| Image search results - "Interregnum" |
033 Albert., King of Hungary, (1437-1439 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-592, C2-135B, U-461.h., P-127-07, #01033 Albert., King of Hungary, (1437-1439 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-592, C2-135B, U-461.h., P-127-07, #01
avers: ✠ m•ALBЄRTI•R•VnGARIЄ••, Patriarchal Cross, K-R over +, in a circle, line border.
reverse: Four-part shield (Hungarian stripes in the middle, Czech lion, Austrian band, Moravian eagle around), the border of dots,
exergue, mint mark: K/R over +//-- , diameter: 14,0-14,5mm, weight: 0,47g, axis: 1h,
mint: Hungary, Körmöcbánya (Kremnitz, today Slovakia: Kremnica, Konrad Rudel by Pohl), date:1439 A.D. (by Pohl), ref: Huszár-592, CNH-2-135B, Unger-461.h., Pohl-127-07,
Q-001
This coin was struck under the Interregnum I. (1439-1440 A.D.) with the name of Abert!
 quadrans
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033 Albert., King of Hungary, (1437-1439 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-592, C2-135B, U-461.q., P-127-09, #01033 Albert., King of Hungary, (1437-1439 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-592, C2-135B, U-461.q., P-127-09, #01
avers: ✠ m•ALBЄRTI•R•VnGARIЄ••, Patriarchal Cross, C-⚜, in a circle, line border.
reverse: Four-part shield (Hungarian stripes in the middle, Czech lion, Austrian band, Moravian eagle around), the border of dots,
exergue, mint mark: C/⚜//-- , diameter: 13,5-14,5mm, weight: 0,39g, axis: 7h,
mint: Hungary, Kassa (today Slovakia: Kosice, City coin by Pohl), date:1440 A.D. (by Pohl), ref: Huszár-592, CNH-2-135B, Unger-461.q., Pohl-127-09,
Q-001
This coin was struck under the Interregnum I. (1439-1440 A.D.) with the name of Abert!
quadrans
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033 Albert., King of Hungary, (1437-1439 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-592, C2-135B, U-461.s., P-127-11, #01033 Albert., King of Hungary, (1437-1439 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-592, C2-135B, U-461.s., P-127-11, #01
avers: ✠ m•ALBЄRTI•R•VnGARIЄ••, Patriarchal Cross, K-P, in a circle, line border.
reverse: Four-part shield (Hungarian stripes in the middle, Czech lion, Austrian band, Moravian eagle around), the border of dots,
exergue, mint mark: K/P//-- , diameter: 13,5-14,0mm, weight: 0,48g, axis: 4h,
mint: Hungary, Körmöcbánya (Kremnitz, today Slovakia: Kremnica, Konrad Polner by Pohl), date:1440 A.D. (by Pohl), ref: Huszár-592, CNH-2-135B, Unger-461.s., Pohl-127-11,
Q-001
This coin was struck under the Interregnum I. (1439-1440 A.D.) with the name of Abert!
quadrans
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034 Interregnum I., No King of Hungary, (1439-1440 A.D.) AR Denarius, U-464-a., Scarce!, #01034 Interregnum I., No King of Hungary, (1439-1440 A.D.) AR Denarius, U-464-a., Scarce!, #01
avers: K • + on R; border of dots.
reverse: Four-part shield (Hungarian stripes in the middle, Czech lion, Austrian band, Moravian eagle around), border of dots.
exergue, mint mark: K/+/R//-- were struck by Konrad Rudel (by Pohl), diameter: 14mm, weight: 0,50g, axis:8h,
mint: Hungary, Körmöcbánya (Kremnitz, today Slovakia: Kremnica), date:1439-1440 A.D., ref: Unger-464-a., CNH-2-137, Huszáar-595, Pohl-133-01,
Q-001quadrans
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034 Interregnum I., No King of Hungary, (1439-1440 A.D.) AR Denarius, U-464-a., Scarce!, #02034 Interregnum I., No King of Hungary, (1439-1440 A.D.) AR Denarius, U-464-a., Scarce!, #02
avers: K • + on R; border of dots.
reverse: Four-part shield (Hungarian stripes in the middle, Czech lion, Austrian band, Moravian eagle around), border of dots.
exergue, mint mark: K/+/R//-- were struck by Konrad Rudel (by Pohl), diameter: 14,4 mm, weight: 0,56g, axis:4-5h,
mint: Hungary, Körmöcbánya (Kremnitz, today Slovakia: Kremnica), date:1439-1440 A.D., ref: Unger-464-a., CNH-2-137, Huszár-595, Pohl-133-01,
Q-002quadrans
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036 Interregnum II., No King of Hungary (Civil War II.), (1444-1446 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-613, C2-152, U-480, P-173-0?, Scarce!, #01036 Interregnum II., No King of Hungary (Civil War II.), (1444-1446 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-613, C2-152, U-480, P-173-0?, Scarce!, #01
avers: ꙮ mOnЄTA•RЄGnI•VnGARIЄ•, Shield with Árpadian(Hungarian) stripes, the border of dots.
