| Image search results - "Iulia" |
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Denarius - 85 BC. - Rome mint
L. IVLIVS BVRSIO - Gens Iulia
Obv.: Winged male head right with the attributes of Neptune, Apollo and Mercury, control-mark & trident behind
Rev.: Victory in quadriga right holding reins and wreath, L IVLI BVRSIO in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm 19,79
Crawf. 352/1a, Sear RCV 268, Grueber 2485
Maxentius
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(02) AUGUSTUS27 BC- 14 AD, AE 23 mm, 6.61 g O: PERM CAES AVG. around bare head of
Augustus, left R: IVLIA TRADUCTA in two lines within
wreath. Hispania Baetica (Spain), Julia Traducta mint
RPC I, 108, SNG Copenhagen 459.
laney
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(02) AUGUSTUSAE 24.5 mm max; 11.24 g
27 BC - 14 AD
O: Bare Head of Augustus R
R: IVLIA / TRAD within Wreath
Julia Traducta, Spainlaney
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(06) NERO--COUNTERMARKED54 - 68 AD
AE 19 mm 3.02 g
Phrygia, Akmoneia (probably L. Servenius Capito and his wife Iulia Severa. Struck circa 65 AD).
O: draped bust right; countermark: Asklepios holding snake-encircled staff
R: Zeus seated left, holding patera and sceptre
cf SNG von Aulock 3375 (same countermark).laney
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006a8. NeroPHRYGIA. Iulia. Ae. Sergios Hephaistion, magistrate. Obv: NEPΩN KAIΣAP. Bareheaded and draped bust right. Rev: ΣΕΡΓΙΟΣ ΗΦΑΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΙΟΥΛΙΕΩΝ. Mên on horseback right, holding spear over shoulder. RPC I 3191. 5.16 g., 18 mm..Naumann Auc 128, lot 518.lawrence c
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01-64 - Celsa - Hispania - AUGUSTO (27 A.C. - 14 D.C.)Hoy Velilla del Ebro, Tarragona, España
CN.Domitius y C.Pompeius duoviri
AE AS 28 mm 8.9 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS COS XII" (Leyenda anti-horaria)- Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: Toro estante a derecha, "CN DOMIT" arriba, "C POMPEI" debajo, "II VIR" delante y "C V I CEL" detrás.
Acuñada 05 - 03 A.C.
Ceca: Colonia Lépida Victrix Iulia - Hispania
Referencias: RPC I #278, ACIP #3169e, SNG Cop #541, ABH #811/2, ABH (Ant) #1486 P.184, Vv Pl.CLXI #8, Cohen Vol.1 #700 Pag.156, Guadan #446, Ripolles #3159 P.368mdelvalle
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01-80 - Beritos - Fenicia - AUGUSTO (27 A.C. - 14 D.C.)AE22 22 mm 12.0 gr.
Acuñada a Divo Augusto durante el reinado de Trajano.
La Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus fue fundada por veteranos de las 5ta. y 8va. legione, probablemente en el 14 A.C.
Anv: " DIVOS AVGVSTVS " Cabeza desnuda de Augusto viendo a derecha.
Rev: "COL·/ IVL " (en campo centro alto), "AVG" (en campo derecho) y , "BER" (en campo izquierdo), rodeando a Fundador velado, arando a derecha con un buey y una vaca .
Acuñada probablemente 98–102 D.C.
Ceca: Beritos - Fenicia
Referencias: RPC I #1651 Pag.308 - Sawaya 2009 #565 Pag.37 - BMC Phoenicia #65-5 Pag.60mdelvalle
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02 - 04 - Julio Cesar (49 - 44 A.C.)AR Denario 20/18 mm de 3,5 gr.
Anv: COS·TERT·DICT·ITER, Cabeza de Ceres a der.
Rev: AVGVR / PONT MAX , D (Donativum) en campo der., Emblemas sacerdotales, Simpulum (Copa pequeña con mango), aspergillum/aspersorio (Instrumento para espolvorear o rociar), capis y Lituus/lituo (bastón ritual augural).
Esta serie fue acuñada, probablemente, para el pago de las Legiones Victoriosas en la batalla de Thapsus/Tapso (Túnez), en la cual Julio César consiguió una victoria importante sobre Metelo Escipión y el rey númida Juba I, el 6 de abril del 46 A.C.. Por otro lado Ceres es un emblema de África.
Acuñada 46 A.C.
Ceca: Movil legionaria durante sus campañas probablemente en Útica (Norte de África).
Referencias: Craw. 467/1a, Syd. #1023, BMCRR (África)#21, RSC I Caesar #4a P.106, Babelon II Iulia #16 P.14, Sear RCTV I #1403/1 P.268, Cohen I #4 P.8, Sear Imperators #57mdelvalle
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044 Didius Iulianus (193 A.D.), Roma, RIC IV-I 002, AR-Denarius, RECTOR ORBIS, Emperor standing left, Rare ! #1044 Didius Iulianus (193 A.D.), Roma, RIC IV-I 002, AR-Denarius, RECTOR ORBIS, Emperor standing left, Rare! #1
avers: IMP CAES M DID IVLIAN AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: RECTOR ORBIS, Emperor standing left holding globe and scroll.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5mm, weight: 2,70g, axes: 6h,
mint: Roma, date: 193 A.D., ref: RIC IV-I 002, RSC-15, BMC-7,
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Lydia, Bagis, Lindgen A716A., AE-23, Hygeia and Asklepios, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Lydia, Bagis, Lindgen A716A., AE-23, Hygeia and Asklepios, #1
avers: ΙΟΥ ΔΟ ΜΝΑ CΕΒΑ, Draped bust right.
reverse: ΕΠΙ ACKΛEΠIAΔOΥ ΑΡX A B /BAΓHNΩN, Hygeia, on left, standing right, holding serpent, facing Asklepios, on right, standing standing left, leaning on serpent-entwined staff.
exergue: -/-//HNΩN, diameter: 22,5-23,5 mm, weight: 5,69g, axis: 6h,
mint: Lydia, Bagis, date: A.D.,
ref: Lindgen A716A., BMC p. 37, 31 var. (legend), SNG KOP 27 49(1), Lindgren and Kovács A716A (same dies),
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Lydia, Saitta, AE-18, CAITTHNΩN, Tyche standing left, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Lydia, Saitta, AE-18, CAITTHNΩN, Tyche standing left, #1
avers: IOYΛIA CEBAC, Draped bust right.
reverse: CAITTHNΩN, Tyche standing left, kalathos on head, holding rudder and cornucopiae.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5mm, weight: 2,71g, axis: 6h,
mint: Lydia, Saitta, date: 193-217 A.D.,
ref: Leypold I, 1163, Lindgren III 511,
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Lydia, Sardes, Asia (conventus of Sardis), AE-22, EΠI ΡOYΦOY CAΡΔIANΩN B NEΩKOΡΩN, Demeter standing left, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Lydia, Sardes, Asia (conventus of Sardis), AE-22, EΠI ΡOYΦOY CAΡΔIANΩN B NEΩKOΡΩN, Demeter standing left, #1
avers: IOYΛIA CEBAC, Draped bust of Julia Domna right.
reverse: EΠI ΡOYΦOY CAΡΔIANΩN B NEΩKOΡΩN, Demeter standing left, holding upright corn-ears and torch, the serpent at foot left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 21,8-22,0mm, weight: 4,62g, axis: 6h,
mint: Lydia, Sardes, date: A.D.,
ref: Leypold I, 1221; BMC 154; SNG Turkey 5, 476; Aiello 1020; GRPC Lydia 483.
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HrHJ (2012) 08.17.05.02., AE-17, Cista Mystica with a snake, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HrHJ (2012) 08.17.05.02., AE-17, Cista Mystica with a snake, #1
avers: IOVΛ ΔO CEBACTH, Draped bust right.
reverse: NIKOΠOΛIT ΠPOC ICTP, Cista Mystica with an open lid, snake emerging left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 15,5-18,2mm, weight: 2,57g, axis: 8h,
mint: Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, date: 170-217 A.D.,
ref: Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov HrHJ (2012) 08.17.05.02., P.B. 1482, H.M. 1043,
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HrHJ (2012) 08.17.52.02., AE-17, NIKOΠOΛIT ΠPOC ICTPON, Basket with fruits, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HrHJ (2012) 08.17.52.02., AE-17, NIKOΠOΛIT ΠPOC ICTPON, Basket with fruits, #1
avers: IOVΛ ΔO CEBACTH, Draped bust right.
reverse: NIKOΠOΛIT ΠPOC ICTPON, Basket with fruits.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 16,5mm, weight: 3,35g, axis: 1h,
mint: Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, date: 170-217 A.D.,
ref: Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov HrHJ (2012) 08.17.52.02.,
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HrHJ (2013) 08.17.04.04., AE-21, NIKOΠOΛIT ΠPOC ICTPO, Athena left, snake, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HrHJ (2013) 08.17.04.04., AE-21, NIKOΠOΛIT ΠPOC ICTPO, Athena left, snake, #1
avers: IOVΛIA ΔOMNA CEB, Draped bust right.
reverse: NIKOΠOΛIT ΠPOC ICTPO, Athena left, snake.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 20,5mm, weight: 4,69g, axis: 7h,
mint: Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, date: 170-217 A.D.,
ref: Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov HrHJ (2013) 8.17.04.04., p-154,
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Thrace, Serdica, AE-23, CEPΔΩN, Nemesis, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Thrace, Serdica, Notlisted, AE-23, CEPΔΩN, Nemesis, #1
avers: IOVΛIA ΔOMNA • CEBA, Draped bust right.
revers: CEP ΔΩN, Nemesis (??) holding scale and cornucopia, wheel at feet.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 23-24mm, weight: 7,45g, axis: 7h,
mint: Thrace, Serdica, date: 170-217 A.D.,
ref: ??? Not listed ?!?
