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Image search results - "Isis"
IsisFariaAnub02mm13DaR.jpg
Rugser
Domna-1.jpg
JVLIA DOMNA - Denarius - 196/211 AD
Obv.: IVLIA AVGVSTA, draped bust right
Rev.: SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis, standing right, left foot on prow, holding Horus; behind, rudder resting against altar.
Gs. 3,4 mm. 17,9
Cohen 174, RIC 577
Maxentius
DenMPletorio.jpg
Denarius - 68/67 BC - Mint of Rome
M. PLAETORIVS M.f. CESTIANVS - Gens Plaetoria
Obv.: Bust of Vacuna right, wearing a wreathed and crested helmet, bow and quiver on shoulder, cornucopiae below chin. CESTIANVS left, S C right
Rev.: Eagle standing right on thunderbolt, head left. M PLAETORIVS M.F. AED CVR around.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 18
Craw. 409/1, Sear RCV 349, BMRRC 3596.
For Crawford, the goddess on obverse is Isis



1 commentsMaxentius
coin167.jpg
Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes_AE_Tetrobol.jpg
Ptolemy V EpiphanesAlexandria mint.
Æ Tetrobol
27mm, 14.24 grams
205-180 BC., Struck circa 197-183/2 BC.
Wreathed and draped bust of Isis right
Eagle standing left on thunderbolt.
Svoronos 1234; Weiser 130; SNG Copenhagen 247
JBGood
tessera1.JPG
ROME
PB Tessera (18mm, 3.06 g, 12 h)
Isis standing left, holding sistrum and situla
IVE/NES
Rostovtsev -


The iuvenes were Roman educational organizations roughly analagous to modern American colleges. Mohler1 argues that, while their athletic program undoubtedly focused on parade and various other activities that relate to war, the group focused equally on education and athletics, rather than as a pseudo-military training program. Inscriptions survive in some theaters and arenas that note reserved seats for iuvenes, leading some to identify these pieces as entrance tickets. I feel they were more likely distributed at the various parades and processions for which the organizations were famous.

The iuvenes tokens are related to those of the sodales, composed of individuals not a part of the organization (younger or older men and women) who still actively supported it.

1. Mohler, S. L. (1937). The Iuvenes and Roman Education. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Society, 68, 442–479.
Ardatirion
00069x00.jpg
EGYPT, Antinoöpolis
PB Tessera (21mm, 4.14 g, 4 h)
Dated year 2 of an uncertain era
Confronted busts of Antinous, draped and wearing hem-hem crown, and Isis, draped and wearing headdress; [L] B flanking
Nilus reclining left on hippopatumus, holding cornucopia and reeds
Milne -; Milne, Memphis p. 115; Dattari (Savio) -; Köln 3569-70; Rostovtsev & Prou 665-6; Roma 6 (29 September 2013), lot 923-4
Ardatirion
Memphis_5279.jpg
EGYPT, Memphis
PB Tessera (24mm, 5.76 g, 11 h)
Nilus reclining left on hippopotamus, holding cornucopia and reeds, being crowned by Euthenia advancing right
Isis-Hekate triformis standing facing, holding uraeus and resting arm on Apis bull standing left with solar disk between horns; to left, small figure standing right; MEMΦIC to right
Milne 5279; Dattari (Savio) 6419; Köln 3501
Ardatirion
louis7-denier-parisis-2eme.JPG
Dy.145 Louis VII (the Young): denier parisis (Paris), 2nd typeLouis VII, king of the Franks (1137-1180)
Denier parisis (Paris), 2nd type

Billon, 0.81 g, diameter 19 mm, die axis 9h
O: +LVDOVICVSoREX; FRA/NCO
R: PARISII CIVIS, cross pattée


louis7-denier-parisis-3eme.JPG
Dy.146 Louis VII (the Young): denier parisis (Paris), 3rd typeLouis VII, king of the Franks (1137-1180)
Denier parisis (Paris), 3rd type

Billon, 0.83 g, diameter 19 mm, die axis 3h
O: LVDOVICVS REX; FRA/OCN
R: PA[R]ISII CIVIS, cross pattée

The second line on the field of the obverse must be read form right to left, so that one can read : Lvdovicvs rex franco(rum).
louis7-denier-parisis-4t.JPG
Dy.148 Louis VII (the Young): denier parisis (Paris), 4th typeLouis VII, king of the Franks (1137-1180)
Denier parisis (Paris), 4th type

Billon, 0.90 g, diameter 18-20 mm, die axis 3h
O: +LVDOVICVS RE; FRA/OCN
R: PA[R]ISII CIVIS, cross pattée

The second line on the field of the obverse must be read form right to left, so that one can read : Lvdovicvs rex franco(rum).
philippe2-denier-parisis.JPG
Dy.164 Philip II (Augustus): denier parisis (Paris)Philip II, king of France (1180-1223)
Denier parisis (Paris)

Billon, 1.04 g, diameter 19 mm, die axis 9h
O: PHILIPVS REX; FRA/OCN
R: PARISII CIVIS, cross pattée

Philip II's denier parisis is very similar to his father's.
philippe2-denier-arras.JPG
Dy.168 Philip II (Augustus): denier parisis (Arras)Philip II, king of France (1180-1223)
Denier parisis, 2ond emission (1191-1199, Arras)

Billon, 1.08 g, diameter 20 mm, die axis 2h
O: PHI.LIPVS REX; FRA/OCN
R: +ARRAS CIVIS, cross pattée with 2 lily flowers
philippe2-denier-saintmartin.JPG
Dy.176 Philip II (Augustus): denier tournois (Saint Martin de Tours)Philip II, king of France (1180-1223)
Denier tournois (Saint Martin de Tours)

Billon, 0.96 g, diameter 18.5 mm, die axis 7h
O: PHILIPVS REX; croix pattée
R: +SCS MARTINVS; châtel tournois

The livre parisis was a standard for minting coins (and for unit of accounts) inherited from the Carolingians.
In 1203, John (Lackland) lost Anjou to Philip II. The deniers minted at the Saint Martin abbey in Touraine were considered as very stable. So Philip II decided to adopt the livre tournois (tournois means "of Tours", Tours is a French city in Anjou close to Saint Martin abbey) as a new standard denier and unit of account. Livre parisis and livre tournois coexisted for some time but the livre tournois quickly outstripped the livre parisis as a unit of account. Deniers parisis ceased to be struck a little more than a century later, but livre parisis existed till 17th century.
SCS MARTINVS means Sanctus Martinus (Saint Martin). The name of the abbey was temporarily kept on the deniers tournois, but was soon replaced by the name of the city of Tours.
philippe4-denier-parisis-orond.JPG
Dy.221 Philip IV (the Fair): denier parisis with a round O Philip IV, king of France (1285-1314)
Denier tournois with round O (1280-1290)

Billon (359 ‰), 0.94 g, diameter 19 mm, die axis 7h
O: PhILIPPVS REX; FRA/OCN
R: +PARISIVS CIVIS; croix pattée

This type was struck during 1280-1285 (end of Philipp III's reign) and 1285-1290 (beginning of Philip IV's reign).
philippe4-double-parisis~0.JPG
Dy.227 Philip IV (the Fair): double parisis, 1st emissionPhilip IV, king of France (1285-1314)
Double parisis, 1st emission (1295-1303)

Billon (480 ‰), 1.28 g, diameter 20 mm, die axis 11h
O: +PhILIPPVS REX; leafy cross
R: +mOnETA DVPLEX: REGA/LIS under a fleur-de-lis

Philip had to face with extensive financial liabilities. He found money expelling Jews, Lombard bankers, arresting Templars and confiscating their properties. He also debased the French coinage and minted quite a large number of successive types and emissions of coins, with varying silver proportions.
philippe4-double-parisis.JPG
Dy.229 Philip IV (the Fair): double tournois, 1st emissionPhilip IV, king of France (1285-1314)
Double tournois, 1st emission (1295-1303)

Billon (399 ‰), 1.21 g, diameter 21 mm, die axis 12h
O: +PhILIPPVS REX; cross pattée with one fleur-de-lis
R: +mOn DVPLEX REGAL: chatel tournois' pediment with 2 lis
charles4-double-parisis.JPG
Dy.244C Charles IV (the Fair): double Parisis, 3rd emissionCharles IV, king of France (1322-1328)
Double parisis, 3rd emission (07/24/1326)

Billon (319 ‰), 1.10 g, diameter 20 mm, die axis 3h
O: +kAROLVS REX(clover); crown with fleur-de-lis and a small ring below
R: +mOnETA DVPLEX; cross with fleur-de-lis

2 comments
hadrian_isis_egypt.jpg
(0117) HADRIAN117-138 AD
(struck 133-134 AD)
Æ Drachm 34 mm 21.58 gm
O: laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right;
R: Isis Pharia standing right, wearing chiton, peplos and headdress of horns, disk and plumes, billowing sail in both hands and under left foot, sistrum in right; I / L - H across lower fields (year 18)
Alexandria, Roman Egypt
SNG Cop. 384; BMC Alexandria p. 89, 754 var; Köln.1118
laney
jul_caesar~0.jpg
001a. Julius CaesarBorn in a patrician family, but he became identified as an advocate for the Roman public, as opposed to the Senatorial class. In 60 BC, he, Crassus, and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate. This alliance crumbled and Pompey became an opponent. Caesar had major successes in his campaigns in Gaul, but faced a political crisis in Rome. As a result, he occupied Rome with his legions in 49 BC. He won the civil war against Pompey and his adherents, but generally pardoned his opponents. He was appointed as dictator, first for limited terms and then for life. He was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC.

