forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could do in the situation: wait passively to Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could. Unfortunately, this course of action appeared to be the product of Honorius' indecisive character and he suffered much criticism for it both from contemporaries and later historians.
Whether this plan could have worked is perhaps debatable, especially since he deprived himself of several skillful officers by only promoting Catholics to the top military positions. In any case it was overtaken by events. Stricken by starvation, somebody opened Rome's defenses to Alaric and the Goths poured in. The city had not been under the control of a foreign force since an invasion of Gallic Celts some seven centuries before. The victorious Visigoths did untold damage to the city and the shock of this event reverberated from Britain to Jerusalem, and inspired Augustine to write his magnum opus, The City of God.
The year 410 also saw Honorius reply to a British plea for assistance against local barbarian incursions. Preoccupied with the Visigoths and lacking any real capabilities to assist the distant province, Honorius told the Britons to defend themselves as best they could.
There is a story (which Gibbon disbelieved) that when he heard the news that Rome had "perished", Honorius was initially shocked; thinking the news was in reference to a favorite chicken he had named "Roma", he recalled in disbelief that the bird was just recently feeding out of his hand. It was then explained to him that the Rome in question was the city.
His reign of twenty-eight years was one of the most disastrous in the Roman annals. Honorius' supposed weakness and timidity in the face of internal dissension and the attacks of the Visigoths and Vandals is often said to have contributed to the rapid disintegration of the western half of the empire.
RIC X Antioch 153
ecoli
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MARKET, NERO, (Macellum Magnum)Orichalcum dupondius, RIC 400, S 1963 variety, VF, 13.65g, 28.9mm, 180o, Lugdunum mint, 64 A.D.; obverse NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P, laureate head left; reverse MAC AVG S C, front view of the Macellum Magnum (great market), two-story domed section with porticoes approached by steps with a dolphin on each side and containing statue of Neptune holding a long scepter on pedestal, wings of two stories of unequal height.
The Macellum Magnum was a shopping mall located on the Caelian Hill in Rome, dedicated by Nero in 59 A.D. It had flanking wings of slightly different construction and a central dome possibly 120 feet (36 meters) in diameter. Records indicate it was still open in the 4th century. Part of it may be incorporated into the church of S. Stefano Rotundo which stands today. It was the model for many medieval government buildings in Europe, all U.S. state capitols and the U.S. national capitol building. Joe Sermarini
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MARKET, NERO, (Macellum Magnum)Orichalchum dupondius (14.5g, 31mm, 6h). Lugdunum mint. Struck AD 65.
NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P laureate head of Nero facing left
M(AC) AVG / S C Frontal view of a building with a domed central section and
approached by steps, flanked by two-storied wings of unequal height, with porticoes adorned with guirlandes; above the steps, in the centre, a statue of a standing male figure holding a long sceptre.
RIC 402 (common); BMC 336; Cohen 129; Foss (Roman Historical Coins) 67:59
This type was issued upon the completion of the restoration of the Great Provision Market on Caelium Hill in A.D. 59: the Macellum Augusti, also known as the Macellum Magnum. It was built by Augustus and restored by Nero. Part of it was later transformed to church S. Stefano Rotundo by Pope Simplicius.
Charles S
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NeroNero Dupondius, Macellum Magnum, Nero's provision market. 29.5mm, 12.6gm.Ancient Aussie
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Nero - AE dupondiusRome
62-68 AD
radiate head right
NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P
Nero's palace* with rotating banquet hall, statue of Nero
MAC AVG
S_C
II
RIC I (second edition) Nero 184
14,1g 29mm
ex Ibercoins
*The building is traditionally described as Macellum Magnum, but it could be Nero's palace with a revolving dining room, which was supposed to be just a myth until it was discovered at the foot of the Palatine in 2009.
The legend would then be an abbreviation for MACCHINA AVGVSTA.J. B.
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Nero AE dupondius, Macellum MagnumNero AE dupondius. Lugdunum, 64-65 A.D. NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P, Laureate bust left. / MAC AVG, S-C, Frontal view of the Macellum Magnum; statue standing facing on base within cylindrical tetrastyle entrance set on tiered base, upper tristyle story surmounted by ornate conical dome; two-story tristyle porch on either side. RIC I 402Holding_History
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Nero Dupondius Head Left Macellum Magnum Obv.
NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P
Radiate head left
Rev.