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050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Thrace, Serdica, Varbanov 1986, AE-20, CEPΔΩN, Serpent rising from altar, #1050p Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Thrace, Serdica, Varbanov 1986, AE-20, CEPΔΩN, Serpent rising from altar, #1
avers: IO ΔOM CEBAC, Draped bust right.
reverse: CEP ΔΩN, Serpent rising from altar, head right.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-20,0mm, weight: 3,46g, axis: 2h,
mint: Thrace, Serdica, date: 170-217 A.D.,
ref: Varbanov 1986., Hristova and Jekov 12.17.47.2,
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057 Iulia Paula ( 219-220 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-II 211, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, Concordia enthroned left, Scarce! #1057 Iulia Paula ( 219-220 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-II 211, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, Concordia enthroned left, Scarce! #1
avers: IVLIA PAVLA AVG, Draped bust right, hair braided in rows and tucked at the back of the neck.
reverse: CONCORDIA, Concordia enthroned left, and resting left elbow on the back of the throne, holding patera, star in left field.
exergue: */-//--, diameter: 17,5-18,2mm, weight: 2,38g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 219-220 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-II 211 (Elagabalus), p-45, RSC-6a, BMC 173-174, Sear , Scarce!,
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057 Iulia Paula ( 219-220 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-II 214, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, Elagabalus and Julia Paula standing, R! #1057 Iulia Paula ( 219-220 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-II 214, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, Elagabalus and Julia Paula standing, R! #1
avers: IVLIA PAVLA AVG, Draped bust right, hair braided in rows and tucked at the back of the neck.
reverse: CONCORDIA, Julia Paula, veiled and on the right, standing left, facing Elagabalus,
togate and on the left, standing right, clasping their right hands.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-20,0mm, weight: 2,66xis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 219 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-II 214 (Elagabalus), p-45, RSC 12, BMC 318-319, Sear 7656, R!,
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057 Iulia Paula ( 219-220 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-II 216, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia seated left, R! #1057 Iulia Paula ( 219-220 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-II 216, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia seated left, R! #1
avers: IVLIA PAVLA AVG, Draped bust right, hair braided in thick coils, top coils looped into a large bun at the back of the head.
reverse: CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia seated left on curule chair, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-18,5mm, weight: 2,84g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 219-220 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-II 216 (Elagabalus), p-46, RSC-16a, BMC 321, Sear 7657, R!,
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058 Aquilia Severa ( ?-221 A.D.), RIC IV-II 225, Rome, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, */-//--, Concordia standing left, R ! #1058 Aquilia Severa ( ?-221 A.D.), RIC IV-II 225, Rome, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, */-//--, Concordia standing left, R ! #1
avers: IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: CONCORDIA, Concordia standing left, sacrificing out of patera over lighted altar and holding double cornucopiae, star in the field to left up.
exergue: */-//--, diameter: 17,5-19,0mm, weight: 2,37g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 221 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-II 225 (Elagabalus), p-47, RSC 2a, Sear (1988) 2158., R !,
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058 Aquilia Severa ( ?-221 A.D.), RIC IV-II 226, Rome, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, -/*//--, Concordia standing left, R ! #1058 Aquilia Severa ( ?-221 A.D.), RIC IV-II 226, Rome, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, -/*//--, Concordia standing left, R ! #1
avers: IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: CONCORDIA, Concordia standing left, sacrificing out of patera over lighted altar and holding double cornucopiae, star in the field to right up.
exergue: -/*//--, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 2,70g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 221 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-II 226 (Elagabalus), p-47, RSC 2, Sear 7679, C-2, R !,
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058 Aquilia Severa ( ?-221 A.D.), RIC IV-II 226var., Rome, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, -/*//--, Concordia standing left, R! #1058 Aquilia Severa ( ?-221 A.D.), RIC IV-II 226var., Rome, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, -/*//--, Concordia standing left, R! #1
avers: IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: CONCORDIA, Concordia standing left, sacrificing out of patera over lighted altar and holding double cornucopiae, star in the field to right down.
exergue: -/*//--, diameter: 19,0mm, weight: 3,18g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 221 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-II 226var.(star position) (Elagabalus), p-47, RSC 2var., Sear 7679var. C-2, R !,
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058 Aquilia Severa ( ?-221 A.D.), RIC IV-II 228, Rome, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, */-//--, Elagabalus and Aquilia Severa standing, R! #1058 Aquilia Severa ( ?-221 A.D.), RIC IV-II 228, Rome, AR-Denarius, CONCORDIA, */-//--, Elagabalus and Aquilia Severa standing, R! #1
avers: IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: CONCORDIA, Elagabalus, and Aquilia Severa standing right and left, facing each other,
clasping hands; star in left field.
exergue: */-//--, diameter: 16,5-18,5mm, weight: 3,79g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 221 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-II 228 (Elagabalus), p-47, RSC 6, BMC 337, Sear 7680, R!,
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060 Iulia Soaemias (?-222 A.D.), RIC IV-II 241, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus standing left, #1060 Iulia Soaemias (?-222 A.D.), RIC IV-II 241, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus standing left, #1
Mother of Elagabalus.
avers: IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG, Draped bust right,
reverse: VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus, diademed and standing left, holding apple and sceptre; in right field a star.
exergue: -/*//--, diameter: 17,5-19mm, weight: 2,86g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 218-222 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 241, p-48, C-8,
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060 Iulia Soaemias (?-222 A.D.), RIC IV-II 241, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus standing left, #1060 Iulia Soaemias (?-222 A.D.), RIC IV-II 241, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus standing left, #1
Mother of Elagabalus.
avers: IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG, Draped bust right,
reverse: VENVS CAE L ESTIS, Venus, diademed and standing left, holding apple and sceptre; in left field a star.
exergue: */-//--, diameter: 17-19mm, weight: 2,58g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 218-222 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 241, p-48, C-8,
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060 Iulia Soaemias (?-222 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus seated left, #1060 Iulia Soaemias (?-222 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus seated left, #1
Mother of Elagabalus.
avers: IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: VENVS CA ELESTIS, Venus seated left, holding patera (or apple?) and sceptre; at her feet a child reaching up to her.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18-19mm, weight: 2,80g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 220 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 243, p-, C-14,
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060 Iulia Soaemias (?-222 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus seated left, #2060 Iulia Soaemias (?-222 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus seated left, #2
Mother of Elagabalus.
avers: IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: VENVS CA ELESTIS, Venus seated left, holding patera (or apple?) and sceptre; at her feet a child reaching up to her.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,5-19,5mm, weight: 2,34g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 220 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 243, p-, C-14,
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061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 261, Rome, AR-Denarius, LAETITIA PVBL, Pudicitia seated left, #1061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 261, Rome, AR-Denarius, LAETITIA PVBL, Pudicitia seated left, #1
avers: IVLIA MAESA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: LAETITIA PVBL, Laetitia standing left, holding wreath in right hand and rudder on a globe in left hand behind.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,5-19mm, weight: 2,71g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 218-222 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 261 (Elagab), p-, ,
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061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 266, Rome, AR-Denarius, PIETAS AVG, Pietas standing left, #1061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 266, Rome, AR-Denarius, PIETAS AVG, Pietas standing left, #1
avers: IVLIA MAESA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: PIETA S AVG, Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18-19mm, weight: 2,92g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 216-220 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 266, p-50, RSC 34a, BMC 75, Sear (2000-2002) 7755,
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061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 266, Rome, AR-Denarius, PIETAS AVG, Pietas standing left, #2061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 266, Rome, AR-Denarius, PIETAS AVG, Pietas standing left, #2
avers: IVLIA MAESA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: PIETA S AVG, Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,5-19,0mm, weight: 2,38g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 216-220 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 266, p-50, RSC 34a, BMC 75, Sear (2000-2002) 7755,
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061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 268, Rome, AR-Denarius, PVDICITIA, Pudicitia seated left, #1061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 268, Rome, AR-Denarius, PVDICITIA, Pudicitia seated left, #1
avers: IVLIA MAESA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: PVDICITIA, Pudicitia seated left, drawing out veil from the shoulder with right hand and holding sceptre in right.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 2,92g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 218-222 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 268, p-50, RSC-36, BMC-76, Sear 7756,
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061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 268, Rome, AR-Denarius, PVDICITIA, Pudicitia seated left, #2061 Iulia Maesa ( ?-223 A.D.), RIC IV-II 268, Rome, AR-Denarius, PVDICITIA, Pudicitia seated left, #2
avers: IVLIA MAESA AVG, Draped bust right.
reverse: PVDICITIA, Pudicitia seated left, drawing out veil from the shoulder with right hand and holding sceptre in right.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-19,5mm, weight: 2,71g, axis: 6-7h,
mint: Rome, date: 218-222 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 268, p-50, RSC-36, BMC-76, Sear 7756,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 335, Rome, AR-Denarius, FELICITAS PVBLICA, Felicitas standing, head left, #1064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 335, Rome, AR-Denarius, FELICITAS PVBLICA, Felicitas standing, head left, #1
avers: IVLIA-MA-MAEA-AVG, Diademed bust right, draped.
revers: FELICITAS-PVBLICA, Felicitas standing, head left, holding caduceus and resting arm on column.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 223 A.D., ref: RIC-IV-II-335, p-, C-17,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 335v.(base metal!), Rome, "Limes" Denarius, AR-Denarius, FELICITAS PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, #1064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 335v.(base metal!), Rome, "Limes" Denarius, AR-Denarius, FELICITAS PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, #1
avers: IVLIA MA MAEA AVG, Draped, bust right.
reverse: FELICIT AS PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and leaning an elbow on column and crossing legs.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0mm, weight: 2,62g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 228 A.D.,ref: RIC IV-II 335v., p-98, (base metal, "Limes"), C-17v.,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 335v.(base metal!), Rome, "Limes" Denarius, AR-Denarius, FELICITAS PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, #1064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 335v.(base metal!), Rome, "Limes" Denarius, AR-Denarius, FELICITAS PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, #1
avers: IVLIA MA MAEA AVG, Draped, bust right.
