| Image search results - "MACEDONIA," |
Macedonia, Pella AE21. 158-149 BC. Bust of Pan / Athena Alkidemos advancing right. Ref.Sear 1445
( I was given this coin as a bonus by an experienced collector / dealer, to attempt electrolysis on, he had been attempting to clean it with conventional methods for 1½ years, however it remained a nugget... I know some members will object, but 10 minuets in the bath of evil, and the crust just flaked off revealing a pretty and detailed coin!!! How I wish it was always so easy!!)Lee S
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Macedonia, Thessalonica, AE20. Head of young Dionysos right, wreathed in ivy / goat or stag standing rightLee S
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AR Tetradrachm of Philip III 323-317 BC., King of Macedonia, struck in the name and types of Alexander III the Greatpaul1888
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Time of Alexander I, AR Hemiobol, struck 470 - 460 BC at Argilos in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Forepart of Pegasos facing left.
Reverse: No legend. Quadripartite granulated incuse square.
Diameter: 8.78mm | Weight: 0.20gms | Die Axis: Uncertain
Liampi 118 | SNG - | GCV -
Rare
Argilos was a city of ancient Macedonia founded by a colony of Greeks from Andros. Although little information is known about the city until about 480 BC, the literary tradition dates the foundation to around 655/654 BC which makes Argilos the earliest Greek colony on the Thracian coast. It appears from Herodotus to have been a little to the right of the route the army of Xerxes I took during its invasion of Greece in 480 BC in the Greco-Persian Wars. Its territory must have extended as far as the right bank of the Strymona, since the mountain of Kerdylion belonged to the city.
Argilos benefited from the trading activities along the Strymona and probably also from the gold mines of the Pangeion. Ancient authors rarely mention the site, but nevertheless shed some light on the important periods of its history. In the last quarter of the 6th century BC, Argilos founded two colonies, Tragilos, in the Thracian heartland, and Kerdilion, a few kilometers to the east of the city.
Alexander I was the ruler of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from c.498 BC until his death in 454 BC. Alexander came to the throne during the era of the kingdom's vassalage to Persia, dating back to the time of his father, Amyntas I. Although Macedonia retained a broad scope of autonomy, in 492 BC it was made a fully subordinate part of the Persian Empire. Alexander I acted as a representative of the Persian governor Mardonius during peace negotiations after the Persian defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. From the time of Mardonius' conquest of Macedonia, Herodotus disparagingly refers to Alexander I as “hyparchos”, meaning viceroy. However, despite his cooperation with Persia, Alexander frequently gave supplies and advice to the Greek city states, and warned them of the Persian plans before the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC. After their defeat at Plataea, when the Persian army under the command of Artabazus tried to retreat all the way back to Asia Minor, most of the 43,000 survivors of the battle were attacked and killed by the forces of Alexander at the estuary of the Strymona river.
Alexander regained Macedonian independence after the end of the Persian Wars and was given the title "philhellene" by the Athenians, a title used for Greek patriots.
After the Persian defeat, Argilos became a member of the first Athenian confederation but the foundation of Amphipolis in 437 BC, which took control of the trade along the Strymona, brought an end to this. Thucydides tells us that some Argilians took part in this foundation but that the relations between the two cities quickly deteriorated and, during the Peloponnesian war, the Argilians joined with the Spartan general Brasidas to attack Amphipolis. An inscription from the temple of Asklepios in Epidauros attests that Argilos was an independent city during the 4th century.
Like other colonies in the area, Argilos was conquered by the Macedonian king Philip II in 357 B.C. Historians believe that the city was then abandoned and, though excavations have brought to light an important agricultural settlement on the acropolis dated to the years 350-200 BC, no Roman or Byzantine ruins have been uncovered there.*Alex
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JUSTINIAN I, AE Decanummium (10 Nummi), struck 558/559 at NicomediaObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Justinian I facing right.
Reverse: Large I surmounted by cross, A/N/N/O in field to left and regnal year X/X/X/II in field to right; in exergue, NIK.
Diameter: 17mm | Weight: 3.8gms | Die Axis: 12
SBCV: 205 | DOC: 138a.3
Justinian I introduced the system of dating on the Byzantine bronze coinage in the 12th year of his reign (Regnal year 538/39).
558: In this year the dome of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople collapsed due to an earthquake and Justinian I ordered it to be rebuilt.
559: A combined force of Kutrigurs and Huns crossed the frozen Danube River and invaded the Balkans in this year. But, after they had raided Thracia and Macedonia, the Byzantine general Belisarius, with a force consisting of a few thousand hastily raised levies and his veteran cavalry, defeated them at the Battle of Melantias, near Constantinople.
*Alex
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Kings of Macedon, Alexander III the Great, 336-323 BC, AR Tetradrachm - Amphipolis Mint under AntipaterHead of Herakles right, wearing lion skin headdress.
AΛEΞANΔPOY Zeus Aëtophoros seated left; janiform head vase in left field. Graffiti in upper left field - Aramaic kaph (k) and sadhe (s).
Price 6; Troxell, Studies, Issue A3; SNG Cop 660; Muller 853.
Struck at Amphipolis in the period 332-329 BC.
(29 mm, 17.15 g, 2h)
This is one of the first emissions of Alexander’s coinage struck in his homeland, albeit about three years after he departed for Asia Minor. Recent scholarship places the start of Alexander’s distinctive coinage in 333/2 BC at Tarsos, in eastern Asia Minor, shortly after which the design was transferred to Macedonia where Alexander’s coinage was struck under the authority of his regent in Greece, Antipater. Die studies indicate that this coin was from the fourth tetradrachm emission of a mint in Macedonia, most probably Amphipolis. It was most probably struck in the period 332-329 BC. The Aramaic graffiti on the reverse, plus the obverse reverse rim test cut are pointers to the likelihood that this coin travelled beyond its location of issue in Macedonia, into the eastern Mediterranean where Aramaic was the main spoken language.n.igma
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Macedonia, Alexander III The Great Tetradrachm, c. 325-320 BCAR Tetradrachm, 17.190g
Obv: Bust of Alexander as Herakles r., wearing lion-skin headdress.
Rx: Zeus seated l. on throne; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ in exergue, AΛEΧANΔΡOY in r. field; wreath in l. field, ΔΙ beneath throne
References: Price-2949
Mint: Side
ex Harlan J. BerkDino
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Macedonia, Alexander III, Ar drachmPrice 1382 / 310-301 BC
obv: Head of young Heraclea r. wearing lion-skin headdress
rev: ALEXANDROU Zues enthrond l. holding eagle and scepter forpart of
Pegasus l. monogram NO below thronehill132
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(00040b) LIVIA (with Tiberius)b. 58 BC - d. 29 AD
(wife of Augustus; mother of Tiberius; grandmother of Claudius)
struck 14-37 AD
AE 19mm, 8.82 g
O: Laureate head of Tiberius right
R: Veiled and draped bust of Livia r., wearing stephane
Macedonia, Thessalonica; cf RPC 1570laney
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(0198) CARACALLA198 - 217 AD
AE 24.5 mm, 6.81 g
O: Laureate bust right
R: Nike advancing right, wreath extended in right, palm frond over shoulder in left;
Macedonia, Stobilaney
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(0198) CARACALLA198 - 217 AD
AE 23 mm, 6.08 g
O: M AVR ANTONINVS, laureate and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind
R: MVNICI STOBENSI, Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
Macedonia, Stobi; cf. Moushmov 6552; AMNG 15. laney
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(0235) MAXIMINUS I THRAX235 - 238 AD
AE 25 mm 7.97 g
O: AVGIOVOV- -MAXIMEINOC Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
R: Nike standing left, holding palm branch and statue of Kabeiros.
Macedonia, Thessalonika; Varbanov 4502
laney
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(0244) PHILIP I (THE ARAB)244-249 AD
AE 26.5 mm, 11.4 g
O: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Philip I, r., seen from rear
R: Pan seated l., on rock, raising his r. hand to head, holding pedum in his l.; in field, l., syrinx
Macedonia, Pella
laney
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(03) TIBERIUS14-37 AD
AE 19mm, 8.82 g
O: Laureate head of Tiberius right
R: Veiled and draped bust of Livia right, wearing stephane
Macedonia, Thessalonica; cf RPC 1570laney
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*Macedonia, Thessalonica. Trajan AE21Obv: [.....] TRAIANOC, radiate bust r.
Rev: ThES SALO NIKE WN, in four lines, surmounted by eagle within double ring of dots.ancientone
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002p Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), Macedonia, Amphipolis, RPC I 1626, AE-20, AMΦIΠOΛEITΩN, Artemis on bull right, #1002p Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), Macedonia, Amphipolis, RPC I 1626, AE-20, AMΦIΠOΛEITΩN, Artemis on bull right, #1
avers: KAIΣAP ΘEOY YIOΣ (retrograd), Bare head right.
reverse: AMΦIΠOΛEITΩN, Artemis Tauropolos with inflated veil, riding on bull right.
exeegue: -/-//--, diameter: 19-21 mm, weight: 12,68g, axis:0h,
mint: City: Amphipolis, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia, date: 15 B.C.,
ref: RPC I 1626, Varbanov 3112, BMC 73, SNG Cop 89,
24 Specimens
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002p Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), Macedonia, Amphipolis, RPC I 1629, AE-21, AMΦIΠOΛEITΩN, Artemis on bull right, #1002p Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), Macedonia, Amphipolis, RPC I 1629, AE-21, AMΦIΠOΛEITΩN, Artemis on bull right, #1
avers: KAIΣAPOΣ ΣEBAΣTOY, Bare head right.
reverse: AMΦIΠOΛEITΩN, Artemis Tauropolos with inflated veil, riding on bull right.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 20-22 mm, weight: 9,56g, axis:0h,
mint: City: Amphipolis, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia, date: 15 B.C.,
ref: RPC 1629, Varbanov 3113,
21 Specimens
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002p Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), Macedonia, Uncertain Mint, RPC I 1529, AE-19, M FICTORI /M SEPTVMI /II VIR QVIN, Founder with two oxen, Scarce! #1002p Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), Macedonia, Uncertain Mint, RPC I 1529, AE-19, M FICTORI /M SEPTVMI /II VIR QVIN, Founder with two oxen, Scarce! #1
avers: PA CIS, Head of Pax right.