MAC AVG
II in ex
S-C across fields,
Frontal view of the domed Macellum Magnum, male figure in niche on left, holding sceptre
64 AD
29mm 14.86g
RIC I 188 WCN 202ancientdave
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Nero, RIC 184, Dupondius of AD 64 (Macellum Magnum)Æ dupondius (15.9g, Ø31mm, 6h). Rome mint. Struck AD 64.
Obv.: NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP P P, radiate head right
Rev.: MAC AVG (around edge above) S C (in field) II (in ex.), frontal view of the Macellum Magnum, with a domed central section in two stories and approached by steps, flanked by two-storied wings of unequal height, with porticoes adorned with guirlandes; above the steps, in the center, a statue of a standing male figure holding a long sceptre.
RIC 184 (S); Sear 2000 (RCV) 1963v
This type was issued upon the completion in A.D. 59 of the restoration of the Great Provision Market, the Macellum Augusti, also known as the Macellum Magnum. It was built by Augustus and located on the Caelium Hill. Part of it was later transformed to church S. Stefano Rotundo by Pope Simplicius.Charles S
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Nero, RIC 184, Dupondius of AD 64 (scan)Æ dupondius (15.9g, Ø31mm, 6h). Rome mint. Struck AD 64.
Obv.: NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP P P, radiate head right
Rev.: MAC AVG (around edge above) S C (in field) II (in ex.), frontal view of the Macellum Magnum, with a domed central section in two stories and approached by steps, flanked by two-storied wings of unequal height, with porticoes adorned with guirlandes; above the steps, in the centre, a statue of a standing male figure holding a long sceptre.
RIC 184 (S); Sear 2000 (RCV) 1963v
The Macellum Magnum was Rome's Great Provision Market located on the Caelium Hill. It was completed in AD 59. Part of it was later transformed to church S.Stefano Rotundo by Pope Simplicius.Charles S
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Nero, RIC 187, Dupondius of AD 64 (Macellum Magnum)Æ dupondius (15.2g, Ø 29mm, 6h). Rome mint. Struck AD 64.
Obv.: NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP P P, radiate head right
Rev.: MAC AVG / S C / (II [in ex.]), frontal view of the Macellum Magnum, with a domed central section in two stories and approached by steps, flanked by two-storied wings of unequal height, with porticoes adorned with guirlandes; above the steps, in the centre, a statue of a standing male figure holding a long sceptre.
RIC 187; BMC 195; Cohen 130; Foss (Roman Historic Coins) 67:12b
This type was issued upon the completion in A.D. 59 of the restoration of the Great Provision Market, the Macellum Augusti, also known as the Macellum Magnum. It was built by Augustus and located on the Caelium Hill. Part of it was later transformed to church S. Stefano Rotundo by Pope Simplicius.Charles S
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Nero, RIC 187, Dupondius of AD 64 (scan)Æ dupondius (15.2g, Ø 29mm, 6h). Rome mint. Struck AD 64.
Obv.: NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP P P, radiate head right
Rev.: MAC AVG / S C / (II [in ex.]), frontal view of the Macellum Magnum, with a domed central section in two stories and approached by steps, flanked by two-storied wings of unequal height, with porticoes adorned with guirlandes; above the steps, in the centre, a statue of a standing male figure holding a long sceptre.
RIC 187; BMC 195; Cohen 130; Foss (Roman Historic Coins) 67:12b
Charles S
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Nero, RIC 189var., Dupondius of AD 64 (Macellum Magnum)Æ dupondius (13.4g, Ø 28mm, 6h). Rome mint. Struck AD 64.
Obv.: NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP P P, radiate head right
Rev.: MACELLVS AVGVSTI (left and right border) S C (below, left end right of the steps) II (in ex.), Frontal view of the Macellum Magnum.
RIC 189 var [R2] (reverse legend differs); Cohen 130var (reverse legend differs), Sear RCV II 1963 var; Foss (Roman Historic Coins) 12b.
ex G.Henzen (Netherlands, 1995)
The Macellum (or Macellus) Augusti, also known as the Macellum Magnum, was Rome's Great Provision Market located on the Caelium Hill. It was completed in AD 59. Part of it was later transformed to church S.Stefano Rotundo by Pope Simplicius.
This is a very rare full legend instead of the usual abbreviation "MAC AVG". In addition, the variant "MACELLVS" is used instead of the usual "MACELLVM". This is a variant of a type (with legend MAC AVG) listed as extremely rare (R2) in RIC. A coin with the same reverse die in EF condition was auctioned by Numismatica Ars Classica, 2 April 2008, Auction 45, Lot number: 91Charles S
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Nero, RIC 189var., Dupondius of AD 64 (scan)Æ dupondius (13.4g, Ø 28mm, 6h). Rome mint. Struck AD 64.