reverse: ꙮ DALmACIЄ•CROACIЄ•ЄT•, Patriarchal cross, mint-mark on each side A-ň, the border of dots.
exergue, mint mark: A/ň/-- were struck by Paulus Bánfi (by Pohl), diameter: 16,5mm, weight: 0,80g, axis: 4h,
mint: Hungary, Alsólendva, (Lendava, today Slovenia), date:1444-1446 A.D., ref: Huszár-613, CNH-2-152, Unger-480a., Pohl-173-0?,
Q-001quadrans
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036 Interregnum II., No King of Hungary (Civil War II.), (1444-1446 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-614, C2-153, U-481.?., P-174-0?, Rare!, #01036 Interregnum II., No King of Hungary (Civil War II.), (1444-1446 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-614, C2-153, U-481.?., P-174-0?, Rare!, #01
avers: Patriarchal cross, mint-mark on each side B-crescent/n, the border of dots.
reverse: Shield with Árpadian(Hungarian) stripes, the border of dots.
exergue, mint mark: B/crescent/n/--, diameter: 12,0-12,5mm, weight: 0,29g, axis: 2h,
mint: Hungary, Alsólendva, (Lendava, today Slovenia), date:1445-1446 A.D., ref: Huszár-614, CNH-2-153, Unger-481.?., Pohl-174-0?,
Q-001quadrans
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036 Interregnum II., No King of Hungary (Civil War II.), (1444-1446 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-614, C2-153, U-481.b., P-174-02, Scarce!, #01036 Interregnum II., No King of Hungary (Civil War II.), (1444-1446 A.D.) AR Denarius, H-614, C2-153, U-481.b., P-174-02, Scarce!, #01
avers: Patriarchal cross, mint-mark on each side B-*/n, the border of dots.
reverse: Shield with Árpadian(Hungarian) stripes, the border of dots.
exergue, mint mark: B/*/n/--, diameter: 12,0-13,0mm, weight: 0,75g, axis: 9h,
mint: Hungary, Buda, date:1445-1446 A.D., ref: Huszár-614, CNH-2-153, Unger-481.b., Pohl-174-02,
Q-001quadrans
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107 Severina (270-275 A.D.), T-3203 (Estiot), RIC V-I 019var, Antioch, AE-Antoninianus, CONCORDIA AVG, V//XXI, Emperor and Empress, R!107 Severina (270-275 A.D.), T-3203 (Estiot), RIC V-I 019var, Antioch, AE-Antoninianus, CONCORDIA AVG, V//XXI, Emperor and Empress, R!
avers:- SEVERINA-PF-AVG, Empress right, diademed, draped, on a lunar crescent. (E2)
revers:- CONCORDIA-AVG, Emperor togate (no laurel crown) standing right, clasping the hand of Empress standing left. (Emperor and Empress 1)
"A very interesting coin from the historical point of view as it belongs to the issues dating from Severina's interregnum after the assassination of Aurelian (september-november 275).
"As far as the organisation of coin production was concerned, we see that from the end of 274, certain officinae in some of the mints struck coins exclusively for Severina: this is the case with issues 2-4 at Lyon, issues 10-11 at Rome and issue 4 at Ticinum. After the death of Aurelian, the officinae are no longer shared between Aurelian and Severina: at Lyon, there is a 5th issue attested by coins in the name of Severina only, and the same applies to the 12th issue at Rome where the empress monopolizes the six active équipes, and the 5th issue at Ticinum, where all six officinae struck coins just for Severina. It is clear that the Empress as regent was exercising alone power and right to coin.
In fact the evidence shows that all eight mints that were active in the autumn of 275 across the Empire were producing issues in the name of Severina alone. The mint at Serdica struck coins for Severina with the legend Severina Augusta.The mint at Antioch exceptionally gave the Empress the titles P(ia) F(elix), normally reserved for emperors; on the reverse, the legend is changed from the plural form Concordia Augg (Augustorum) to the singular Concordia Aug, which may be expanded as Concordia Augustae. The type no longer shows the standard reverse, Aurelian shaking the hand of Concordia, but an anonymous male figure, now without laurel-wreath and sceptre, shaking the hand of Severina, who is easily recognizable by her characteristic hairdress and is shown in a larger size. At Alexandria, coins in the name of Severina continued to be struck as the mint received the news of Aurelian’s assassination, and stopped issuing his coins: the hoards from Karanis have 5 tetradrachms of the 7th year of Aurelian (that is after 29 August 275), but 25 of Severina."