reverse: M FICTORI /M SEPTVMI /II VIR QVIN, In three-line. Founder plowing right with two yoked oxen.
exeegue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 6,59g, axis:1h,
mint: City: Uncertain mint of Macedonia, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia, date: c.25 B.C.,
Magistrate: M Fictorius (duovir quinquennalis) and M Septimius (duovir quinquennalis).
ref: RPC I 1529 (7 Specimens), BMC 17, AMNG II. 98, No 24,
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005p Tiberius (14-37 A.D. ), Macedonia, Thessalonica, RPC I 1565, AE-23, ΘEΣΣAΛONIKEΩN, Bare head of Augustus right, #1005p Tiberius (14-37 A.D. ), Macedonia, Thessalonica, RPC I 1565, AE-23, ΘEΣΣAΛONIKEΩN, Bare head of Augustus right, #1
avers: TIBEPIOΣ KAIΣAP, Bare head of Tiberius right.
reverse: ΘEΣΣAΛONIKEΩN, Bare head of Augustus right.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 23mm, weight: 10,07g, axes: 0h,
mint: City: Thessalonica, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia, date: 9-14 A.D.,
ref: RPC I 1565, Touratsoglou, Augustus 170-208 (c. AD 4 onwards) ,
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011p Gaius (Caligula) and Antonia Minor, (37-41 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonica, RPC I 1573, AE22, Head of Antonia left, Scarce! #1011p Gaius (Caligula) and Antonia Minor, (37-41 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonica, RPC I 1573, AE22, Head of Antonia left, Scarce! #1
avers: Γ.KAIΣAP ΣEBAΣTOΣ, Laureate head of Gaius Caligula left,
reverse: ΓEPMANIKOΣ C(?)E.ΘEΣΣAΛONIKEΩN, Head of Antonia Minor left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 22,0mm, weight: 9,07g, axis: 5h,
mint: City: Thessalonica, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia, date: 37-41 A.D.,
ref: RPC I 1573, Touratsoglou, Caligula 3-11, 21-4,
19 Specimens
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012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Macedonia, Amphipolis, RPC I online 1639, AE-22, AMΦIΠOΛЄITΩN, Artemis on the bull left, #1012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Macedonia, Amphipolis, RPC I online 1639, AE-22, AMΦIΠOΛЄITΩN, Artemis on the bull left, #1
avers: TI KΛAYΔIOΣ ΣEBAΣTOΣ, Claudius standing left, right hand raised, holding eagle tipped scepter in left.
reverse: ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛЄΙΤΩΝ, Artemis Tauropolos riding a bull left, holding a veil over her head.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 21,6-22,4mm, weight: 8,81g, axis:6h,
mint: City: Amphipolis, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia, date: 41-54 A.D.,
ref: RPC I online 1639 (15 specimens), SNG Cop 98, AMNG 76, BMC 88,
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012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Macedonia, Macedonian Koinon, RPC I 1612, AE-24, ΣEBAΣTOΣ MAKEΔONΩN, Macedonian shield, #1012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Macedonia, Macedonian Koinon, RPC I 1612, AE-24, ΣEBAΣTOΣ MAKEΔONΩN, Macedonian shield, #1
avers: TI KΛAYΔIOΣ KAIΣAP, Bare head left.
reverse: ΣEBAΣTOΣ MAKEΔONΩN, Around Macedonian shield.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 23,0-25,0mm, weight: 9,87g, axis: h,
mint: City: Koinon of Macedonia, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia,
date: 41-54 A.D.,
ref: RPC I 1612, Varbanov III 3005-334p, Sear 425-40p, BMC 5 27,145, AMNG 238-9, SNG Cop 1334
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012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Macedonia, Phillipi, (Time of Claudius or Nero, circa 41-68, A.D.), RPC I 1651, AE-18, (AE Semis?), COHOR PRAE PHIL, Three military standards, #1012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Macedonia, Phillipi, (Time of Claudius or Nero, circa 41-68, A.D.), RPC I 1651, AE-18, (AE Semis?), COHOR PRAE PHIL, Three military standards, #1
Augustus Macedon Phillipi Æ18 / Struck to Commemorate the Battle of Actium
avers: VIC AVG, Nike standing left holding wreath and palm branch.
reverse: COHOR PRAE PHIL, Three military standards.
exergue: VIC/AVG//--, diameter:18mm, weight: , axis: h,
mint: City: Philippi, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia, Pseudo-autonomous issue, date: Time of Claudius or Nero, circa AD 41-68.,
ref: RPC I Online (1651), SNG ANS 677, SNG Copenhagen 305, AMNG 14-15, BMC 23, SGI 32, FITA 274,
Q-001
"This coin has traditionally been attributed to Augustus, but due to its copper composition, RPC attributes it as likely from Claudius to Nero; Philippi probably did not issue copper coins during the reign of Augustus."quadrans
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012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonica, RPC I 1578, AE-21, ΘEΣΣAΛONEIKEON ΘEOΣ ΣEBAΣTOΣ, Radiate head of Augustus right, #1012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonica, RPC I 1578, AE-21, ΘEΣΣAΛONEIKEON ΘEOΣ ΣEBAΣTOΣ, Radiate head of Augustus right, #1
avers: ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜ, Laureate head of Claudius left.
reverse: ΘEΣΣAΛONEIKEON ΘEOΣ ΣEBAΣTOΣ, Radiate head of Augustus right.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 20,0-21,5mm, weight: 9,86g, axis: 6h,
mint: City: Thessalonica, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia,
date: 41-45 A.D.,
ref: RPC I 1578, Varbanov 4235-38, Touratsoglou, Claudius 1-8, 11-23 (?41),
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014p Nero (54-68 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonika, RPC I 1603, AE-23, ΘEΣΣA/ΛONIKE/ΩN, in oak wreath, Scarce! #1014p Nero (54-68 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonika, RPC I 1603, AE-23, ΘEΣΣA/ΛONIKE/ΩN, in oak wreath, Scarce! #1
avers: NEΡΩN ΣEBAΣTOΣ KAIΣAΡ, Bare head of Nero left.
reverse: ΘEΣΣA/ΛONIKE/ΩN in three lines, surrounded by an oak wreath, eagle with wings spread above.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 23,0mm, weight: 6,68g, axis: 7h,
mint: City: Thessalonika, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia,
date: Issue V: ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ, bare head, l., 54-68 A.D.,
ref: RPC I 1603, Moushmov Online 6707b, Touratsoglou, Nero 21-6, Scarce!
9 Specimens
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037p Marcus Aurelius (161-180 A.D.), Macedonia, Macedonian Koinon, BMC 156, AE-24, Winged thunderbolt,037p Marcus Aurelius (161-180 A.D.), Macedonia, Macedonian Koinon, BMC 156, AE-24, Winged thunderbolt,
avers:- KAICAP-ANTΩNINOC, Bare head right.
revers:- KOINON-MAKEΔONΩN, Winged thunderbolt.
exe: -/-//--, diameter: 24mm, weight: 9,56g, axis: 0h,
mint: Macedonia, Macedonian Koinon, date: 161-180 A.D., ref: Moushmov 5889, BMC 156, SNG Cop 1342, SGI 1541,
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038p Faustina (II) Filia, (128-175 A.D.), Macedonia, Amphipolis, RPC IV online 6619, AE-20, AMΦIΠOΛЄITΩN, Artemis on the bull right, #1038p Faustina (II) Filia, (128-175 A.D.), Macedonia, Amphipolis, RPC IV online 6619, AE-20, AMΦIΠOΛЄITΩN, Artemis on the bull right, #1
avers: ΦΑVСΤЄΙΝΑ СЄΒΑСΤΗ. Draped bust right.
reverse: ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛЄΙΤΩΝ. Artemis Tauropolos: Artemis riding bull right, holding a bow, and drawing an arrow from the quiver.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 19,5-20,0 mm, weight: 4,10g, axis:6h,
mint: City: Amphipolis, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia, date: 147-175 (Augusta) A.D.,
ref: RPC IV online 6619 (9 specimens), SNG Cop 107,
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041bp Commodus (166-180 A.D. as Caesar, 180-192 A.D. as Augustus), Macedonia, Thessalonica, Touratsoglou, Commodus (Augustus) 3-5 and 8, AE-26, ΘECCAΛONIKKEΩN, Nike advancing right,041bp Commodus (166-180 A.D. as Caesar, 180-192 A.D. as Augustus), Macedonia, Thessalonica, Touratsoglou, Commodus (Augustus) 3-5 and 8, AE-26, ΘECCAΛONIKKEΩN, Nike advancing right,
avers: ΑΥΤΟΚ Μ ΑΥΡ ΚΟΜΜ ΑΝΤΩΝΕΙΝΟΝ, laureate-headed bust of Commodus wearing cuirass (and paludamentum), r.-
revers: ΘΕCCAΛΟΝΙΚΚΕΩΝ, Nike advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
exe:-/-//--, diameter: 26mm, weight: 15,17g, axis: 0h,
mint: Macedonia, Thessalonica, date: 182-184 A.D., ref: Touratsoglou, Commodus (Augustus) 3-5 and ,
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049p Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski ???, Varbanov 3848corr, AE-26, Nike standing left, #1049p Septimius Severus (193 - 211 A.D.), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski ???, Varbanov 3848corr., AE-26, Nike standing left, #1
avers: SEVERVS PIV AV GV, Laureate head of Septimius Severus right.
reverse: MVNICIPI STOBE N, Nike, standing left, holding palm and wreath.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 25,0-27,0mm, weight: 10,58g, axis: 6h,
mint: Macedonia, Stobi, date: 193-211 A.D., ref: Josifovski- , Varbanov 3848corr. (rev. legend),
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049p Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski ???, Varbanov 3854var., AE-27, MVNI STOBE, Nike standing left, Rare! #1049p Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski ???, Varbanov 3854var., AE-27, MVNI STOBE, Nike standing left, Rare! #1
avers: SEVERVS PIVS AVG V, Laureate, draped and, cuirassed, the bust of Septimius Severus left.
revers: MVNI STOBE, Nike, standing left, holding palm and wreath.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 27,0-27,5mm, weight: 10,52g, axis: 7h,
mint: Macedonia, Stobi, date: 193-211 A.D.,
ref: Josifovski- , Varbanov 3854var., Rare!
