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INDIA, Post-Mauryan (Deccan). Kuras of Kolhapur and Belgaum. Vasisthiputra Kura, circa 30 BC-AD 65/70. Unit (Lead, 30 mm, 16.53 g). RANO VASITHIPUTASA KURASA (in Brahmi) Bow with arrow. Rev. Tree in railing; to left, hill; to right, Indradhvaja. Pieper 615. Very rare. Good fine.
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INDIA, Post-Mauryan (Deccan). Ishvakus. Mathariputra Sri Vira Purishadatta, circa 250-270. Unit (Lead, 15 mm, 3.31 g). SIRI VIRA (in Brahmi) Elephant with raised trunk standing to right. Rev. Four-orbed Ujjain Symbol. Pieper 723. Rare and unusually attractive. Minor deposits, otherwise, very fine.
Quant.Geek
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INDO-SKYTHIANS, Western Satraps. Nahapana, circa 53-99. Unit (Lead, 26 mm, 7.35 g, 6 h). RAJNO MAHAKHATAPASA NAHAPANASA (in Brahmi) Lion to left with upraised tail; to left, plough standard; below, three-arched hill. Rev. Large spear flanked by thunderbolt and small bow with arrow. Pieper 827. Minor deposits, otherwise, fine.
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709a, Vitellius, 2 January - 20 December 69 A.D.VITELLIUS AR silver denarius. RSC 72, RCV 2200. 19mm, 3.2 g. Obverse: A VITELLIVS GERM IMP AVG TR P, laureate head right; Reverse - PONT MAXIM, Vesta seated right, holding scepter and patera. Quite decent. Ex. Incitatus Coins. Photo courtesy of Incitatus Coins.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Vitellius (69 A.D.)
John F. Donahue
College of William and Mary
It is often difficult to separate fact from fiction in assessing the life and reign of Vitellius. Maligned in the ancient sources as gluttonous and cruel, he was also a victim of a hostile biographical tradition established in the regime of the Flavians who had overthrown him. Nevertheless, his decision to march against Rome in 69 was pivotal, since his subsequent defeat signalled the end of military anarchy and the beginning of an extended period of political stability under Vespasian and his successors.
Early Life and Career
Aulus Vitellius was born in September, 15 AD, the son of Lucius Vitellius and his wife Sestilia. One of the most successful public figures of the Julio-Claudian period, Lucius Vitellius was a three-time consul and a fellow censor with the emperor Claudius. Aulus seems to have moved with equal ease in aristocratic circles, successively winning the attention of the emperors Gaius, Claudius, and Nero through flattery and political skill.
Among his attested public offices, Vitellius was a curator of public works, a senatorial post concerned with the maintenance and repair of public buildings in Rome, and he was also proconsul of North Africa, where he served as a deputy to his brother, perhaps about 55 A. D. In addition, he held at least two priesthoods, the first as a member of the Arval Brethren, in whose rituals he participated from 57 A.D., and the second, as one of the quindecemviri sacris faciundis, a sacred college famous for its feasts.
With respect to marriage and family, Vitellius first wed a certain Petroniana, the daughter of a consul, sometime in the early to mid thirties A.D. The union produced a son, Petronianus, allegedly blind in one eye and emancipated from his father's control as a result of being named his mother's heir. Tradition records that Vitellius killed the boy shortly after emancipation amid charges of parricide; the marriage soon ended in divorce. A second marriage, to Galeria Fundana, daughter of an ex-praetor, was more stable than the first. It produced another son, who was eventually killed by the Flavians after the overthrow of Vitellius, as well as a daughter. Galeria is praised by Tacitus for her good qualities, and in the end it was she who saw to Vitellius' burial.
