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Image search results - "Londinium"
CRISPUS-1.jpg
Crispus - AE3 - 318 AD - Londinium mint
Obv. CRISPVS NOB CAES. Laureate and cuirassed bust right
Rev.: SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol standing left with orb and raising right hand, crescent to left, PLN in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 19,1
Cohen 136, RIC 144
1 commentsMaxentius
boudicca_iceni_AR_unit.JPG
1st Century CE, IRON AGE BRITAIN, Tribe: Iceni, AR Unit, Struck c.60 - 61 under Boudica (Boadicea)Obverse: No legend. Abstract Celtic style head with slit for eye and no ear facing right. Three pellets below head, branch emblem behind neck.
Reverse: No legend. Celtic style horse facing right, lozenge-shaped box with pellets on outer corners below horse. Section of large elaborate wheel-like object above horse, pellet below horse's tail.
Class: Icenian O
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 0.9gms | Axis: 10
Spink: 434

The first known recorded example of this coin was made by William Stukely, an English antiquarian whose ideas influenced various antiquaries throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Stukeley published over twenty books on archaeology and other subjects during his lifetime and he is regarded as an important forerunner of archaeology for his emphasis on methodically measuring and documenting ancient sites. He died of a stroke in early 1765.
The theory that this coinage was connected with Boudica was originally reported in 1987 and this was endorsed by R D Van Arsdell, an authority on the Celtic coinage of Britain, as Boudican in the 1990's. At the time though this was disputed by many in the numismatic community, some of whom continued to rely on older studies that lumped all "Face-Horse" coins together in a group dating before 20 CE.
However, John Talbot of the University of Oxford carried out research on these issues and, as his die-link and hoard work gradually progressed through the 1990's into the early twenty-first century, these coins were confirmed to be the final coinage of the Iceni. As Talbot's findings were only gradually revealed over a period of time, the accepted dating used in some dealer catalogues did not always keep up with the latest information. During his studies, Talbot discovered that coins from several die sets are only found in the Boudican Rebellion hoards. He also confirmed that these coins were struck in abnormally great numbers for any Icenian issue. But, because he was not certain that this was enough evidence to date the coins to 61 CE. he suggested only that they could have been struck any time after the Claudian Invasion of 43 CE.
Considering though that some die sets are known only from the Boudican Rebellion hoards, that it is still the case that these coins appear in uncirculated condition in the hoards, and that to date none of these coins have been found from secure contexts earlier than the time of the Boudican rebellion, it would appear that the 1987 report was essentially correct and these coins must have been struck nearer to the date of the Boudican Rebellion than earlier, possibly in connection with the financing of that rebellion. The conclusion now is that these coins can, with some confidence, be attributed to Boudica.


THE ICENI
The Iceni were a tribe located in eastern Britain during the Iron Age and the early Roman era. Their territory was bordered by the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. In the Roman period, their capital was Venta Icenorum at modern-day Caistor St Edmund.
Julius Caesar did not mention the Iceni in his account of his invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, though they may have been related to the Cenimagni, whom Caesar notes as living north of the River Thames at that time. The Iceni were a significant power in eastern Britain during Claudius I's conquest of Britain in AD 43, in which they allied with Rome. Increasing Roman influence on their affairs led to a revolt in AD 47, though they remained nominally independent under king Prasutagus up until his death around AD 60. Roman encroachment after Prasutagus' death led his wife Boudica to launch a major revolt from 60–61. Boudica's uprising seriously endangered Roman rule in Britain and resulted in the burning of Londinium and other cities. The Romans finally crushed the rebellion, and the Iceni were eventually incorporated into the Roman province.
Archaeological evidence of the Iceni includes torcs, which are heavy rings of gold, silver or electrum worn around the neck and shoulders. The Iceni began producing coins around 10 BC. Their coins were a distinctive adaptation of the Gallo-Belgic "face/horse" design, and in some early issues, most numerous near Norwich, the horse was replaced with a boar. Some coins are inscribed ECENI, making them the only coin-producing group to use their tribal name on coins. The earliest personal name to appear on coins is Antedios (about 10 BC), and other abbreviated names like AESU and SAEMU followed. The name of Prasutagus also appears on some coins as PRASTO.

QUEEN BOUDICA
Queen Boudica was married to Prasutagus, ruler of the Iceni people of East Anglia. When the Romans conquered southern England in AD 43, they allowed Prasutagus to continue to rule. However, when Prasutagus died he left a will dividing his lands between the Roman emperor and his family. The Romans decided to rule the Iceni directly and confiscated all the king's property. When this was contested they are said to have stripped and flogged Boudica and raped her daughters. These actions exacerbated the widespread resentment at Roman rule.
In 60 or 61 AD, while the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paullinus was leading a campaign in North Wales, the Iceni rebelled, other tribes joined them, and Boudica led a major uprising against the occupying Roman forces.
Boudica's warriors defeated the Roman Ninth Legion and destroyed the then capital of Roman Britain, Camulodunum (Colchester). They then went on to destroy Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans) killing thousands in the process. Finally, Boudica was defeated by a Roman army led by Paulinus. A great number of her army were killed and, though Boudica's fate is unknown, she is alleged to have either died in battle or poisoned herself to avoid capture. The site of the battle which brought an end to her uprising is also unknown.
The photograph below is of the Victorian statue of Boudica (Boadicea) situated on the Thames embankment in London.

CLICK ON THE IMAGES BELOW TO ENLARGE THEM
3 comments*Alex
Diocletian_Follis_London.JPG
284 - 305, DIOCLETIAN, AE Follis, struck 300 - 303 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Diocletian facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mintmark (London).
Diameter: 27mm | Weight: 8.64gms | Die Axis: 6
RIC VI: 16 | SRCV IV: 12760 | SPINK: 696

By the time that the Roman central government had recovered control of Britain in AD 296 the antoninianus had been replaced under Diocletian's currency reform. The London mint, which had initially been set up by Carausius, was retained as an official imperial mint under the Tetrarchy, however, apart from an initial issue in 297 marked "LON", it produced only folles without a mintmark for the first decade of its operation.
1 comments*Alex
CARAUSIUS_PAX_MLXXI.JPG
286 - 293, CARAUSIUS, AE Antoninianus, struck 289 - 293 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of Carausius facing right.
Reverse: PAX AVG. Pax standing facing left, holding olive branch in her right hand and vertical sceptre in left; across field, S - P: in exergue, MLXXI.
Diameter: 23mm | Weight: 3.9gms | Die Axis: 6h | Some remaining patches of silvering.
Unlisted. cf.RIC V ii : 98
VERY RARE

Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius, of Menapian origin and commander of the fleet under Maximianus, rebelled and set himself up as Emperor in Britain in A.D.287. Carausius thwarted all the attempts of Maximianus to recover the lost territory and even extended his authority over part of Gaul. In A.D.293 however, Constantius took over the struggle from Maximianus and succeeded in capturing Boulogne, Carausius' main stronghold on the Continent. Soon after this Carausius was murdered by his chief minister, Allectus, who succeeded to the throne.
*Alex
ALLECTUS_PAX_ML.JPG
293 - 296, ALLECTUS, AE Antoninianus, struck 293 - 296 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG. Radiate and cuirassed bust of Allectus facing right.
Reverse: PAX AVG. Pax standing facing left, holding olive-branch in her right hand and transverse sceptre in her left; across field, S- A; in exergue, ML.
Diameter: 23mm | Weight: 3.9gms | Die Axis: 12h
RIC V ii: 28 | SPINK: 684a

Allectus, a chief minister under Carausius, murdered the British Emperor soon after the capture of Boulogne by Constantius in A.D.293 and took his place. Constantius invaded Britain in A.D.297 in a two pronged attack. Allectus was caught off balance and he was defeated and killed near Farnham as he hurriedly marched west to meet the invaders.
*Alex
Constantius_I_Follis_London.JPG
293 - 305, CONSTANTIUS I (Chlorus) as Caesar, AE Follis, struck 298 - 300 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Constantius I facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mintmark (London).
Diameter: 28mm | Weight: 10.97gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 14a | SRCV IV: 14034 | SPINK: 706
Rare
Ex Asprey Coins, London

Group II. Early example with the style of Constantius' portrait appearing to show the influence of Carausius/Allectus die engravers.
*Alex
GALERIUS_Follis_London.JPG
293 - 305, GALERIUS as Caesar, AE Follis struck 296 - 305 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Galerius facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 28mm | Weight: 9.4gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 34 | SPINK: 710
*Alex
Severus_II_Follis_London.JPG
305 - 306, SEVERUS II as Caesar, AE Follis struck 305 - 306 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Severus II facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 29mm | Weight: 10.399gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 59a | Cohen VII: 24 | SPINK: 712
Rare
Ex. Errett Bishop Collection | Ex. FORVM (USA)

SEVERUS II
Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus was a Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 307. He was born in Northern Illyria (now Albania) and rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army. As an old friend of Galerius, that emperor appointed Severus as Caesar on 1 May 305 and he thus served as junior emperor under Constantius I in the Western Roman Empire.
When Constantius I died in the summer of 306, Severus was promoted to Augustus by Galerius under the rules of succession established under the Tetrarchy. However Constantius I had died on campaign in York and his army in Britain had acclaimed his son, Constantine I, as his successor. Although furious at this elevation, Galerius wanted to avoid any threat of a civil war so he compromised by allowing Constantine to bear the title of Caesar.
When this news reached Maxentius, the son of Maximianus, he revolted and declared himself emperor at Rome,
Galerius sent Severus, at the head of an army which had previously been commanded by Maximianus, to suppress the rebellion. Maxentius asked his father to re-assume the purple and rule the empire with him and Maximianus, who had been reluctant to abdicate, readily accepted. When Severus arrived under the walls of Rome to besiege it his men deserted to their old commander forcing Severus to flee to Ravenna. Maximianus offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably. Severus complied but, despite Maximianus' assurance, he was displayed as a captive, imprisoned and later put to death.

3 comments*Alex
Maximianus_PLN.JPG
306 - 308, MAXIMIANUS (Second Reign), AE Follis, struck 307 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: D N MAXIMIANO P F S AVG. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Maximianus facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POP ROM. Genius, turreted, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; in exergue, PLN.
Diameter: 27mm | Weight: 8.2 gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 90 | SRCV IV: 13444 | Cohen: 142 | SPINK: 704
1 comments*Alex
Constantine_Sol_PLN.JPG
307 - 337, CONSTANTINE I as AUGUSTUS, AE Follis struck 317 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CONSTANTINVS P AVG. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Constantine I facing right.
Reverse: SOLI INVICTO COMITI. Sol, radiate, standing facing left, raising his right hand and holding globe in his left; across field, S - P; in exergue, PLN.
Diameter: 19.5mm | Weight: 3.3gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 109
*Alex
307_-_337_Constantine_I_Campgate_PLON_28London29.JPG
307 - 337, CONSTANTINE I, AE3 struck 324 - 325 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CONSTANTINVS AVG. Laureate head of Constantine I facing right.
Reverse: PROVIDENTIAE AVGG. Camp-gate with two turrets, star above; in exergue, PLON.
Diameter: 21mm | Weight: 2.85gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 293 | SPINK: 728

*Alex
Licinius_I_MSL_London.JPG
308 - 324, LICINIUS I, AE Follis struck 314 - 315 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: IMP LICINIVS P F AVG. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Licinius I facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POP ROM. Genius, turreted, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; across field, S - F; in exergue, MSL.
Diameter: 21.4mm | Weight: 2.634gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII: 31 | SRCV IV: 15186 | Cohen: 53 | Cf.SPINK: 717a
Rare

Ex. FORVM (USA)
1 comments*Alex
Maximinus_II_London.jpg
309 - 313, MAXIMINUS II as Augustus, AE Follis struck 310 - 312 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: IMP MAXIMINVS P F AVG. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Maximinus II facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POP ROM. Genius, turreted, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; in right field, star; in exergue, PLN.
Diameter: 22mm | Weight: 4.00gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 209b | SPINK: 715
*Alex
317_-_324_Crispus_Caesar_PLON.jpg
317 - 326, CRISPUS as Caesar, AE3 struck 323 - 324 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CRISPVS NOBIL C. Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Crispus facing left.
Reverse: BEAT TRANQLITAS (sic). Altar, inscribed VOT IS XX in three lines, surmounted by cosmic globe with three stars above; in exergue, PLON.
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 2.8gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 275.