Obv.: NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP P P, radiate head right
Rev.: MACELLUS (sic) AVGVSTI left and right border/ S C below, left end right of the steps / II in exergue, Frontal view of the Macellum Magnum.
RIC 189var [R2], C. 130var, Sear RCV II 1963var; Foss (Roman Historic Coins) 12b
The Macellum Magnum was Rome's Great Provision Market located on the Caelium Hill. It was completed in AD 59. Part of it was later transformed to church S.Stefano Rotundo by Pope Simplicius.
This is a very rare full legend instead of the usual abbreviation "MAC AVG". "MACELLVS" is a valid alterantive for "MACELLVM". This type (with normal abbreviated legend) is listed as extremely rare (R2) in RIC. A coin with the same reverse die - but much better condition - was auctioned by Numismatica Ars Classica, 2 April 2008, Auction 45, Lot number: 91Charles S
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Nero, RIC 402, Dupondius of AD 65 (Macellum Magnum)Æ dupondius (14.5g, 31mm, 6h). Lugdunum mint. Struck AD 65.
Obv.: NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P, laureate head of Nero facing left
MAC AVG (around, left and right) S C (in field, left and right of the steps). Frontal view of a building with a domed central section and
approached by steps, flanked by two-storied wings of unequal height, with porticoes adorned with guirlandes; above the steps, in the center, a statue of a standing male figure holding a long scepter.
RIC 402; BMCRE 336; Cohen 129; Foss (Roman Historical Coins) 67:59
This type was issued upon the completion in A.D. 59 of the restoration of the Great Provision Market, the Macellum Augusti, also known as the Macellum Magnum. It was built by Augustus and located on the Caelium Hill. Part of it was later transformed to church S. Stefano Rotundo by Pope Simplicius.Charles S
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Nero, RIC 402, Dupondius of AD 65 (scan)Orichalchum dupondius (14.5g, 31mm, 6h). Lugdunum mint. Struck AD 65.
NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P laureate head of Nero facing left
M(AC) AVG / S C Frontal view of a building with a domed central section and
approached by steps, flanked by two-storied wings of unequal height, with porticoes adorned with guirlandes; above the steps, in the centre, a statue of a standing male figure holding a long sceptre.
RIC 402 (common); BMC 336; Cohen 129; Foss (Roman Historical Coins) 67:59
This type was issued upon the completion in A.D. 59 of the restoration of the Great Provision Market on the Caelium Hill. The Macellum Augusti, also known as the Macellum Magnum, was built by Augustus and restored by Nero. Part of it was later transformed to church S. Stefano Rotundo by Pope Simplicius.Charles S
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Nero. AD 54-68.Nero. AD 54-68. Æ Dupondius (29mm, 15.84 g, 6h). Rome mint. Struck circa AD 64. Radiate head right / Façade of the Macellum Magnum: statue standing facing on base within cylindrical tetrastyle entrance set on tiered base, upper tristyle story surmounted by ornate conical dome; two-story tristyle porch on either side. RIC I 184; WCN 203. Brown patina, porous surfaces, some earthen deposits. Fine. Ex CNG auction 496, lot 423.Ancient Aussie
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Roman Empire, Nero dupondius "MACELLVS", Rome mint, AD 64Æ dupondius, 13.4g, Ø 28mm, 6h
Obv.: NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP P P, radiate head right
Rev.: MACELLVS AVGVST[I] left and right border, S C below, left end right of the steps II in exergue, Frontal view of the Macellum Magnum.
RIC 189 [R2] var (rev. legend); Cohen 130 var (same); BMCRE p.236 * ("variety of rev. legend MACELLVS (!) AVGVST·S·C·, obv. CLAVDIVS···GERM·, radiate, r., in Naples; 'Macellus' (for 'Macellum') does not inspire confidence as an ancient reading."); Sear (Roman Coins and their Values II) 1963 var (same); Foss (Roman Historical Coins) 12b
This is a very rare full legend instead of the usual abbreviation "MAC AVG". In addition, the variant "MACELLVS" is used instead of the usual "MACELLVM". This type (with normal legend) is listed as extremely rare (R2) in RIC. A coin of the same reverse die but in (a)EF condition was auctioned by Numismatica Ars Classica, 2 April 2008, Auction 45, Lot number: 91.Charles S
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