reverse: FELICIT AS PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and leaning an elbow on column and crossing legs.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0mm, weight: 2,62g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 228 A.D.,ref: RIC IV-II 335v., p-98, (base metal, "Limes"), C-17v.,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 341, Rome, AR-Denarius, IVNO AVGVSTAE, Juno seated left, #1064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 341, Rome, AR-Denarius, IVNO AVGVSTAE, Juno seated left, #1
avers: IVLIA MA MAEA AVG, Diademed bust right, draped.
revers: IVNO AV GVSTAE, Juno seated left, holding flower and short sceptre.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 19,0-20,0mm, weight: 2,60g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 231 A.D., ref: RIC IV-II 341, p-98, RSC 32, BMC 755, Sear (2000-2002) 8211,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 343, Rome, AR-Denarius, IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, #1064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 343, Rome, AR-Denarius, IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, #1
avers:- IVLIA-MAMAEA-AVG, Draped, bust right.
revers:- IVNO-CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
exerg: -/-//, diameter: 18mm, weight: 3,02g, axis:- h,
mint: Rome, date: 222-235 A.D.,ref: RIC-IV-II-343, p-98, C-35,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 343, Rome, AR-Denarius, IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, #2064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 343, Rome, AR-Denarius, IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, #2
avers:- IVLIA-MAMAEA-AVG, Draped, bust right.
revers:- IVNO-CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 18mm, weight: 2,42g, axis:7 h,
mint: Rome, date: 222-235 A.D.,ref: RIC-IV-II-343, p-98, C-35,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 343, Rome, AR-Denarius, IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, #3064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 343, Rome, AR-Denarius, IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, #3
avers:- IVLIA-MAMAEA-AVG, Draped, bust right.
revers:- IVNO-CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 18-18,5mm, weight: 2,50g, axis:1h,
mint: Rome, date: 222-235 A.D.,ref: RIC-IV-II-343, p-98, C-35,
Q-003quadrans
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS GENETRIX, Venus standing left, #1064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS GENETRIX, Venus standing left, #1
avers:-IVLIA-MA-MAEA-AVG, Diademed bust right, draped.
revers:-VENVS-GE-N-ETRIX, Venus standing left, holding helmet and scepter; Cupid to left.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 19-20mm, weight: 2,94g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 223 A.D., ref: RIC-IV-II-355, p-99, C-72,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS GENETRIX, Venus standing left, #2064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS GENETRIX, Venus standing left, #2
avers:-IVLIA-MA-MAEA-AVG, Diademed bust right, draped.
revers:-VENVS-GE-N-ETRIX, Venus standing left, holding helmet and scepter; Cupid to left.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 17-18mm, weight: 2,52g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 223 A.D., ref: RIC-IV-II-355, p-99, C-72,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS GENETRIX, Venus standing left, #3064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 355, Rome, AR-Denarius, VENVS GENETRIX, Venus standing left, #3
avers:-IVLIA-MA-MAEA-AVG, Diademed bust right, draped.
revers:-VENVS-G-E-NETRIX, Venus standing left, holding helmet and scepter; Cupid to left.
exerg: -/-//, diameter: 19,5mm, weight: 3,05g, axis: 2h,
mint: Rome, date: 223 A.D., ref: RIC-IV-II-355, p-99, C-72,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 360, Rome, AR-Denarius, VESTA, Vesta standing half-left, #1064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 360, Rome, AR-Denarius, VESTA, Vesta standing half-left, #1
avers: IVLIA-MA-MAEA-AVG, Diademed bust right, draped.
revers: VESTA, Vesta standing half-left, holding palladium and scepter.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 18,5-21mm, weight: 2,82g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 223 A.D., ref: RIC-IV-II-360, p-99, RSC-81, BMC-381
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 668, Rome, AE-Sestertius, FECVNDITAS-AVGVSTAE, Juno standing left,064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), RIC IV-II 668, Rome, AE-Sestertius, FECVNDITAS-AVGVSTAE, Juno standing left,
avers:- IVLIA-MAMAEA-AVGVSTA, diademed and draped bust right.
revers:- FECVNDITAS-AVGVSTAE, Fecunditas standing left extending hand to a child left and holding a cornucopiae, S-C across the field.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 29-31mm, weight: 22,74g, axis:-0h,
mint: Rome, date: 232 A.D.,ref: RIC-IV-II-668, p-, C-8,
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064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-II 695, AE-Sestertius, VENERI FELICI, Venus, draped, standing right, #1064 Iulia Mamaea (190-235 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-II 695, AE-Sestertius, VENERI FELICI, Venus, draped, standing right, #1
avers: IVLIA MAMAEA AVGVSTA, Bust of Julia Mamaea, diademed, draped, right.
reverse: VENERI FELICI, Venus, draped, standing right, holding a scepter in right hand and Cupid in the left hand, S-C across the field.
exergue: S/C//--, diameter: 29,0-30,5mm, weight: 14,15g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 222-235 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-II 695, p-126, C-63,
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1409a, Julian II "the Philosopher," February 360 - 26 June 363 A.D.Julian II, A.D. 360-363; RIC 167; VF; 2.7g, 20mm; Constantinople mint; Obverse: DN FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG, helmeted & cuirassed bust right, holding spear & shield; Reverse: VOT X MVLT XX in four lines within wreath; CONSPB in exergue; Attractive green patina. Ex Nemesis.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Julian the Apostate (360-363 A.D.)
Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Introduction
The emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus reigned from 360 to 26 June 363, when he was killed fighting against the Persians. Despite his short rule, his emperorship was pivotal in the development of the history of the later Roman empire. This essay is not meant to be a comprehensive look at the various issues central to the reign of Julian and the history of the later empire. Rather, this short work is meant to be a brief history and introduction for the general reader. Julian was the last direct descendent of the Constantinian line to ascend to the purple, and it is one of history's great ironies that he was the last non-Christian emperor. As such, he has been vilified by most Christian sources, beginning with John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus in the later fourth century. This tradition was picked up by the fifth century Eusebian continuators Sozomen, Socrates Scholasticus, and Theodoret and passed on to scholars down through the 20th century. Most contemporary sources, however, paint a much more balanced picture of Julian and his reign. The adoption of Christianity by emperors and society, while still a vital concern, was but one of several issues that concerned Julian.
It is fortunate that extensive writings from Julian himself exist, which help interpret his reign in the light of contemporary evidence. Still extant are some letters, several panegyrics, and a few satires. Other contemporary sources include the soldier Ammianus Marcellinus' history, correspondence between Julian and Libanius of Antioch, several panegyrics, laws from the Theodosian Code, inscriptions, and coinage. These sources show Julian's emphasis on restoration. He saw himself as the restorer of the traditional values of Roman society. Of course much of this was rhetoric, meant to defend Julian against charges that he was a usurper. At the same time this theme of restoration was central to all emperors of the fourth century. Julian thought that he was the one emperor who could regain what was viewed as the lost glory of the Roman empire. To achieve this goal he courted select groups of social elites to get across his message of restoration. This was the way that emperors functioned in the fourth century. By choosing whom to include in the sharing of power, they sought to shape society.
Early Life
Julian was born at Constantinople in 331. His father was Julius Constantius, half-brother of the emperor Constantine through Constantius Chlorus, and his mother was Basilina, Julius' second wife. Julian had two half-brothers via Julius' first marriage. One of these was Gallus, who played a major role in Julian's life. Julian appeared destined for a bright future via his father's connection to the Constantinian house. After many years of tense relations with his three half-brothers, Constantine seemed to have welcomed them into the fold of the imperial family. From 333 to 335, Constantine conferred a series of honors upon his three half-siblings, including appointing Julius Constantius as one of the consuls for 335. Julian's mother was equally distinguished. Ammianus related that she was from a noble family. This is supported by Libanius, who claimed that she was the daughter of Julius Julianus, a Praetorian Prefect under Licinius, who was such a model of administrative virtue that he was pardoned and honored by Constantine.
Despite the fact that his mother died shortly after giving birth to him, Julian experienced an idyllic early childhood. This ended when Constantius II conducted a purge of many of his relatives shortly after Constantine's death in 337, particularly targeting the families of Constantine's half-brothers. ulian and Gallus were spared, probably due to their young age. Julian was put under the care of Mardonius, a Scythian eunuch who had tutored his mother, in 339, and was raised in the Greek philosophical tradition, and probably lived in Nicomedia. Ammianus also supplied the fact that while in Nicomedia, Julian was cared for by the local bishop Eusebius, of whom the future emperor was a distant relation. Julian was educated by some of the most famous names in grammar and rhetoric in the Greek world at that time, including Nicocles and Hecebolius. In 344 Constantius II sent Julian and Gallus to Macellum in Cappadocia, where they remained for six years. In 351, Gallus was made Caesar by Constantius II and Julian was allowed to return to Nicomedia, where he studied under Aedesius, Eusebius, and Chrysanthius, all famed philosophers, and was exposed to the Neo-Platonism that would become such a prominent part of his life. But Julian was most proud of the time he spent studying under Maximus of Ephesus, a noted Neo-Platonic philospher and theurgist. It was Maximus who completed Julian's full-scale conversion to Neo-Platonism. Later, when he was Caesar, Julian told of how he put letters from this philosopher under his pillows so that he would continue to absorb wisdom while he slept, and while campaigning on the Rhine, he sent his speeches to Maximus for approval before letting others hear them. When Gallus was executed in 354 for treason by Constantius II, Julian was summoned to Italy and essentially kept under house arrest at Comum, near Milan, for seven months before Constantius' wife Eusebia convinced the emperor that Julian posed no threat. This allowed Julian to return to Greece and continue his life as a scholar where he studied under the Neo-Platonist Priscus. Julian's life of scholarly pursuit, however, ended abruptly when he was summoned to the imperial court and made Caesar by Constantius II on 6 November 355.