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski 180, AE-23, MVNI STOB, Nike advancing left, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski 180, AE-23, MVNI STOB, Nike advancing left, #1
avers: IVLIA AVGVSTA, draped bust right.
reverse: MVNI STOB, Nike advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 22,0-22,5mm, weight: 5,94g, axis: 7h,
mint: Macedonia, Stobi, date:170-217 A.D.,
ref: Josifovski 180, Varbanov 3872,
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051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski 291var., Varbanov 4050var., AE-27, MVNICIP STOBEN, Persephone's abduction, Rare! #1051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski 291var., Varbanov 4050var., AE-27, MVNICIP STOBEN, Persephone's abduction, Rare! #1
avers: IM C M AVRE ANTONINVS, Laureate head of the younger Caracalla right, draped and cuirassed.
revers: MVNICIP STOBEN, Hades in galopping quadriga right, carrying off struggling Persephone.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 26,5-27,5mm, weight: 9,48g, axis: 1h,
mint: Macedonia, Stobi, date: A.D.,
ref: Josifovski 291var., Varbanov 4050var.,
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051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski 296, Varbanov , AE-26, MVNICIPI S TOBEN, Nike standing left, #1051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski 296, Varbanov , AE-26, MVNICIPI S TOBEN, Nike standing left, #1
avers: M AVR E ANTONINV, Laureate head of the Caracalla right.
reverse: MVNICIPI S TOBEN, Nike (Victory) in long hiton walking, turned left, in her lifted right hand holding a wreath, and her left hand one palm branch.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Macedonia, Stobi, date: A.D.,
ref: Josifovski 296, Varbanov ,
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051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski 336, Varbanov 3994, AE-26, MVNIC STOBE, Nike standing left, #1051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski 336, Varbanov 3994, AE-26, MVNIC STOBE, Nike standing left, #1
avers: IMP M AYR ANTONINY, Laureate head of the younger Caracalla right, cuirassed.
reverse: MVNIC STOBE, Nike, standing left, holding palm and wreath.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 26mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Macedonia, Stobi, date: A.D.,
ref: Josifovski 336, Varbanov 3994,
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051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski ?, Varbanov ?, AE-28, Nike walking left, Rare! #1051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, Josifovski ?, Varbanov ?, AE-28, Nike walking left, Rare! #1
avers: IM C M AVRE ANTONINVS, Laureate head of the younger Caracalla right, draped and cuirassed.
reverse: MVNICI STOB, Nike walking left, holding wreath and palm branch.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 27,5-28,2mm, weight: 13,97g, axis:7h,
mint: Macedonia, Stobi, date: ? A.D.,
ref: Josifovski ??, Varbanov ??,
Q-001quadrans
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051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, SNG Cop , AE-23, MVNIC STOBE, Nike advancing right, #1051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, SNG Cop , AE-23, MVNIC STOBE, Nike advancing right, #1
avers: M AVREL ANTONINOC, Laureate head right.
reverse: MVNIC STOBE, Nike advancing right holding wreath and palm frond.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 23,0-24,0mm, weight: 6,42g, axis: 6h,
mint: Macedonia, Stoby, date:198 - 217 A.D.,
ref: SNG Cop, Moushmov ,
Q-001quadrans
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051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, SNG Cop335, AE-23, MVNICIP STOBENSI, Nike advancing right, #1051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Macedonia, Stobi, SNG Cop335, AE-23, MVNICIP STOBENSI, Nike advancing right, #1
avers: M AVREL A NTONIN..., Laureate head right.
reverse: MVNICIP S TOBENSI, Nike advancing right holding wreath and palm frond.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 23,0mm, weight: 5,78g, axis: 0h,
mint: Macedonia, Stoby, date:198 - 217 A.D.,
ref: SNG Cop335, Moushmov 6553,
Q-001quadrans
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062p Alexander Severus ( 221-222 A.D. Caesar, 222-235 A.D. Augustus), Macedonia, Edessa, AE-24, Varb. 3648, EΔECCEΩN, Roma seated left, Very Rare !062p Alexander Severus ( 221-222 A.D. Caesar, 222-235 A.D. Augustus), Macedonia, Edessa, AE-24, Varb. 3648, EΔECCEΩN, Roma seated left, Very Rare !
avers:- AY K M A CE AΛEΞANΔPOC, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- EΔECCEΩN, Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Nike and parazonium, crowned by city-goddesss tanding left behind her, holding wreath and spear.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 23,7-24,5mm, weight:7,95g, axes: 0h,
mint: Macedonia, Edessa, date: 222-235 A.D., ref: Varb. 3648, Very Rare !quadrans
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062p Severus Alexander (222-235 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonica, Varbanov 4473, AE-25, Nike left,062p Severus Alexander (222-235 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonica, Varbanov 4473, AE-25, Nike left,
avers:- AVTOK_CEV_AΛEΞANΔPOC, Laureate head right.
revers:- Θ-E-CCAΛON-IKEΩN, Nike advancing left, holding Kabeiros and palm.
exe: -/-//--, diameter: 22mm, weight: 9,07g, axis: 5h,
mint: Macedonia, Thessalonica, date: 222-235 A.D., ref: Varbanov 4473, Touratsoglou 14,
Q-001quadrans
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072p Gordianus-III. (238-244 A.D.), Macedonia, Pella, Varbanov 3748, AE-26, COL IVL A VAG PELLA, Pella enthroned left, 072p Gordianus-III. (238-244 A.D.), Macedonia, Pella, Varbanov 3748, AE-26, COL IVL A VAG PELLA, Pella enthroned left,
avers: IMP C M ANT GORDIANVS AVG, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers: COL IVL A VAG PELLA, Pella enthroned left, right hand raised to her shoulder.
exe: -/-//--, diameter: 26,0mm, weight: 11,9,60g, axis: 7h,
mint: Macedonia, Pella, date: 238-244 A.D., ref: Varbanov 3748, Mouchmov 6489,
Q-001quadrans
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0ac Conquest of MacedoniaPaullus Aemilius Lepidus, moneyer
109-100 BC
Denarius
Veiled head of Concord, right, PAVLLVS LEPIDVS CONCORDIA
TER above trophy, L. Aemelius Lepidus on right, Perseus and his two sons as prisoners on left, PAVLLVS in ex.
Seaby, Aemelia 10
L. Aemelius Paullus defeated the Macedonians in 168 BC and brought Perseus and his sons to Rome to adorn his triumph.
Three days after the battle Perseus arrived at Amphipolis, and from that city he sent heralds with a caduceus to Paulus. In the meanwhile Hippias, Midon, and Pantauchus, the principal men among the king's friends who had fled from the field of battle to Beroea, went and made their surrender to the Roman consul. In the case of others also, their fears prompted them, one after another, to do the same. The consul sent his son Q. Fabius, together with L. Lentulus and Q. Metellus, with despatches to Rome announcing his victory. He gave the spoils taken from the enemy's army lying on the field of battle to the foot soldiers and the plunder from the surrounding country to the cavalry on condition that they were not absent from the camp more than two nights. The camp at Pydna was shifted to a site nearer the sea. First of all Beroea, then Thessalonica and Pella, and almost the whole of Macedonia, city by city, surrendered within two days.
Livy, History of Rome, 44.45
Blindado
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1405a, Constans, 9 September 337 - 19 January 350 A.D. (Alexandria)Bronze AE 4, RIC 37, gVF, Egypt, Alexandria, 1.54g, 15.0mm, 180o, 345-347 A.D. Obverse: D N CONSTANS P F AVG, pearl diademed head right; Reverse: VOT XX MVLT XXX in wreath, SMALA• in exergue.
Flavius Julius Constans, third and youngest son of Constantine I and Fausta, was born between 320 and 323 A.D. Primary sources for the life and reign of Constans I are scarce. To reconstruct his life and career, one must draw on a variety of references in both fourth century and later works. Raised as a Christian, he was made a Caesar on 25 December 333 A.D. Constans I and his two brothers, after the death of their father on 22 May 337 and the subsequent "massacre of the princes" in which many other relatives were purged, met in the first part of September 337 in Pannonia to re-divide the empire among themselves. There they were acclaimed Augusti by the army. Constans' new realm included Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedonia, and Achaea. Shortly before his father's death, Constans' engagement to Olympias, the daughter of the Praetorian Prefect Ablabius, was announced; although the match was never solemnized because of political reasons.
It would appear that Constans was successful in the military sphere. Following his accession to the purple in 337, he seems to have won a victory over the Sarmatians. In 340 Constans was able to beat back an attempt by his brother Constantine II to seize some of his realm. The latter died in a battle fought near Aquileia and Constans absorbed his late brother's territory. In 341 and 342 he conducted a successful campaign against the Franci. He also visited Britain in 343, probably on a military campaign.
As an emperor Constans gets mixed reviews. In what may be a topos, sources suggest that the first part of his reign was moderate but in later years, however, he became overbearing. The emperor apparently attempted to obtain as much money as he could from his subjects and sold government posts to the highest bidder. His favorites were allowed to oppress his subjects. Sources also condemn his homosexuality. He did have some military success and, in addition to other military threats, he had to deal with Donatist-related bandits in North Africa.
Like his father Constantine I and his brother Constantius II, Constans had a deep interest in Christianity. Together with Constantius II he issued (or perhaps re-issued) a ban against pagan sacrifice in 341. The next year, they cautioned against the destruction of pagan temples. Unlike his brother Constantius II, who supported the Arian faction, he stood shoulder to shoulder with Athanasius and other members of the Orthodox clique. In fact, it is due to his request that the Council of Serdica was called to deal with the ecclesiastical squabble between Athanasius of Alexandria and Paul of Constantinople on one side and the Arian faction on the other.