Rise to Power and Emperorship
Without doubt, the most fortuitous moment in Vitellius' political career was his appointment as governor of Lower Germany by the emperor Galba late in 68. The decision seemed to have caught everybody by surprise, including Vitellius himself, who, according to Suetonius, was in straitened circumstances at the time. The choice may have been made to reduce the possibility of rebellion by the Rhine armies, disaffected by Galba's refusal to reward them for their part in suppressing the earlier uprising of Julius Vindex. Ironically, it was Vitellius' lack of military achievement and his reputation for gambling and gluttony that may have also figured in his selection. Galba perhaps calculated that a man with little military experience who could now plunder a province to satisfy his own stomach would never become disloyal. If so, it was a critical misjudgement by the emperor.
The rebellion began on January 1, 69 ("The Year of the Four Emperors"), when the legions of Upper Germany refused to renew their oath of allegiance to Galba. On January 2, Vitellius' own men, having heard of the previous day's events, saluted him as emperor at the instigation of the legionary legate Fabius Valens and his colleagues. Soon, in addition to the seven legions that Vitellius now had at his command in both Germanies, the forces in Gaul, Britain, and Raetia also came over to his side. Perhaps aware of his military inexperience, Vitellius did not immediately march on Rome himself. Instead, the advance was led by Valens and another legionary general, Aulus Caecina Alienus, with each man commanding a separate column. Vitellius would remain behind to mobilize a reserve force and follow later.
Caecina was already one hundred fifty miles on his way when news reached him that Galba had been overthrown and Otho had taken his place as emperor. Undeterred, he passed rapidly down the eastern borders of Gaul; Valens followed a more westerly route, quelling a mutiny along the way. By March both armies had successfully crossed the Alps and joined at Cremona, just north of the Po. Here they launced their Batavian auxiliaries against Otho's troops and routed them in the First Battle of Bedriacum. Otho killed himself on April 16, and three days later the soldiers in Rome swore their allegience to Vitellius. The senate too hailed him as emperor.
When Vitellius learned of these developments, he set out to Rome from Gaul. By all accounts the journey was a drunken feast marked by the lack of discipline of both the troops and the imperial entourage. Along the way he stopped at Lugdunum to present his six-year-old son Germanicus to the legions as his eventual successor. Later, at Cremona, Vitellius witnessed the corpse-filled battlefield of Otho's recent defeat with joy, unmoved by so many citizens denied a proper burial.
The emperor entered Rome in late June-early July. Conscious of making a break with the Julio-Claudian past, Vitellius was reluctant to assume the traditional titles of the princes, even though he enthusiastically made offerings to Nero and declared himself consul for life. To his credit, Vitellius did seem to show a measure of moderation in the transition to the principate. He assumed his powers gradually and was generally lenient to Otho's supporters, even pardoning Otho's brother Salvius Titianus, who had played a key role in the earlier regime. In addition, he participated in Senate meetings and continued the practice of providing entertainments for the Roman masses. An important practical change involved the awarding of posts customarily held by freedmen to equites, an indication of the growth of the imperial bureaucracy and its attractiveness to men of ambition.
In other matters, he replaced the existing praetorian guard and urban cohorts with sixteen praetorian cohorts and four urban units, all comprised of soldiers from the German armies. According to Tacitus, the decision prompted a mad scramble, with the men, and not their officers, choosing the branch of service that they preferred. The situation was clearly unsatisfactory but not surprising, given that Vitellius was a creation of his own troops. To secure his position further, he sent back to their old postings the legions that had fought for Otho, or he reassigned them to distant provinces. Yet discontent remained: the troops who had been defeated or betrayed at Bedriacum remained bitter, and detachments of three Moesian legions called upon by Otho were returned to their bases, having agitated against Vitellius at Aquileia.
Flavian Revolt
The Vitellian era at Rome was short-lived. By mid-July news had arrived that the legions of Egypt under Tiberius Julius Alexander had sworn allegiance to a rival emperor, Titus Flavius Vespasianus, the governor of Judaea and a successful and popular general. Vespasian was to hold Egypt while his colleague Mucianus, governor of Syria, was to invade Italy. Before the plan could be enacted, however, the Danube legions, former supporters of Otho, joined Vespasian's cause. Under the leadership of Antonius Primus, commander of the Sixth legion in Pannonia, and Cornelius Fuscus, imperial procurator in Illyricum, the legions made a rapid descent on Italy.