Coin: Denarius. 46-45 BC. Spanish mint. Obv: Diademed head of Venus right, Cupid on her shoulder. Rev: CAESAR below Gallia and Gaulish captive seated beneath trophy of Gallic arms. Crawford 468/1.
lawrence c
101112.jpg
008. Otho 69 ADOTHO. 69 AD.

Otho remains an enigma - part profligate Neronian wastrel and part conscientious military commander willing to give his life for the good of the state. Our sources are at a loss to explain the paradox. Neither Otho's person nor his bearing suggested such great courage. He is said to have been of moderate height, splay-footed and bandy-legged, but almost feminine in his care of his person. He had the hair of his body plucked out, and because of the thinness of his locks wore a wig so carefully fashioned and fitted to his head, that no one suspected it. Moreover, they say that he used to shave every day and smear his face with moist bread, beginning the practice with the appearance of the first down, so as never to have a beard; also that he used to celebrate the rites of Isis publicly in the linen garment prescribed by the cult.

AR Denarius (18mm, 3.20 gm). Bare head left / Securitas standing left, holding wreath and sceptre. RIC I 12; RSC 19. Fine. Ex-CNG
2 commentsecoli
0114.jpg
0114 - Denarius Julia Domna 198-209 ACObv/ IVLIA AVGVSTA, draped bust of J.D. r.
Rev/ SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis standing right, polos on head, stepping on to prow of ship before her, holding wreath in right hand and naked Horus in left; behind her, ship stern and rudder.

Ag, 18.4 mm, 2.63 g
Mint: Roma.
BMCRE V/75 – RIC IV.1/577 [C]
ex-Gitbud & Naumann, eBay may 2011 - art. #1605899480471
dafnis
18.jpg
018 Poppaea. AE26 10.46gmobv: draped and cressent bust r.
rev:headress of ISIS, TI-E to eather side, all within wreath
" 2nd wife of Nero "
hill132
9pius.jpg
018a03. Antoninus PiusAE drachm. 33mm, 20.09 g. Alexandria, Egypt. Dated Regnal Year 11 (AD 147/8). Obv: AYT K T AIΛ A?P-ANTΩNЄINOC CЄB ЄYC, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Antoninus Pius right, seen from behind. Rev: Isis enthroned right, suckling the infant Harpocrates; L ЄNΔ-Є-KATOV (date) around. Emmett 1585.lawrence c
020-Vespasian_Billon-Tetradrachm,_Alexandria,_AYTOK-KAIS_SEBA-OYESPASIANOY,_L-Gamma_Isis-head-right_K-G-20_29_Q-001_axis-0h_23-25mm_12,14g-s~0.jpg
020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2430, AR-Tetradrachm, LΓ, Isis bust right, #1020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2430, AR-Tetradrachm, LΓ, Isis bust right, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, laureate head of Vespasianus right.
reverse: LΓ, Isis bust right.
exergue: -/LΓ//--, diameter: 25mm, weight: 12,14g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LΓ) 3 = 70-71 A.D.,
ref: RPC II 2430, Geissen-287, Dattari-379, Kapmann-Ganschow-20.29-p-69, Milne- ,
Q-001
quadrans
032_Hadrianus_(117-138_A_D_),_Billon-Tetradrachm,_Milne-1433v_D-1851v_,_Alexandria,_L_IH_Year-18_Q-001_0h_mm_gx-s.jpg
032p Hadrianus (117-138 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC III 5881, AE-Drachm, L I H//--, Osiris and Isis, #1032p Hadrianus (117-138 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC III 5881, AE-Drachm, L I H//--, Osiris and Isis, #1
avers: AΥT KAIC TPAIAN AΔPIANOC CEB, Laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
reverse: Canopic jars of Osiris and Isis within the shrine, uraeus crown in pediment, L I H, in between.
exergue: L I H//--, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Egypt, Alexandria, date: 133-134 A.D., Year (IH)18.,
ref:
RPC III 5881,
Emmet -IH,
Milne 1418-1422,
Geissen-1107-1108,
Dattari-1661-1662,
Kampmann-Ganschow 032.590,
BMC 0779-0780,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
haakon-iii-1-ii.jpg
038 Haakon SverressonBracteate quarter-penny of Haakon III Sverresson (?), king of Norway 1202-1204
Mint: Unknown (or Hamar)
Schive VII:10
NM.13

This bracteate penny, with the letter H, might be from the Hamar mint, or might be assigned to Haakon III, the son of Sverre Sigurdsson, who was king for a short time in the early 13th century. His untimely death, possibly from poison, led to a succession crisis, and worsening of internal strife. Haakon's son, also named Haakon, ultimately would survive and became one of medieval Norway's greatest kings.

Ex- Oslo Myntgalleri auction 36 (lot 318)
St. George's Collection
gallienus~0.jpg
046a. GallienusCo-Augustus (with Valerian) 253 -260
Sole Augustus 260 - 268

After Valerian was seized by the Sasanids, Gallienus took control in the midst of a security crisis. It did not get any better for him as the central government lost control of Gaul, Britain, and Spain. Gallienus had shown earlier that he was an able commander, but he was unable to cope with the multiple threats. In operations against Aureolus, Gallienus killed by one of his own officers. Future emperors Claudius II and Aurelian were involved in the plot.

Coin: Antoninianus. 253-254 AD. Antioch. Joint Reign. Obv: IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate bust right, draped and cuirassed. Rev: VOTA ORBIS, Two Victories affixing shield inscribed SC to a palm tree. RIC 459 (j)
lawrence c
Julia-Domna_AR-Den_IVLIA-AVGVSTA_SAECVLI-FELICITAS_Roma-RIC-577_RSC-174_200-AD_Q-001_0h_19,5mm_2,50g-s.jpg
050 Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 577, AR-Denarius, SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis standing right, #1050 Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 577, AR-Denarius, SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis standing right, #1
avers: IVLIA AVGVSTA, Bust draped right.
reverse: SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis, wearing peaked head-dress, standing right with left foot on prow, nursing infant Horus at her breast, the altar at left against which rests a rudder.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 19,5mm, weight: 2,50g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 196-211 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 577, p-170, RSC 174,
Q-001
quadrans
Julia-Domna_AR-Den_IVLIA-AVGVSTA_SAECVLI-FELICITAS_Roma-RIC-645_C-177_Q-001_18-19mm_3,01g-s.jpg
050 Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 577, AR-Denarius, SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis standing right, #2050 Julia Domna (170-217 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 577, AR-Denarius, SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis standing right, #2
avers: IVLIA AVGVSTA, Bust draped right.
reverse: SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis, wearing peaked head-dress, standing right with left foot on prow, nursing infant Horus at her breast, the altar at left against which rests a rudder.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 2,63g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 196-211 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 577, p-170, RSC 174,
Q-002
2 commentsquadrans
RI 065g img.jpg
065 - Julia Domna denarius - RIC 577Obv:– IVLIA AVGVSTA, Draped bust right
Rev:– SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis, wearing polos on head, standing right, left foot on prow, holding Horus; behind, rudder resting against altar.
Reverse Legend –
Minted in Rome
References:– RIC 577
maridvnvm
Antiochus_VII_2.jpg
0690 Antiochus VII Euergetes - AE double unitAntioch
138-137 BC
diademed bust of Eros right
headdress of Isis
BAΣIΛEΩΣ / ANTIOXOY / EYEPΓETOY
(Δ scepter)
branch / EOP
SC II 2067; SNG Spaer 1900; BMC 52
5,6g 17mm
ex Dionysos numismatik
J. B.
94.jpg
094 Claudius II Gothicus. bill. antoninianusobv: IMP C CLADIUS AG rad. drp. bust r.
rev: SALVS AVG Isis std. l. holding sistrum and basket
ex: epsilon
hill132
coin194.JPG
106a. CrispinaCrispina married the sixteen year-old, Commodus in the summer of 178 and brought him, as a dowry, a large number of estates. These, when added to the Imperial holdings, gave him control of a substantial part of Lucanian territory. The actual ceremony was modest but was commemorated on coinage and largesse was distributed to the people. An epithalamium for the occasion was composed by the sophist Julius Pollux.