Flavius Julius Crispus was the eldest son of Constantine the Great, he was given the rank of Caesar in A.D.316, at the same time as Flavius Claudius Constantinus (Constantine II), Constantine's eldest son with Fausta, and Valerius Licinianus Licinius (Licinius II), the son of Licinius I.
This coin was struck in connection with the fifteenth anniversary of Constantine the Great.
*Alex
Constantine-2_Sol_PLN_London.JPG
317 - 337, CONSTANTINE II as CAESAR, AE3 struck 317 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN N C. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Constantine II facing right, viewed from the rear.
Reverse: SOLI INVICTO COMITI. Sol, radiate, chlamys across left shoulder, standing facing left, his right hand raised and holding globe in his left. In left field, S; in right field, P; in exergue, PLN.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 3.4gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 118
VERY RARE
*Alex
Constantine_II_Killingholme_Hoard_(1993).JPG
317 - 337, CONSTANTINE II as Caesar, AE3 struck 321 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN N C. Radiate and cuirassed bust of Constantine II facing left.
Reverse: BEATA TRANQVILLITAS. Altar, inscribed VOT IS XX in three lines, surmounted by cosmic globe with three stars above; across field, P - A; in exergue, PLON.
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 2.9gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 219
Rare
Ex Killingholme Hoard (1993)

Claudius Constantinus was the eldest son of Constantine and Fausta, he was given the rank of Caesar in A.D.316, at the same time as Crispus and Licinius II.
This coin was struck in connection with the fifteenth anniversary of Constantine II's father, Constantine the great.


THE KILLINGHOLME HOARD
The Killingholme Hoard was discovered in a field between Killingholme and Habrough on the south bank of the Humber Estuary by a pair of metal detectorists in the Autumn of 1993.
The initial coins of the hoard were surface finds, many of which were found before the hoard itself was discovered. In total, there were 1504 coins found in the topsoil, and another 2753 found buried in a single clay pot.
The top of the pot had been cut off by ploughing, which had caused a large number of coins to be scattered around the field. Nevertheless, the remains of the pot were found when the coins packed in it were detected. The pot had a diameter of about 20cm and within it were thousands of coins.
One of the finders reported that the coins appeared to have been carefully arranged inside the pot, and seemed to produce a spiralling pattern. Unfortunately, the coins were emptied into a bath for cleaning so any chance of researching this arrangement was lost forever.
The coins that constituted the hoard were bronze reduced folles, most of which were struck between the 320s and the early 330s, during the time of the emperor Constantine. Though the coins came from several mints in the Western part of the Roman Empire, most of them were from the London mint. It is thought that the hoard was probably deposited around 333/334 AD.
Because, in 1993, base metal coins were not counted as treasure, the coins were returned to the finders who sent the bulk of the coins to be auctioned off by Spink of London. Fortunately, prior to being sold, the coins were recorded by the British Museum which acquired for itself 86 coins from the hoard.
After the recordings were completed, though the finders kept a few coins for themselves, the remainder of the coins were sold off in batches. It has been rumoured that many of these coins went to the Italian luxury goods producer Bulgari, who used them to make jewellery.
Such a process would not be permitted in England today as, following the enactment of the Treasure Act in 1996, the Killingholme Hoard would now fulfil the criteria for "treasure" as outlined by the Act.

CONTEMPORARY PHOTO OF THE KILLINGHOLM HOARD, CLICK ON THUMBNAIL TO ENLARGE IT
*Alex
322_-_323_Constantine_II_Caesar.jpg
317 - 337, CONSTANTINE II as Caesar, AE3 struck 322 - 323 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN N C. Radiate and cuirassed bust of Constantine II facing left.
Reverse: BEAT TRANQLITAS (sic). Altar, inscribed VOT IS XX in three lines, surmounted by cosmic globe with three stars above; across field, F – B; in exergue, PLON.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 2.05gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 257.

Flavius Claudius Constantinus was the eldest son of Constantine and Fausta, he was given the rank of Caesar in A.D.316, at the same time as Crispus and Licinius II.
This coin was struck in connection with the fifteenth anniversary of his father, Constantine the great.
*Alex
317_-_337_Constantine_II_Caesar_Altar__PLON.JPG
317 - 337, CONSTANTINE II as Caesar, AE3 struck 323 - 324 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN N C. Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Constantine II facing left.
Reverse: BEAT TRANQLITAS (sic). Altar, inscribed VOT IS XX in three lines, surmounted by cosmic globe with three stars above; in exergue, PLON.
Diameter: 21mm | Weight: 2.9gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 287.

Flavius Claudius Constantinus was the eldest son of Constantine and Fausta, he was given the rank of Caesar in A.D.316, at the same time as Crispus and Licinius II.
This coin was struck in connection with the fifteenth anniversary of his father, Constantine the great.
*Alex
317_-_337__Constantine_II_PLON.JPG
317 - 337, CONSTANTINE II as CAESAR, AE3 struck 324 - 325 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Constantine II, viewed from the rear, facing right.
Reverse: PROVIDENTIAE CAESS. Camp-gate with two turrets, star above; in exergue, PLON.
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 3.43gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 296 | SPINK: 738a
*Alex
324_-_337_Constantius_II_as_Caesar_PLON.JPG
324 - 337, CONSTANTIUS II as CAESAR, AE3 struck 324 - 325 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Constantius II facing left.
Reverse: PROVIDENTIAE CAESS. Camp-gate with two turrets, star above; in exergue, PLON.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 2.85gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 298 | SPINK: 739
Rare
*Alex
ConstantineI_(1).jpg
004 - Constantine I "the great" (307-337 AD), Follis - RIC 153Obv: CONSTANTINVS P F AVG. laureated and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: COMITI AVGG NN, Sol standing left, chlamys falling from left shoulder, holding up globe in right hand and whip in left hand.
Minted in Londinium - London - (* in right field, PLN in exe.), c mid 310 - late 312 AD.
pierre_p77
0124.jpg
0124 - Quinarius Allectus 293-6 ACObv/ IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVG, radiated and cuirassed bust of A. r.
Rev/ VIRTVS AVG, galley r., QL in ex.

AE, 20.2 mm, 2.79 g
Mint: Londinium
RIC V.2/55 [C]
ex-J.B. González Redondo (denarios.org), jul 2011
dafnis
0125.jpg
0125 - Antoninianus Carausius 287 ACObv/ IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVG, radiated and draped bust of C. r.
Rev/ PAX AVG, Pax standing l., holding branch and long sceptre.