Although his forces were only half of what Vitellius commanded in Italy, Primus struck first before the emperor could muster additional reinforcements from Germany. To make matters worse for the Vitellians, Valens was ill, and Caecina, now consul, had begun collaborating with the Flavians. His troops refused to follow his lead, however, and arrested him at Hostilia near Cremona. They then joined the rest of the Vitellian forces trying to hold the Po River. With Vitellius still in Rome and his forces virtually leaderless, the two sides met in October in the Second Battle of Bedriacum. The emperor's troops were soundly defeated and Cremona was brutally sacked by the victors. In addition, Valens, whose health had recovered, was captured while raising an army for Vitellius in Gaul and Germany; he was eventually executed.
Meanwhile, Primus continued towards Rome. Vitellius made a weak attempt to thwart the advance at the Apennine passes, but his forces switched to the Flavian side without a fight at Narnia in mid-December. At Rome, matters were no better. Vespasian's elder brother, Titus Flavius Sabinus, the city prefect, was successful in an effort to convince Vitellius to abdicate but was frustrated by the mob in Rome and the emperor's soldiers. Forced to flee to the Capitol, Sabinus was set upon by Vitellius' German troops and soon killed, with the venerable Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus set ablaze in the process. Within two days, the Flavian army fought its way into Rome. In a pathetic final move, Vitellius disguised himself in dirty clothing and hid in the imperial doorkeeper's quarters, leaning a couch and a mattress against the door for protection. Dragged from his hiding place by the Flavian forces, he was hauled off half-naked to the Forum, where he was tortured, killed, and tossed into the Tiber. The principate could now pass to Vespasian.
Assessment
Vitellius has not escaped the hostility of his biographers. While he may well have been gluttonous, his depiction as indolent, cruel, and extravagant is based almost entirely on the propaganda of his enemies. On the other hand, whatever moderating tendencies he did show were overshadowed by his clear lack of military expertise, a deficiency that forced him to rely in critical situations on largely inneffective lieutenants. As a result he was no match for his Flavian successors, and his humiliating demise was perfectly in keeping with the overall failure of his reign.
Copyright (C) 1999, John Donahue.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes
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BCC L8Lead Sheet Impressed with a
Coin of Hadrian, 117-138CE
Obv: HADRIA [...] Laureate head right.
Rev: unknown
A coin, possibly a denarius, was
pressed into the lead by an unknown
method. There are no impact marks
on the back of the lead, except where
a nail or punch penetrated the object.
It is not known whether the lead sheet
was pierced in the act of holing the
coin, or whether the lead was pierced
at a later date, by coincidence, for an
unknown purpose. There is a very
faint impression of a second, as yet
unidentified coin, in one corner of the
sheet. (see photo #3). This object
remains a mystery.
Length: 34.5mm. Width: 26.25mm.
Thickness: 2.0mm. Weight: 2.11gm.
Diameter of impression: 19.0mm.
(for higher resolution, please click on picture)v-drome
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BCC LT86Lead Tessera
Caesarea Maritima
Stamped twice on a single
piece of lead, with one ident-
ical image overriding the other
on each side.
Obv: Head? right (helmeted Athena?)
Rev: Standing figure (Fortuna?) to
left holding cornucopia? and
rudder?
Pb 21.5x17mm diagonally.
Weight: 3.84gm.
(click for larger pic)v-drome
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China - Lie Zu, 917-942 ADLie Zu
Southern Han Dynasty
1 cash, lead, 917-942 AD
Guangzhou, Guangdong
Hartill 15.109Ardatirion
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China - Southern Han DynastySouthern Han Kingdom, Wu Wu type, lead, c. 900-971 AD. 21.97 mm 2.0 g. Reference: Hartill 15.145. Ex Ardatirion collection.