(From the website Monnaies de l'Empire Romain / Roman Imperial Coinage 268-276 AD : http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/info/hist5#severine)"
by S. Estiot. Thank you S. Estiot.
exerg: V//XXI, diameter: 23mm, weight: 4,61g, axes: 0h,
mint: Antioch, iss-7, off-5, date: 275 A.D., ref: RIC-19var., T-3203 (Estiot), C-,
Q-001quadrans
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123b. RicimerMagister Militum 456-472
Ricimer, a Suevi and Visigoth, effectively controlled the Western Empire as the magister militum. After the death of Libius Severus in 465, Ricimer struck coins with his monogram during the interregnum before Anthemius was appointed Augustus. The period of the Ricimer coinage was 25 September 465 to 12 April 467.lawrence c
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316. Aurelian316. Aurelian
In 275, Aurelian marched towards Asia Minor, preparing another campaign against the Sassanids: the close deaths of Kings Shapur I (272) and Hormizd I (273), and the rise to power of a weakened ruler (Bahram I), set the possibility to attack the Sassanid Empire.
On on his way, the emperor suppressed a revolt in Gaul — possibly against Faustinus, an officer or usurper of Tetricus — and defeated barbarian marauders at Vindelicia (Germany).
However, Aurelian never reached Persia, since he was killed on his way. As an administrator, Aurelian had been very strict and handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. A secretary of Aurelian (called Eros by Zosimus) had told a lie on a minor issue. Scared of what the emperor might do, he told high ranking officials that the emperor wanted their life, showing a forged document. The notarius Mucapor and other high-ranking officiers of the Praetorian Guard, fearing punishment from the Emperor, murdered him in September of 275, in Caenophrurium, Thracia (modern Turkey).
Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing damnatio memoriae on the emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius, was deified as Divus Aurelianus.
Ulpia Severina, wife of Aurelian and Augusta since 274, is said to have held the imperial role during the short interregnum before the election of Marcus Claudius Tacitus to the purple.
Siscia mint. IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, radiate & cuirassed bust right / ORIENS AVG, Sol advancing left between two seated captives, holding up raised hand & whip, XXIT in ex. Cohen 158. RIC 255
ecoli
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379/1. Procilia - denarius (80 BC)AR Denarius (Rome, 80 BC)
O/ Laureate head of Jupiter right; S C downwards behind.
R/ Juno Sospita standing right, holding shield and hurling spear; snake before; L PROCILI/F downwards behind.
3.57g
Crawford 379/1 (104 obverse dies/116 reverse dies)
* Lucius Procilius:
The life of Procilius is sparsely known. Besides, he is the only recorded member of the gens Procilia for the Republic and the lack of a cognomen further indicates a humble origin. Dictionaries often record two different Procilius (a historian and a politician), but they were possibly the same person. Since there are 35 years between this denarius and the dated events of Procilius' life, the moneyer could have been the father of the politician and historian.
Regarding Procilius the historian, none of his writings has survived, even as fragments, but he is quoted by Varro about the origin of the Lacus Curtius on the Forum (Latin Language, v. 148), Pliny the Elder on a text related to Pompey (Natural History, viii. 2), and Cicero alludes that he wrote on Greek constitutions (Atticus, ii. 2). The scope of his works must have therefore been quite extensive. In the aforementioned letter, Cicero shows his dislike for Procilius, which is perhaps related to Procilius' political role.
Indeed, in other letters, Cicero mentions that Procilius was also a Tribune of the Plebs in 56, and that he was allied to Gaius Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger's cousin) and Marcus Nonius Sufenas, also Tribunes that year. They supported Publius Clodius Pulcher, Tribune in 59 and Aedile in 56, who -- as Tribune -- had banned Cicero from Rome for his repression of the Catiline Conspiracy, hence the animosity of Cicero towards Procilius. In 56, Pulcher and the three tribunes, including Procilius, prevented the elections from taking place, in order to force an interregnum, so that Crassus and Pompey could be chosen consuls for 55 (Cassius Dio, Roman History, xxxix. 27-33).
They used violence and bribery to prevent this election and were therefore sued. Cato and Sufenas were acquitted, but Procilius was found guilty on 4 July 54 (Cicero, Atticus, iv. 15). Apparently, he was not condemned for the complete illegality of his deeds, but because he had killed a man in his house; and Cicero complains that 22 judges on 49 still wanted to absolve him. In the following letter to Atticus (ii. 16), Cicero adds that there are rumors about Sufenas and his judges, possibly about corruption, but does not give more details.
The use of Juno Sospita refers to the town of Lanuvium, where she was worshiped, probably the hometown of Procilius.
Joss
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CHINA - WANG MANGCHINA -- Wang Mang (王莽) interregnum - 7-23 AD
Coin is AE Huo Qian - 14-23 AD (Second coinage reform). These coins are usually about 23 mm - but they can range larger or smaller. No special mintmarks on these coins. They were unpopular with most of the people - and his coinage was one of the things that led to the rebellion that brought down his XIN (New) Dynasty. (新朝)dpaul7
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CHINA - Wang Mang InterregnumCHINA - Wang Mang Interregnum (Xin Dynasty) 7-23AD. AE Xiao Qian Zhi Yi. "Small Qian Value One. Made 9-14 AD. Hartil #9.14.dpaul7
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China: Han Interregnum, Usurper Wang Mang, 7-22 A.D.China: Han Interregnum, Usurper Wang Mang, 7-22 A.D. AE24 mm, Cash. Obv: Huo Chuan. Schjoth-165.