Upon her marriage, Crispina received the title of Augusta, and thus, became Empress of the Roman Empire as her husband was co-emperor with her father-in-law at the time. The previous empress and her mother-in-law, Faustina the Younger, having died three years prior to her arrival.

Like most marriages of young members of the nobiles, it was arranged by paters: in Crispina's case by her father and her father-in-law, Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Crispina probably meant little to her egocentric husband though she was a beautiful woman. The other possible reason being that Commodus was known to prefer the company of men. Crispina is described as being a graceful person with a susceptible heart, but there is no medal extant of her.

As Augusta, Crispina was extensively honoured with public images, during the last two years of her father-in-law's reign and the initial years of her husband's reign. She did not seem to have any significant political influence over her husband during his bizarre reign. However, she was not exempted from court politics either as her sister-in-law, Lucilla, was an ambitious woman and was reportedly jealous of Crispina, the reigning empress, due to her position and power.

Crispina's marriage failed to produce an heir due to her husband's inability, which led to a dynastic succession crisis. In fact, both Anistius Burrus (with whom Commodus had share his first consulate as sole ruler) and Gaius Arrius Antoninus, who were probably related to the imperial family, were allegedly put to death 'on the suspicion of pretending to the throne'.

After ten years of marriage, Crispina was falsely charged with adultery by her husband and was banished to the island of Capri in 188, where she was later executed. After her banishment, Commodus did not marry again but took on a mistress, a woman named Marcia, who was later said to have conspired in his murder.

Crispina, wife of Commodus, 177-192, AE Dupondius or As (24x25mm), aVF. Sear RCV 6018. Obv. CRISPINA AVGVSTA, draped bust right. Rev. IVNO LVCINA S C, Juno standing left holding patera and scepter. The coin is brown and green, on a squarish flan.
ecoli
227_1.jpg
11. Kleopatra VII Thea Neotera. 51-30 BC. AR Tetradrachm Kleopatra VII Thea Neotera. 51-30 BC. AR Tetradrachm (26mm, 13.21 g, 12h). Alexandreia mint. Dated RY 7 (46/5 BC). Diademed bust of Ptolemy I(?) right, wearing aegis / Eagle with closed wings standing left on thunderbolt, palm frond over shoulder; LZ (date) over headdress of Isis to left, ΠΑ to right. Svoronos 1821; SNG Copenhagen –; DCA 70 corr. (date is reported). Tan surfaces, area of weak strike, some porosity. VF. Rare date, only four noted by Svoronos, one in CoinArchives.
1 commentsLordBest
17457717_10155114938012232_4780613556318406928_n.jpg
13. Antiochos VII EuergetesSELEUKID KINGS of SYRIA. Antiochos VII Euergetes (Sidetes). 138-129 BC. Æ Antioch mint. Dated SE 179 (134/3 BC). Winged bust of Eros right / Isis headdress; monogram above grain ear to outer left, ΘOP (date) below. SC 2067.14; HGC 9, 1087. VF, earthen green patina.ecoli
c36.jpg
13. Seleucid Kingdom, Antiochos VII Euergetes Sidetes, Antioch Bronze AE 19, SNG Spaer 1902, SGCV II 7098 var, Antioch mint, Sep 138 - Aug 137 B.C.; obverse head of Eros right, wreathed with myrtle; reverse BAΣIΛEΩΣ ANTIOXOΥ EΥEΡΓETOΥ, head-dress of Isis, apluster or branch above EOP (year 175) below, ΔI monogram outer leftecoli
DiocleAnt.jpg
1301a, Diocletian, 284-305 A.D. (Antioch)DIOCLETIAN (284 – 305 AD) AE Antoninianus, 293-95 AD, RIC V 322, Cohen 34. 20.70 mm/3.1 gm, aVF, Antioch. Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate bust right, draped & cuirassed; Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, I/XXI. Early Diocletian with dusty earthen green patina.


De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)


Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina


Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.

Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.

Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.

In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.

Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.

Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.

Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.

Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.

By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.

Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.

.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.

In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.

Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."

Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.

Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

1 commentsCleisthenes
DicletianConcordCyz.jpg
1301b, Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 March 305 A.D.Diocletian. RIC V Part II Cyzicus 256 var. Not listed with pellet in exegrue
Item ref: RI141f. VF. Minted in Cyzicus (B in centre field, XXI dot in exegrue)Obverse:- IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Reverse:- CONCORDIA MILITVM, Diocletian standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left with scepter.
A post reform radiate of Diocletian. Ex Maridvnvm.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)


Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina


Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.

Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.

Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.

In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.

Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.

Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.

Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.

Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.

By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.

Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.

.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.

In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.

Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."

Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.

Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.


Cleisthenes
RICHARD_II_.JPG
1377 - 1399, Richard II, AR Halfpenny struck at London, EnglandObverse: + RICARD : REX : ANGL. Crowned facing bust of Richard II within circle of pellets. Cross pattée in legend.
Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON. Long cross pattée dividing legend around inner circle of pellets into quarters, trefoil in each quarter of circle.
Type II, intermediate style, lombardic n's in 'LONDON'
Diameter: 13mm | Weight: 0.55gms | Die Axis: 12h
SPINK: 1699 | North: 1331b

Richard II was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Edward III's heir, Edward the Black Prince, was Richard's father but he died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent. When Edward III died the following year, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne.
During Richard's first years as king the government was in the hands of a series of regency councils which were under the control of Richard's uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock. England then faced various problems, most notably the Hundred Years' War. Another major challenge of the reign was the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, a crisis which the young king played a central part in suppressing.

1 comments*Alex
Val.jpg
1501s, Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. (Siscia)Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D., Bronze AE 3, S 4103, VF, Siscia mint, 2.012g, 18.7mm, 180o, 24 Aug 367 - 17 Nov 375 A.D.obverse D N VALENTINI-ANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse SECVRITAS - REIPVBLICAE, Victory advancing left, wreath in right and palm in left, symbols in fields, mintmark in exergue.


De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of the Roman Emperors and their Families

Valentinian I (364-375 AD.)


Walter E. Roberts, Emory University

Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. Flavius Valentinianus, was born in A.D. 321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His father Gratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills. Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officer to tribune, to comes Africae, and finally [i/comes Britanniae.

The emperor Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently of natural causes, on the border between Bithynia and Galatia. The army marched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. The assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian.

On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As he prepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent a crisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick a co-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded by Valentinian’s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperial authority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also be construed as a move to appease any opposition among the civilian officials in the eastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint a co-ruler, he assured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority would remain in the east to protect their interests. After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting him in charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done over the objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however, that Valens was clearly subordinate to his brother.

Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modern scholars praise Valentinian for his military accomplishments. He is generally credited with keeping the Roman empire from crumbling away by “. . . reversing the generally waning confidence in the army and imperial defense . . ..” Several other aspects of Valentinian's reign also set the course of Roman history for the next century.

Valentinian deliberately polarized Roman society, subordinating the civilian population to the military. The military order took over the old prestige of the senatorial nobility. The imperial court, which was becoming more and more of a military court, became a vehicle for social mobility. There were new ideas of nobility, which was increasingly provincial in character. By this it is meant that the imperial court, not the Senate, was the seat of nobility, and most of these new nobles came from the provinces. With the erosion of the old nobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy of Christianity. Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of a systematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of the senatorial aristocracy. Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus’ allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige.

Valentinian's reign affords valuable insights into late Roman society, civilian as well as military. First, there was a growing fracture between the eastern and western portions of the empire. Valentinian was the last emperor to really concentrate his resources on the west. Valens was clearly in an inferior position in the partnership. Second, there was a growing polarization of society, both Christian versus pagan, and civil versus military. Finally there was a growing regionalism in the west, driven by heavy taxation and the inability of Valentinian to fully exercise military authority in all areas of the west. All of these trends would continue over the next century, profoundly reshaping the Roman empire and western Europe.

By Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
1 commentsCleisthenes
ValentGlRom.jpg
1501s, Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. (Siscia)Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. Bronze AE 3, RIC 5(a) ii, VF, Siscia, 1.905g, 19.3mm, 0o, 25 Feb 364 - 24 Aug 367 A.D. Obverse: D N VALENTINI-ANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: GLORIA RO-MANORVM, Emperor dragging captive with right, labarum (chi-rho standard) in left, •GSISC in exergue.


De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of the Roman Emperors and their Families

Valentinian I (364-375 AD.)


Walter E. Roberts, Emory University

Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. Flavius Valentinianus, was born in A.D. 321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His father Gratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills. Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officer to tribune, to comes Africae, and finally [i/comes Britanniae.

The emperor Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently of natural causes, on the border between Bithynia and Galatia. The army marched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. The assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian.

On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As he prepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent a crisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick a co-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded by Valentinian’s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperial authority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also be construed as a move to appease any opposition among the civilian officials in the eastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint a co-ruler, he assured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority would remain in the east to protect their interests. After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting him in charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done over the objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however, that Valens was clearly subordinate to his brother.

Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modern scholars praise Valentinian for his military accomplishments. He is generally credited with keeping the Roman empire from crumbling away by “. . . reversing the generally waning confidence in the army and imperial defense . . ..” Several other aspects of Valentinian's reign also set the course of Roman history for the next century.

Valentinian deliberately polarized Roman society, subordinating the civilian population to the military. The military order took over the old prestige of the senatorial nobility. The imperial court, which was becoming more and more of a military court, became a vehicle for social mobility. There were new ideas of nobility, which was increasingly provincial in character. By this it is meant that the imperial court, not the Senate, was the seat of nobility, and most of these new nobles came from the provinces. With the erosion of the old nobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy of Christianity. Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of a systematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of the senatorial aristocracy. Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus’ allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige.

Valentinian's reign affords valuable insights into late Roman society, civilian as well as military. First, there was a growing fracture between the eastern and western portions of the empire. Valentinian was the last emperor to really concentrate his resources on the west. Valens was clearly in an inferior position in the partnership. Second, there was a growing polarization of society, both Christian versus pagan, and civil versus military. Finally there was a growing regionalism in the west, driven by heavy taxation and the inability of Valentinian to fully exercise military authority in all areas of the west. All of these trends would continue over the next century, profoundly reshaping the Roman empire and western Europe.

By Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
L2_Laodicea_ad_Lycum.jpg
1589 Laodicea ad Lycum - AEPythes Pythou, magistrate in office for the second time
13-37 AD
laureate bust of Apollo right, lyre right
ΛΑΟΔΙΚΕΩΝ
altar surmounted by headdress of Isis
ΠΥΘΗΣ // ΠΥΘΟΥ
ΔΙΣ
RPC I, 2909; BMC 62, Cop 511
https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/1/2909
3,0g 13mm
ex Naumann
J. B.
1660_-_1685_CHARLES_II_Fourpence.JPG
1660 - 1685, CHARLES II, AR Fourpence, Struck 1660 - 1662 at London, EnglandObverse: • CAROLVS • II • D • G • MAG • BR • FR • ET • HIB • REX • crown (mintmark). Legend within two pearl circles around crowned bust of Charles II facing left, IIII (mark of value) behind bust.
Reverse: • CHRISTO • AVSPICE • REGNO • crown (mintmark). Legend within two pearl circles around shield bearing Royal coat of arms. The reverse legend translates as 'Christ take care of the kingdom'.
Third issue from London
Diameter: 22mm | Weight: 1.95gms | Die Axis: 12h
SPINK: 3324

Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 and King of Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Ireland) from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.
Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on the 30th of January 1649 at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland, six days later, on the 5th of February, proclaimed Charles II king. England, however, did not recognise Charles II as king and entered the period known as the English Commonwealth, with a government led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on the 3rd of September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became Lord Protector of England and Charles spent the next nine years in exile, residing in various European countries.
The political crisis in England that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy whereby Charles II was invited to return to the throne of England and, on the 29th of May 1660, he was received in London to public acclaim. Although Charles II was not recognised as king in England until 1660, all his legal documents in Britain were dated from 1649, the year when he had succeeded his father as king in Scotland.
1 comments*Alex
1294_P_Sabina_RPC1935.jpg
1935 AEOLIS, Cyme Sabina IsisReference.
RPC III, 1935/4; Mu SNG 546

Obv. СΑΒΕΙΝΑ СΕΒΑСTH
Draped bust of Sabina, r., with hair coiled and piled on top of head above double stephane

Rev. ΚΥΜΑΙωΝ (retrograde)
Isis standing l., holding Harpocrate on her r. arm and resting with her l. hand on sceptre

4.13 gr
18 mm
12h
okidoki
1721_P_Sabina_RPC_1935_8.jpg
1935 AEOLIS, Cyme Sabina IsisReference.
RPC III, 1935/8; Mu SNG 546

Obv. СΑΒΕΙΝΑ СΕΒΑСTH
Draped bust of Sabina, r., with hair coiled and piled on top of head above double stephane

Rev. ΚΥΜΑΙωΝ (retrograde)
Isis standing l., holding Harpocrate on her r. arm and resting with her l. hand on sceptre

4.07 gr
18 mm
12h
okidoki
rjb_2010_10_10a.jpg
193cJulia Domna
AR denarius
Obv "IVLIA AVGVSTA"
Draped bust right
Rev "SAECVLI FELICITAS"
Isis seated right on prow, infant Harpocrates in arms
Rome mint
RIC 577
mauseus
LVerusAsTrophies.jpg
1bl Lucius Verus161-169

As
166-167

Laureate head, right, L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX
3 trophies, TR P VII IMP III[I] COS III

RIC 1464

Son of Aelius Caesar and adopted son of Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius elevated his adoptive brother to co-ruler in 161. The Parthians launched an attack against Roman Syria that it had planned before the death of Pius, and Marcus, with the agreement of the Senate, dispatched Lucius to deal with the crisis. According to the Historia Augusta, "Verus, of course, after he arrived in Syria, lived in luxury at Antioch and Daphne, although he was acclaimed imperator while waging the Parthian war through legates." This coin's reverse honors his military victory over the Parthians in 165.

The Historia Augusta describes Verus: He was physically handsome with a genial face. His beard was allowed to grow almost in Barbarian style. He was a tall man, his forehead projected somewhat above his eyebrows, so that he commanded respect. . . In speech almost halting, he was very keen on gambling, and his way of life was always extravagant.
Blindado
TrebGallusAEVim.jpg
1cu Trebonianus Gallus251-253

AE Viminacium

Laureate, draped bust, right, IMP C GALLVS P FELIX AVG
Moesia standing facing, head left, hands outstretched over a bull and a lion at her sides, PMS COL VIM

Moushmov 56

For Gallus' perfidy against Decius, see the Decius entry. Zosimus reports regarding Gallus' reign: Gallus, who declared his son Volusianus his associate in the empire, published an open declaration, that Decius and his army had perished by his contrivance. The Barbarians now became more prosperous than before. For Callus not only permitted them to return home with the plunder, but promised to pay them annually a sum of money, and allowed them to carry off all the noblest captives; most of whom had been taken at Philippopolis in Thrace.

Gallus, having made these regulations, came to Rome, priding himself on the peace he had made with the Barbarians. And though he at first spoke with approbation of Decius's mode of government, and adopted one of his sons, yet, after some time was elapsed, fearing that some of them who were fond of new projects might recur to a recapitulation of the princely virtues of Decius, and therefore might at some opportunity give the empire to his son, he concerted the young man's destruction, without regard either to his own adoption of him, or to common honour and justice.

Gallus was so supine in the administration of the empire, that the Scythians in the first place terrified all the neighbouring nations, and then laid waste all the countries as far by degrees as the sea coast; not leaving one nation subject to the Romans unpillaged, and taking almost all the unfortified towns, and many that were fortified. Besides the war on every side, which was insupportably burdensome to them, the cities and villages were infested with a pestilence, which swept away the remainder of mankind in those regions; nor was so great a mortality ever known in any former period.