Southern Han was a kingdom that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907-960) along China’s southern coast from 917 to 971. The Kingdom greatly expanded her capital city Hing Wong Fu, namely present-day Guangzhou. The Five Dynasties ended in 960 when the Song Dynasty was founded to replace the Later Zhou Dynasty. Through the 960s and 970s, the Song increased its influence in the south until finally it was able to force the Southern Han dynasty to submit to its rule in 971. The coinage produced by the Southern Hans is quite unique - the main coinage was lead, with 1 lead cash fixed in value as 1/100th of a copper cash. The circulation of the lead coins was restricted to towns (even nowadays, these lead coins are found mainly in large towns, most commonly in Guangzhou) while the copper coins are found in the coutryside. Many types of these lead coins are known. The coins are all scarce to very rare, with most of them surviving in low quality because of the hot wet climate of the regions.
dpaul7
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China - Southern Han Dynasty, Wu Wu typeSouthern Han Kingdom
Wu Wu type, lead, c. 900-971
Hartill 15.145
Based off of the Wu Zhu of the Western Han. A brilliant example of Chinese political continuity. Ardatirion
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Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate.Hartill 5.7, Jones (2007) 324, KM C 7.
100 mon/Tempo Tsuho (cast copper alloy), minted from the 6th year of the Tempo Period, in 1835, through the end of the Shogunate, in 1869. All mother coins were cast at the Edo/Tokyo mint. The mints at which actual coins were cast are indicated by the shirushi/counterstamp on the edges, at three o'clock and nine o'clock. This coin was minted at the Dewa mint in the Akita Prefecture starting in the eighth year of the Tempo Period, in 1837 (per Heinz Gratzer & Vladimir Balyaev), although those with broad interior rims such as this were first minted in 1846 per Hartill. 49.06 mm. x 32.55 mm., 0°.
Obv: Tem Po Tsu Ho [coinage of the Tempo Era].
Rev: To Hyaku [value 100] above hole; signature/kao [variously stated to be that of Goto Shozaburo, the first mint master of the Tokugawa Shogunate, who was appointed in 1601 and whose. descendants were entrusted with oversight of the shogunate’s mints until 1869; or of mintmaster Hashimoto Mitsuji] below hole.
Rim: broad (=Ko kaku/Hirokaku)
Edge: Akitahan-sen shirushi/counterstamp at nine o'clock and three o'clock [the depiction imposed on the is photo is taken from Gratzer/Balyaev at charm.ru/coins/jp/Tenpo Tsuho.htm)
The coin was officially valued at 100 mon. At the inception of the coinage, each coin weighed 21.75 grams and was comprised of an alloy that was 78% copper, 12% lead, and 10% tin. This deteriorated with time. The specie value of coins issued at the end of the shogunate was only 80 mon.
Hartill rarity C.Stkp
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Medal 09. Entry of Princess Alexandra into the City of London.Obv: Bust of Alexandra ALEXANDRA
Rev: City of London welcomes Princess led by Prince of Wales; on left is Hyman and on right are Peace and Plenty WELCOME ALEXANDRA
Exergue: MAR: 1863 Separated by the Arms of the City of London
Signed: J.S. WYON SC./J.S. & A.B. WYON SC.
Mintage: 350
AE77.
This group of medals, commonly called The City of London Medals, constitutes a series struck by THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF LONDON to celebrate the accomplishment of their most notable public works, or to commemorate events of national and civic importance. The standard reference book, published in London, 1894, is NUMISMATA LONDINENSIA, which includes those medals issued from 1831 to 1893. In this wonderful book, the medals are photographed and the events prompting their issue are described in great detail by Charles Welch. Subsequent to the publication of Numismata Londinensia, several other medals have been issued by the Corporation of London. Those medals issued from 1831 to 1973 are described in Coins and Medals, November 1977, where their mintage figures are provided (most of the medals were struck in numbers between 350 and 450; a notable exception is the lead, glass enclosed piece commemorating the Removal of Temple Bar from the City of London, which is extremely rare). Descriptions and other interesting historical notes are included in excellent compendia published more recently. (see British Historical Medals by Laurence Brown, and British Commemorative Medals and their values by Christopher Eimer.)