"As soon as his [Wang Mang's] power was sufficiently consolidated, 3 years after his return to court, lists of his political opponents were drawn up, and hundreds were executed. Shortly after this he established a new penal colony in Tibet in the far West, a sort of ancient gulag. Unfortunately we have no direct account as to the nature of the crimes of those exiled to Tibet. In 6 AD the reins of power were still more firmly in his grasp, and Mang ordered his first reform of the coinage. Fundamentally this was a stratagem to nationalize the gold stocks, and put the empire back on a copper standard. Gold was requisitioned and exchanged against very high value bronze tokens. Two years later the tokens were demonetized. The cash assets of the aristocracy and the wealthy merchants must have been largely wiped out overnight. It is in the first couple of years of Mang's independent reign that the astonishing breadth of his reform proposals appear. His reforms include:
1) the abolition of slavery.
2) the nationalization of land.
3) standard plots of arable land for all adult males who wished to work them.
4) farming families grouped in hamlets of 6 or 8, with a common tax assessment.
5) a national bank offering fair rates of interest to all.
6) government market activity to counteract cornering and monopolization.
7) a new currency system in 15 denominations - circulating by government fiat.
8) defeat of the Huns
His new taxes include
taxes to be paid in cash or kind on cultivated land (one tenth)
triple rates to be paid on uncultivated land (parks and gardens etc.)
c) all self-employed or professional people outside farming shall register for income tax, which will be universally levied at 10% per annum. Those avoiding registration, or submitting false accounts to be sentenced to one years hard labour.
d) the state monopolies on iron, salt, silk, cloth and coinage to be retained
e) a new state monopoly on wine to be introduced.
Discussion of the proposals
1) Events in his private life show Mang's abhorrence of slavery. He vilified the political system of the legalists, established in the Chin dynasty (221-206 BC) specifically by alluding to the manner in which they established market places for male and female slaves, "putting human beings in auction pens as if they were cattle."
Reforms 2, 3, 5 & 6) The nationalization of land and its distribution amongst the peasant farmers themselves is of course one solution to the central economic problem in all pre-modern civilizations, (which presumably finds its roots in the bronze age and persisting right down to the machine age). Peasants must have security of tenure and just returns for their labour, otherwise they will not be encouraged to work effectively - and the state and all within it will thereby be impoverished. However if they are made private landowners then clever, unscrupulous, hard-working individuals within and outwith the peasantry will begin to gain land at the expense of their neighbours. The chief mechanisms of this gradual monopolization of the land by a class of people distinguished by their wealth are:
Preying upon private 'misfortune', (illness, death, and marriage expenses) by loansharking.
Preying upon public misfortunes (bad harvests) by loansharking.
Creating shortages by rigging the markets, exacerbating private and public misfortunes, and then loansharking.
Unfairly biasing tax assessments, creating and exacerbating private and public misfortunes, and then loansharking.
The end result of this tendency is likely to be that the bulk of farmers lack security of tenure and or just returns, and cease to work effectively, to the impoverishment of all. Reforms 2, 3 & 5 bear on this problem in an obvious way.
Reform 6 - the "Five Equalizations" is a little more complicated, so I shall explain it at greater length. Fundamentally it required the installation of government officials at the five important markets of the empire who would "buy things when they were cheap and sell them when they were dear." In more detail: "The superintendent of the market, in the second month of each of the four seasons, shall determine the true price of the articles under their responsibility, and shall establish high, middle and low prices for each type of item. When there are unsold goods on the market, the superintendent shall buy them up at the cost (low?) price. When goods become expensive (ie exceed the high price?) the superintendent shall intervene to sell goods from the official store (and thereby reduce the price)." The regulation thus allows markets to operate, but provides for state intervention to stop speculation . . . Mang's regulations allow for a review and revision of the trading bands four times a year.