Julian as Caesar
Constantius II realized an essential truth of the empire that had been evident since the time of the Tetrarchy--the empire was too big to be ruled effectively by one man. Julian was pressed into service as Caesar, or subordinate emperor, because an imperial presence was needed in the west, in particular in the Gallic provinces. Julian, due to the emperor's earlier purges, was the only viable candidate of the imperial family left who could act as Caesar. Constantius enjoined Julian with the task of restoring order along the Rhine frontier. A few days after he was made Caesar, Julian was married to Constantius' sister Helena in order to cement the alliance between the two men. On 1 December 355, Julian journeyed north, and in Augusta Taurinorum he learned that Alamannic raiders had destroyed Colonia Agrippina. He then proceeded to Vienne where he spent the winter. At Vienne, he learned that Augustudunum was also under siege, but was being held by a veteran garrison. He made this his first priority, and arrived there on 24 June 356. When he had assured himself that the city was in no immediate danger, he journeyed to Augusta Treverorum via Autessioduram, and from there to Durocortorum where he rendezvoused with his army. Julian had the army stage a series of punitive strikes around the Dieuse region, and then he moved them towards the Argentoratum/Mongontiacum region when word of barbarian incursions reached him.
From there, Julian moved on to Colonia Agrippina, and negotiated a peace with the local barbarian leaders who had assaulted the city. He then wintered at Senonae. He spent the early part of the campaigning season of 357 fighting off besiegers at Senonae, and then conducting operations around Lugdunum and Tres Tabernae. Later that summer, he encountered his watershed moment as a military general. Ammianus went into great detail about Julian's victory over seven rogue Alamannic chieftains near Argentoratum, and Julian himself bragged about it in his later writing. After this battle, the soldiers acclaimed Julian Augustus, but he rejected this title. After mounting a series of follow-up raids into Alamannic territory, he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia, and on the way defeated some Frankish raiders in the Mosa region. Julian considered this campaign one of the major events of his time as Caesar.
Julian began his 358 military campaigns early, hoping to catch the barbarians by surprise. His first target was the Franks in the northern Rhine region. He then proceeded to restore some forts in the Mosa region, but his soldiers threatened to mutiny because they were on short rations and had not been paid their donative since Julian had become Caesar. After he soothed his soldiers, Julian spent the rest of the summer negotiating a peace with various Alamannic leaders in the mid and lower Rhine areas, and retired to winter quarters at Lutetia. In 359, he prepared once again to carry out a series of punitive expeditions against the Alamanni in the Rhine region who were still hostile to the Roman presence. In preparation, the Caesar repopulated seven previously destroyed cities and set them up as supply bases and staging areas. This was done with the help of the people with whom Julian had negotiated a peace the year before. Julian then had a detachment of lightly armed soldiers cross the Rhine near Mogontiacum and conduct a guerilla strike against several chieftains. As a result of these campaigns, Julian was able to negotiate a peace with all but a handful of the Alamannic leaders, and he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia.
Of course, Julian did more than act as a general during his time as Caesar. According to Ammianus, Julian was an able administrator who took steps to correct the injustices of Constantius' appointees. Ammianus related the story of how Julian prevented Florentius, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, from raising taxes, and also how Julian actually took over as governor for the province of Belgica Secunda. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, supported Ammianus' basic assessment of Julian in this regard when he reported that Julian was an able representative of the emperor to the Gallic provincials. There is also epigraphic evidence to support Julian's popularity amongst the provincial elites. An inscription found near Beneventum in Apulia reads:
"To Flavius Claudius Julianus, most noble and sanctified Caesar, from the caring Tocius Maximus, vir clarissimus, for the care of the res publica from Beneventum".
Tocius Maximus, as a vir clarissimus, was at the highest point in the social spectrum and was a leader in his local community. This inscription shows that Julian was successful in establishing a positive image amongst provincial elites while he was Caesar.
Julian Augustus
In early 360, Constantius, driven by jealousy of Julian's success, stripped Julian of many troops and officers, ostensibly because the emperor needed them for his upcoming campaign against the Persians. One of the legions ordered east, the Petulantes, did not want to leave Gaul because the majority of the soldiers in the unit were from this region. As a result they mutinied and hailed Julian as Augustus at Lutetia. Julian refused this acclamation as he had done at Argentoratum earlier, but the soldiers would have none of his denial. They raised him on a shield and adorned him with a neck chain, which had formerly been the possession of the standard-bearer of the Petulantes and symbolized a royal diadem. Julian appeared reluctantly to acquiesce to their wishes, and promised a generous donative. The exact date of his acclamation is unknown, but most scholars put it in February or March. Julian himself supported Ammianus' picture of a jealous Constantius. In his Letter to the Athenians, a document constructed to answer charges that he was a usurper, Julian stated that from the start he, as Caesar, had been meant as a figurehead to the soldiers and provincials. The real power he claimed lay with the generals and officials already present in Gaul. In fact, according to Julian, the generals were charged with watching him as much as the enemy. His account of the actual acclamation closely followed what Ammianus told us, but he stressed even more his reluctance to take power. Julian claimed that he did so only after praying to Zeus for guidance.
Fearing the reaction of Constantius, Julian sent a letter to his fellow emperor justifying the events at Lutetia and trying to arrange a peaceful solution. This letter berated Constantius for forcing the troops in Gaul into an untenable situation. Ammianus stated that Julian's letter blamed Constantius' decision to transfer Gallic legions east as the reason for the soldiers' rebellion. Julian once again asserted that he was an unwilling participant who was only following the desire of the soldiers. In both of these basic accounts Ammianus and Julian are playing upon the theme of restoration. Implicit in their version of Julian's acclamation is the argument that Constantius was unfit to rule. The soldiers were the vehicle of the gods' will. The Letter to the Athenians is full of references to the fact that Julian was assuming the mantle of Augustus at the instigation of the gods. Ammianus summed up this position nicely when he related the story of how, when Julian was agonizing over whether to accept the soldiers' acclamation, he had a dream in which he was visited by the Genius (guardian spirit) of the Roman state. The Genius told Julian that it had often tried to bestow high honors upon Julian but had been rebuffed. Now, the Genius went on to say, was Julian's final chance to take the power that was rightfully his. If the Caesar refused this chance, the Genius would depart forever, and both Julian and the state would rue Julian's rejection. Julian himself wrote a letter to his friend Maximus of Ephesus in November of 361 detailing his thoughts on his proclamation. In this letter, Julian stated that the soldiers proclaimed him Augustus against his will. Julian, however, defended his accession, saying that the gods willed it and that he had treated his enemies with clemency and justice. He went on to say that he led the troops in propitiating the traditional deities, because the gods commanded him to return to the traditional rites, and would reward him if he fulfilled this duty.
During 360 an uneasy peace simmered between the two emperors. Julian spent the 360 campaigning season continuing his efforts to restore order along the Rhine, while Constantius continued operations against the Persians. Julian wintered in Vienne, and celebrated his Quinquennalia. It was at this time that his wife Helena died, and he sent her remains to Rome for a proper burial at his family villa on the Via Nomentana where the body of her sister was entombed. The uneasy peace held through the summer of 361, but Julian concentrated his military operations around harassing the Alamannic chieftain Vadomarius and his allies, who had concluded a peace treaty with Constantius some years earlier. By the end of the summer, Julian decided to put an end to the waiting and gathered his army to march east against Constantius. The empire teetered on the brink of another civil war. Constantius had spent the summer negotiating with the Persians and making preparations for possible military action against his cousin. When he was assured that the Persians would not attack, he summoned his army and sallied forth to meet Julian. As the armies drew inexorably closer to one another, the empire was saved from another bloody civil war when Constantius died unexpectedly of natural causes on 3 November near the town of Mopsucrenae in Cilicia, naming Julian -- the sources say-- as his legitimate successor.
Julian was in Dacia when he learned of his cousin's death. He made his way through Thrace and came to Constantinople on 11 December 361 where Julian honored the emperor with the funeral rites appropriate for a man of his station. Julian immediately set about putting his supporters in positions of power and trimming the imperial bureaucracy, which had become extremely overstaffed during Constantius' reign. Cooks and barbers had increased during the late emperor's reign and Julian expelled them from his court. Ammianus gave a mixed assessment of how the new emperor handled the followers of Constantius. Traditionally, emperors were supposed to show clemency to the supporters of a defeated enemy. Julian, however, gave some men over to death to appease the army. Ammianus used the case of Ursulus, Constantius' comes sacrum largitionum, to illustrate his point. Ursulus had actually tried to acquire money for the Gallic troops when Julian had first been appointed Caesar, but he had also made a disparaging remark about the ineffectiveness of the army after the battle of Amida. The soldiers remembered this, and when Julian became sole Augustus, they demanded Ursulus' head. Julian obliged, much to the disapproval of Ammianus. This seems to be a case of Julian courting the favor of the military leadership, and is indicative of a pattern in which Julian courted the goodwill of various societal elites to legitimize his position as emperor.
Another case in point is the officials who made up the imperial bureaucracy. Many of them were subjected to trial and punishment. To achieve this goal, during the last weeks of December 361 Julian assembled a military tribunal at Chalcedon, empanelling six judges to try the cases. The president of the tribunal was Salutius, just promoted to the rank of Praetorian Prefect; the five other members were Mamertinus, the orator, and four general officers: Jovinus, Agilo, Nevitta, and Arbetio. Relative to the proceedings of the tribunal, Ammianus noted that the judges, " . . . oversaw the cases more vehemently than was right or fair, with the exception of a few . . .." Ammianus' account of Julian's attempt at reform of the imperial bureaucracy is supported by legal evidence from the Theodosian Code. A series of laws sent to Mamertinus, Julian's appointee as Praetorian Prefect in Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, illustrate this point nicely. On 6 June 362, Mamertinus received a law that prohibited provincial governors from bypassing the Vicars when giving their reports to the Prefect. Traditionally, Vicars were given civil authority over a group of provinces, and were in theory meant to serve as a middle step between governors and Prefects. This law suggests that the Vicars were being left out, at least in Illyricum. Julian issued another edict to Mamertinus on 22 February 362 to stop abuse of the public post by governors. According to this law, only Mamertinus could issue post warrants, but the Vicars were given twelve blank warrants to be used as they saw fit, and each governor was given two. Continuing the trend of bureaucratic reform, Julian also imposed penalties on governors who purposefully delayed appeals in court cases they had heard. The emperor also established a new official to weigh solidi used in official government transactions to combat coin clipping.