(shamelessly stolen from historicalartmedals.com)
LordBest
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, #08Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, #08
diameter: mm,
weight:
mint: ,
Q-001quadrans
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, #09 Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, #09
diameter: mm,
weight:
mint: ,
Q-001quadrans
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Sirmium, #01 Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Sirmium, #01
diameter: 80x95mm,
weight:
mint: Sirmium,
Q-001quadrans
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Thrakia, #01 Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Thrakia, #01
diameter: 96x122mm,
weight:
mint: Thrakia,
Q-001quadrans
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Thrakia, #10 Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Thrakia, #10
diameter: 74x76mm,
weight:134,60g
mint: Thrakia,
date: cc. 2nd.-3rd. centuries..
Q-010quadrans
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Thrakia, #12 Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Thrakia, #12
diameter: 76x80mm,
weight:119,80g
mint: Thrakia,
date: cc. 2nd.-3rd. centuries..
Q-012quadrans
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Upper Moesia, #01Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Upper Moesia, #01
diameter: 65mm
weight:
mint: Upper Moesia
Q-001quadrans
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Upper Moesia, #02Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Upper Moesia, #02
diameter: 65mm
weight:
mint: Upper Moesia
Q-001quadrans
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Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Upper Moesia, #03Misterium Plakett, Lead, Romae, Upper Moesia, #03
diameter: 65mm
weight:
mint: Upper Moesia
Q-001quadrans
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Schjöth 1359 var., Hartill (QC) 5.15 & Hartill (CCC) 22.17 Type B, KM 237Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1645-1646[?], Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 26 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.2 qian = 4.48 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: plain
Type B coins have a fou bao and square head tong. Those with a one dot tong were minted at the Board of Revenue mint.
Hartill (QC) rarity 9 & Hartill (CCC) rarity 14
Stkp
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Schjöth 1360, Hartill (QC) 6.6-8 & Hartill (CCC) 22.22 Type C1, Fisher's Ding 2181, KM 238Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1646[?]-1651, Board of Works (= Gongbu) mint (in Beijing), 27 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.2 or 1.25 qian = 4.48 or 4.6625 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao.
Rev: Gong (in Manchurian) to the right.
Hartill (QC) rarity 6, Hartill (CCC) rarity 11Stkp
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Schjöth 1362, Hartill (QC) 5.16-17 & Hartill (CCC) 22.19 Type C1, Fisher's Ding 2179, KM 241Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1646[?]-1651, Board of Revenue (= Hubu) mint (in Beijing), 26 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.2 or 1.25 qian = 4.48 or 4.6625 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Hu to the right of the hole
Hartill (QC) rarity 6 and Hartill (CCC) rarity 11Stkp
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Schjöth 1393, Hartill 26.4 (Type D), KM 278Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1653-1657, Zhejiang province (Hangzhou mint), 25 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8% zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3% tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.25 qian = 4.6625 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Yi li to the left of the hole, Zhe to the right
Note: At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty the exchange rate was 700 cash to a liang (or tael = .0373 grams) of silver. The authorities tried to maintain a fixed ratio of 1,000 cash to a liang of silver. The yi li (one li = .0373 grams) cash of Shunzhi bears this ratio on the reverse, in a failed attempt to define the rate.
Hartill rarity 8
Stkp
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Schjöth 1395, Hartill 20.3 (Type D), KM 280Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1653-1657, Shandong province (Jinan mint), 24 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.25 qian = 4.6625 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Yi li to the left of the hole, Dong to the right.