AE, 21.5 mm, 2.66 g
Mint: Londinium
RIC V.2/880 [C]
ex-J.B. González Redondo (denarios.org), jul 2011
dafnis
0133.jpg
0133 - Nummus Constantine I 307-10 ACObv/ IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust of C. r.
Rev/ PRINCIPI IV-VE-NTVTIS, C. in military outfit, held l., holding a standard on each hand; PLN in ex.

AE, 25.5 mm, 6.24 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VI/111 [S]
ex-Numismatik Lanz, eBay jul 2011 - art. #300571161041
dafnis
0134.jpg
0134 - Nummus Constantine I 319-20 ACObv/ IMP CONSTANTIN-VS AVG, helmeted bust of C. l., cuirassed and with spear on r. shoulder.
Rev/ VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories standing face to face, holding vota shield, with VOT / PR inscribed within; diamond mint mark inside altar, PLN in ex.

AE, 17.5 mm, 2.92 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/158 var. [S]
ex-Numismática Hinojosa, eBay jul 2011 - art. #280702971071
1 commentsdafnis
0150.jpg
0150 - Nummus Crispus 323-4 ACObv/ CRISPVS NOBIL C, laureate and cuirassed bust of C. l., spear on r. shoulder and shield on r.h.
Rev/ BEATA TRA-NQLITAS, globe set on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX in three lines; above, three stars; PLON in ex.

AE, 19.8 mm, 2.50 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/278 [R3]
ex-Numismatica Tintinna, auction e11, lot 2122
dafnis
0154.jpg
0154 - Nummus Constantius II 324-5 ACObv/ FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C, laureate and draped bust of C. l.
Rev/ PROVIDEN-TIAE CAESS, camp gate with two turrets, star above; PLON in ex.

AE, 19.0 mm, 3.13 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/298 [C1]
ex-CNG, auction e261, lot 315
dafnis
0156.jpg
0156 - Nummus Constantine II 324-5 ACObv/ CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of C. r.
Rev/ PROVIDEN-TIAE CAESS, camp gate with two turrets, star above, no door; PLON in ex.

AE, 19.2 mm, 3.59 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/296 [C3]
ex-Harlan J Berk, auction 176, lot 499
dafnis
0166.jpg
0166 - Nummus Constantine I 307-10 ACObv/ IMP CONSTANTINVS P AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust of C. r.
Rev/ GENIO POP ROM, Genius standing l., modius on top, togate from waist down and holding patera and cornucopia; PLN in ex.

AE, 25.6 mm, 5.88 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VI/104 [S]
ex-Soler y Llach, auction Oct 2012, lot #2482
dafnis
0179.jpg
0179 - Nummus Constantine II 320-1 ACObv/ CONSTANTINVS IVN NC, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of C. l.
Rev/ VIRTVS EXERCIT, standard with VOT XX inscribed, cautives on both sides; PLON in ex.

AE, 18.9 mm, 3.38 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/290 [S]
ex-Artemide Aste, auction colln. English Gentleman, lot 504
dafnis
0194.jpg
0194 - Nummus Maximian 307 ACObv/ DN MAXIMIANO PFS AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust of M. r.
Rev/ GENIO POP ROM, Genius of the Roman People standing l., holding patera and cornucopia; in ex., PLN.

AE, 7.09g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VI/90 [C2].
ex-Emporium Hamburg, auction 72, lot 819.
dafnis
0195.jpg
0195 - Nummus Constantius I 300-03 ACObv/ FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, laureate and cuirassed bust of C. r.
Rev/ GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius of the Roman People standing l., holding patera and cornucopia.

AE, 28 mm, 10.41 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VI/20 [R]
ex-vAuctions (Triskeles), auction 313, lot 354.
dafnis
0196.jpg
0196 - Nummus Constantine I 313-4 ACObv/ IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust of C. r.
Rev/ SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol standing l., extending r. arm and holding globe with l.h.; S F in field; PLN in ex.

AE, 21 mm, 3.93 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/10 [C3].
ex-vAuctions (Triskeles), auction 313, lot 365.
dafnis
0198.jpg
0198 - Nummus Constantine I 312-3 ACObv/ IMP CONSTANTINVS P AVG, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of C. r.
Rev/ SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol standing l., extending r. arm and holding globe with l.h.; star in field; PLN in ex.

AE, 21 mm, 3.44 g.
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VI/282 [C].
ex-Naville Numismatics, auction e11, lot 284.
dafnis
0211_RICVII_275.jpg
0211 - Nummus Crispus 323-4 ACObv/ CRISPVS NOBIL C, bust of C. l. with helmet and cuirass.
Rev/ BEAT TRA NQILITAS, globe above altar inscribed VOT IS XX; above, three stars; PLON in ex.

AE, 19.5 mm, 2.94 g.
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/275 - CT 9.05.025 [CC]
ex-Roma Numismatics, auction e27, lot 938.
dafnis
0212_RICVI_254.jpg
0212 - Nummus Constantine 312-3 ACObv/ CONSTANTINVS PF AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust of C. r.
Rev/ MARTI CON SERVATORI, Mars standing r., holding inverted spear and leaning on shield. Star on field l.; PLN in ex.

AE, 22.1 mm, 4.97 g.
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VI/254 - CT 7.10.003 [C]
ex-vAuctions (Triskeles), auction 319, lot 348.
dafnis
0217_RICVII_290.jpg
0217 - Nummus Constantine I 323-4 ACObv/ CONSTANTINVS AG, laureate bust of C. r.
Rev/ Victory advancing r. holding trophy and branch, advancing over captive on ground; around, SARMATIA DEVICTA; in ex., PLON and symbol.

AE, 20.5 mm, 3.78 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/2 [R2] - CT 10.01.003 [C]
ex-Roma Numismatics, auction e35, lot 1539 (ex-colln of a connoisseur)
dafnis
0218_RICVII_292.jpg
0218 - Nummus Constantine II c.324 ACObv/ CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C, laureate bust of C. II r.
Rev/ Laurel wreath with VOT X inscribed on two lines inside; around, CAESARVM NOSTRORVM; in ex., PLON and symbol.