4). In resettling the people securely on the land, Mang choose to group them into "chings" of 6 or 8 families - attempting to restore the traditional "well field" system. This provided for the regular exchange of land between the families, to give all a go at the best ground, and for joint responsibility for a common tax demand. The ching system was believed, by the Confucian party in the 1st century BC at least, to have been destroyed by the growth of mercantilist exploitation under the Chin legalists. There are hints that the state went on to use the ching structure in crime prevention measures, by making all members of the ching culpable for the unreported crime of any single member. The installation of a land nationalization scheme under the banner of a return to the ancient Chou system of 'chings' had a great deal of propaganda value amongst the Confucian elite which surrounded Mang. A sentimental view of rural working class life seems to be a common weakness amongst aristocratic and middle class intellectuals of all periods. Mang's own observations of the labouring poor would necessarily have been made at a distance - perhaps he too shared in this sentimental myopia. The evidence suggests that the peasantry did not welcome this aspect of the reforms
7) Food was the first concern of Confucian government, but coinage was the second. Only fair prices could encourage the farmers. Only markets could create fair prices. Only with coins could markets exist. Mang introduced a rational set of 15 denominations of coin, valued from 1 to 1,000 cash and circulated by government fiat. Mang did not invent the idea of fiat or fiduciary currency, a brief attempt had been made to circulate one in China a century earlier. However Mang was the first to systematically think through the matter in a practical context, and to apply it over a protracted period. Future successful ancient and medieval experiments with fiat currency, first in China, then in Japan and Central Asia, and unsuccessful ones in medieval India and Persia all looked back - directly or indirectly - to Mang. The first successful fully fiduciary currencies in Europe are products of the 20th century, more than 700 years after Europeans became aware of Chinese practices. (I am neglecting a great deal of late Roman copper coin here of course. I am by no means knowledgeable on such coins, but my understanding is that in principle, if not in practice, Rome was generally on the silver or the gold standard, and copper was exchangeable on demand.) On my own reading of the text, Mang's main concern is to get gold and silver off the market, so they could not be used to bid his tokens down - his coinage was intended to replace gold coinage, not supplement it."--Robert Tye
For a more complete study of Wang Mang, see Robert Tye's compositon about this enigmatic leader at http://www.anythinganywhere.com/info/tye/Wang%20Mang.htmCleisthenes
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Constantinopolis VICTORIA AVG from RomeConstantinopolis
A.D. 337
16mm 1.5g
CONSTANTINOPOLIS; laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
VICTORIA AVG; Victory stg. on prow, holding wreath and palm frond.
in ex. R palm Є
RIC VIII Rome 42
"This type, along with VRBS ROMA BEATA, was only struck in Rome, after the death of Constantine I. They were issued during an interregnum of some three months before his three sons were proclaimed Augusti on 9 Sept 337.
The Constantinopolis coin is different from the normal type for two reasons-- because it has a reverse legend of VICTORIA AVG while the normal type is anepigraphic and it also depicts Victory with a wreath and palm branch instead of the regular sceptre and shield. I believe that the reverse legend coupled with the new attributes of Victory are meant to reassure the citizens of Rome- Constantine's son was victorious (the legend VICTORIA AVG and the wreath) but now the Empire is at peace (the palm branch)."
Victor C
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Constantius II SECVRITAS REI P from RomeConstantius II
A.D. 337-340
17mm 1.5g
D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG; rosette diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right
SECVRITAS REI P; Securitas standing facing, legs crossed, head turned right, holding sceptre in right hand, left elbow leaning on column.
In ex. R❦P
RIC VIII Rome 15
After the death of Constantine on 22 May 337, there was an interregnum of some three months before his three sons were proclaimed Augusti on 9 Sept 337. It was during these three months that The Great Massacre occurred, when most of the other male members of Constantine's family and their supporters were killed. During this period all the mints continued producing the GLORIA EXERCITVS, but Rome, which was controlled by Constans, issued some new types. one of these was the SECVRITAS REI P. Constans wanted the citizens to believe that the security of the Empire had been protected by the massacre.
Ex Rath March 1989
ex-Failmezger plate #386CS
Victor C
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HUO CH'UANHSIN DYNASTY
Interregnum of Wang Mang, AD 7-23
23.1mm, 3.3g
S-149Samson L2
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Huszár 614, Pohl 174-7, Unger 481g, Réthy II 153Hungary. Interregnum (1445-1446). AR obulus, . 12 mm.
Obv: Shield with Árpádian stripes.
Rev: K–R (privy mark) in fields.
The type was struck in 1445 (per Unger) or 1445-1446 (per Pohl & Huszár). This privy mark was is a collective mark that was struck in Kremnitz (formerly Körmöcbánya, Hungary, now Kremnica, Slovakia) under a collective mark (per Pohl).
Huszár/Pohl rarity rating 8.Stkp
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Huszár 613, Pohl 173-3, Unger 480c, Réthy II 152 Hungary. Interregnum (1445-1446). AR denar, 18 mm.
Obv: + MOnETA • REGNI • VnGARIE •, Shield with Árpádian stripes.
Rev: * DALMACIE • CROACIE • ET • C, Patriarchal cross, B–*/n (privy mark) in fields.
The type was struck in 1445 (per Unger) or 1445-1446 (per Pohl & Huszár). This privy mark was struck in Buda (now Budapest) under palatin Héderváry, landeshauptmann (per Pohl).
Huszár/Pohl rarity rating 7.
Stkp
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Huszár 614, Pohl 174-2, Unger 481b, Réthy II 153Hungary. Interregnum (1445-1446). AR obulus, .26 gr., 14 mm.
Obv: Shield with Árpádian stripes.