When Magnentius was declared emperor in Gaul during January 350, Constans realized his reign was at an end. When he learned of the revolt, he fled toward Helena, a town in the Pyrenees. Constans was put to death by Gaeso and a band of Magnentius' assassins, who dragged their victim from a temple in which he had sought refuge.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University and Robert Frakes, Clarion UniversityPublished: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1405n, Constans, 9 September 337 - 19 January 350 A.D. (Siscia)Constans, 9 September 337 - 19 January 350 A.D. Bronze AE 3, RIC 241, S 3978, VM 69, VF, Siscia, 2.32g, 18.3mm, 180o. Obverse: D N CONSTANS P F AVG, pearl diademed draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Phoenix radiate, standing on rocky mound, GSIS and symbol in ex; nice green patina.
Flavius Julius Constans, third and youngest son of Constantine I and Fausta, was born between 320 and 323 A.D. Primary sources for the life and reign of Constans I are scarce. To reconstruct his life and career, one must draw on a variety of references in both fourth century and later works. Raised as a Christian, he was made a Caesar on 25 December 333 A.D. Constans I and his two brothers, after the death of their father on 22 May 337 and the subsequent "massacre of the princes" in which many other relatives were purged, met in the first part of September 337 in Pannonia to re-divide the empire among themselves. There they were acclaimed Augusti by the army. Constans' new realm included Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedonia, and Achaea. Shortly before his father's death, Constans' engagement to Olympias, the daughter of the Praetorian Prefect Ablabius, was announced; although the match was never solemnized because of political reasons.
It would appear that Constans was successful in the military sphere. Following his accession to the purple in 337, he seems to have won a victory over the Sarmatians. In 340 Constans was able to beat back an attempt by his brother Constantine II to seize some of his realm. The latter died in a battle fought near Aquileia and Constans absorbed his late brother's territory. In 341 and 342 he conducted a successful campaign against the Franci. He also visited Britain in 343, probably on a military campaign.
As an emperor Constans gets mixed reviews. In what may be a topos, sources suggest that the first part of his reign was moderate but in later years, however, he became overbearing. The emperor apparently attempted to obtain as much money as he could from his subjects and sold government posts to the highest bidder. His favorites were allowed to oppress his subjects. Sources also condemn his homosexuality. He did have some military success and, in addition to other military threats, he had to deal with Donatist-related bandits in North Africa.
Like his father Constantine I and his brother Constantius II, Constans had a deep interest in Christianity. Together with Constantius II he issued (or perhaps re-issued) a ban against pagan sacrifice in 341. The next year, they cautioned against the destruction of pagan temples. Unlike his brother Constantius II, who supported the Arian faction, he stood shoulder to shoulder with Athanasius and other members of the Orthodox clique. In fact, it is due to his request that the Council of Serdica was called to deal with the ecclesiastical squabble between Athanasius of Alexandria and Paul of Constantinople on one side and the Arian faction on the other.
When Magnentius was declared emperor in Gaul during January 350, Constans realized his reign was at an end. When he learned of the revolt, he fled toward Helena, a town in the Pyrenees. Constans was put to death by Gaeso and a band of Magnentius' assassins, who dragged their victim from a temple in which he had sought refuge.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University and Robert Frakes, Clarion University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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1405t, Constans, 9 September 337 - 19 January 350 A.D. (Thessalonica )Constans, 9 September 337 - 19 January 350 A.D., Bronze AE 3, unattributed; Thessalonica mint, 2.25g, 18.9mm, 0; aVF.
Flavius Julius Constans, third and youngest son of Constantine I and Fausta, was born between 320 and 323 A.D. Primary sources for the life and reign of Constans I are scarce. To reconstruct his life and career, one must draw on a variety of references in both fourth century and later works. Raised as a Christian, he was made a Caesar on 25 December 333 A.D. Constans I and his two brothers, after the death of their father on 22 May 337 and the subsequent "massacre of the princes" in which many other relatives were purged, met in the first part of September 337 in Pannonia to re-divide the empire among themselves. There they were acclaimed Augusti by the army. Constans' new realm included Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedonia, and Achaea. Shortly before his father's death, Constans' engagement to Olympias, the daughter of the Praetorian Prefect Ablabius, was announced; although the match was never solemnized because of political reasons.
It would appear that Constans was successful in the military sphere. Following his accession to the purple in 337, he seems to have won a victory over the Sarmatians. In 340 Constans was able to beat back an attempt by his brother Constantine II to seize some of his realm. The latter died in a battle fought near Aquileia and Constans absorbed his late brother's territory. In 341 and 342 he conducted a successful campaign against the Franci. He also visited Britain in 343, probably on a military campaign.
As an emperor Constans gets mixed reviews. In what may be a topos, sources suggest that the first part of his reign was moderate but in later years, however, he became overbearing. The emperor apparently attempted to obtain as much money as he could from his subjects and sold government posts to the highest bidder. His favorites were allowed to oppress his subjects. Sources also condemn his homosexuality. He did have some military success and, in addition to other military threats, he had to deal with Donatist-related bandits in North Africa.
Like his father Constantine I and his brother Constantius II, Constans had a deep interest in Christianity. Together with Constantius II he issued (or perhaps re-issued) a ban against pagan sacrifice in 341. The next year, they cautioned against the destruction of pagan temples. Unlike his brother Constantius II, who supported the Arian faction, he stood shoulder to shoulder with Athanasius and other members of the Orthodox clique. In fact, it is due to his request that the Council of Serdica was called to deal with the ecclesiastical squabble between Athanasius of Alexandria and Paul of Constantinople on one side and the Arian faction on the other.
When Magnentius was declared emperor in Gaul during January 350, Constans realized his reign was at an end. When he learned of the revolt, he fled toward Helena, a town in the Pyrenees. Constans was put to death by Gaeso and a band of Magnentius' assassins, who dragged their victim from a temple in which he had sought refuge.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University and Robert Frakes, Clarion University.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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1bu Caracalla198-217
Denarius
Laureate head, right, ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT
Mars, MARTI PROPVGNATORI
RIC 223
The Historia Augusta, in the life of Severus, records: As he was advancing against Albinus, moreover, and had reached Viminacium 4 on his march, he gave his elder son Bassianus the name Aurelius Antoninus 5 and the title of Caesar, in order to destroy whatever hopes of succeeding to the throne his brother Geta had conceived. His reason for giving his son the name Antoninus was that he had dreamed that an Antoninus would succeed him. It was because of this dream, some believe, that Geta also was called Antoninus, in order that he too might succeed to the throne. . . . [After defeating Niger], he bestowed the. toga virilis on his younger son, Geta, and he united his elder son in marriage with Plautianus' daughter [Plautilla]. . . . Soon thereafter he appointed his sons to the consulship ; also he greatly honored his brother Geta. . . . Severus [in 198] invaded Parthia, defeated the king, and came to Ctesiphon; and about the beginning of the winter season he took the city. For this feat, likewise, the soldiers declared his son, Bassianus Antoninus, co-emperor; he had already been named Caesar and was now in his thirteenth year. And to Geta, his younger son, they gave the name Caesar. . . .
In the life of Caracalla, the history continues: He himself in his boyhood was winsome and clever, respectful to his parents and courteous to his parents' friends, beloved by the people, popular with the senate, and well able to further his own interests in winning affection. Never did he seem backward in letters or slow in deeds of kindness, never niggardly in largess or tardy in forgiving at least while under his parents. . . . All this, however, was in his boyhood. For when
he passed beyond the age of a boy, either by his father's advice or through a natural cunning, or because he thought that he must imitate Alexander of Macedonia,he became more reserved and stern and even somewhat savage in expression. . . .
After his father's death he went to the Praetorian Camp and complained there to the soldiers that his brother was forming a conspiracy against him. And so he had his brother slain in the Palace. . . . After this he committed many further murders in the city, causing many persons far and wide to be seized by soldier sand killed, as though he were punishing a rebellion. . . . After doing all this he set out for Gaul and immediately upon his arrival there killed the proconsul of Narbonensis. . . . Then he made ready for a journey to the Orient, but interrupted his march and stopped in Dacia. . . . Then he journeyed through Thrace accompanied by the prefect of the guard. . . . After this, turning to the war with the Armenians and Parthians, he appointed as military commander a man whose character resembled his own. . . . Then he betook himself to Alexandria. . . . [H]e issued an order to his soldiers to slay their hosts and thus caused great slaughter at Alexandria. . . . Next he advanced through the lands of the Cadusii and the Babylonians and waged a guerilla-warfare with the Parthian satraps, in which wild beasts were even let loose against the enemy. He then sent a letter to the senate as though he had won a real victory and thereupon was given the name Parthicus. . . .
After this he wintered at Edessa with the intention of renewing the war against the Parthians. During this time, on the eighth day before the Ides of April, the feast of the Megalensia and his own birthday, while on a journey to Carrhae to do honor to the god Lunus, he stepped aside to satisfy the needs of nature and was thereupon assassinated by the treachery of Macrinus the prefect of the guard, who after his death seized the imperial power.Blindado
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1cy Gallienus253-268
Bronze antoninianus
Radiate, draped bust, right, GALLINVS AVG
Mars standing left, holding globe in right hand and spear in left hand, P in right field, VIRTVS AVG
RIC 317
Gallienus oversaw a period of disintegration of the empire and lost control over the East, Gaul, Spain, and Britain.
Zosimus observed: [When Valerian left for the East] As the Germans were the most troublesome enemies, and harrassed the Gauls in the vicinity of the Rhine, Gallienus marched against them in person, leaving his officers to repel with the forces under their command any others that should enter Italy, Illyricum, and Greece. With these designs, he possessed himself of and defended the passages of the Rhine, at one time preventing their crossing, and at another engaging them as soon as they had crossed it. But having only a small force to resist an immense number, he was at a loss how to act, and thought to secure himself by a league with one of the German princes. He thus not only prevented the other Barbarians from so frequently passing the Rhine, but obstructed the access of auxiliaries.
Eutropius recorded: Gallienus, who was made emperor when quite a young man, exercised his power at first happily, afterwards fairly, and at last mischievously. In his youth he performed many gallant acts in Gaul and Illyricum, killing Ingenuus, who had assumed the purple, at Mursa, and Regalianus. He was then for a long time quiet and gentle; afterwards, abandoning himself to all manner of licentiousness, he relaxed the reins of government with disgraceful inactivity and carelesness. The Alemanni, having laid waste Gaul, penetrated into Italy. Dacia, which had been added to the empire beyond the Danube, was lost. Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, Asia, were devastated by the Goths. Pannonia was depopulated by the Sarmatians and Quadi. The Germans made their way as far as Spain, and took the noble city of Tarraco. The Parthians, after taking possession of Mesopotamia, began to bring Syria under their power.