AE, 20.1 mm, 4.18 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/292 [C3] - CT 10.01.007 [CC]
ex-Roma Numismatics, auction e35, lot 1586
dafnis
0239.jpg
0239 - Nummus Constantine I 320 ADObv/ CONSTANTINVS AVG, helmeted and cuirassed bust of C. r.
Rev/ VIRTVS EXERCIT around, standard inscribed VOT XX on two lines, with captive on the ground at each side. PLN in ex.

AE, 21.5 mm, 3.10 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VII/191 [C3] - CT 9.02.001 [C]
ex-Silbury Coins, Coinex 2019 (ex-Martock Hoard)
dafnis
0255.jpg
0255 - Nummus Galerius 296-303 ACObv/ MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, laureate and cuirassed bust of G. r.
Rev/ GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI, Genius of the Roman People standing l., modius over head, covered by chlamys, holding patera and cornucopia.

AE, 28.9 mm, 9.54 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VI/21 [R] - CT.2.01.015 [C]
ex-Naville Numismatics, auction 58, lot 711
dafnis
06d-Constantine-RIC-Lon-88b.jpg
1.10 Constantine as Caesar: London follis.Follis, summer 307, Londinium mint.
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB C / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: GENIO POP ROM / Genius standing, holding patera and cornucopiae.
Mint mark: PLN
7.05 gm., 28 mm.
RIC #88b; PBCC #11; Sear unlisted.
Callimachus
Carausius_AE-Ant_IMP-CARAIVSIVS-PF-AVG_PAX-AVG_F-O_ML_RIC-V-101_p-_Londinium_289-90-AD_Q-001_axis-7h_18-19mm_1,67g-s.jpg
124 Carausius, (286-287, 293 A.D.), Londinium, RIC V-II 101v., AE-Antoninianus, PAX AVG, F/O//ML, Pax standing left, Not official mint, #1124 Carausius, (286-287, 293 A.D.), Londinium, RIC V-II 101v., AE-Antoninianus, PAX AVG, F/O//ML, Pax standing left, Not official mint, #1
avers:- IMP-CARAIVSIVS-PF-AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
revers:- PAX-AVG, Pax standing left, branch in right hand, vertical scepter in left.
exerg: F/O//ML, diameter: 18-19mm, weight: 1,67g, axes: 7h,
mint: Londinium, Not official mint, date: 289-290 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 101v, Not official mint,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
124_Carausius,_Londinium,_RIC_V-II_141,_IMP_C_CARAVSIVS_P_F_AVG,_PAX_AVG_G_G,_S-P,_MLXXI,_Q-001_6h,_22,0-24,5mm,_3,16g-s.jpg
124 Carausius, (286-287, 293 A.D.), Londinium, RIC V-II 141, AE-Antoninianus, PAX AVG G G, S/P//MLXXI, Pax standing left, #1124 Carausius, (286-287, 293 A.D.), Londinium, RIC V-II 141, AE-Antoninianus, PAX AVG G G, S/P//MLXXI, Pax standing left, #1
avers:- IMP C CARAIVSIVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
revers:- PAX AVG G G, Pax standing left, holding olive-branch and transverse sceptre; S-P across fields, mintmark MLXXI.
exerg: S/P//MLXXI, diameter: 22,0-24,5mm, weight: 3,16g, axes: 6h,
mint: Londinium, date: 287-293 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 141,
Q-001
quadrans
Allectus_AE-Quinar_IMP-C-ALLECTVS-P-F-AVG_VIRTVS-AVG_QC_RIC-V-55_p-563_Londinium_293-96-AD_Q-001_axis-6h_18-19mm_2,24g-s.jpg
125 Allectus, (293-296 A.D.), Londinium, RIC V-II 055, AE-Quinarius, VIRTVS AVG, -/-//QC, Galley sailing right,125 Allectus, (293-296 A.D.), Londinium, RIC V-II 055, AE-Quinarius, VIRTVS AVG, -/-//QC, Galley sailing right,
avers:- IMP-C-ALLECTVS-P-F-AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VIRTVS-AVG, Galley sailing right.
exerg: -/-//QC, diameter: 18-19mm, weight: 2,24g, axes: 6h,
mint: Londinium, date: 295-296 A.D., ref: RIC-V-55, p-563,
Q-001
quadrans
Londinium_RIC_VII_231,_142_Crispus_AE-3-Follis_CRISPVS-NOBIL-C_BEATA-TRAN-QVILLITAS_VOT-IS-XX_PLON_p-112_321-2-AD_R4_Q-001_h_mm_g-s.jpg
142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 231, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, R4!!!142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 231, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, R4!!!
avers:- CRISPVS-NOBIL-C, Helmeted and cuirassed bust left, spear pointing forward, shield on arm.
revers:- BEATA-TRAN-QVILLITAS, Globe set on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above, three stars.
exerg: -/-//PLON, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Londinium, date: 323-324 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-231, p-112, R4!!!
Q-001
quadrans
Londinium_RIC_VII_252,_142_Crispus_AE-3-Follis_CRISPVS-NOB-CAES_BEAT-TRA-NQLITAS_VOT-IS-XX_F-B_PLON_-p-113__321-2-AD_R5_Q-001_6h_19-19,5mm_2,78g-s1.jpg
142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 252, AE-3 Follis, F/B//PLON, BEAT TRANQLITAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, R5!!!142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 252, AE-3 Follis, F/B//PLON, BEAT TRANQLITAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, R5!!!
avers: CRISPVS-NOB-CAES, Laureated and cuirassed bust left, spear across right shoulder, decorated shield with two captives on the left arm.
revers: BEAT-TRA-NQLITAS, Globe set on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above, three stars.
exerg: F/B//PLON, diameter: 19-19,5mm, weight: 2,78g, axis: 6h,
mint: Londinium, date: 322-323 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-252, p-113, R5!!!
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Londinium_RIC_VII_274,_142_Crispus_AE-3-Follis_CRISPVS-NOBIL-C_BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS_VOT-IS-XX_PLON_p-114_323-4-AD_Q-001_h_mm_g-s.jpg
142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 274, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, #1142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 274, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, #1
avers:- CRISPVS-NOBIL-C, Helmeted and cuirassed bust left.
revers:- BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS, Globe set on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above, three stars.
exerg: -/-//PLON, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Londinium, date: 323-324 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-274, p-114,
Q-001
quadrans
Londinium_RIC_VII_274,_142_Crispus_AE-3-Follis_CRISPVS-NOBIL-C_BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS_VOT-IS-XX_PLON_p-114_323-4-AD_Q-002_h_mm_g-s.jpg
142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 274, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, #2142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 274, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, #2
avers:- CRISPVS-NOBIL-C, Helmeted and cuirassed bust left.