For Julian, reigning in the abuses of imperial bureaucrats was one step in restoring the prestige of the office of emperor. Because he could not affect all elements of society personally, Julian, like other Neo-Flavian emperors, decided to concentrate on select groups of societal elites as intercessors between himself and the general populace. One of these groups was the imperial bureaucracy. Julian made it very clear that imperial officials were intercessors in a very real sense in a letter to Alypius, Vicar of Britain. In this letter, sent from Gaul sometime before 361, the emperor praises Alypius for his use of "mildness and moderation with courage and force" in his rule of the provincials. Such virtues were characteristic of the emperors, and it was good that Alypius is representing Julian in this way. Julian courted the army because it put him in power. Another group he sought to include in his rule was the traditional Senatorial aristocracy. One of his first appointments as consul was Claudius Mamertinus, a Gallic Senator and rhetorician. Mamertinus' speech in praise of Julian delivered at Constantinople in January of 362 is preserved. In this speech, Claudius presented his consular selection as inaugurating a new golden age and Julian as the restorer of the empire founded by Augustus. The image Mamertinus gave of his own consulate inaugurating a new golden age is not merely formulaic. The comparison of Julian to Augustus has very real, if implicit, relevance to Claudius' situation. Claudius emphasized the imperial period as the true age of renewal. Augustus ushered in a new era with his formation of a partnership between the emperor and the Senate based upon a series of honors and offices bestowed upon the Senate in return for their role as intercessor between emperor and populace. It was this system that Julian was restoring, and the consulate was one concrete example of this bond. To be chosen as a consul by the emperor, who himself had been divinely mandated, was a divine honor. In addition to being named consul, Mamertinus went on to hold several offices under Julian, including the Prefecture of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa. Similarly, inscriptional evidence illustrates a link between municipal elites and Julian during his time as Caesar, something which continued after he became emperor. One concrete example comes from the municipal senate of Aceruntia in Apulia, which established a monument on which Julian is styled as "Repairer of the World."
Julian seems to have given up actual Christian belief before his acclamation as emperor and was a practitioner of more traditional Greco-Roman religious beliefs, in particular, a follower of certain late antique Platonist philosophers who were especially adept at theurgy as was noted earlier. In fact Julian himself spoke of his conversion to Neo-Platonism in a letter to the Alexandrians written in 363. He stated that he had abandoned Christianity when he was twenty years old and been an adherent of the traditional Greco-Roman deities for the twelve years prior to writing this letter.
(For the complete text of this article see: http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm)
Julian’s Persian Campaign
The exact goals Julian had for his ill-fated Persian campaign were never clear. The Sassanid Persians, and before them the Parthians, had been a traditional enemy from the time of the Late Republic, and indeed Constantius had been conducting a war against them before Julian's accession forced the former to forge an uneasy peace. Julian, however, had no concrete reason to reopen hostilities in the east. Socrates Scholasticus attributed Julian's motives to imitation of Alexander the Great, but perhaps the real reason lay in his need to gather the support of the army. Despite his acclamation by the Gallic legions, relations between Julian and the top military officers was uneasy at best. A war against the Persians would have brought prestige and power both to Julian and the army.
Julian set out on his fateful campaign on 5 March 363. Using his trademark strategy of striking quickly and where least expected, he moved his army through Heirapolis and from there speedily across the Euphrates and into the province of Mesopotamia, where he stopped at the town of Batnae. His plan was to eventually return through Armenia and winter in Tarsus. Once in Mesopotamia, Julian was faced with the decision of whether to travel south through the province of Babylonia or cross the Tigris into Assyria, and he eventually decided to move south through Babylonia and turn west into Assyria at a later date. By 27 March, he had the bulk of his army across the Euphrates, and had also arranged a flotilla to guard his supply line along the mighty river. He then left his generals Procopius and Sebastianus to help Arsacius, the king of Armenia and a Roman client, to guard the northern Tigris line. It was also during this time that he received the surrender of many prominent local leaders who had nominally supported the Persians. These men supplied Julian with money and troops for further military action against their former masters. Julian decided to turn south into Babylonia and proceeded along the Euphrates, coming to the fortress of Cercusium at the junction of the Abora and Euphrates Rivers around the first of April, and from there he took his army west to a region called Zaitha near the abandoned town of Dura where they visited the tomb of the emperor Gordian which was in the area. On April 7 he set out from there into the heart of Babylonia and towards Assyria.
Ammianus then stated that Julian and his army crossed into Assyria, which on the face of things appears very confusing. Julian still seems to be operating within the province of Babylonia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The confusion is alleviated when one realizes that,for Ammianus, the region of Assyria encompassed the provinces of Babylonia and Assyria. On their march, Julian's forces took the fortress of Anatha, received the surrender and support of several more local princes, and ravaged the countryside of Assyria between the rivers. As the army continued south, they came across the fortresses Thilutha and Achaiachala, but these places were too well defended and Julian decided to leave them alone. Further south were the cities Diacira and Ozogardana, which the Roman forces sacked and burned. Soon, Julian came to Pirisabora and a brief siege ensued, but the city fell and was also looted and destroyed. It was also at this time that the Roman army met its first systematic resistance from the Persians. As the Romans penetrated further south and west, the local inhabitants began to flood their route. Nevertheless, the Roman forces pressed on and came to Maiozamalcha, a sizable city not far from Ctesiphon. After a short siege, this city too fell to Julian. Inexorably, Julian's forces zeroed in on Ctesiphon, but as they drew closer, the Persian resistance grew fiercer, with guerilla raids whittling at Julian's men and supplies. A sizable force of the army was lost and the emperor himself was almost killed taking a fort a few miles from the target city.
Finally, the army approached Ctesiphon following a canal that linked the Tigris and Euphrates. It soon became apparent after a few preliminary skirmishes that a protracted siege would be necessary to take this important city. Many of his generals, however, thought that pursuing this course of action would be foolish. Julian reluctantly agreed, but became enraged by this failure and ordered his fleet to be burned as he decided to march through the province of Assyria. Julian had planned for his army to live off the land, but the Persians employed a scorched-earth policy. When it became apparent that his army would perish (because his supplies were beginning to dwindle) from starvation and the heat if he continued his campaign, and also in the face of superior numbers of the enemy, Julian ordered a retreat on 16 June. As the Roman army retreated, they were constantly harassed by guerilla strikes. It was during one of these raids that Julian got caught up in the fighting and took a spear to his abdomen. Mortally wounded he was carried to his tent, where, after conferring with some of his officers, he died. The date was 26 June 363.
Conclusion
Thus an ignominious end for a man came about who had hoped to restore the glory of the Roman empire during his reign as emperor. Due to his intense hatred of Christianity, the opinion of posterity has not been kind to Julian. The contemporary opinion, however, was overall positive. The evidence shows that Julian was a complex ruler with a definite agenda to use traditional social institutions in order to revive what he saw as a collapsing empire. In the final assessment, he was not so different from any of the other emperors of the fourth century. He was a man grasping desperately to hang on to a Greco-Roman conception of leadership that was undergoing a subtle yet profound change.
Copyright (C) 2002, Walter E. Roberts and Michael DiMaio, Jr. Used by permission.
In reality, Julian worked to promote culture and philosophy in any manifestation. He tried to reduce taxes and the public debts of municipalities; he augmented administrative decentralisation; he promoted a campaign of austerity to reduce public expenditure (setting himself as the example). He reformed the postal service and eliminated the powerful secret police.
by Federico Morando; JULIAN II, The Apostate, See the Julian II Page on NumisWiki
Flavius Claudius Iulianus was born in 331 or maybe 332 A.D. in Constantinople. He ruled the Western Empire as Caesar from 355 to 360 and was hailed Augustus by his legions in Lutetia (Paris) in 360. Julian was a gifted administrator and military strategist. Famed as the last pagan emperor, his reinstatement of the pagan religion earned him the moniker "the Apostate." As evidenced by his brilliant writing, some of which has survived to the present day, the title "the Philosopher" may have been more appropriate. He died from wounds suffered during the Persian campaign of 363 A.D. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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193 - IULIANVS IIFlavius Claudius Julianus was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher.
for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi
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220-222 AD - AQUILIA SEVERA AR denariusobv: IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG (draped bust right)
rev: CONCORDIA (Concord standing half-left sacrificing over lighted altar, and holding double cornucopia, star in left field)
ref: RIC IVii 225 (Elagabalus) (S), RSC 2 (20fr.)
mint: Rome
2.71gms, 18mm
Very rare
Iulia Aquilia Severa was the second and fourth wife of Emperor Elagabalus. She was a Vestal Virgin and her marriage to Elagabalus in 220 was the cause of enormous controversy - traditionally, the punishment for breaking the thirty-year vow of celibacy was death. Elagabalus is believed to have had religious reasons for marrying Severa - he himself was a follower of the eastern sun god El-Gabal, and when marrying himself to Severa, he also conducted a symbolic marriage of his god to Vesta.berserker
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309. GallienusOne of the key characteristics of the Crisis of the Third Century was the inability of the Emperors to maintain their hold on the Imperium for any marked length of time. An exception to this rule was the reign of the Emperor Gallienus. The fact that Gallienus served as junior Emperor with his father, Valerian, from 253 to 260 may have had something to do with his successes. Father and son each wielded his authority over a smaller area, thus allowing for more flexible control and imperial presence. Another, more probable reason, lay in Gallienus's success in convincing Rome that he was the best man for the job. However, Gallienus had to handle many rebellions of the so-called "Gallienus usurpers".