Rev: B–*/n (privy mark) in fields.
The type was struck in 1445 (per Unger) or 1445-1446 (per Pohl & Huszár). This privy mark was is a collective mark that was struck in Buda (now Budapest) under palatin Héderváry, landeshauptmann (per Pohl).
Huszár/Pohl rarity rating 8.Stkp
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Interregnum, MacedoniaBronze coin
Macedonian shield with gorgoneion.
Helmet
3.94 gram
16.9 mm
AMNG 174, 7
cwonsidler
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KINGS OF MACEDON--INTERREGNUMca. 288-277BC
AE 16 mm, 3.68 g
O: Macedonian shield, with thunderbolt in center, surrounded by 5 crescent ornaments separated by stars
R: Macedonian helmet dividing B - A.
Sear Greek 6782laney
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Macedon Shield and helmetKings of Macedon, Interregnum (following overthrow of Demetrios Poliorketes), 288 - 277 BC, 16mm, Sear #6781
OBV: Macedonian shield, head of a gorgon at center
REV: helmet, B - A either side
SRukke
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Macedonia, InterregnumBronze coin
Macedonia, Interregnum
after 311 BC
Head of Herakles r.
BASILEWS
Bow in case and club; countermark.
5.05 gram
20.2 mm
AMNG 173, 1.
Ex Gerhard RohdePhiloromaos
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Macedonia, Kings, 016 Alexander III., (The Great, 356-323 B.C.), Price 2072, Miletos or Mylasa, AE-14, (Half Unit), Macedonian helmet, #1Macedonia, Kings, 016 Alexander III., (The Great, 356-323 B.C.), Price 2072, Miletos or Mylasa, AE-14, (Half Unit), Macedonian helmet, #1
avers: Macedonian shield with the dot in three circles in the center, surrounded by five double crescents.
reverse: Macedonian helmet (no B-A), corn-ear at lower left, K at lower right.
exergue: corn-ear/K//--, diameter: 13,5-13,7mm, weight:4,2g, axes:0h,
mint: Macedonia, Miletos or Mylasa mint, date: c. 336-323 B.C., ref: Price 2072,
Q-001quadrans
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MACEDONIAN KINGDOM AE16 Sear 6782, Macedonian helmetOBV: Macedonian sheild with thunderbolt at center
REV: B-A either side of Macedonian helmet
Struck at Macedonia in the interregnum during civil war, 288-277 BCLegatus
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OTTOMAN EMPIRE - Musa ChelebiOTTOMAN EMPIRE - Interregnum Period (1402-1413) Sultan Musa Chelebi (1410-1413), AR Akche, 813 AH, (c, 1410 AD), Erdine mint. Album lists this coin as RR. Sultan 302.dpaul7
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RIGA - Free CityRIGA - Free City (1561-1581) Billon Schilling, 1575. Obv.: City gate, +CIVITATIS - RIGENSIS Rev.: City arms divide date; *MONE * NO * ARGENTEA Reference: Fedorov 615.dpaul7
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Soter (Interregnum). Apollo Delphios Tetradrachm of ΔΕΛ mint near Antioch.Seleukids. Antiochos Soter (Interregnum). 246-244 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.85 gm, 32.6mm, 1h) of ΔΕΛ mint near Antioch on the Orontes. Diademed head of Antiochos I right. / Apollo Delphios seated left on omphalos, holding arrow, arm resting on grounded bow. ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ. VF. Bt. Herakles Numismatics, 2010. SC I ("Soter") #641; HGC 9 #295; Houghton CSE I #421 (Apamea); Le Rider Antioch de Syrie p.75 #31-35 (A4/P?); Newell WSM 1144 μ-ξ (same obv. die); SNG Spaer 413-414; SNG Cop 7 (Seleucid Kings) #102.Anaximander
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Ulpia Severina - A Coin of an Interregnum?Ulpia Severina, Augusta (274 AD), wife of Aurelian
Obv: SEVERINA AVG; Bust of Severina, diademed, draped, on a lunar crescent, facing right.
Rev: CONCORDIAE MILITVM; Concordia standing left, facing left, flanked by two standards, one in each hand, VI in left field, XXI in exergue.
Denomination: billion antoninianus; Mint: Antioch; Officina: 6th; Issue: 6; Date: early 275 to September 275 AD; Weight: 3.77g; Diameter: 23.3mm; Die axis: 180º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 20; MER - RIC 3198.
Notes:
Is this a coin of an interregnum?