Zosimus resumes: Gallienus in the mean time still continued beyond the Alps, intent on the German war, while the Senate, seeing Rome in such imminent danger, armed all the soldiers that were in the city, and the strongest of the common people, and formed an army, which exceeded the Barbarians in number. This so alarmed the Barbarians, that they left Rome, but ravaged all the rest of Italy. At this period, when Illyricum groaned under the oppression of the Barbarians, and the whole Roman empire was in such a helpless state as to be on the very verge of ruin, a plague happened to break out in several of the towns, more dreadful than any that had preceded it. The miseries inflicted on them by the Barbarians were thus alleviated, even the sick esteeming themselves fortunate. The cities that had been taken by the Scythians were thus deserted.
Gallienus, being disturbed by these occurrences, was returning to Rome to relieve Italy from the war which the Scythians were thus carrying on. It was at this time, that Cecrops, a Moor, Aureolus and Antoninus, with many others, conspired against him, of whom the greater part were punished and submitted. Aureolus alone retained his animosity against the emperor.
The Scythians, who had dreadfully afflicted the whole of Greece, had now taken Athens, when Gallienus advanced against those who were already in possession of Thrace, and ordered Odonathus of Palmyra, a person whose ancestors had always been highly respected by the emperors, to assist the eastern nations which were then in a very distressed condition. . . .
While affairs were thus situated in the east, intelligence was brought to Gallienus, who was then occupied in the Scythian war, that Aurelianus, or Aureolus, who was commander of the cavalry posted in the neighbourhood of Milan to watch the motions of Posthumus, had formed some new design, and was ambitious to be emperor. Being alarmed at this he went immediately to Italy, leaving the command against the Scythians with Marcianus, a person of great experience in military affairs. . . . Gallienus, in his journey towards Italy, had a plot formed against him by Heraclianus, prefect of the court, who communicated his design to Claudius, in whom the chief management of affairs was vested. The design was to murder Gallienus. Having found a man very ready for such an undertaking, who commanded a troop of Dalmatians, he entrusted the action to him. To effect it, the party stood by Gallienus at supper and informed him that some of the spies had brought intelligence, that Aureolus and his army were close at hand. By this they considerably alarmed him. Calling immediately for his horse and arms, he mounted, ordering his men to follow him in their armour, and rode away without any attendance. Thus the captain finding him alone killed him.Blindado
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1ea Licinius308-324
Follis
Laureate head, right, IMP LIC LICINIVS P F AVG
Jupiter standing left with thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at foot with wreath in its beak, A over μ (Mu) over dot in right field, dot SIS dot in ex, IOVI CONSERVATORI
RIC 225a var
According to Zonaras: Maximinus took as colleague in his rule Licinius, who derived his lineage from the Dacians and was the brother-in-law of Constantine the Great. After he had made him colleague in his sovereignty and left him in Illyricum to defend the Thracians, who were being plundered by barbarians, he himself proceeded to Rome, to battle against Maxentius. Then, being suspicious of his own soldiers and fearing lest they desert to the enemy, he desisted from battle and departed. He regretted his appointment of Licinius, first plotted secretly against him, and then openly joined battle with him. He attacked him, was repulsed, defeated, and fled, and in his flight did away with himself. . . .
Eutropius adds: CONSTANTINE, being a man of great energy, bent upon effecting whatever he had settled in his mind, and aspiring to the sovereignty of the whole world, proceeded to make war on Licinius, although he had formed a connexion with him by marriage, for his sister Constantia was married to Licinius. And first of all be overthrew him, by a sudden attack, at Cibalae in Pannonia, where he was making vast preparations for war; and after becoming master of Dardania, Maesia, and Macedonia, took possession also of several other provinces.
There were then various contests between them, and peace made and broken. At last Licinius, defeated in a battle at Nicomedia by sea and land, surrendered himself, and, in violation of an oath taken by Constantine, was put to death, after being divested of the purple, at Thessalonica. Blindado
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1ec_2 Constantine the Great307-337
Follis
Laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right, IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
Sol standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, raising right hand and holding globe in left hand, captive to left. Mintmark RQ.
RIC VII 52
According to Zonaras: Constans, in the eleventh year of his reign since he had been proclaimed Caesar, having ruled gently and mildly, came to the end of his life while residing in Britain, having, because of his goodness, bequeathed grief for himself among those he ruled, first having appointed successor the elder of his own sons, namely Constantine the Great, whom he begat by his first wife. He also had by his second wife, Herculius’ daughter Theodora, other sons, Constantinus, Hannibalianus, and Constantius. Constantine the Great was preferred over them, since they were judged by their father to be unsuited for sovereignty. . . . Constantine, when he was still a lad, was actually given by his father as a hostage to Gallerius, in order that, serving as a hostage, at the same time he be trained in the exercise of the soldierly art.
Eutropius summarizes: CONSTANTINE, being a man of great energy, bent upon effecting whatever he had settled in his mind, and aspiring to the sovereignty of the whole world, proceeded to make war on Licinius, although he had formed a connexion with him by marriage,5 for his sister Constantia was married to Licinius. And first of all be overthrew him, by a sudden attack, at Cibalae in Pannonia, where he was making vast preparations for war; and after becoming master of Dardania, Maesia, and Macedonia, took possession also of several other provinces.
There were then various contests between them, and peace made and broken. At last Licinius, defeated in a battle at Nicomedia by sea and land, surrendered himself, and, in violation of an oath taken by Constantine, was put to death, after being divested of the purple, at Thessalonica.
At this time the Roman empire fell under the sway of one emperor and three Caesars, a state of things which had never existed before; the sons of Constantine ruling over Gaul, the east, and Italy. But the pride of prosperity caused Constantine greatly to depart from his former agreeable mildness of temper. Falling first upon his own relatives, he put to death his son, an excellent man; his sister's son, a youth of amiable disposition; soon afterwards his wife, and subsequently many of his friends.
He was a man, who, in the beginning of his reign, might have been compared to the best princes; in the latter part of it, only to those of a middling character. Innumerable good qualities of mind and body were apparent in him; he was exceedingly ambitious of military glory, and had great success in his wars; a success, however, not more than proportioned to his exertions. After he had terminated the Civil war, he also overthrew the Goths on various occasions, granting them at last peace, and leaving on the minds of the barbarians a strong remembrance of his kindness. He was attached to the arts of peace and to liberal studies, and was ambitious of honourable popularity, which he, indeed, sought by every kind of liberality and obligingness. Though he was slow, from suspicion, to serve some of his friends,6 yet he was exceedingly generous towards others, neglecting no opportunity to add to their riches and honours.
He enacted many laws, some good and equitable, but most of them superfluous, and some severe. He was the first that endeavoured to raise the city named after him to such a height as to make it a rival to Rome. As he was preparing for war against the Parthians, who were then disturbing Mesopotamia, he died in the Villa Publica, at Nicomedia, in the thirty-first year of his reign, and the sixty-sixth of his age.
Zosimus described Constantine's conversion to Christianity: For he put to death his son Crispus, stiled (as I mentioned) Caesar, on suspicion of debauching his mother-in-law Fausta, without any regard to the ties of nature. And when his own mother Helena expressed much sorrow for this atrocity, lamenting the young man's death with great bitterness, Constantine under pretence of comforting her, applied a remedy worse than the disease. For causing a bath to be heated to an extraordinary degree, he shut up Fausta in it, and a short time after took her out dead. Of which his conscience accusing him, as also of violating his oath, he went to the priests to be purified from his crimes. But they told him, that there was no kind of lustration that was sufficient to clear him of such enormities. A Spaniard, named Aegyptius, very familiar with the court-ladies, being at Rome, happened to fall into converse with Constantine, and assured him, that the Christian doctrine would teach him how to cleanse himself from all his offences, and that they who received it were immediately absolved from all their sins. Constantine had no sooner heard this than he easily believed what was told him, and forsaking the rites of his country, received those which Aegyptius offered him ; and for the first instance of his impiety, suspected the truth of divination.Blindado
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613 MACEDONIA, Dium AE 25 129-38 AD Athena standingReference.
RPC III 613/52;
Obv. IMP CAES HADRIANO AVG OLYMPIO
Laureate, bust of Hadrian to right.
Rev. COL IVL AVG DIENSIS / D - D
Athena ständig front, head left, holding patera in right hand and spear in left; to left at feet owl; to right, coiled serpent.
5.78 gr
21 mm
6hokidoki
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614 MACEDONIA, Dium AE 25 129-38 AD Athena standingReference. very rare
RPC III 614/59 corr. (obverse legend).
Obv. IMP CAES HADRIANO AVG OLYMPIO
Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian to right.
Rev. COL IVL AVG DIENSIS / D - D
Athena ständig front, head left, holding patera in right hand and spear in left; to left at feet owl; to right, coiled serpent.
5.20 gr
25 mm
6hokidoki
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646 MACEDONIA, Amphipolis. Hadrian AE 24 AmphipolisReference.
RPC III, 646/7; AMNG 80, Varbanov 3183 corr.; RPC III pl. 26, 646 (same dies)
Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙС ΤΡΑΙ ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС СΕ
Radiate head of Hadrian, right
Rev. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤωΝ
Amphipolis turreted seated l., holding patera in extended r. hand
8.10 gr
24 mm
6hokidoki
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649 MACEDONIA, Amphipolis Hadrian AE 19 Artemis standingReference.
RPC III, 649/4; BMC 100; Varbanov 3185; Lindgren 982; Moushmov 6075; cf. SNG ANS 182
Obv. ΚΑΙСΑΡ ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС
laureate head of Hadrian, r.; to r., star
Rev. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤωΝ
Artemis Tauropolos standing l., wearing kalathos, holding long torch in r. hand; on r., shield.
4.26 gr
19 mm
6h
Note.
From the Belgica Collection. Ex Gorny & Mosch 233 (6 October 2015), lot 1892.okidoki
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649 MACEDONIA, Amphipolis Hadrian, Artemis standingReference.