At this crisis, observing that the emperors were unable to defend the state, but neglected all without the walls of Rome, the Goths, the Borani, the Urugundi, and the Carpi once more plundered the cities of Europe of all that had been left in them; while in another quarter, the Persians invaded Asia, in which they acquired possession of Mesopotamia, and proceeded even as far as Antioch in Syria, took that city, which is the metropolis of all the east, destroyed many of the inhabitants, and carried the remainder into captivity, returning home with immense plunder, after they had destroyed all the buildings in the city, both public and private, without meeting with the least resistance. And indeed the Persians had a fair opportunity to have made themselves masters of all Asia, had they not been so overjoyed at their excessive spoils, as to be contented with keeping and carrying home what they had acquired.

Meantime the Scythians of Europe were in perfect security and went over into Asia, spoiling all the country as far as Cappodocia, Pesinus, and Ephesus, until Aemilianus, commander of the Pannonian legions, endeavouring as much as possible to encourage his troops, whom the prosperity of the Barbarians had so disheartened that they durst not face them, and reminding them of the renown of Roman courage, surprised the Barbarians that were in that neighbourhood. Having destroyed great numbers of them, and led his forces into their country, removing every obstruction to his progress, and at length freeing the subjects of the Roman empire from their ferocity, he was appointed emperor by his army. On this he collected all the forces of that country, who were become more bold since his successes against the Barbarians, and directed his march towards Italy, with the design of fighting Gallus, who was as yet. unprepared to contend with him. For Gallus had never heard of what had occurred in the east, and therefore made only what accidental preparations were in his reach, while Valerianus went to bring the Celtic and German legions. But Aemilianus advanced with great speed into Italy, and the armies were very near to each other, when the soldiers of Gallus, reflecting that his force was much inferior to the enemy both in number and strength, and likewise that he was a negligent indolent man, put him and his son to death, and going over to the party of Aemilianus, appeared to establish his authority.
Blindado
savaria_01-stone_of_the_Caesars.JPG
2008-Savaria - The stone of the CaesarsOn the top of the red granite stone a sun-dial shows the time, and has six emperor relief. All of them played a significant role in the development of this town:
Claudius founded in AD 43 as Colonia Claudia Savaria;
during the reign of Domitian the town became a religion centre;
Emperor Trajan settled military troops from the civilians and they fought in Dacian War;
during the reign of Septimius Severus was built an Isis shrine;
Diocletian made the centre of jury during the Great Persecution;
and finally Constantine the Great, who partitioned Pannonia four province and Savaria was the capital of Pannonia Prima.
berserker
rjb_cii_1_12_08.jpg
268Claudius II 268-70 AD
AE antoninianus
Antioch mint
Obv "IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG"
Radiate head left
Rev "SALVS AVG"
Isis walking left holding sistrum and basket
RIC 217
1 commentsmauseus
ConClVISis169a.jpg
305-306 AD - Constantius I Chlorus - RIC VI Siscia 169a - GENIO POPVLI ROMANIEmperor: Constantius I Chlorus (r. 305-306 AD)
Date: 305-306 AD
Condition: aVF
Denomination: Quarter-Follis

Obverse: CONSTANTIVS AVG
Emperor Constantius
Head right; laureate

Reverse: GENIO POP-VLI ROMANI
To the Genius of the Roman Public.
Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, right holding patera, left cornucopiae.
Exergue: SIS (Siscia mint, no officina mark)

RIC VI Siscia 169a
2.38g; 18.7mm; 165°
Pep
MaxIIVISis170bvar.jpg
305-308 AD - Maximinus II Daia as Caesar - RIC VI Siscia 170b var - GENIO POPVLI ROMANICaesar: Maximinus II Daia (Caes. 305-308 AD)
Date: 305-306 AD
Condition: Fine/aEF
Denomination: Quarter-Follis

Obverse: GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C
Galerius Valerius Maximinus Noble Caesar
Head right; laureate

Reverse: GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI
To the Genius of the Roman Public.
Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera in right hand, cornucopiae in left hand.
Exergue: SIS (Siscia mint, no officina mark)

RIC VI Siscia 170b var (P-V listed); VM 14
2.05g; 18.3mm; 180°
Pep
ConVIISis5.jpg
307-337 AD - Constantine I - RIC VII Siscia 005 - IOVI CONSERVATORIEmperor: Constantine I (r. 307-337 AD)
Date: 313-315 AD
Condition: Very Fine
Denomination: Follis

Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG
Imperator Constantine Emperor Wise and Dutiful Emperor
Bust right; laureate

Reverse: IOVI CON-SERVATORI
To Jupiter, the Protector.
Jupiter standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, leaning on scepter, Victory on globe in right hand; eagle with wreath to left.
Exergue: SIS; "Δ" in right field (Siscia mint, fourth officina)

RIC VII Siscia 5
2.92g; 21.2mm; 180°
Pep
ConVIISis7.jpg
307-337 AD - Constantine I - RIC VII Siscia 007 - IOVI CONSERVATORIEmperor: Constantine I (r. 307-337 AD)
Date: 313-315 AD
Condition: Very Fine
Denomination: Follis

Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG
Imperator Constantine Emperor
Bust right; laureate

Reverse: IOVI CON-SERVATORI
To Jupiter, the Protector.
Jupiter standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, leaning on sceptre, Victory on globe in right hand; eagle with wreath to left.
"B" in right field
Exergue: SIS (Siscia mint, second officina)

RIC VII Siscia 7
2.57g; 21.1mm; 165°
Pep
ConVIISis47.jpg
307-337 AD - Constantine I - RIC VII Siscia 047 - VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERPEmperor: Constantine I (r. 307-337 AD)
Date: 318 AD
Condition: VF
Denomination: AE3

Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
Imperator Constantine Dutiful and Wise Emperor
Bust right; laureate helmet, cuirassed

Reverse: VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP
Joyful victories of the long-lived princes.
Two standing Victories facing one another, together holding shield inscribed VOT/PR on altar.
Exergue: ΔSIS* (Siscia mint, fourth officina)

RIC VII Siscia 47; VM 90
2.79g; 19.6mm; 225°
Pep
ConVIISis59.jpg
ConVIISis219.jpg
307-337 AD - Constantine I - RIC VII Siscia 219 - GLORIA EXERCITVSEmperor: Constantine I (r. 307-337 AD)
Date: 330-333 AD
Condition: aVF
Size: AE3

Obverse: CONSTANTI-NVS MAX AVG
Supreme Emperor Constantine
Bust right; rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS
Glory of the Army.
Two soldiers standing facing one another, spear in outer hand, inner hand on shield resting on ground; between them two standards.
Exergue: ?SIS (Siscia mint, unknown officina)

RIC VII Siscia 219; VM 93
2.18g; 19.0mm; 180°
Pep
coin245.JPG
308. Valerian IRIC 209 Valerian I 253-260 AD AR Antoninianus of Moesia. Radiate draped bust/Aequitas standing holding balance and cornucopia.

Publius Licinius Valerianus (ca. 200-260), known in English as Valerian, was Roman emperor from 253 to 260. His full Latin title was IMPERATOR · CAESAR · PVBLIVS · LICINIVS · VALERIANVS · PIVS FELIX · INVICTVS · AVGVSTVS — in English, "Emperor Caesar Publius Licinus Valerianus Pious Lucky Undefeated Augustus."

Unlike the majority of the usurpers of the crisis of the third century, Valerian was of a noble and traditional Senatorial family. Details of his early life are elusive, but his marriage to Egnatia Mariniana who gave him two sons: Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus and Valerianus Minor is known.

In 238 he was princeps senatus, and Gordian I negotiated through him for Senatorial acknowledgement for his claim as Emperor. In 251, when Decius revived the censorship with legislative and executive powers so extensive that it practically embraced the civil authority of the Emperor, Valerian was chosen censor by the Senate. Under Decius he was nominated governor of the Rhine provinces of Noricum and Raetia and retained the confidence of his successor, Trebonianus Gallus, who asked him for reinforcements to quell the rebellion of Aemilianus in 253. Valerian headed south, but was too late: Gallus' own troops killed him and joined Aemilianus before his arrival. The Raetian soldiers then proclaimed Valerian emperor and continued their march towards Rome. At the time of his arrival in September, Aemilianus' legions defected, killing him and proclaiming Valerian emperor. In Rome, the Senate quickly acknowledged him, not only for fear of reprisals, but also because he was one of their own.

Valerian's first act as emperor was to make his son Gallienus colleague. In the beginning of his reign the affairs in Europe went from bad to worse and the whole West fell into disorder. In the East, Antioch had fallen into the hands of a Persian vassal, Armenia was occupied by Shapur I (Sapor). Valerian and Gallienus split the problems of the Empire between the two, with the son taking the West and the father heading East to face the Persian threat.