That there was an interregnum, in the literal meaning of the word, between the murder of Aurelian and the Senatorial appointment of Tacitus as emperor is undisputed. What is disputed, however, is the length of the interregnum as well as its meaningfulness, i.e. for whatever period of interregnum that did exist, did Severina or the Senate actually rule the empire and thereby make decisions that engendered consequences and/or directed actions? This coin type (although not the only coin type) has played a part in the interregnum story. In Aurelian and the Third Century (London and New York: Routledge, 1999) Alaric Watson dedicates seven and a half pages (pp. 109 - 116) to discussing the interregnum, where he vociferously argues that there was no meaningful interregnum. As part of this discussion he references, on p. 115, this particular coin type and in footnote 66 he cites a number of sources that assign this type in the name of Severina to the period after Aurelian's death. For example:
Percy Webb in RIC, vol. V, part 1 (1927), pp. 4, 35, and 253 does not take a stance on the possible length of the interregnum, but on p. 253 he states that if the interregnum lasted eight months, then the mints certainly could not have been closed and so "...it is necessary to find coins representing their output."1 This coin type, dedicated to Concordia and in the name of Severina alone, might represent that output. In "The Imperial Recovery" (chapter nine of The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. XII, The Imperial Crisis and Recovery AD 193 - 324. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1939) Harold Mattingly acknowledges that although the length of the interregnum is in debate "... the coinage shows clearly that for some considerable period government was carried on in the name of the Empress Severina for the the dead Aurelian." (p. 310). In all officina for several mints the coinage of Severina, such as the "Concordia Militum" type "...bear witness to the conditions of the interregnum." (p. 310). In "The Reform of Aurelian" (Revue Numismatique, 6th series, vol. 7, 1965: 225 - 235) R. A. G. Carson mentions on pp. 233 and 234 that Severina's Concordia Militum type is for Severina alone, and that as such it was minted after the death of Aurelian (p. 233). Carson is not concerned with the question of an interregnum, but his placement of this coin type for Severina alone after Aurelian's death allows this coin type to be taken as evidence of an interregnum. Eugen Cizek in L’Empereur Aurélien Et Son Temps (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1994) also refers to this coin type (not by specific legend, but by reference to "concord with the soldiers") when discussing the interregnum. He notes that other scholars assign this coinage to the interregnum, a position that he appears to adopt. In Repostiglio della Venèra Nuovo Catalogo Illustrato Aureliano II/I (Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 1995) Sylviane Estiot also assigns this coin type to the period after Aurelian's death.2
But what of the coin here, this coin actually attributed to the 6th officina, mint of Antioch, 6th issue? Estiot attributes this coin not to an interregnal period between Aurelian and Tacitus, when Severina might have ruled in her own right. Rather, on p. 90 of "Aureliana" (Revue Numismatique, 6th series, vo. 150, 1995: 50 - 94) Estiot attributes this coin, because of exact parallelisms to Aurelian's coinage at Antioch at this time, to a period of joint coinage between Aurelian and Severina.3
Footnotes:
1He actually allows for the possibility of coinage even if the interregnum was short. See footnote 1, p. 253.
2I assume this to be the case. Although I have no reason to doubt Watson's citation I was unable to verify it because I am unable to obtain a copy of this book by Estiot.
3Also see Estiot, Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien (270 - 276 apres J.-C.). Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2004, pp. 28 (table 1) and 122.
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins March 11, 2019.
Photo credits: Forum Ancient Coins
Tracy Aiello
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VRBS ROMA BEATA from RomeVRBS ROMA BEATA
A.D. 337
17mm 2.0g
Obv. VRBS ROMA BEATA; helmeted and mantled bust of Roma left.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, wreath between two stars.
In ex. branch R Q branch
RIC VIII Rome 55
Struck during the three month interregnum after the death of Constantine I
Victor C
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[1117] Tacitus, 25 September 275 - 12 April 276 A.D.Silvered Antoninianus. RIC 210. Weight, Size. aVF. Minted in Antioch. Obverse:– IMP C M CL TACITVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse:– CLEMENTIA TEMP, Emperor standing right receiving globe from Jupiter, both holding scepters, Z below figures; XXI in exegrue. Ex Maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Tacitus (275-276 A.D.)
Robin Mc Mahon
New York University
Full name, Marcus Claudius Tacitus; name as Emperor, Imperator Caesar Marcus Claudius Tacitus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus. We have no reliable information on the earlier career of the Emperor Tacitus. All that is known with any degree of certainty is that in 273 he was consul along with Julius Placidianus. All the statements in the Historia Augusta regarding Tacitus' earlier career, including the claim he was related to the historian Tacitus, have been rejected by historians as fictitious. The most reliable sources for Tacitus' reign, Zosimus and Zonaras, state that he was chosen Emperor by the army following the assassination of Aurelian in the fall of 275, most likely in November. At the time of his elevation he was in Interamna (modern Terni, about 60 miles north of Rome). From there he made his way to Rome where he was confirmed as Emperor by the Senate. Tradition has it that he was 75 years old at the time, but there is no way to confirm this.