Note: At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty the exchange rate was 700 cash to a liang (or tael = .0373 grams) of silver. The authorities tried to maintain a fixed ratio of 1,000 cash to a liang of silver. The yi li (one li = .0373 grams) cash of Shunzhi bears this ratio on the reverse, in a failed attempt to define the rate.
Hartill rarity 8Stkp
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Schjöth 1396, Hartill 20.23 ( Type D), KM 281Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1653-1657, Shandong province (Linqing mint), 23 mm
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.25 qian = 4.6625 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Yi li to the left of the hole, Lin to the right.
Note: At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty the exchange rate was 700 cash to a liang (or tael = .0373 grams) of silver. The authorities tried to maintain a fixed ratio of 1,000 cash to a liang of silver. The yi li (one li = .0373 grams) cash of Shunzhi bears this ratio on the reverse, in a failed attempt to define the rate.
Hartill rarity 8
Stkp
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Schjöth 1400, Hartill 14.3 (Type D), KM 284Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1653-1657, Henan province (Kaifeng mint), 25 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.25 qian = 4.6625 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Yi li to the left of the hole, He to the right
Note: At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty the exchange rate was 700 cash to a liang (or tael = .0373 grams) of silver. The authorities tried to maintain a fixed ratio of 1,000 cash to a liang of silver. The yi li (one li = .0373 grams) cash of Shunzhi bears this ratio on the reverse, in a failed attempt to define the rate.
Hartill rarity 7
Stkp
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Schjöth 1401, Hartill 15.11 (Type D), KM 285Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash,1653-1657, Hubei province (Wuchang mint), 25 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.25 qian = 4.6625 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Yi li to the left of the hole, Chang to the right
Note: At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty the exchange rate was 700 cash to a liang (or tael = .0373 grams) of silver. The authorities tried to maintain a fixed ratio of 1,000 cash to a liang of silver. The yi li (one li = .0373 grams) cash of Shunzhi bears this ratio on the reverse, in a failed attempt to define the rate.
Hartill rarity 8Stkp
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Schjöth 1403, Hartill 17.4 (Type D1), KM 287Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1653-1657, Jiangsu province (Jiangning mint), 26 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.25 qian = 4.6625 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Yi li to the left of the hole, Ning to the right
Note: At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty the exchange rate was 700 cash to a liang (or tael = .0373 grams) of silver. The authorities tried to maintain a fixed ratio of 1,000 cash to a liang of silver. The yi li (one li = .0373 grams) cash of Shunzhi bears this ratio on the reverse, in a failed attempt to define the rate.
Hartill rarity 4
Stkp
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Schjöth 1405, Hartill 5.20 (Type E), KM 293Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1657-1661, Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 27 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Boo Chiowan to the left and right
Note: By the Edict of the Board of Revenue (November 1657) it was decreed that the name of the mint, Bao Quan (= Fountainhead of the Treasury) should be cast into the reverse of the coins in the Manchurian alphabet (as Boo Chiowan). This was the beginning of the familiar Qing cash pattern, in which there is a four-character Chinese obverse and a two-character Manchurian reverse.
Hartill rarity 10
Stkp
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Schjöth 1406, Hartill 6.12-13 (Type E), KM 294Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1657-1661, Board of Works mint (in Beijing), 27 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Boo Yuwann to the left and right
Note: Shortly after the Edict of the Board of Revenue (November 1657) decreed that the name of the mint be cast in the Manchurian alphabet into the reverse of the coins minted at the Board of Revenue mint, the Board of Works mint followed suit, and began to cast the mint name Bao Quan (= Spring/source of the Treasury) into the reverse (as Boo Yuwan).