In 260, Valerian was taken prisoner by Sapor, King of Persia while trying to negotiate a peace settlement. Although aware that his father had been taken alive (the only Emperor to have suffered this fate), Gallienus did not make public Valerian's death until a year later. His decision hinged on the fact that Romans believed that their fate rose and fell with the fate of the Emperor, which in turn depended upon his demonstrating the proper amount of piety (Latin pietas) to the gods and maintaining their favor. A defeated Emperor would surely have meant that the gods had forsaken Valerian and, by extension, Gallienus.
Gallienus's chief method of reinforcing his position is seen in the coinage produced during his reign (see Roman currency). The coinage provides clear evidence of a successful propaganda campaign. Gallienus took pains to make sure that he was regularly represented as victorious, merciful, and pious. The people who used these coins on a daily basis saw these messages and, with little evidence to the contrary, remained supportive of their Emperor.
There were, however, those who knew better. During Gallienus' reign, there was constant fighting on the western fringes of the Empire. As early as 258, Gallienus had lost control over a large part of Gaul, where another general, Postumus, had declared his own realm (typically known today as the Gallic Empire). As Gallienus' influence waned, another general came to the fore. In time-honored tradition, Claudius II Gothicus gained the loyalty of the army and succeeded Gallienus to the Imperium.
In the months leading up to his mysterious death in September of 268, Gallienus was ironically orchestrating the greatest achievements of his reign. An invasion of Goths into the province of Pannonia was leading to disaster and even threatening Rome, while at the same time, the Alamanni were raising havoc in the northern part of Italy. Gallienus halted the Allamanic progress by defeating them in battle in April of 268, then turned north and won several victories over the Goths. That fall, he turned on the Goths once again, and in September, either he or Claudius, his leading general, led the Roman army to victory (although the cavalry commander Aurelian was the real victor) at the Battle of Naissus.
At some time following this battle, Gallienus was murdered during the siege of usurper Aureolus in Mediolanum; many theories abound that Claudius and Aurelian conspired to have the emperor killed. Be that as it may, Claudius spared the lives of Gallienus' family — Gallienus' wife, Iulia Cornelia Salonina, had given him three sons: Valerianus (who died in 258), Saloninus (died in 260 after becoming co-emperor), and Egnatius Marinianus — and had the emperor deified.
Gallienus Antoninianus - Minerva
OBVERSE: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right
REVERSE: MINERVA AVG, Minerva standing right with spear and shield.
23mm - 3.7 gramsecoli
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310. QuietusTitus Fulvius Iunius Quietus (d. 261) was a Roman usurper.
Quietus was the son of Fulvius Macrianus and a noblewoman, probably named Iulia. He gained the imperial office with his brother Macrianus Minor after the death of emperor Valerian in 260. The support of his father and the influence of Ballista, praefect of the late emperor Valerian, proved instrumental in his promotion.
Quietus and Ballista stayed in the east, while his brother and father marched their army to Europe to seize control of the Roman empire. After the defeat of his brother and father in Thrace in 261, he fled to the city of Emesa, where he was killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra.
Quietus, 260-261 A.D. AR Antoninianus. Antioch. IMP C FVL QVIETVS P F AVG. Radiate & draped bust r. / AEQVITAS AVGG. Aequitas std. l. holding scales & cornucopiae. RIC 2. ecoli
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3855 PHOENICIA Berytus Hadrian 128-138 AD two legionary Aquilae Reference.
RPC III, 3855; Rouvier 532; SNG Cop 101; BMC Phoenicia 99 (p. 66)
Obv. IMP CAES TRAI HADRIANVS AVG P P
Laureate and draped bust right.
Rev. COL / BER
Two legionary aquilae (eagles) flanking inscription in two lines, all within laurel wreath, pellet between eagles.
4.99 gr
20 mm
die axis 0o
Note.
Named for the daughter of Augustus, Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus was founded in 14 B.C. with veterans of the 5th and 8th legions. Herod the Great, Herod Agrippa I, and Herod Agrippa II built sumptuous monuments and sponsored gladiatorial combats at Berytos. After the siege of Jerusalem, Titus gave gladiatorial games at Berytos, in which the combatants were Jews.
ex.
FORVMokidoki
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405a. HelenaFlavia Iulia Helena, also known as Saint Helena, Saint Helen, Helena Augusta, and Helena of Constantinople, (c.248 - c.329) was the first wife of Constantius Chlorus, and the mother of Emperor Constantine I. She is traditionally credited with finding the relics of the True Cross.
Many legends surround her. She was allegedly the daughter of an innkeeper. Her son Constantine renamed the city of Drepanum on the Gulf of Nicomedia as 'Helenopolis' in her honor, which led to later interpretions that Drepanum was her birthplace.
Constantius Chlorus divorced her (c.292) to marry the step-daughter of Maximian, Flavia Maximiana Theodora. Helena's son, Constantine, became emperor of the Roman Empire, and following his elevation she became a presence at the imperial court, and received the title Augusta.
She is considered by the Orthodox and Catholic churches as a saint, famed for her piety. Eusebius records the details of her pilgrimage to Palestine and other eastern provinces. She is traditionally credited (but not by Eusebius) with the finding of relics of the True Cross (q.v.), and finding the remains of the Three Wise Men, which currently reside in the Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral. Her feast day as a saint of the Orthodox Christian Church is celebrated with her son on May 21, the Feast of the Holy Great Sovereigns Constantine and Helen, Equal to the Apostles. Her feast day in the Roman Catholic Church falls on August 18.
At least 25 sacred wells currently exist in Britain that were dedicated to her. She is also the patron saint of Colchester.
Helena Follis. FL HELENA AVGVSTA, diademed and draped bust right / SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE, Securitas standing left, holding branch in right hand; PTR(crescent) in ex.ecoli
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62 Julian II RIC 225Julian II 360-363 AD. AE1 (Double Maiorina). Tessalonica Mint.362-363 AD. (29.30mm) Obv: D N FL CL IVLI-ANVS P F AVG, bearded, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: SECVRITAS REIPVB, bull standing right, head facing, two stars above. palm branch TESB palm branch in ex.
RIC 225
Actual name: Flavius Claudius Iulianus Augustus
Wildwinds: Julian II, "The Apostate": Caesar 355-360 AD, Augustus 360-363 AD. The last true "pagan" emperor who revered the ancient gods until the day he died in 363 from a javelin wound fighting the Persians.Paddy
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As medallion BMC 541Obverse: IMPSEVALEXANDAVGIULIAMAMAEAAVG round edge
Busts face to face of Severus Alexander laureate (seen from the front), slightly bearded, draped (and cuirassed?) and Julia Mamaea draped wearing stephane, left hair in waves
MATAVG below busts
Reverse: (FELICITAS TEMPORVM)
Severus Alexander draped, holding globe and mappa, seated left on curule chair, being crowned with wreath by Victory draped, standing left, holding palm-branch; in front, Felicitas draped, standing front, head right, holding loing caduceus in right hand; background centre, female figure draped, standing front, head right, but this feature is lost because the coin has been holed.
BMC 541 (plate 19), RIC 661
Weight, 10.352g; Die axis, 12h
Ex Mabbott Collection (Schulman Galleries 1969, lot 4804) mix_val
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Asia Minor, Lydia, Iulia Gordus, Tyche, Artemis EphesiaLydia, Iulia Gordus
Pseudo-autonomous issue
2nd century
Obv.: ΙΟVΛΙΑ ΓΟΡΔΟС, Turreted and draped bust of Tyche right.
Rev.: IΟVΛ ΓΟΡΔΗΝΩΝ, Facing statue of Artemis Ephesia, with supports.
Ae, 2.73g, 17mm
Ref.: RPC III 1261, SNG Copenhagen 157, GRPC Vol. 2 Gordus-Julia 19 shanxi
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Asia Minor, Mysia, Parium, Severus Alexander, AsclepiosSeverus Alexander
Mysia, Parium
Obv.: IMP CAEƧ L ƧEP ƧE ALEXANDER, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev.: DEO AEƧ VB (Deo Aesculapius subvenienti - to Aesculapius, the god who helps), Asclepius seated right, holding raised foreleg of bull standing left, C G H I P (Colonia Gemella Iulia Hadriana Pariana) in exergue.
Æ, 19mm, 5.27g
Ref.: SNG Cop - , BMC - , SNG BN - , SNG von Aulock -, ISEGRIM-, RPC VI temp 3871shanxi
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Augustus - [RIC 86a, BMC 41, CBN 1132, Cohen 19]Silver denarius, 3.13g, 18.44mm, 90 degree, Colonia Patricia mint, 19 B.C.
Obv. - CAESAR AVGVSTVS, bare head right
Rev. - SIGNIS RECEPTIS, Aquila on left and standard on right flanking S P Q R arranged around shield inscribed CL V
A superb piece with a particularly beautiful portrait and an attractive tone.
This famous and historically important denarius of Augustus commemorates the reconquest of the legionary eagles from the Parthians. These signa where lost, when Crassus was defeated at the battle of Carrhae and their return back to Rome was one of the greatest diplomatic successes Augustus had.
The CL V on the reverse of this issue represents the clipeus virtutis, which was - according to the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, the funerary inscription giving the achievements of Augustus - a golden shield displayed in the Curia Iulia that was given to Augustus by the Senate and the Roman people (Senatus PopulusQue Romanus) in commemoration of his virtue, piety, justice and clemency. Even though it seems to be obvious that Augustus must have been awarded the shield right after he achieved absolute power and declared the restoration of the Republic, Sydenham suggests "that there is no decisive evidence as to the exact date at which the golden shield was conferred, but the coins on which it is represented are of later date than the year BC 27". When, in 19 BC, the Parthians returned the standards they had captured from Crassus in 53, there would have been an excellent opportunity to once again recall Augustus' pietas, one of the virtues recorded on the clipeus.