By 257, Valerian had already recovered Antioch and returned the Syrian province to Roman control but in the following year, the Goths ravaged Asia Minor. Later in 259, he moved to Edessa, but an outbreak of plague killed a critical number of legionaries, weakening the Roman position. Valerian was then forced to seek terms with Shapur I. Sometime towards the end of 259, or at the beginning of 260, Valerian was defeated and made prisoner by the Persians (making him the only Roman Emperor taken captive). It is said that he was subjected to the greatest insults by his captors, such as being used as a human stepladder by Shapur when mounting his horse. After his death in captivity, his skin was stuffed with straw and preserved as a trophy in the chief Persian temple. Only after Persian defeat in last Persia-Roman war three and a half centuries later was his skin destroyed.
ecoli
coin247.JPG
309. GallienusOne of the key characteristics of the Crisis of the Third Century was the inability of the Emperors to maintain their hold on the Imperium for any marked length of time. An exception to this rule was the reign of the Emperor Gallienus. The fact that Gallienus served as junior Emperor with his father, Valerian, from 253 to 260 may have had something to do with his successes. Father and son each wielded his authority over a smaller area, thus allowing for more flexible control and imperial presence. Another, more probable reason, lay in Gallienus's success in convincing Rome that he was the best man for the job. However, Gallienus had to handle many rebellions of the so-called "Gallienus usurpers".

In 260, Valerian was taken prisoner by Sapor, King of Persia while trying to negotiate a peace settlement. Although aware that his father had been taken alive (the only Emperor to have suffered this fate), Gallienus did not make public Valerian's death until a year later. His decision hinged on the fact that Romans believed that their fate rose and fell with the fate of the Emperor, which in turn depended upon his demonstrating the proper amount of piety (Latin pietas) to the gods and maintaining their favor. A defeated Emperor would surely have meant that the gods had forsaken Valerian and, by extension, Gallienus.

Gallienus's chief method of reinforcing his position is seen in the coinage produced during his reign (see Roman currency). The coinage provides clear evidence of a successful propaganda campaign. Gallienus took pains to make sure that he was regularly represented as victorious, merciful, and pious. The people who used these coins on a daily basis saw these messages and, with little evidence to the contrary, remained supportive of their Emperor.

There were, however, those who knew better. During Gallienus' reign, there was constant fighting on the western fringes of the Empire. As early as 258, Gallienus had lost control over a large part of Gaul, where another general, Postumus, had declared his own realm (typically known today as the Gallic Empire). As Gallienus' influence waned, another general came to the fore. In time-honored tradition, Claudius II Gothicus gained the loyalty of the army and succeeded Gallienus to the Imperium.

In the months leading up to his mysterious death in September of 268, Gallienus was ironically orchestrating the greatest achievements of his reign. An invasion of Goths into the province of Pannonia was leading to disaster and even threatening Rome, while at the same time, the Alamanni were raising havoc in the northern part of Italy. Gallienus halted the Allamanic progress by defeating them in battle in April of 268, then turned north and won several victories over the Goths. That fall, he turned on the Goths once again, and in September, either he or Claudius, his leading general, led the Roman army to victory (although the cavalry commander Aurelian was the real victor) at the Battle of Naissus.

At some time following this battle, Gallienus was murdered during the siege of usurper Aureolus in Mediolanum; many theories abound that Claudius and Aurelian conspired to have the emperor killed. Be that as it may, Claudius spared the lives of Gallienus' family — Gallienus' wife, Iulia Cornelia Salonina, had given him three sons: Valerianus (who died in 258), Saloninus (died in 260 after becoming co-emperor), and Egnatius Marinianus — and had the emperor deified.

Gallienus Antoninianus - Minerva
OBVERSE: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right
REVERSE: MINERVA AVG, Minerva standing right with spear and shield.
23mm - 3.7 grams
ecoli
coin508.JPG
314. Claudius IIMarcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus (May 10, 213/214 - January, 270), more often referred to as Claudius II, ruled the Roman Empire for less than two years (268 - 270), but during that brief time, he was so successful and beloved by the people of Rome that he attained divine status.

His origin is uncertain. Claudius was either from Syrmia (Sirmium; in Pannonia Inferior) or from Dardania (in Moesia Superior). Claudius was the commander of the Roman army that defeated decisively the Goths at the battle of Naissus, in September 268; in the same month, he attained the throne, amid charges, never proven, that he murdered his predecessor Gallienus. However, he soon proved to be less than bloodthirsty, as he asked the Roman Senate to spare the lives of Gallienus' family and supporters. He was less magnanimous toward Rome's enemies, however, and it was to this that he owed his popularity.

Claudius, like Maximinus Thrax before him, was of barbarian birth. After an interlude of failed aristocratic Roman emperors since Maximinus's death, Claudius was the first in a series of tough soldier-emperors who would eventually restore the Empire from the Crisis of the third century.

At the time of his accession, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The most pressing of these was an invasion of Illyricum and Pannonia by the Goths. Not long after being named emperor (or just prior to Gallienus' death, depending on the source), he won his greatest victory, and one of the greatest in the history of Roman arms.

At the Battle of Naissus, Claudius and his legions routed a huge Gothic army. Together with his cavalry commander, the future Emperor Aurelian, the Romans took thousands of prisoners, destroyed the Gothic cavalry as a force and stormed their chariot laager (a circular alignment of battle-wagons long favored by the Goths). The victory earned Claudius his surname of "Gothicus" (conqueror of the Goths), and that is how he is known to this day. More importantly, the Goths were soon driven back across the Danube River, and a century passed before they again posed a serious threat to the empire.

While this was going on, the Germanic tribe known as the Alamanni had crossed the Alps and attacked the empire. Claudius responded quickly and swiftly, routing the Alamanni at the Battle of Lake Benacus in the late fall of 268, a few months after the battle of Naissus. He then turned on the "Gallic Empire", ruled by a pretender for the past 15 years and encompassing Britain, Gaul and Spain. He won several victories and soon regained control of Spain and the Rhone river valley of Gaul. This set the stage for the ultimate destruction of the Gallic Empire under Aurelian.

However, Claudius did not live long enough to fulfill his goal of reuniting all the lost territories of the empire. Late in 269 he was preparing to go to war against the Vandals, who were raiding in Pannonia. However, he fell victim to an epidemic of plague and died early in January of 270. Before his death, he is thought to have named Aurelian as his successor, although Claudius' brother Quintillus briefly seized power.

The Senate immediately deified Claudius as "Divus Claudius Gothicus", making him one of the few Roman emperors of the period to be so honored.

Historia Augusta reports Claudius and Quintillus having another brother named Crispus and through him a niece. Said niece Claudia reportedly married Eutropius and was mother to Constantius Chlorus. Historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication by Constantine the Great.

Claudius II Gothicus AE Antoninianus. Cyzicus mint. IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped bust right / FORTUNA REDUX, Fortuna standing left with rudder & cornucopiae. RIC 234, Cohen 88.
ecoli
CrisVIISis181.jpg
316-326 AD - Crispus - RIC VII Siscia 181 - CAESARVM NOSTRORVMCaesar: Crispus (Caes. 316-326 AD)
Date: 321-324 AD
Condition: Fine/VF
Denomination: Follis

Obverse: IVL CRIS-PVS NOB C
Julius Crispus Noble Caesar
Bust right; laureate
Possible damnatio mark

Reverse: CAESARVM NOSTRORVM
VOT X in two lines inside laurel wreath.
The Prince of our people offers vows so that he may serve for a prosperous ten years.
Exergue: ASIS (Siscia mint, first officina)

RIC VII Siscia 181; VM 10
2.84g; 19.4mm; 195°
Pep
ConIIVIISis220_2.jpg
316-337 AD - Constantine II as Caesar - RIC VII Siscia 220 - GLORIA EXERCITVS - 2nd ExampleCaesar: Constantine II (Caes. 316-337 AD)
Date: 330-333 AD
Condition: Fine
Size: AE3

Obverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C
Constantine Junior Noble Caesar
Bust right; laureate and cuirassed

Reverse: GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS
Glory of the Army.
Two soldiers standing and facing one another, spear in outer hand, inner hand on shield resting on ground, two standards between them.
Exergue: ESIS (Siscia mint, fifth officina)