revers:- BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS, Globe set on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above, three stars.
exerg: -/-//PLON, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Londinium, date: 323-324 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-274, p-114,
Q-002
quadrans
Londinium_RIC_VII_274,_142_Crispus_AE-3-Follis_CRISPVS-NOBIL-C_BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS_VOT-IS-XX_PLON_p-114_323-4-AD_Q-003_h_mm_g-s.jpg
142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 274, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, #3142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 274, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, #3
avers:- CRISPVS-NOBIL-C, Helmeted and cuirassed bust left.
revers:- BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS, Globe set on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above, three stars.
exerg: -/-//PLON, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Londinium, date: 323-324 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-274, p-114,
Q-003
quadrans
Londinium_RIC_VII_279,_142_Crispus_AE-3-Follis_CRISPVS-NOBIL-C_BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS_VOT-IS-XX_PLON_p-114_323-4-AD_Q-001_h_mm_g-s.jpg
142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 279, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar,142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 279, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar,
avers:- CRISPVS-NOBIL-C, Laureate and cuirassed bust left, spear pointing forward, shield on arm.
revers:- BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS, Globe set on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above, three stars.
exerg: -/-//PLON, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Londinium, date: 323-324 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-279, p-114,
Q-001
quadrans
Londinium_RIC_VII_281,_142_Crispus_AE-3-Follis_CRISPVS-NOBIL-C_BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS_VOT-IS-XX_PLON_p-114_323-4-AD_Q-001_h_mm_gx-s.jpg
142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 281, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar, 142 Crispus (317-326 A.D.), Londinium, RIC VII 281, AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT TRANQVILTAS, VO/TIS/XX, Globe on altar,
avers:- CRISPVS-NOBIL-C, Helmeted and cuirassed bust left, spear pointing forward, shield on arm.
revers:- BEAT-TRA-NQVILTAS, Globe set on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above, three stars.
exerg: -/-//PLON, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Londinium, date: 323-324 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-281, p-114,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Constantinus-II__AE-3-Follis_CONSTANTI-NVS-IVN-N-C_BEAT-TRA-NQLITAS_VOT_IS_XX_F-B_7-C3l__PLON_RIC-VII-255-p-113_London_322-3-AD_Q-001_axis-6h_19mm_2,38g-s.jpg
145 Constantinus II. (316-337 A.D. Caesar, 337-340 A.D. Augustus), Londinium, RIC VII 255, AE-3 Follis, F/B//PLON, BEAT TRANQLITAS, VOT/IS/XX, Altar, #1145 Constantinus II. (316-337 A.D. Caesar, 337-340 A.D. Augustus), Londinium, RIC VII 255, AE-3 Follis, F/B//PLON, BEAT TRANQLITAS, VOT/IS/XX, Altar, #1
avers: CONSTANTI NVS IVN N C (7, C3 l.), Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
reverse: BEAT TRA NQLITAS, Globe on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX in three lines, above, three stars.
exergue: F/B//PLON, diameter:19,0 mm, weight: 2,38g, axis: 6h,
mint: Londinium, date: 322-323 A.D.,
ref: RIC VII 255, p-113, c3,
Q-001
quadrans
Constantinus-II_,_London,_RIC_VII_284var_,_AE-3,_CONSTANTI_NVS_IVN_N_C,_BEAT_TRA_N_QLITAS,_VOT_IS_XX,_323-4_AD_Q-001,_6h,_19,5mm,_2,87g-s.jpg
145 Constantinus II. (316-337 A.D. Caesar, 337-340 A.D. Augustus), Londinium, RIC VII 284var., AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT•TRA *** N•QLITAS, VOT/IS/XX, Altar, Scarce! #1145 Constantinus II. (316-337 A.D. Caesar, 337-340 A.D. Augustus), Londinium, RIC VII 284var., AE-3 Follis, -/-//PLON, BEAT•TRA *** N•QLITAS, VOT/IS/XX, Altar, Scarce! #1
avers: CONSTANTI NVS IVN N C, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
reverse: BEAT•TRA *** N•QLITAS, Globe on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX in three lines, above, three stars.
exergue: -/-//PLON, diameter:19,5mm, weight: 2,87g, axis: 6h,
mint: Londinium, date: 323-324 A.D.,
ref: RIC VII 284var., (rev legend dots!). Scarce!
Q-001
quadrans
12i-Constantine-Lon-008.jpg
2.34 Constantine: London follis.Follis, ca 313 - 314, Londinium mint.
Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS P AVG / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: SOLI INVICTO COMITI / Sol standing, holding globe. S in left field, F in right field.
Mint mark: PLN
4.00 gm., 21 mm.
RIC #8, PBCC unlisted; Sear #16050.
Callimachus
17g-Constantine-Lon-156.jpg
2.55 Constantine: London.AE3, 318 - 320, Londinium mint.
Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG / Helmeted bust of Constantine facing left, spear across his left shoulder.
Reverse: VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP / Two Victories resting shield on altar. Shield is inscribed VOT P R.
Mint mark: PLN
2.95 gm., 17.5 mm.
RIC #156; PBCC #78; Sear unlisted.
Callimachus
24a-Constantine-Lon-293.jpg
2.82 Constantine: London.AE3, 324 - 325, Londinium mint.
Obverse: CONSTANTINVS AVG / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: PROVIDENTIAE AVGG / Camp gate with two turrets, star above.
Mint mark: PLON
2.68 gm., 19.5 mm.
RIC #293; LRBC #2; Sear #16237.
1 commentsCallimachus
17m-Crispus-Lon-113.jpg
3.01 Crispus: London.Follis, 317, Londinium mint.
Obverse: FL IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES / Laureate, draped, and cuirrassed bust of Crispus, right.
Reverse: SOLI INVICTO COMITI / Sol standing, right hand raised and holding globe in left hand. S and P in fields.
Mint mark: PLN
3.30 gm., 18 mm.
RIC #113; PBCC #72; Sear #16718.
Callimachus
24k-Crispus-Lon-295.jpg
3.16 Crispus: London.AE3, 324 - 325, Londinium mint.
Obverse: FL IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES / Laureate bust of Crispus.
Reverse: PROVIDENTIAE CAESS / Camp gate with two turrets, star above.
Mint mark: PLON
2.86 gm., 19.5 mm.
RIC #295; LRBC #4; Sear #16791.
Callimachus
coin264.JPG
403. CarausiusMarcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius (d. 293) was a Roman usurper in Britain and northern Gaul (286–293, Carausian Revolt).