RPC III, 649; BMC 100; Varbanov 3185; Lindgren 982; Moushmov 6075
Obv. ΚΑΙСΑΡ ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС
laureate head of Hadrian, r.; to r., star
Rev. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤωΝ
Artemis Tauropolos standing l., wearing kalathos, holding long torch in r. hand; on r., shield.
5.65 gr
19 mm
6hokidoki
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650 MACEDONIA, Amphipolis. Hadrian, ArtemisReference.
RPC III, 650/7; BMC 99 (pag.55) Varbanov 3181; SNG ANS 181
Obv. KAICAP AΔPIANOC
Bare head right. (adjustment mark ear.)
Rev. AMΦΙΠΟ Λ εΙ Τω Ν
Artemis Tauropolos, holding billowing veil, riding on bull charging right.
6.16 gr
21 mm
6hokidoki
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651 MACEDONIA, Amphipolis Hadrian, Artemis standingReference.
RPC III, 651/4; BMC 102; Lindgren 984; SNG ANS -
Obv. ΚΑΙСΑΡ ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС
Hadrian helmeted standing front, head l., r. hand raised, holding parazonium in l.
Rev. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤωΝ
Artemis Tauropolos standing l., wearing kalathos, holding long torch in r. hand and branch in l.
3.63 gr
20 mm
6hokidoki
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656 MACEDONIA, Amphipolis Sabina, Artemis standingReference.
RPC III, 656/12 ; Cop 103, Varbanov 3189
Obv. ϹΑΒΕΙΝΑ ϹΕΒΑϹΤΗ
Diademed and draped bust of Sabina, right
Rev. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤⲰΝ
Artemis Tauropolos standing l., wearing kalathos, holding long torch in r. hand; on r., shield
4.74 gr
20 mm
6hokidoki
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657 MACEDONIA, Amphipolis Hadrian AE 25 AmphipolisReverence.
RPC III, 657/9; AMNG 67; SNG ANS 155. Varnanov 3128; Lindgren 966
Issue Coinage without imperial portrait
Obv. ΚΑΙСΑΡ СΕΒΑСΤΟС
Emperor in military dress standing l., holding spear in r. hand and parazonium in l.
Rev. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤωΝ
Amphipolis turreted seated l., holding patera in extended r. hand and her garment in her left hand.
10.62 gr
25 mm
6h
Note from Leu
RPC assigns this issue to the time of Hadrian based upon fabric, types and letter forms.okidoki
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665A MACEDONIA, Philippi. Hadrian Divus Augustus and Divus JuliusReference.
RPC III, 665A/1; Varbanov 3782
Obv. IMP CAES TRAIA HADR[ ]
Laureate and cuirassed bust right, slight drapery on shoulder
Rev. COL AVG IVL PHILIP
Divus Augustus standing left on basis inscribed DIVVS/[AVG], raising hand; Divus Julius standing behind, crowning him with wreath; altar on either side
7.73 gr
23 mm
6h
Note.
From the Belgica Collection.okidoki
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665A MACEDONIA, Philippi. Hadrian, Divus Augustus and Divus JuliusReference.
RPC III, 665A/2; Varbanov 3782
Obv. IMP CAES TRAIA HADR[ ]
Laureate and cuirassed bust right, slight drapery on shoulder
Rev. COL AVG IVL PHILIP
Divus Augustus standing left on basis inscribed DIVVS/[AVG], raising hand; Divus Julius standing behind, crowning him with wreath; altar on either side
5.83 gr
22 mm
6hokidoki
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69-58 - Edessa - GORDIANO III (238 - 244 D.C.)Édessa, Macedonia, Grecia
AE 25 mm 7.7 gr.
Anv: "AVT K M ANTΩNIOC ΓOΡΔIA- - -", Busto laureado a derecha.
Rev: "EΔECCEΩ/N", en exergo, Roma Nicéfora sentada a izq. en escudo, portando Victoriola, siendo coronada por Tyche con corona mural, portando cornucopia.
Acuñada 238 - 244 D.C.
Referencias: Varbanov III #3673 (R4) Pag.421, Moushmov #6275, SNG Cop #168, SNG Ans #265/6mdelvalle
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90. Koinon of Macedonia.AE 25, ca mid 3'rd century AD, Beroea.
Obverse: AΛEΞANΔΡOΥ / Head of Alexander as Herakles, wearing lion's skin headdress.
Reverse: KOINON MAKEΔONΩN NEΩ / Horseman galloping right, holding spear, mantle waving behind.
12.72 gm., 25 mm.
Moushmov #7223.
Minted some 550+ years after his death, The portrait of Alexander on this coin was obviously copied from Alexander's own coinage.
Callimachus
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91. Koinon of Macedonia.AE 25, ca mid 3'rd century AD, Beroea.
Obverse: AΛEΞANΔΡO&Upsilon / Diademed head of Alexander.
Reverse: KOINON MAKEΔONΩN B NE / Soldier standing, holding a spear and a parazonium.
9.66 gm., 25 mm.
Moushmov #7206.
Minted some 550+ years after his death, The portrait of Alexander on this coin was likely copied from a coin of Lysimachos.Callimachus
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Acanthos 4th / 3rd c. B.C.MACEDONIA, Acanthos 4th / 3rd c. B.C. Ae 15mm. 2.91g. Obv: Helmeted head of Athena, with crest l. Rev: A-K-A-N between the four spokes of a wheel. SNG Evelpidis 1132. Grose 15, 3146ddwau
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Aesillas. Roman Quaestor. 90-75 BC. AR Tetradrachm of ThessalonicaRoman Macedonia. Macedonia, Aesillas. Roman Quaestor. 90-75 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.24 gm) of Thessalonica. Alexander the Great r., with horn of Amon and streaming hair. ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ below, Θ behind. / Macedonian war club b/w cista (fiscus, money chest) and sella (curule chair), AESILLAS Q above, all enclosed in wreath. VF. Traces of luster and pitting.
Bt. Gables Coin, 2000.
ACNAC Dewing 1224-1225; AMNG III/I #223; Bauslaugh Gp VI O42A/187; HGC 3.1 #1110; McClean II #3716-3717 (plate 138 #10-11); SNG Cop 2 #1330; SNG Delepierre 1076-1078; SNG Fitzwilliam 2346-2350; SNG Lockett 3303-3309.Anaximander
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Akanthos; Obol; Lion's head/ quadripartite incuse squareAkanthos, Macedonia, Obol; 525-500; 9mm, 0.4g; Lion's head from above/ quadripartite incuse square; SNG ANS 27. Podiceps
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Alexander I, Tetrobol; Horse/ Crested helmetAlexander I, King of Aigai, Macedonia, 495-454 B.C. AR Tetrobol. 2.0g, 14mm. Horse prancing right / Crested helmet right in linear square within shallow incuse. SNGCop 486. Podiceps
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Alexander IIIAlexander III AR Tetradrachm. ‘Amphipolis’ mint. Struck under Kassander, circa 316-314 BC. Head of Herakles right, wearing lion skin headdress / Zeus Aëtophoros seated left; shield in left field, pellet-in-Î below throne. 17.1 g.
Price 136; Troxell, Studies, issue L8.
Thanks for the atribution Lloyd!
Most lifetime issues of Alexander the Great were usualy bulky/thick, which did not alow for the entire design of the die to imprint on the coin. IMO looked better then the wide thin flan. (edit: though this one is Struck under Kassander)
The coin was hand stuck with a die/avil. Dies were usually made of Bronze because it was sofeter and easier to work with then iron, (though some were made of iron as well) then the was anealed to make it stronger and less brittle.
The planchets were made by pouring molten metal into a mold and saved until needed. When it was ready to be used, they heated it just below melting point and placed it between the dies and the punch die was struck with a hammer.
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"Building upon his father's success in Greece, Alexander III (Alexander the Great, reigned 336-323 BC) set about the conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. By the time of his death at the age of 31, he ruled most of the known world from Greece to Afghanistan. Initially Alexander continued to mint Philip's gold and silver coins. Soon, however, the need for a silver coinage that could be widely used in Greece caused him to begin a new coinage on the Athenian weight-standard. His new silver coins, with the head of Herakles on one side and a seated figure of Zeus on the other, also became one of the staple coinages of the Greek world. They were widely imitated within the empire he had forged."
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"......Alexander seems to have liked Amphipolis, because one of his last plans was to spend no less than 315 ton silver for a splendid new temple in the city that was to be dedicated to Artemis Tauropolus. It was never built, but after Alexander's death on 11 June 323 in Babylon, his wife queen Roxane settled in Amphipolis, which appears to have become one of the residences of the Macedonian royals. In 179, king Philip V died in the town."
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Amphipolis , ancient city of Macedonia, on the Strymon (Struma) River near the sea and NE of later Thessaloníki. The place was known as Ennea Hodoi [nine ways] before it was settled and was of interest because of the gold and silver and timber of Mt. Pangaeus (Pangaion), to which it gave access. Athenian colonists were driven out (c.464 BC) by Thracians, but a colony was established in 437 BC Amphipolis became one of the major Greek cities on the N Aegean. This colony was captured by Sparta, and Brasidas and Cleon were both killed in a battle there in 422 BC After it was returned to Athens in 421 BC, it actually had virtual independence until captured (357 BC) by Philip II of Macedon. He had promised to restore it to Athens, and his retention of Amphipolis was a major cause of the war with Athens. In 148 BC it became the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia. Paul, Silas, and Timothy passed through Amphipolis (Acts 17.1). Nearby is the modern Greek village of Amfípolis."
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"A quick look at the WildWinds database( http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/macedonia/kings/alexander_III/t.html ) indicates that the style and monograms are consistent with an Amphipolis issue, with perhaps a little less care than usual in the engraving of the reverse. The closest I could locate with a quick look is Price 133 (variant), although yours appears to have a shield rather than dolphin in the left field reverse."
Randygeki(h2)
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Alexander III Tetradrachm Amphipolis MintTetradrachm of Alexander III of Macedon known as "the great". This is posthumous issue from the mint of Amphipolis in Macedonia, minted 316 - 305 B.C. The obverse shows Alexander as Herakles wearing a lion skin. The reverse shows Zeus enthroned, holding a sceptre and eagle with a crescent moon in the left field and the legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝ ΔΡΟΥ aroundsimmurray
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Alexander III Tetradrachm Price 2999KINGS OF MACEDON. Alexander III ‘the Great’, 336-323 BC. Tetradrachm (Silver, 25 mm, 17.13 g, 12 h), Tarsos, struck under Balakros or Menes, circa 333-327.