___________
Purchased from VCoins seller Ancient Artifacts & Treasures, Inc. at the 2013 BRNA Dalton, GA coin show
Sold 25Apr2015 to Lucas Harsh Collectionrenegade3220
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Augustus AE24 of Ivlia Tradvcta (Algeciras, Spain)Augustus AE24 of Julia Traducta, Spain.
Obv. PERM CAES AVG, bare head left
Rev. IVLIA TRAD in two lines within wreath.
Cohen 151
Weight: 12g
Diameter: 23mm
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Augustus Provincial AE As, Iulia TraductaAugustus (27 BC – 14 AD)
AE As, Iulia Traducta (Algeciras Spain)
Obv. PERM. CAES. AVG. Bare bust left.
Rev. IVLIA TRAD. Inside wreath.
RPC 99, Cohen 151.
Weight: 12g.
Diameter: 23mm.
Jose Polanco
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Augustus, AE Semis, RPC I 99Augustus
27 B.C. – 14 A.D.
Coin: AE Semis
Obverse: PERM CAES - AVG, Bare headed bust facing left.
Reverse: IVLIA TRAD, in two lines within a Civic Crown.
Weight: 9.27 g, Diameter: 23.2 x 22.4 x 2.9 mm, Die axis: 230°, Mint: Julia Traducta, Spain, struck between 12-10 B.C. Reference: RPC I 99
According to Strabo, between 33 - 25 BCE, the name "Iulia Traducta" ("transferred Iulia"), refered to the fact that part of the population had been moved from the city of Iulia Constantia Zilitanorum in North Africa.Constantine IV
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Byzantine Lead SealAttributed to Anasias or Iulianos. Pending more informationQuant.Geek
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C. Matuinus Aedile and T. Anicius Aedile - ParionAE semis
circa 45 BC
female head right wearing stephane
C__G
I__P
praefericulum
D__D
RPC I 2259; SNG France 1416
2,7g 14mm
C G I P = Colonia Gemella Iulia ParianaJ. B.
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Caracalla MarkianopolisAE 29 (13,28g)
obv. ΑΝΤΩΝΙΝOC ΑVΓOVCΤΟC ΙΟVΑ[ΙΑ ΔΟM]NA
Laureate bust of Caracalla right facing draped bust of Julia Domna left
rev. VΠ ΚVΝΤΙΛΙΑΝΟV ΜΑΡΚΙΑΝΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ
Tetrastyle temple with horned roof containing statue of Serapis standing left with right hand raised. Pellet in pediment. E in left field
Varbanov 1049HolgerG
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Corinthia, Corinth, Marcus Aurelius, SNG Cop. 329Marcus Aurelius, AD 161-180
AE 25, 11.25g
obv. M AVR AN[TONI] - NVS A[VG]
bust, laureate, r.
rev. CLI - COR
The young Melikertes laying on a dolphin, swimming r., behind a pine-tree(?)
SNG Copenhagen 329; Lindgren 1619; BCD 700; Edwards 150, pl.IV
rare, good F-about VF, green-brown patina
added to www.wildwinds.com
Corinth at this time was a Roman colony, therefore the Latin inscriptions.
The revers legend CLI - COR is solved to COLONIA LAUS IULIA CORINTHUS.
For more information look at the thread 'Coins of mythological interest'Jochen
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G. Iulius Caesar, Crawford 480/13Gaius Iulius Caesar, 13.6.100-15.3.41 BC, gens Iulia
AR - Denar, 3.83g, 19.7mm, 90°
Rome, Feb.-Mar. 44 BC
moneyer P. Sepullius Macer
obv. Head of Caesar, wreathed and veiled, r.
before CAESAR, behind DICT PERPETVO
rev. r. P SERPVLLVS, l. MACER (both from top to bottom)
Venus Victrix with bare l. breast, stg. l., holding small Victory in xxtended r. hand and resting with raised l. hand on lpng sceptre on which is leaning the shield set on ground
ref. Crawford 480/13; Sydenham 1074; RSC Julius Caesar 39; BMCRR I Rome 4173; SRCV I 1414; Vagi 56; Sear CRI 107d
VF, portrait!, toned, scratches, somewhat excentric
From Forum Ancient Coins, thanks!
From highest historical importance: The 1st portrait of Iulius Caesar and the coin that killed Caesar!
Please, take a look at http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=109646.0Jochen
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Gaius Julius CaesarFebruary-March 44 BC. AR Denarius (19mm, 3.90 g, 5h). Rome mint. P. Sepullius Macer, moneyer. Laureate and veiled head right / Venus standing left, holding Victory and scepter; shield at base of scepter. Crawford 480/13; CRI 107d; Sydenham 1074; RSC 39. From the Jörg Müller Collection.
Alföldi arranges Crawford 480 series coins in (44 BC) month order as follows:
RRC 480/1, Buca - January
RRC 480/2, DICT QVART - early February
RRC 480/3/4/5, CAESAR IMP - late February
RRC 480/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14, DICT PERPETVO - early to mid March
RRC 480/17/18, CAESAR IMPER - late March
RRC 480/19/20, PARENS PATRIAE - April
RRC 480/15/16, MARIDIANVS - April
RRC 480/21/22, CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS and Mark Antony - April
"Iconography, historical meaning:
The rev. can be understand easily: The Iulians ascribed their gens back to Aeneas who was the son of Venus (Aphrodite) and Anchises.Venus was the tutelary goddess of the gens Iulia and hence of Caesar. 46 BC Caesar has consecrated together with his new built forum also the temple of Venus Genetrix, the ancestress of his gens. On this denarius with Victory, spear and shield it is rather Venus Victrix.
The portrait on obv. is imposing by its realistic depiction. It was for the first time that a living ruler was pictured on a Roman coin. This too raised suspicion that Caesar - even if he wasn't acclaimed king - would behave as such.
Caesar's portrait attracts attention by the wreath he is wearing. It protrudes notable wide beyond his forehead. Furthermore it is padded and very ragged. This characteristic received too little attention until now. There is every indication that it is not a usual wreath but a corona graminea, a Grass or Blockade crown. This crown was dedicated by the army to that commander who has freed them from an encirclement and saved them from certain death. The crown was composed from flowers and tuft of grass which was plucked at the location of their liberation. This crown was regarded as the highest of all crowns! Pliny (nat. 22, 6) has known only of 8 persons with this honour:
1. Lucius Siccius Dentatus, tribunus plebis 454 BC
2. Publius Decius Mus, 343 BC, 1st Samnite War, dedicated even by 2 armies!
3. Marcus Calpurnius Flamma, 258 BC, at Carmina on Sicily
4. Quintus Fabius Maximus, after the departure of the Carthaginians from Italy, 203 BC
(dedicated by the Senate and the people of Rome, possibly posthumous)
5. Scipio Aemilianus Africanus
6. Gnaeus Petreius Atinas, centurio during the war against the Cimbri
7. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, during the Allied War at Nola 89 BC
8. Quintus Sertorius, 97 BC aa military tribune in Spain under Titu Ddius.
To Caesar and Augustus the crown was dedicated by the Senate!
The veil Caesar is wearing as Pontifex Maximus for lifetime.
DICTATOR PERPETVVS
During Republican times a dictator was designated when the state was in an emergency situation. His position was always temporally limited, yes, sometimes designated only for a single task. In the beginning Caesar too was dictator limited to 1 year and had to be designated again for the next year. Already 46 BC Caesar has been nominated dictator for 10 years but the title had to be renewed each year. So we know of coins with DICT, DICT ITER (= again, for the second time), IC TER (for the third time) and DICT QVART.
Since the proclamation as king has failed the title dictator disappeared from the denarii and were replaced by IMP. But soon behind Caesar's head appeares a star, a crescent, or Victory's spear stands on a star. These celestial signs - and that was understod by all - stand for divinity and should raise Caesar high above all Romans. Incompatible with the idea of a republican constituted Rome.
The point of culmination in this series is the legend DICT PERPETVO of this coin. Now the title of dictator was no more temporally limited but was valid like his office as Pontifex Maximus for all his life and it no more was necessary to confirm the title each year. That actually was a spectacular violation of the Roman constitution! The fact that he appeared at the Lupercalia on February 15. 44 BC in the ancient robe of kings strengthened the suspicion that he was looking for the kingship. In fact he has publicly
refused the royal crown that was offered to him by Marcus Antonius, but his authority to exert power was equal a king even without bearing the title of king. That was the most hateful title of the Roman Republic.
Now he has passed a line that his republican enimies couldn't tolerate any more if they still wanted to be taken seriously. So this coin actually led to his murder by the conspirators. So "The coin that kills Caesar" is by no means an exaggeration.
The planned Parthian War:
Caesar has planned a war against the Parthians. In March 44 BC he wanted to start for a campaign to the east. His assassination inhibited this intention. In science disputed are the goals which Caesar has had in mind with his war. They are reaching from a boundary adjustment, as Mommsen suggested, to world domination like Alexander the Great, as Plutarch is writing: According to him Caesar after the submission of the Parthians would go across Hyrcania at the Caspian Sea, then round the Black Sea via the Caucasus, invade the land of the Scyths, attack Germania and would finally return to Italy through the land of the Celts. In this way he would have conquered the world known to the Ancients and his limits were only the shores of the surrounding Okeanos.
Probably Sueton who was sitting directly at the sources was more realistic. And we know of the campaigns of Marcus Antonius and Augustus who surely have known Caesar's plans and have used them for their own purposes. It's clear that Caesar doesn't want to repeat the errors of Crassus who perished at Carrhae, and has tried to avoid he Parthian cavalry units. Therefore a route through Lesser Armenia is most probable. And there was hope that the Mesopotamian cities would raise against the Parthians. Caesar had gathered an army of 16(!) legions, a huge power that alone by its mere bigness would ensure the victory. Caesar was no gambler, rather a cautious and prudential commander.The famous "veni, vidi, vici" doesn't exist longer. What he actually had in mind we don't know. It's speculative. But there is every indication that it was a reorganisation of the east. And that rather by establishing client-kingdoms than creating new Roman provinces.