As Emperor, Tacitus first had Aurelian deified, then seized and executed many individuals involved in plotting Aurelian's murder. Tacitus then turned his attention to the defense of the Empire. Although the Franks, Alamanni, and Longiones posed threats in the north, Tacitus determined that the greater danger lay in the East. Aurelian had enlisted the aid of several barbarian tribes, including the Heruli and Maeotidae (referred to as Scythians in the sources), for a projected invasion of Parthia. Aurelian's murder cancelled these plans. Feeling cheated of their opportunity for plunder, the tribes attacked the Roman provinces in Asia Minor, overrunning Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia and Cilicia, and caused terrible destruction. Tacitus appointed his half-brother Florian Praetorian Prefect. They campaigned in the East against the invaders, winning Tacitus the title Gothicus Maximus.
Tacitus, however, did not long enjoy his victory: on his way back to Europe, he died. Zosimus and Zonaras preserve the report that Tacitus had appointed a relative of his, Maximinus, as governor of Syria. Maximinus was murdered; then the assassins, fearing Tacitus's reaction, murdered him. It was alleged that some of them had also had a hand in murdering Aurelian. The Historia Augusta more eccentrically reports that Tacitus became ill with a fever and started showing signs of megalomania: but as the month September Tacitus allegedly wanted named after himself dates his accession incorrectly, the story appears to be a fabrication. Tacitus died some time in June of 276. His memory was neither condemned nor deified.
Tacitus held the consulship at least twice, first in 273 and again in 276. There is numismatic evidence of a third consulship but there is no record of a third in any of the fasti, that is, the lists of consuls. Because of the paucity of the sources and the brevity of his reign, little can be said of his policies. It is unlikely that the military would choose as Emperor anyone like the contemplative, abstemious civilian the Historia Augusta portrays. A hint may be given by the fact that Tacitus's colleague in the consulship of 273, Julius Placidianus, commanded an army corps in Narbonensis and later went on to be a Praetorian Perfect. Nevertheless, some numismatic and epigraphic evidence suggests that Tacitus sought to strike a milder tone than his predecessor. Prominent among his coin legends is Clementia Temporum [the reverse type in my collection]. Unlike both Aurelian and Tacitus' successor, Probus, Tacitus did not take the title, deus et dominus natus ["born god and master"]. He also issued no Sol Invictus coins honoring Aurelian's favorite deity. Some of his coins revive the SC (senatus consulto) marking senatorial authority for the issue, which had been missing in previous reigns. Tacitus also used the Genius Senatus, inscriptions which had disappeared under Valerian. Further, in some inscriptions he is styled auctor verae libertatis ["originator of true liberty"], and on coins restitutor rei publicae ["restorer of the state"].
Historiography
Tacitus largely fell out of the ancient historiographical record. The best sources are Zosimus and Zonaras. The Historia Augusta creates its own fiction of Tacitus out of forged documents, bogus names and faulty chronology. Tacitus deserved better than oblivion or fabrication, having halted potentially serious raiding in the East.
Two problems emerge from the evidence for Tacitus's short reign. The first is the six-month interregnum said to have intervened between the death of Aurelian and Tacitus' accession. The years 260-285 have been the subject of close chronological scrutiny, and it has been shown that, although there might have been a brief interval between emperors (something not uncommon), amounting to a few weeks, anything longer is not possible. The error appears to have originated in the Latin historians, who confused the duration of Tacitus' and Florian's reign with the brief period between the reigns of Aurelian and Tacitus.
The second question is whether or not the edict of the Emperor Gallienus, which had excluded senators from military commands and any other dealings with the military, was set aside during the reigns of Tacitus and Florian. Aurelius Victor reports that Gallienus, acting largely through fear of revolts and usurpation, replaced the senators in military offices with Equites. Several passages in the Historia Augusta claim that these edicts were suspended for the duration of the reigns of Tacitus and Florian. The overwhelming consensus among historians, however, is that the passages in the Historia Augusta are unhistorical: no credible evidence suggests that Gallienus' edicts were even temporarily set aside.
Copyright (C) 2000, Robin Mc Mahon. Used by permission.
http://www.roman-emperors.org/tacitus.htm
Tacitus was an elderly senator in the reign of Aurelian, and after the latter's death was selected as Augustus by the senate. After personally leading his army in a successful campaign against a Gothic invasion, the emperor, aged around 75, died (Joseph Sermarini, FORVM;
http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=747&pos=0#Recovery%20of%20the%20Empire%20Coins).
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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[317mac] Macedonian Kingdom: Interregnum: 288-277 BC. AE16MACEDONIAN KINGDOM: INTERREGNUM. 288-277 BC. AE16. Obverse: Macedonian shield with small head facing in center; Reverse: Double crested Macedonian helmet with ear of corn in left lower field. Lindgren_1296. 15.30 mm. 2.9 gm. Some surface roughness, otherwise VF and an interesting transitional coin. Ex Inclinatiorama.
Following the overthrow of Demetrios Poliorketes by Lysimachos and Pyrrhos, there was a decade during which no ruler was able to control Macedon for very long. Most of the AE coins of this time are anonymous, though some AE's can be attributed to Pyrrhos and some silver to Lysimachos.
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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