RIC VII Siscia 220; VM 45
1.77g; 18.6mm; 195°
Pep
CtVIISis238.jpg
ConstplsVIISis241.jpg
CtVIIISis93.jpg
337-350 AD - Constans - RIC VIII Siscia 093 - GLORIA EXERCITVSEmperor: Constans (r. 337-350 AD)
Date: 337-340 AD
Condition: aVF
Size: AE3

Obverse: CONSTAN-S P F AVG
Constans Dutiful and Wise Emperor
Bust right; rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS
Glory of the Army.
Two helmeted soldiers standing facing; heads turned towards each other; each holds an inverted spear and rests on a shield; between them, a standard with a Chi-Rho on the banner.
Exergue: ΓSIS (Siscia mint, third officina)

RIC VIII Siscia 93; VM 51
1.55g; 17.8mm; 15°
Pep
CtVIIISis183.jpg
337-350 AD - Constans - RIC VIII Siscia 183 - VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NNEmperor: Constans (r. 337-350 AD)
Date: 347-348 AD
Condition: aVF
Size: AE4

Obverse: CONSTAN-S P F AVG
Constans Dutiful and Wise Emperor
Bust right; rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN
The victories of our Lords and Emperors.
Two Victories standing facing one another, each holding wreath and palm.
Exergue: ASIS (Siscia mint, first officina)

RIC VIII Siscia 183; VM 57
1.49g; 15.5mm; 180°
Pep
CtVIIISis192.jpg
337-350 AD - Constans - RIC VIII Siscia 192 - VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NNEmperor: Constans (r. 337-350 AD)
Date: 347-348 AD
Condition: Fine
Size: AE4

Obverse: CONSTAN-S P F AVG
Constans Dutiful and Wise Emperor
Bust right; rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN
The victories of our Lords and Emperors.
Two Victories standing facing one another, each holding wreath and palm.
"" in center field.
Exergue: ΓSIS (Siscia mint, third officina)

RIC VIII Siscia 192; VM 57
1.41g; 16.5mm; 15°
Pep
CsIIVIIISis194.jpg
337-361 AD - Constantius II - RIC VIII Siscia 194 - VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NNEmperor: Constantius II (r. 337-361 AD)
Date: 347-348 AD
Condition: Fine
Size: AE4

Obverse: CONSTANTI-VS P F AVG
Constantius Dutiful and Wise Emperor
Bust right; rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN
Two Victories standing facing one another, each holding wreath and palm.
in center field
Exergue: ?SIS (Siscia mint, unknown officina)

RIC VIII Siscia 194; VM 81
1.56g; 16.2mm; 30°
Pep
Dscn9636.jpg
35 Coins, Uncleaned Lot - Negotin, Serbia Area - 08-28-2015This lot consists of late Roman coins during and after the Constantian dynasty. It also has a few Roman Provincial coins, one Medieval coin, some crisis and decline era coins and a few other unknown coins. This lot is not a hoard but a random selection of coins found in random locations in Negotin, Serbia.Gil-galad
JulVIIISis370.jpg
355-360 AD - Julian II as Caesar - RIC VIII Siscia 370 - FEL TEMP REPARATIOCaesar: Julian II (Caes. 355-360 AD)
Date: 355-358 AD
Condition: aFine
Size: AE4

Obverse: DN IVLIANVS NOB CAES
Our Lord Julian Noble Caesar
Bust right; bare-headed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: FEL TEMP - REPARATIO
The restoration of happy times.
Helmeted soldier to left, shield on left arm, spearing falling horseman, shield on ground at right, horseman wears pointed cap, turns to face soldier and extends left arm.
"M" in left field
Exergue: ?SIS (Siscia mint, unknown officina)

RIC VIII Siscia 370
2.00g; 16.7mm; 30°
Pep
60661q00.jpg
4) Cleopatra Tetradrachm of AlexandriaThis coin was issued in the first year of Cleopatra's reign, which would place it around 50 B.C. while she was was still in a relationship with Julius Caesar. Twenty years later, she and Antony would commit suicide after their defeat at Actium, ending the reign of the Pharaohs of Egypt.

Silver tetradrachm, Svoronos 1817 (Ptolemaios XIII); SNG Cop 398; Cohen DCA 70; BMC Ptolemies p. 1817, 2 (Ptolemaios XIII); Noeske 363; Hosking 129; SNG Milan -, gVF, toned, Paphos mint, weight 9.476g, maximum diameter 25.6mm, die axis 0o, 51 - 50; obverse diademed bust right (feminized bust of Ptolemy I or Cleopatra?), wearing aegis; reverse PTOLEMAIOU BASILEWS, eagle standing left on thunderbolt, wings closed, palm behind over right wing, LB (year 2) over crown of Isis left, PA right

Purchased from FORVM
RM0010
1 commentsSosius
25385q00.jpg
4) Cleopatra VIICleopatra VII (maybe)
Bronze dichalkon, 1.491g, 11.5mm, 0o, Paphos mint

Diademed bust of Cleopatra VII as Isis right, hair in melon-coiffure / PTOLEMAIOU - BASILEWS, double cornucopia flanked by ribbons

Kreuzer p. 44, first illustration; Svoronos 1160 (Ptolemy IV); SNG Cop 649; Weiser -, Fine.

Caption per FORVM catalog:
Kreuzer, in his book The Coinage System of Cleopatra VII and Augustus in Cyprus, assembles evidence dating this type to Cleopatra VII instead of the reign of Ptolemy IV used in older references.

Purchased from FORVM
RM0004
Sosius
Cleo_VII_Paphos_5.jpg
4) Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator, 51 - 30 B.C.CLEOPATRA VII
Bronze dichalkon, Paphos mint

Diademed bust of Cleopatra VII as Isis r., hair in melon-coiffure / ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ−ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ, double cornucopia flanked by ribbons

Kreuzer p. 44, 1st illustr; Svoronos 1160 (Ptolemy IV); Weiser -; SNG Cop 649. VF
RM0022
Sosius
coin199.JPG
401. DiocletianThe Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.

AE Follis. IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right / GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left with chlamys, patera from which liquor flows & cornucopiae
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coins432.JPG
501b. CrispusIn 326, Crispus was suddenly executed according to the orders of his own father in Pola, Istria. Though the decision of Constantine was certainly cruel and unexpected, historians remain more interested in the motivation leading to it.

Zosimus in the 5th century and Joannes Zonaras in the 12th century both reported that Fausta, step-mother of Crispus, was extremely jealous of him. She was reportedly afraid that Constantine would put aside the sons she bore him. So, in order to get rid of Crispus, Fausta set him up. She reportedly told the young Caesar that she was in love with him and suggested an illegitimate love affair. Crispus denied the immoral wishes of Fausta and left the palace in a state of a shock. Then Fausta said to Constantine that Crispus had no respect for his father, since the Caesar was in love with his father's own wife. She reported to Constantine that she dismissed him after his attempt to rape her. Constantine believed her and, true to his strong personality and short temper, executed his beloved son. A few months later, Constantine reportedly found out the whole truth and then executed his wife Fausta at the end of 326.

This version of events has become the most widely accepted, since all other reports are even less satisfactory.

A treason against Constantine jointly plotted by Fausta and Crispus is rejected by most historians. They would have nothing to gain considering their positions as favourites of Constantine.

Another version suggests that Constantine killed Crispus because as an illegitimate son, he would cause a crisis in the order of succession to the throne. However, Constantine had kept him at his side for twenty years without any such decision. Constantine also had the authority to appoint his younger, legitimate sons as his heirs. Nevertheless, Crispus' status as a legitimate or illegitimate son remains uncertain.

Some reports claimed that Constantine was envious of the success of his son and afraid of him. This seems improbable, given that Constantine had twenty years of experience at Emperor while Crispus was still a young Caesar. Similarly, there seems to be no evidence that Crispus had any ambitions to harm or displace his father.

So while the story of Zosimus and Zonaras seems the most believable one, there are also problems relating to their version of events.

Constantine's reaction suggest that he suspected Crispus of a crime so terrible that death was not enough. Crispus also suffered damnatio memoriae, meaning his name was never mentioned again and was deleted from all official documents and monuments. Crispus, his wife Helena and their son were never to be mentioned again in historical records. The eventual fate of Helena and her son is a mystery.

Constantine may have been eventually convinced of Crispus' innocence. But he did not restore his son's innocence and name, as he probably would have on learning of his son's innocence. Perhaps Constantine's pride or shame at having executed his son prevented him from publicly admitting having made a mistake.