Hartill rarity 9
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Schjöth 1408, Hartill 26.5 (Type E), KM 296Shunzhi (1644-1661)
One cash, 1660-1661, Zhejiang province (in Hangzhou), 27 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Je (in Manchurian) to the left and Zhe (in Chinese) to the right
Hartill rarity 9Stkp
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Schjöth 1409, Hartill 20.4 (Type E), KM 297Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Shandong province (Jinan mint), 27 mm
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Dung (in Manchurian) to the left and Dong (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 9Stkp
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Schjöth 1410, Hartill 20.24 (Type E), KM 298Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Shandong province (Linqing mint), 27 mm
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Lin (in Manchurian) to the left and lin (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 9Stkp
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Schjöth 1411, Hartill 21.13 (Type E), KM 299Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Shanxi province (Taiyuan mint), 29 mm
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Yuwan (in Manchurian) to the left and Yuan (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 8Stkp
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Schjöth 1412, Hartill 27.133 (Type E), KM 300Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Zhili province (Xuanhua mint), 27 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao (protruding head, one dot tong).
Rev: Siowan (in Manchurian) to the left and Xuan (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 8Stkp
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Schjöth 1413, Hartill 27.63 (Type E), KM 301Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Zhili province (Jizhou mint), 27 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao (protruding head, one dot tong).
Rev: Gi (in Manchurian) to the left and Ji (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 7Stkp
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Schjöth 1415, Hartill 15.12 (Type E2), KM 303Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Hubei province (Wuchang mint), 28 mm
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Chang (in Manchurian) to the left and chang (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 9Stkp
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Schjöth 1416, Hartill 22.3-4 (Type E), KM 304Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Shanxi province (Xi’an mint), 27 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Shan (in Manchurian) to the left and shan (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 8Stkp
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Schjöth 1417, Hartill 17.5-6 (Type E), KM 305Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Jiangsu Province (Jiangning mint), 28 mm
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Ning (in Manchurian) to the left and Ning (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 8Stkp
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Schjöth 1418, Hartill 21.3 (Type E), KM 306Shunzhi (1644-1661)
1 cash, 1660-1661, Snanxi Province (Datong mint), 28 mm
Cast Bronze (officially 70% copper and 30% zinc, but actually on average 64.9% copper, 23.8 % zinc, 7.7% lead, 2.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams.
Obv: Shunzhi tongbao
Rev: Tung (in Manchurian) to the left and Tung (in Chinese) to the right.
Hartill rarity 8Stkp
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Schjöth 1419, Hartill 5.25-27 (Hartill 5.25) Type A1.1, KM 311.1Kangxi (1662-1722)
1 cash, 1662-1683, Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 27 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 60% copper and 40% zinc, but actually on average 67.4% copper, 21.9 % zinc, 7.0 % lead, 1.8 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = 5.22 grams (but generally 4.2-5.0 grams).
Obv: Kangxi tongbao.
Rev: Boo Chiowan to the left and right.
Type A is comprised of coins with a seven stroke bei, two dot tong, and with a zigzag at the bottom of the tong radical. Those within subtype A1.1 are larger well-made coins with an actual weight of 4 grams or more and a diameter over 26 mm.
Hartill rarity 10Stkp
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Schjöth 1419, Hartill 5.28-29 Type A1.2, KM --Kangxi (1662-1722)
1 cash, 1680s [?], Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 23.5 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 60% copper and 40% zinc, but actually on average 67.4% copper, 21.9 % zinc, 7.0 % lead, 1.8 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.0 qian = (3.73 grams).
Obv: Kangxi tongbao.
Rev: Boo Chiowan to the left and right.
Type A is comprised of coins with a seven stroke bei, two dot tong, and with a zigzag at the bottom of the tong radical. Those within subtype A1.2 are smaller well-made coins with an actual weight under 4 grams and a diameter under 25 mm.
Hartill rarity 10Stkp
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Schjöth 1419, Hartill 5.30 Type B1, KM --Kangxi (1662-1722)
1 cash, 1680[?]-1690s [?], Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 23.5 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 60% copper and 40% zinc, but actually on average 60.7% copper, 30.1 % zinc, 6.6 % lead, 1.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.0 qian = (3.73 grams) but an actual weight of 3.4 grams or less.
Obv: Kangxi tongbao.
Rev: Boo Chiowan to the left and right.