Carausius was a man of humble origin, a Menapian from Belgic Gaul who distinguished himself during Maximian's campaign against the Bagaudae rebels in Gaul in 286. As a result, he was appointed to command the Classis Britannica, a fleet based in the English Channel, with the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coast. However, he was suspected of keeping captured treasure for himself, and even of allowing the pirates to carry out raids and enrich themselves before taking action against them, and Maximian ordered his execution. In late 286 or early 287 Carausius learned of this sentence and responded by declaring himself Emperor of Britain and northern Gaul.

He could count on the alliegance of the three legions based in Britain, as well as one in northern Gaul. How he was able to win support from the army when his command had been sea-based is uncertain. The emperor briefly assumed the title Britannicus Maximus in 285, and the British towns of Wroxeter and Caistor by Norwich towns show signs of destruction around this time, so it is possible Carausius won the army's support during military action in Britain shortly before his rebellion. Alternatively, if the accusations of larceny are true, he could perhaps afford to buy their loyalty. He also appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule: he issued coins with legends such as Restitutor Britanniae (Restorer of Britain) and Genius Britanniae (Spirit of Britain).

Maximian, busy with wars on the Rhine, was unable to challenge him immediately, but in the Autumn of 288 he began massing troops and ships for an invasion. In 289 an invasion of Britain intended to dislodge him failed badly due to storms, although a naval defeat is also possible. An uneasy peace continued until 293, during which Rome prepared for a second effort to retake the province, while Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition. He minted his own coins and brought their value in to line with Roman issues as well as acknowledging and honouring Maximian and then Diocletian. Coinage is the main source of information about the rogue emperor; his issues were initially crude but soon became more elaborate and were issued from mints in Londinium, Rotomagnus and a third site, possibly Colonia Claudia Victricensis. A milestone from Carlisle with his name on it suggests that the whole of Roman Britain was in Carausius' grasp.

It has been speculated (namely, by the historian Sheppard Frere) that the rebellion of Carausius endangered Diocletian's vision of a strong, centralized government based on his tetrarchy. In any case, by early 293 Constantius Chlorus had gained control of northern Gaul, including the rebel's stronghold and port of Bononia, on which Carausius was heavily dependent. Constantius built a mole across the harbour mouth to ensure it did not receive maritime aid.

Constantius also regained the allegiance of the rebellious Gallic legion and defeated the Franks of the Rhine mouth who seem to have been working in league with Carausius. Weakened by these setbacks, Carausius was assassinated, possibly at York, by his treasurer, Allectus.

aVF/aVF Carausius Antoninianus / Pax / Green Patina and Nice Style

Attribution: RIC 895
Date: 287-293 AD
Obverse: IMP CARAVSIVS P F AVG, radiate and draped bust right
Reverse: PAX AVG, Pax standing left, holding branch and transverse sceptre.
Size: 20.91 mm
Weight: 3 grams
ecoli
coins358.JPG
501. Constantine I London BEATA TRANQVILLITASLondon

Londinium was established as a town by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD led by the Emperor Claudius. Archaeological excavation (undertaken by the Department of Urban Archaeology of the Museum of London now called MOLAS) since the 1970s has also failed to unearth any convincing traces of major settlement before c.50 — so ideas about Londinium being a military foundation around the Fort that protected London Bridge are now largely discounted.

The name Londinium is thought to be pre-Roman in origin although there is no consensus on what it means. One suggestion is that it derived from a personal name meaning 'fierce'. However, recent research by Richard Coates has suggested that the name derives from pre-Celtic Old European — Plowonida — from 2 roots, "plew" and "nejd", meaning something like "the flowing river" or "the wide flowing river". Londinium therefore means "the settlement on the wide river". He suggests that the river was called the Thames up river where it was narrower, and Plowonida down river where it was too wide to ford. For a discussion on the legends of London and Plowonida see [1]. The story of the settlement being named after Lud is considered unlikely.

Archaeologists now believe that London was founded as a civilian settlement by 50 AD. A wooden drain by the side of the main roman road excavated at No 1 Poultry has been dated to 47 which is likely to be the foundation date.

Ten years later, Londinium was sacked by the Iceni lead by the British queen Boudica. Excavation has revealed extensive evidence of destruction by fire at this date, and recently a military compound has been discovered in the City of London which may have been the headquarters of the Roman fight back against the British uprising.

The city recovered after perhaps 10 years, and reached its population height by about 120 AD, with a population of around 60,000. London became the capital of Roman Britain (Britannia) (previously the capital was the older, nearby town of Colchester). Thereafter began a slow decline; however, habitation and associated building work did not cease. By 375 London was a small wealthy community protected by completed defences. By 410 Roman occupation officially came to an end, with the citizens being ordered to look after their own defenses. By the middle of the 5th century the Roman city was practically abandoned.

RIC VII London 271 R2

ecoli
Antoniniano Alecto RIC 22.jpg
A109-05 - ALECTO (293 - 296 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 22 mm 3.0 gr.

Anv: "IMP C ALLECTV[S P F] AVG" - Busto radiado y acorazado, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "LAETITIA AVG" - Laetitia (La Alegria) de pié a izquierda, portando corona de laureles en la mano de su brazo derecho extendido y ancla o bastón en izquierda. "S" en campo izquierdo, "A" en derecho y "MSL" en exergo.