O: Head of Herakles to right, wearing lion skin headdress.
R: AΛEΞANΔPOY Zeus seated left on low throne, holding long scepter in his left hand and eagle standing right with closed wings in his right.
- Price 2999. A rare early and unusual issue from Tarsos, "Officina B", bearing no symbol.
Alexander the Great (356 B.C.–323 B.C.) has been recognized as the greatest stratelates (roughly, ‘general’) in history. His army consisted of 30,000 infantryman and 5,000 cavalrymen. In 334 B.C., when he was 22 years old, he embarked on a campaign starting from the capital of Macedonia, Pella, and he created the Macedonian Empire within 8 years, by 326 B.C. The Macedonian Empire extended from Greece to India and North Africa. Alexander fought in the front lines in every battle, thereby encouraging his fellow warriors to do their best. He was never a spectator in battles, and the rear line was not for him. In each battle, just as any of his soldiers, he faced the risk of not seeing the sunset. He was in danger of “dining in Hades,” as they said about soldiers who died during battle. All his soldiers saw Alexander’s back in every battle.
By comparing these early Tarsos tetradrachms to the staters of Mazaios (Pictured below) it is easy to see the identical forms of the throne, scepter, footstool and other details. The drapery is rendered in a similar manner, the Aramaic inscription of the one and the Greek inscription of the other share the same curve following the dotted border. This evidence indicates the two series of coins were the common product of a single mint.
 Nemonater
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Alexander III The Great, Macedonian Kingdom, 336 - 323 B.C.Alexandros III Philippou Makedonon (356-323 BC), better known as Alexander the Great, single-handedly changed the entire nature of the ancient world in little more than ten years.
"Born in the northern Greek kingdom of Macedonia in 356 BC, to Philip II and his formidable wife Olympias, Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle. Following his father's assassination in 336 BC, he inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdom, which he had to secure - along with the rest of the Greek city states - before he could set out to conquer the massive Persian Empire, in revenge for Persia's earlier attempts to conquer Greece.
Against overwhelming odds, he led his army to victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without incurring a single defeat. With his greatest victory at the Battle of Gaugamela, in what is now northern Iraq, in 331 BC, the young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, Overlord of Asia Minor and Pharaoh of Egypt also became Great King of Persia at the age of 25.
Over the next eight years, in his capacity as king, commander, politician, scholar and explorer, Alexander led his army a further 11,000 miles, founding over 70 cities and creating an empire that stretched across three continents and covered some two million square miles.
The entire area from Greece in the west, north to the Danube, south into Egypt and as far east as the Indian Punjab, was linked together in a vast international network of trade and commerce. This was united by a common Greek language and culture, whilst the king himself adopted foreign customs in order to rule his millions of ethnically diverse subjects.
Primarily a soldier, Alexander was an acknowledged military genius who always led by example, although his belief in his own indestructibility meant he was often reckless with his own life and that of those he expected to follow him. The fact that his army only refused to do so once, in the13 years of a reign during which there was constant fighting, indicates the loyalty he inspired.
Following his death in 323 BC at the age of only 32, his empire was torn apart in the power struggles of his successors. Yet Alexander's mythical status rapidly reached epic proportions and inspired individuals as diverse as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Louis XIV and Napoleon.
He continues to be portrayed according to the bias of those interpreting his achievements. He is either Alexander the Great or Iskander the Accursed, chivalrous knight or bloody monster, benign multi-culturalist or racist imperialist - but above all he is fully deserving of his description as 'the most significant secular individual in history'."
By Dr Joann Fletcher (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alexander_the_great.shtml)
Cleisthenes
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Alexander III The Great, Macedonian Kingdom, 336 - 323 B.C. Lifetime IssueSilver drachm, Price 2553, VF, 4.297g, 16.4mm, 0o, Lydia, Sardes mint, c. 334 - 323 B.C. Lifetime Issue; Obverse: Herakles' head right, clad in Nemean lion scalp headdress tied at neck; Reverse: BASILEWS ALEXANDROU, Zeus enthroned left, eagle in right, scepter in left, EYE monogram left, rose under throne. Ex FORVM.
Alexandros III Philippou Makedonon (356-323 BC)
"Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great, single-handedly changed the entire nature of the ancient world in little more than ten years.
Born in the northern Greek kingdom of Macedonia in 356 BC, to Philip II and his formidable wife Olympias, Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle. Following his father's assassination in 336 BC, he inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdom, which he had to secure - along with the rest of the Greek city states - before he could set out to conquer the massive Persian Empire, in revenge for Persia's earlier attempts to conquer Greece.
Against overwhelming odds, he led his army to victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without incurring a single defeat. With his greatest victory at the Battle of Gaugamela, in what is now northern Iraq, in 331 BC, the young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, Overlord of Asia Minor and Pharaoh of Egypt also became Great King of Persia at the age of 25.
Over the next eight years, in his capacity as king, commander, politician, scholar and explorer, Alexander led his army a further 11,000 miles, founding over 70 cities and creating an empire that stretched across three continents and covered some two million square miles.
The entire area from Greece in the west, north to the Danube, south into Egypt and as far east as the Indian Punjab, was linked together in a vast international network of trade and commerce. This was united by a common Greek language and culture, whilst the king himself adopted foreign customs in order to rule his millions of ethnically diverse subjects.
Primarily a soldier, Alexander was an acknowledged military genius who always led by example, although his belief in his own indestructibility meant he was often reckless with his own life and that of those he expected to follow him. The fact that his army only refused to do so once, in the 13 years of a reign during which there was constant fighting, indicates the loyalty he inspired.
Following his death in 323 BC at the age of only 32, his empire was torn apart in the power struggles of his successors. Yet Alexander's mythical status rapidly reached epic proportions and inspired individuals as diverse as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Louis XIV and Napoleon.
He continues to be portrayed according to the bias of those interpreting his achievements. He is either Alexander the Great or Iskander the Accursed, chivalrous knight or bloody monster, benign multi-culturalist or racist imperialist - but above all he is fully deserving of his description as 'the most significant secular individual in history'."
By Dr. Joann Fletcher
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alexander_the_great.shtml
"When Alexander saw the breadth of his domain, he wept for there were no more worlds to conquer."--attributed to Plutarch, The Moralia.
http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID=96
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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Alexander III The Great, Macedonian Kingdom, 336 - 323 B.C., Possible Lifetime IssueThis is the same coin in my collection, different picture, as the Alexander tetradrachm listed as [300mem].
Silver tetradrachm, Price 3971, VF, 16.081g, 26.1mm, 0o, Egypt, Memphis mint, c. 332 - 323 or 323 - 305 B.C.; obverse Herakles' head right, clad in Nemean lion scalp headdress tied at neck; reverse ALEXANDROU, Zeus enthroned left, legs crossed, eagle in right, scepter in left, rose left, DI-O under throne. Ex Pavlos S. Pavlou. Ex FORVM, "The Memphis issues are among the finest style Alexander coins. Experts disagree on the date of this issue. Some identify it as a lifetime issue and others as a posthumous issue (Joseph Sermarini).
Alexandros III Philippou Makedonon (356-323 BC)
"Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great, single-handedly changed the entire nature of the ancient world in little more than ten years.
Born in the northern Greek kingdom of Macedonia in 356 BC, to Philip II and his formidable wife Olympias, Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle. Following his father's assassination in 336 BC, he inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdom, which he had to secure - along with the rest of the Greek city states - before he could set out to conquer the massive Persian Empire, in revenge for Persia's earlier attempts to conquer Greece.
Against overwhelming odds, he led his army to victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without incurring a single defeat. With his greatest victory at the Battle of Gaugamela, in what is now northern Iraq, in 331 BC, the young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, Overlord of Asia Minor and Pharaoh of Egypt also became Great King of Persia at the age of 25.
Over the next eight years, in his capacity as king, commander, politician, scholar and explorer, Alexander led his army a further 11,000 miles, founding over 70 cities and creating an empire that stretched across three continents and covered some two million square miles.
The entire area from Greece in the west, north to the Danube, south into Egypt and as far east as the Indian Punjab, was linked together in a vast international network of trade and commerce. This was united by a common Greek language and culture, whilst the king himself adopted foreign customs in order to rule his millions of ethnically diverse subjects.
Primarily a soldier, Alexander was an acknowledged military genius who always led by example, although his belief in his own indestructibility meant he was often reckless with his own life and that of those he expected to follow him. The fact that his army only refused to do so once, in the13 years of a reign during which there was constant fighting, indicates the loyalty he inspired.
Following his death in 323 BC at the age of only 32, his empire was torn apart in the power struggles of his successors. Yet Alexander's mythical status rapidly reached epic proportions and inspired individuals as diverse as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Louis XIV and Napoleon.
He continues to be portrayed according to the bias of those interpreting his achievements. He is either Alexander the Great or Iskander the Accursed, chivalrous knight or bloody monster, benign multi-culturalist or racist imperialist - but above all he is fully deserving of his description as 'the most significant secular individual in history'."
By Dr. Joann Fletcher
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alexander_the_great.shtml
"When Alexander saw the breadth of his domain, he wept for there were no more worlds to conquer."--attributed to Plutarch, The Moralia.
http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID=96
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes
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Alexander the Great * Macedonia, 337 to 323 BC. Bronze drachm
Obv: Alexander III guised as Herakles in lion skin headdress, right-facing, enclosed within ornamental dotted circle.
Rev: (Top to bottom) * Lighting bolt, knotted Olive-branch club right-facing, AΛEXANΔΡ[OY], Unstrung bow in ornamented traveling/storage case, Monogram Δ.
Exergue: (N/A) Monogram Δ present in undefined exergual space.
Mint: (Pella?)
Struck: 337-323 BC.
Size: 18.50 mm.
Weight: 6.38 gms.
Die axis: 360°
Condition: XF. Exceptionally lovely coin, more-so in hand. Superb high relief and all details distinct and present.