Type B1 is comprised of small crudely-made coins with a closed tong head and a cursive chiowan. Type B coins do not lend themselves to easy classification.
Hartill rarity 10Stkp
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Schjöth 1419, Hartill 5.32-33 Type B3, KM --Kangxi (1662-1722)
1 cash, 1680[?]-1690s [?], Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 22.5 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 60% copper and 40% zinc, but actually on average 60.7% copper, 30.1 % zinc, 6.6 % lead, 1.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.0 qian = (3.73 grams) but an actual weight of 3.4 grams or less.
Obv: Kangxi tongbao.
Rev: Boo Chiowan to the left and right.
Type B3 is comprised of coins small crudely-made coins with a broad bei and a one dot tong. Type B coins do not lend themselves to easy classification.
Hartill rarity 10Stkp
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Schjöth 1419, Hartill 5.34-38 Type B4, KM --Kangxi (1662-1722)
1 cash, 1680[?]-1690s[?], Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 23 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 60% copper and 40% zinc, but actually on average 60.7% copper, 30.1 % zinc, 6.6 % lead, 1.3 % tin, etc.), nominal weight 1.0 qian = (3.73 grams) but an actual weight of 3.4 grams or less.
Obv: Kangzxi tongbao.
Rev: Boo Chiowan to the left and right.
Type B4 is comprised of small crudely-made coins with a broad bei and a square headed tong, right protruding, normally with a protruding head boo. Type B coins do not lend themselves to easy classification.
Hartill rarity 10Stkp
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Schjöth 1419, Hartill 5.40-41 Type C1.1, KM --Kangxi (1662-1722)
1 cash, 1690s[?], Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 23 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 60% copper and 40% zinc, but actually on average 61.9% copper, 35.9 % zinc, 1.2 % lead, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = (5.22 grams) but an actual weight of 4.2-5.0 grams, except for underweight coins, such as this, weighing under 4 grams.
Obv: Kangxi tongbao.
Rev: Boo Chiowan to the left and right.
Type C1.1 is comprised of small coins weighing under 4 grams and a diameter under 25 mm, with a six stroke bei, a two dot tong, and a curved left-hand stroke of xi.
Hartill rarity 10Stkp
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Schjöth 1419, Hartill 5.45-47 Type D2, KM 311.1aKangxi (1662-1722)
1 cash, 1714-1722, Board of Revenue mint (in Beijing), 25.5 mm.
Cast Bronze (officially 60% copper and 40% zinc, but actually on average 61.9% copper, 35.9 % zinc, 1.2 % lead, etc.), nominal weight 1.4 qian = (5.22 grams) but an actual weight of 4.2-5.0 grams.
Obv: Kangxi tongbao.
Rev: Boo Chiowan to the left and right.
Type D2 is comprised of coins with a seven stroke bei, a one dot tong, broad rims and a xi in the normal Kangxi style.
Hartill rarity 10Stkp
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Tang Dynasty AE Cash Coin - 開元通寶 Kai Yuan Tong Bao (The Inaugural Currency). 718 - 732 AD.Tang Dynasty AE Cash Coin - Kai Yuan Tong Bao (The Inaugural Currency), 開元通寶, (718 - 732 AD)
Obverse: KAI YUAN TONG BAO, 開元通寶, Thick outer rim surrounding four flanking Chinese characters, thin inner square rim.
Reverse: No legend, Thick outer rim, thin inner square rim.
Reference: Hartill 14.3
Ex: ECIN (Every Coin In Numismatics)
Kai Yuan Tong Bao or "The Inaugural Universal Currency" was a standard in the Tang Dynasty for around 300 years. Another generic coin, but has a much more modern style that carries on to the end of the cash coin.
These cast coins were well made, as well as having regulations where citizens were no longer allowed to mint coins as they once were. The penalty for minting coins was death. The alloy composition also had a standard regulation of 83% copper, 15% lead, and 2% tin. Although, testing seemed to produce different results for a lot of coins.
Gil-galad
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