Acuñada 293 - 296 D.C.
Ceca: Londinium - Hoy Londres
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.V Parte II #22 Pag.560 - Sear RCTV (1988) #3586 var - Cohen Vol.VII #15 Pag.46 - DVM #4 var Pag.273
mdelvalle
alle.jpg
Allectus (293 - 296 A.D.)Billon Antoninianus
O: IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right.
R: PROVIDENTIA AVG, Providentia standing left, globe in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, S in left field, P in right field, ML in exergue.
Londinium (London, England) mint
21mm
2.52g
RIC V-2 36
1 commentsMat
lg_allectus.jpg
Allectus AE AntoninianusAllectus (Augustus)
AE Antoninianus 3.35g / 22.5mm / -
Ob: IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG - Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rv: PAX AVG - Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter, S to left, A to right
Exergue: ML
Mint: Londinium (293-296)
Ref: RIC 33f

Not in the finest shape
Scotvs Capitis
allectus_01_t.jpg
Allectus AE QuinariusObv: Radiate and cuirassed bust right
Rev: Galley with mast right; QL in exergue.
Year: 293-296 AD
Mint: Londinium
Weight: 2.90g
Ref: RIC.Vb.55
oa
A-007.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Emperor reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / S A / ML
Emperor standing right, holding transverse spear & globe
Londinium mint

Burnett: 85
Laetitia
A-013.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Hilaritas reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
HILARITAS AVG / S P / ML
Hilaritas standing left, holding palm & cornucopiae
Londinium mint

Burnett: 3
Laetitia
A-015.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Laetitia reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
LAETITIA AVG / S A / ML
Laetitia standing left, holding wreath & anchor
Londinium mint

Burnett: 36
Laetitia
A-025.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Laetitia reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
LAETITIA AVG / S A / MSL
Laetitia standing left, holding wreath & anchor
Londinium mint

Burnett: 93

Burnett places the MSL mintmark at the end of Allectus' reign.
Laetitia
A-027.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Laetitia reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, draped bust right, seen from behind
LAETITIA AVG / S A / ML
Laetitia standing left, holding wreath & anchor
Londinium mint

Burnett: 38

This bust type is only seen on coins from the London mint.
Laetitia
A-003.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Pax reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
PAX AVG / S P / ML
Pax standing left, holding branch & transverse sceptre
Londinium mint

Burnett: 11
1 commentsLaetitia
A-010.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Pax reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
PAX AVG / S P / ML
Pax standing left, holding branch & vertical sceptre
Londinium mint

Burnett: 15
Laetitia
A-008.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Pax reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
PAX AVG / S A / ML
Pax standing left, holding branch & transverse sceptre
Londinium mint

Burnett: 44
Laetitia
A-016.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Pax reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
PAX AVG / S A / ML
Pax standing left, holding branch & vertical sceptre
Londinium mint

Burnett: 51
Laetitia
A-023.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Pax reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
PAX AVG / S P / ML
Pax standing left, holding branch & vertical sceptre
Londinium mint

Burnett: 16
Laetitia
A-002.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Providentia reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, draped bust right, seen from behind
PROVID AVG / S A / ML
Providentia standing left, holding wand & cornucopiae, globe at feet
Londinium mint

Burnett: -, cf 62 - Bust type is unlisted for this reverse

This bust type is only seen on coins from the London mint.
Laetitia
A-019.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Providentia reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
PROVID AVG / S A / ML
Providentia standing left, holding wand & cornucopiae, globe at feet
Londinium mint

Burnett: 61
Laetitia
Allectus2_opt.jpg
ALLECTUS Antoninianus, RIC V 42, SalusOBV: IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVG - Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
REV: SALVS AVG, Salus standing right, feeding serpent held in arms
2.4g, 20mm

Minted at Londinium, 293-6 AD
Legatus
A-022.jpg
Allectus antoninianus, Salus reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, draped bust right, seen froom behind
SALVS AVG / S A / ML
Salus standing right, feeding a snake held in her arms
Londinium mint

Burnett: 77

This bust type is only seen on coins from the London mint.
Laetitia
Q-025.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (possibly virtvs) reverse, unattibuted mint (possibly Londinium)IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG ? / - - / QL ?
Galley sailing right (possibly waves below)
Unattributed mint, but possibly struck at Londinium.

Burnett:

Besides the mintmarks (QC & QL) in the exergue, there are 3 other ways to identify which mint struck a quinarius. Quinarii with the reverse legend LAETITIA AVG were only struck at the C mint; those with the reverse legend VIRTVS AVG and waves below the galley were struck at Londinium; but if there are no waves below the galley and the reverse legend is VIRTVS AVG then it was struck at the C mint.

Unfortunately, on this example the reverese legend and mintmark are not visble. However, the style of the galley suggests a coin with the reverse legend VIRTVS AVG. It seems also that there are waves below the galley (but I cannot be certain) which would mean that it was struck at London. Additionally galleys sailing right (with VIRTVS AVG reverse legend) are most commonly encountered from the London mint.
Laetitia
Q-006.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left, waves below
Londinium mint

Burnett: 112

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
Q-005.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left, waves below
Londinium mint

Burnett: 111

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
Q-003.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left
Londinium mint

Burnett: 111

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
Q-008.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left
Londinium mint

Burnett: 111

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
1 commentsLaetitia
Q-014.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing right with no mainmast & six soldiers with spears aboard, waves below
Londinium mint

Burnett: 110

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
Q-012.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left, waves below
Londinium mint

Burnett: 111

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
Q-019.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left, waves below
Londinium mint

Burnett: 111

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
Q-023.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left, waves below
Londinium mint

Burnett: 111

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
Q-021.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left, waves below
Londinium mint

Burnett: 111

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
Q-022.jpg
Allectus quinarius, galley (virtvs) reverse, Londinium mintIMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL
Galley sailing left, waves below
Londinium mint

Burnett: 111

On quinarii from the London mint, the obverse legend is always the standard one (IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG), the reverse legend is always VIRTVS AVG / - - / QL and there are always waves below the galley.
Laetitia
1Campgate_Londinum_unita.jpg
Campgate: Costantino I, AE3, zecca di LondiniumCostantino I, AE3
AE, mm 19,77, gr 2,1, B, C3
D/ CONSTAN-TINVS AVG, busto laureato rivolto a dx.
R/ PROVIDEN-TIAE AVGG, campgate, sei livelli, due torrette, stella sopra. PLON in ex
RIC VII LONDINIUM 293
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo (Roma Italia, dal 28/12/2013, numero catalogo 192), ex collezione Nicola Tammaro (Napoli, Italia dal giugno 2009), ex collezione Suzanne Wilson (Sacriston, Durham, Uk, prima del 2009)
paolo
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