Beautiful tone, rather dark-golden in the higher relief’s contrast delightfully against a yet-darker gold background in the lower areas of the flan. The flat area around the portrait and within the dotted circle is a strong, accentuating black-olive (not well-communicated by the present image).
Exquisite example of the type.
Refs:*
Not found in Sear GCATV.
Sear 6739, is an Æ 20. Partially descriptive.
Tiathena
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Alexander the Great BronzeA lifetime issue Alexander the Great bronze coin.
Obverse: the head of a young man, probably Apollo, inside a dotted border.
Reverse: a horse rearing up, with the name ALEXANDROY written above, and the letter Phi, a mintmark, written below
Minted in Macedonia, 336-323 BC, probably at the royal mint at the capital city of Pella.
Attribution: Price 361chuy1530
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Amphiipolis goatMacedonia, Amphiipolis. 20mm, 5.4g. Obverse: wreathed head of Dionysos right. Reverse: AMPHIPOLITWN, goat standing right. SNG Copenhagen 80. ex areich, photo credit areichPodiceps
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Amphipolis, Macedon ca. 168-149 BC.Amphipolis, Macedonia, ca. 168-149 BC. Ae 21 to 23mm. Weight 6.93g. Obv: Head of Artemis right. Rev: ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ, two goats standing on their hind legs, butting heads. Minted for Amphipolis in Macedon circa 168-149 BC. Amphipolis was founded by the Athenians in 436 BC to protect their mining interests in the north. The city surrendered to the Spartan general Brasidas in 424 BC. The city preserved its independence until 357, when it was captured by Philip II of Macedon. This piece was minted following the dissolution of the Macedonian monarchy and the establishment of four separate Macedonian republics in 168 BC. The obverse of this type depicts the diademed head of Artemis Tauropolis facing right, with bow and quiver at her shoulder. The reverse type features two goats on their hind legs, contending, face to face, with the Greek legend ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ in the fields. Sear Greek 1394.ddwau
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Amphipolis, MacedoniaAmphipolis, Macedonia, AE21, ca. 187-31 BC. Diademed head of Poseidon right / AMFIPO-LITWN above and beneath club; HD and S monogram above, AN monogram below; all within wreath. AMNG III/2 26; SNG ANS 95 var. (monograms); SNG Cop 52 varRandygeki(h2)
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Amphipolis, Macedonia, c. 168 - 149 B.C.Bronze AE 20, SGCV I 1394; (SNG Cop 62), weight 7.8 g, max. diameter 21.75 mm, Amphipolis mint, Roman rule, c. 168 - 149 B.C.; Obv. diademed head of Artemis Tauropolos right, bow and quiver at shoulder; Rev. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ, two goats on their hind legs, contending head to head. Green patina, very worn.
Artemis Tauropolos was an epithet for the goddess Artemis, variously interpreted as worshipped at Tauris, or pulled by a yoke of bulls, or hunting bull goddess. A statue of Artemis "Tauropolos" in her temple at Brauron in Attica was supposed to have been brought from the Taurians by Iphigenia. Tauropolia was a festival of Artemis in Athens. - WikipediaSteve E
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Amphipolis, Macedonia, c. 168 - 149 B.C.Bronze AE 17, 4.247g, 17.6mm, 0o, Amphipolis mint, c. 168 - 149 B.C.
Obv: Ivy-wreathed head of Dionysos right.
Rev: AMFIPO/LEITWN, Goat standing right.
Well centered on a broad flan.
Ref: BMC Macedonia p. 48, 40 - 41; AMNG III 51, SNG Cop -; SNG Evelpidis -
VF
Scarcemjabrial
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ANTIGONOS GONATAS, King of Macedonia AE 19OBVERSE: Head of Athena right in crested Corinthian helmet
REVERSE: BA above, ANTI monogram below, Pan advancing right, erecting trophy
Struck at Macedonia, 277-239 BC
4.58g, 19mm
Lindgren III, 105, Sear #6786 (var)
Countermarked on obverseLegatus
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Antigonos II Gonatas, 277 - 239 BC. AE20. Struck at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Head of Athena, in crested Corinthian helmet, facing right.
Reverse: Pan advancing right, erecting trophy of Gallic arms. B - A across upper field; ANTI monogram of Antigonos between Pan's feet; helmet symbol in field to left.
Diameter: 18mm | Weight: 4.82gms | Die Axis: 12
SNG Alpha Bank 1017 | Sear GCV 6786
Antigonos II Gonatas was the son of Demetrios Poliorketes, himself the son of Antigonos I Monophthalmus, who then controlled much of Asia. The origin of the nickname Gonatas is unknown. Antigonos' mother was Phila, the daughter of Antipater, who had controlled Macedonia and the rest of Greece since 334 BC and was recognized as regent of the empire, which in theory remained united. In the year of Antigonos Gonatas' birth, however, Antipater died, leading to further struggles for dominance. After coming closer than anyone to reuniting the empire of Alexander, Antigonos Monophthalmus was defeated and killed in the great Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC and the territory he formerly controlled was divided among his enemies, which included Kassander, Ptolemy and Lysimachus.
The fate of Antigonos Gonatas was closely tied with that of his father Demetrios, who had escaped from the battle with 9,000 troops. Jealousy among the victors eventually allowed Demetrios to regain part of the power his father had lost. He conquered Athens and, in 294 BC, he seized the throne of Macedonia from Alexander, the son of Kassander. Because Antigonos Gonatas was the grandson of Antipater and the nephew of Kassander through his mother, his presence helped to reconcile the supporters of these former kings to the rule of his father.
In the winter of 279 BC, a great horde of Gauls under their leader Brennus descended on Macedonia from the north. After plundering Macedonia, the Gauls invaded further regions of Greece, moving southwards. Antigonos cooperated in the defence of Greece, but the Aetolians took the lead in defeating the Gauls. In 278 BC a Greek army with a large Aetolian contingent checked the Gauls at Thermopylae and Delphi, inflicting heavy casualties and forcing them to retreat.
The next year (277 BC), Antigonos sailed to the Hellespont, landing near Lysimachia at the neck of the Thracian Chersonese. When an army of Gauls under the command of Cerethrius appeared, Antigonos laid an ambush. He abandoned his camp, beached his ships and concealed his men. The Gauls looted the camp but, when they started to attack the ships, Antigonos's army appeared, trapping them with the sea to their backs. The Gauls were utterly defeated at the Battle of Lysimachia, and, after this resounding victory, Antigonos claimed the Macedonian throne.
In 239 BC, at the age of 80, Antigonos II Gonatas died and left his kingdom to his son Demetrios II Aetolicus, who was to reign for the next 10 years. Except for a short period when he defeated the Gauls, Antigonos was not a heroic or successful military leader. His skills were mainly political and he preferred to rely on cunning, patience, and persistence to achieve his goals.*Alex
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Antoninus Pius, AE26, Thunderbolts, Koinon of Macedonia, Varbanov III 3039, Rare (R5)Antoninus Pius
Augustus, 138 - 161 A.D.
Coin: AE26
Obverse: KAICAP ANTΩNEINOC, bare headed bust facing right.
Reverse: KOINON MA-KEΔONΩN, around the winged Thunderbolts of Zeus.
Weight: 15.76 g, Diameter: 26 x 26.7 x 3.6 mm, Die axis: 20°, Mint: The Koinon of Macedonia, Reference: Varbanov III 3039
Rated Rare (R5, 100 - 200 examples known)Constantine IV
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Augustus - RPC 1651 Macedonia, Philippi Obv: VIC AVG
Nike standing left on base,
holding wreath and palm
Rev: COHOR PRAE PHIL
three military standards
18mm 4.3 gmOWL365
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Augustus - RPC 1651 Macedonia, Philippi Obv: VIC AVG
Nike standing left on base,
holding wreath and palm
Rev: COHOR PRAE PHIL
three military standards
18mm 3.4gmOWL365
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Augustus Artemis TouropolisAugustus AE20mm of Amphipolis, Macedonia, 5.8g, RPC I 1629 var.
OBV: KAIΣAPOΣ - ΣEBAΣTOY, head right
REV: AMFIPOLITWN, Artemis Tauropolis riding bull right, veil flowing above
Not in AMNG, not in Varbanov (engl.)
SCARCE
SRukke
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Augustus, AE22, RPC I 1627Augustus
27 B.C. – 14 A.D.
Coin: AE 22
Obverse: AMΦIΠO-ΛEITΩN, bust of Artemis Tauropolos, facing right, her Bow and Quiver over her left shoulder.
Reverse: KAIΣAP - ΣEBAΣTOΣ, Augustus, raising his right hand in salutation, standing, facing left, upon a Dais, decorated with three Bucrania, being crowned with a Wreath by Genius.
Weight: 12.08 g, Diameter: 22 x 24 x 2.5 mm, Die axis: 40°, Mint: Amphipolis, Macedonia, Reference: RPC I 1627
Rated ScarceConstantine IV
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Battle of Philippi commemerative coinPhilippi, Macedonia, 41 B.C. - 68 A.D.
Obverse: VIC - AVG, Victory standing left on base holding wreath and palm
Reverse: COHOR PRAE PHIL, three military standards
The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate) against the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia.Dk0311USMC
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Bottice; AE15; Herakles/ lyreBottice, Macedonia, c. 330 B.C. Bronze AE 15, AMNG -, SNG Cop -, BMC -, Lindgren -, Weber -, aVF, Bottice (Bottiaei Chalcidices) mint, 3.810g, 12.9mm, 315o, c. 330 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Herakles right; reverse “[B]OT-TIAI-[WN]”, lyre; dark patina; very rare. Ex FORVM, photo credit FORVMPodiceps
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CaduceusMacedonia, Philip III., AE-15 mm, 3.36 grs. AV: Head of Herakles with lions skin to right, within dotted border. RV: Rider to right, above FI, below the horse BA overstruck with CM. CM: Caduceus. See AMNG p. 178.2 with the same CM. Extremly rare coin. Collection: Mueller.Automan
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Caracalla , Macedonia, Stobi #2AE23, 209-217 AD
Obv:MAVREL ANTONIN, Laureate head right.
Rev: MVNICS STOBENS, Victory left with wreath and palm.
23mm, 5.86 gm
BMC 10-11v, Moushmov 6553
Jerome Holderman
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