Probably the conspirators were afraid of Caesar's Parthian War, because a victory, which was possible or even probable, would have strengthen Caesar's position and has made him practically invulnerable." - JochenNemonater
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Gens Tituria, denario (89 a.C.), R/ TarpeiaL. Titurius L.f. Sabinus, silver denarius, Rome mint
AR, 18.6 mm, 3.8 gr, qBB
D/ SABIN, testa di Tatius a destra, fronda di palma in basso a destra, A.PV (argentum publicum) nel campo a dx
R/ Tarpeia sepolta fino alla vita negli scudi cerca di respingere soldati che la colpiscono con gli scudi. Stella e mezzaluna in alto. TITVRI in ex
Crawford 344/2c, Sydenham 699a, RSC I Tituria 5, BMCRR I Rome 2326, SRCV I 252
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo (Roma, Italia, dal 16 gennaio 2016, numero catalogo 245); ex collezione Giuliano Sidoli (Reggio Emilia, Italia, dal 4 ottobre 2014 al 16 gennaio 2016); ex Thomas Laufer collection, Raetia Numismatik (Welden, Germania, fino all'ottobre 2014)paolo
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Gordus Iulia, LydiaAe. Poplius, magistrate
Obv: ΠΛωTЄINA CЄBACTH
Draped bust right
Rev: ЄΠI ΠOΠΛIOY ΓOPΔHNω
Zeus seated left on chair, holding patera and sceptre.
SNG München 189; BMC 18
2.89g, 16mmklausklage
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![IulDomna-Antoninian-Venusgenetrix-RIC[Cara]388a.jpg](albums/userpics/24008/thumb_IulDomna-Antoninian-Venusgenetrix-RIC%5BCara%5D388a.jpg "Filename=IulDomna-Antoninian-Venusgenetrix-RIC[Cara]388a.jpg
Filesize=1046KiB
Dimensions=3175x1850
Date added=Aug 04, 2014")
I/a - IULIA DOMNA -b-001 Antoninian RIC IV [Carac] /I/388aAv) IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG
Diademed and draped bust right on a crescent
Rv) VENVS GENETRIX
Venus seated left, extending right hand & holding sceptre in left
Weight:4,5g, Ø: 22mm; Reference.: RIC IV[Carac]/I/388a; ROME mint,
struck under Caracalla
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I/a - IULIA DOMNA -d-001 Drachma CAPPADOCIA // CAESAREAAv) IOYΛIA ΔOMNA CE
Draped bust right
Rv) MHTPOÎ O KAICAPIA
Exergue: Є. T. Є.
Tyche standing left holding rudder and cornucopiae
Weight: 3,01g; Ø: 18mm;Reference: Varbanov 2508 quotes Jurukova 231
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Italy, Rome, Curia Iulia, Forum RomanumCuria Julia (Latin: Curia Iulia, Italian: Curia Iulia) is the third named Curia, or Senate House, in the ancient city of Rome. It was built in 44 BC when Julius Caesar replaced Faustus Cornelius Sulla’s reconstructed Curia Cornelia, which itself had replaced the Curia Hostilia. Caesar did this in order to redesign both spaces within the Comitium and Forum Romanum. The alterations within the Comitium reduced the prominence of the senate and cleared the original space. The work, however, was interrupted by Caesar's assassination at the Theatre of Pompey where the Senate had been meeting temporarily while the work was completed. The project was eventually finished by Caesar’s successor Augustus in 29 BC. The Curia Julia is one of only a handful of Roman structures to survive to the modern day mostly intact, due to its conversion into the basilica of Sant'Adriano al Foro in the 7th century and several later restorations. However the roof, together with the upper elevations of the side walls and rear façade, are modern. These parts date from the remodeling of the deconsecrated church in the 1930s.Joe Sermarini
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Iulia DomnaIVLIA AVGVSTA
PIETAS AVGG
mint: Roma
204 ADfrederic
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Iulia Domna (193-217) denarius (AR)Obv.: IVLIA AVGVSTA (Draped bust of empress) Rev.: MATER DEVM (Kybele wearing the Mural crown, seated between two lions, holding branch and sceptre) Weight: 3,15 g Diameter: 19 mm RIC 564Nick.vdw
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Iulia Domna (193-217) denarius (AR)Obv.: IVLIA AVGVSTA (Draped bust of empress) Rev.: MATER DEVM (Kybele wearing the Mural crown, seated between two lions, holding branch and sceptre) Diameter: 19 mm Weight: 3,15 g RIC 564
According to Cassius Dio, when Domna was jesting with the wife of a Caledonian chieftain about the licentiousness of British women, the wife replied: "We fulfil the demands of nature in a much better way than do you Roman women; for we consort openly with the best men, whereas you let yourselves be debauched in secret by the vilest."Nick.vdw
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Iulia Domna - Sear 7100, Van Meter 16, RIC 373A (Caracalla) Limes
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Iulia Domna and Geta - Sear 6535 (571 var), RIC 571Limes
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Iulia Domna MarcianopolisAE 23 (7.85g)
rev. IOVLIA D - OMNA CEB
draped bust right
obv. M - AR - KIAN - OPOL - I - TWNhe
Three Graces sanding front arm in arm, the left and the middle facing each other, the right head l., the left and right each holding kantharosHolgerG
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Iulia Domna, denario, R/VENERI VICTR (194 d.C.)Iulia Domna, denario
AR, 3,6 gr., 18 mm, BB
D/ IVLIA DOMNA AVG, busto drappeggiato a dx
R/ VENERI VICTR, Venere in piedi a dx, nuda fino alla vita, poggiata su colonna a sx, con palma e mela
RIC 536, RSC 194, BMC 49
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo, Roma Italia (6 giugno 2007, numero catalogo 114); ex collezione Antonio Ragonesi (Numismaticasicula, Roma Italia, fino al 2007).paolo
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Iulia Maesa RIC 268Silver Denarius ( 20mm - 2.49g)
obv. IVLIA MAESA AVG
diademed and draped bust right
rev. PVDICITIA
Pudicitia seated left, drawing out veil from shoulder with right hand and holding
sceptre in right
RIC 268
RomeHolgerG
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Iulia Maesa, AR-Denarius, PIETAS AVGIulia Maesa, AR-Denarius,
avers:-IVLIA-MAESA-AVG,
revers:-PIETA-S-AVG,
diameter: 18-19mm
weight: 2,92g
mint:
date:
ref: RIC-266, C-34a
Q-001quadrans
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Iulia Maesa, denario (225 d.C. circa)Giulia Maesa (nonna di Eliogabalo e Severo Alessandro, morta nel 225).
Ar, denario. 2.8 gr. 19 mm, BB
D/ IVLIA MAESA AVG, busto drappeggiato a destra.
R/ PVDICITIA, Pudicitia seduta a sinistra, velata e reggente uno scettro.
RSC 36
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo, Roma Italia (10 giugno 2007, numero catalogo 115); ex collezione Julia N. Nicol (Saint Petersburg FL Usa, fino al 2007).paolo
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Iulia Mamaea - denarius RIC 343Iulia Mamaea. Silver denarius, minted in Rome, early 222 AD, 2.51g; obverse: IVLIA MAMAEA AVG, draped bust right; reverse: IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, holding patera & scepter, peacock at feet left. RIC 343.Bartosz A
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Iulia Mamaea, AR-Denarius, IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Iulia Mamaea, AR-Denarius,
avers:- IVLIA-MAMAEA-AVG,
revers:- IVNO-CONSERVATRIX,
diameter: 18mm
weight: 3,02g
mint:
date:
ref: RIC-343, C-35,
Q-001quadrans
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Iulia Mamaea, AR-Denarius, VENVS GENETRIX, Iulia Mamaea, AR-Denarius,
avers:-IVLIA-MA-MAEA-AVG,
revers:-VENVS-GE-N-ETRIX,
diameter: 19-20mm
weight: 2,94g
mint:
date:
ref: RIC-355, C-72,
Q-001quadrans
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IULIA Mamaea, asse (228 d.C.)Giulia Mamea (Iulia Avita Mamaea). Asse, zecca di Roma (228)
AE, gr 12,8; mm. 25,0; 0°. B+
D/ IVLIA MAMAEA AVGVSTA, busto diademato e drappeggiato a dx
R/ FELICITAS PVBLICA, SC nel campo. Felicitas stante con le gambe incrociate e caduceo nella mano dx. Gomito sinistro appoggiato a una colonnina
RIC 677, Cohen 22, BMC 495
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo, Roma Italia (14 maggio 2008, numero catalogo 68a); ex collezione A. B. (Venezia, Italia, fino al 2008).paolo
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Iulia Mamaea, denario, R/ IVNO CONSERVATRIXIulia Mamaea (222-235 AD), madre di Severo Alessandro. Denario, zecca di Roma, (222 d.C.)
AR, 3,09 gr., 20 mm. BB
D/ IVLIA MAMAEA AVG. busto drappeggiato a dx
R/ IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Iuno stante a sx con patera e scettro, ai suoi piedi un pavone
RIC 343, Cohen 35, BMC 43
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo, Roma Italia (30 giugno 2007, numero catalogo 117); ex collezione Marco Piga (Cagliari Italia, fino al 2007).paolo
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Iulia Soemia, denario ( 222 d.C. circa)Iulia Soemia (madre di Eliogabalo, morta nel 222), denario
AR, 2,8 gr, 19 mm, BB
D/ IVLIA SOAEMAIS AVG, Soemia drappeggiata a dx
R/ VENVS CAELESTIS,Venus seduta con bambino ai piedi.
Sear 2171, C. 14
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo, Roma Italia (14 giugno 2007, numero catalogo 116); ex Artemide aste (San Marino, numero catalogo 2299, fino al 2007).
paolo
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