Beyond doubt there was a connections between the executions of Crispus and Fausta. Both happened too close in time to be coincidental. Such agreement among different sources connecting the two deaths is extremely rare in itself. A number of modern historians have suggested that Crispus and Fausta really did have an illegitimate affair. When Constantine found out, his reaction was executing both of them. What delayed the death of Fausta may have been a pregnancy. Since the years of birth for the two known daughters of Constantine and Fausta remain unknown, one of their births may have delayed their mother's execution.


Crispus, 316-326, Bronze Reduced Anepigraphic Follis, RIC-VII-53-R5, struck 324-325 at Antioch, 1.87 grams, 17.9 mm. Nice VF

Obv: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Crispus facing left
Rev: CRISPVS CAESAR SMANTZ - Legend and mint signature in three lines, star above, dot below

An excessively rare coin of Crispus. Nicely centered and struck with even wear to both surfaces. Important and MUCH nicer than the image projects.

Ex-Glenn Woods
ecoli
895_P_Hadrian_Emmett866_03.jpg
5145 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Tetradrachm 118-19 AD IsisReference.
RPC III, 5145/5; Dattari-Savio Pl. 67, 1395 (this coin); Emmett 866.3

Issue L Γ = year 3

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙС ΤΡΑΙΑΝΟС ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС СƐΒ
Laureate head of Hadrian, r., drapery on l. shoulder

Rev. L Γ
Reverse design draped bust of Isis, crowned with taenia, disc and horns, r.

12.37 gr
24 mm
12h

Note.
From the Dattari collection.
1 commentsokidoki
151_P_Hadrian__Emmett_866_r5.jpg
5206 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Tetradrachm 119-20 AD IsisReference.
RPC III, 5206/4; Emmett 866.4; Dattari 1396; Kampmann & Ganschow 32.116.;Köln--; Milne 937

Issue L Δ = year 4

Obv. AΥT KAI TΡAI AΔΡIA CEB
Laureate bust r., drapery on l. shoulder

Rev. L-Δ
Draped bust of Isis right with Isiscrown, wearing her horned solar crown.

12.87 gr
23 mm
12 h.
okidoki
1237_P_Hadrian_RPC5206_3.jpg
5206 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Tetradrachm 119-20 AD IsisReference.
RPC III, 5206/3; Emmett 866.4; Kampmann & Ganschow 32.116.;Köln--; Milne 937; Dattari-Savio Pl. 67, 1396 (this coin).

Issue L Δ = year 4

Obv. AΥT KAI TΡAI AΔΡIA CEB
Laureate bust r., drapery on l. shoulder

Rev. L-Δ
Draped bust of Isis, crowned with taenia, disc and horns, right

13.89 gr
23 mm
12h
1 commentsokidoki
417_P_Hadrian_Emmett828.jpg
5434 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Tetradrachm 123-24 AD Canopic jar of IsisReference.
Emmett 828.8; Dattari 1310; Köln 851; Milne 1051: RPC III, 5434

Issue L H = year 8

Obv. AVT KAIC TPAINA∆PIANOC CEB
Laureate head right, aegis at shoulder.

Rev. L-H date across field
Canopic jar of Isis wearing headdress

12.79 gr

Note.
Isis
Goddess of health, marriage, and wisdom
okidoki
810_P_Hadrian_Emmett866_06.JPG
5440 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Tetradrachm 123-24 AD IsisReference.
RPC III, 5440; Emmett 866.8; Dattari 1398 ; Köln 855

Issue L H = year 8

Obv. AΥT KAI TΡAI AΔΡIA CEB
Laureate head of Hadrian right, wearing aegis

Rev. L-H
Draped bust of Isis right with Isiscrown, wearing her horned solar crown

12.11 gr
22 mm
12h
1 commentsokidoki
802_P_Hadrian_Emmett1093.jpg
5748 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Hemidrachm 129-30 AD Isis Pharia standing Reference.
Emmett 1093.14; Dattari-Savio Pl. 85, 7711 (this coin). RPC III, 5748.23 (this coin cited).Corr. (holding Situla)

Issue L IΔ = year 14

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙ - ΤΡΑΙ ΑΔΡΙΑ СƐΒ
Laureate draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian, r., seen from rear

Rev. L ΙΔ
Isis Pharia advancing, r., head r., holding sistrum and sail with situla

12.64 gr
29 mm
12h

Note.
From the Dattari collection.
1 commentsokidoki
374_P_Hadrian_Emmett_1189.jpg
5764 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Dichalkon 129-30 AD Headdress of IsisReference.
RPC III, 5764; Emmett 1189.14; Milne 1293; Köln 1019; Dattari 1918

Issue L IΔ = year 14

Obv.
Laureate head right.

Rev. L IΔ
Headdress of Isis.

1.66 gr
14 mm

Note.
Isis
Goddess of health, marriage, and wisdom
okidoki
65_P_Hadrian_Emmett_1038.jpg
5813 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Diobol 131-32 AD Isis as motherReference.
Emmett 1138.16 Köln 1046; K&G 32.530; RPC III, 5813

Issue L IÏš = year 16

Obv. AVT KAI TPAI AΔPIA CEB
Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right.

Rev. L IÏ‚ (date) across field.
Isis enthroned right, nursing Harpocrates, holding a lotus bud

10.47 gr
24 mm
12h
okidoki
668_P_Hadrian_Emmett1000_17.jpg
5837 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Drachm 132-33 AD Isis Pharia standingReference.
Emmett 1000.17; RPC III, 5837/22; Milne 1372; Dattari 1757

Issue L IZ = year 17

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙС ΤΡΑΙΑΝ - ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС СƐΒ
laureate draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian, r., seen from rear

Rev. LI Z
Isis Pharia advancing, r., holding sistrum and sail.

26.87 gr
34 mm
12h
`
Note.
Pars coins; Roma Numismatics Limited
E-SALE 19 449
okidoki
624_P_Hadrian_Emmett1002.jpg
5838 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Drachm 132-33 AD Isis Pharia standingReference.
Emmett 1002.17; RPC III,5838/32; Köln 1078 var. (placement of date); Dattari (Savio) 765-6 var. (same); K&G 32.547; Milne -; SNG Hunterian 1078 var. (same); BMC 756.

http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/3/5838/32/

Issue L IZ = year 17

Obv. AVT KAIC TPAIAN • AΔPIANOC CЄB
Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right

Rev. L IZ (date= year 17) in exergue.
Isis Pharia standing right, holding sistrum and billowing sail, before Pharos of Alexandria.

21.08 gr
34 mm
12h
1 commentsokidoki
715_P_Hadrian_Emmett828_17.jpg
5858 EGYPT, Alexandria Hadrian Diobol 132-33 AD Canopic jar of IsisReference.
Emmett 1118.17; RPC III, 5858; Köln 1074

Issue L IZ = year 17

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙС ΤΡΑΙΑΝ - ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС СƐΒ
laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian, r., seen from front.

Rev. L ΙΖ
Canopic jar of Isis wearing headdress and on pillow

8.20 gr
25 mm
12h
okidoki
1250_P_Hadrian_RPC5893.jpg
5893 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Drachm 133-34 AD Isis Pharia advancingReference.
RPC III, 5893; Emmett 1000.18; Köln 1117

Issue L IH = year 18

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙС ΤΡΑΙΑΝ - ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС СƐΒ
Laureate draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian, r., seen from rear

Rev. L ΙΗ
Isis Pharia advancing, right, holding sistrum and sail

22.41 gr
32 mm
12h
3 commentsokidoki
1495_P_Hadrian_RPC.jpg
5893A EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Drachm 133-34 AD Isis Pharia standingReference.
Emmett 1000.18; RPC III, 5893A

Issue L IH = year 18

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙС ΤΡΑΙΑΝ - ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС СƐΒ
Laureate draped and cuirassed bust of Hadrian, r., seen from rear

Rev. LI H
Isis Pharia advancing, r., head l., holding sistrum and sail

22.64 gr
32.5 mm
12h
1 commentsokidoki
502_P_Hadrian_Emmett1002_18.jpg
5895 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Drachm 133-34 AD Isis Pharia Reference.
Emmett 1002.18; RPC III, 5895; Köln 1121-2; Dattari (Savio) 1768; K&G 32.588

Issue L IH = year 18

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙС ΤΡΑΙΑΝ - ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС СƐΒ
Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind.

Rev. L IH
Isis Pharia, holding billowing sail, sailing right before the Pharos of Alexandria, which is surmounted by a statue and two Tritons.

22.63 gr
33 mm
h
1 commentsokidoki
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