Classical Numismatics Discussion Members' Coin Collection Photo Gallery

Image search results - "ITER"

Gordian III - Sestertius - 240/244
Ob.: IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG; laureate and draped bust right
Rev.: IOVI STATORI S C; Iupiter stg. head right, holds thunderbolt and sceptre.
gs. 16,1 mm. 31,7
Cohen 111, RIC 298aMaxentius

Gordian III - Sestertius - 240/244
Ob.: IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG; Laureate & draped bust right
Rev.: IOVI STATORI S C; Iupiter stg. left, head right, holds sceptre and thunderbolt.
gs 16,2 mm. 28,5
Cohen 111, RIC 298aMaxentius

Denarius - 43 BC. - PETILLIVS CAPITOLINVS - Gens Petillia
Ob.: Iupiter's head right; CAPITOLINVS behind.
rev.: hexastyle temple (Iupiter Capitolinus). PETILLIVS below.
gs. 3 mm. 18,8
Craw. 487/1, Sear RCV 4851 commentsMaxentius

Denarius - 124 B.C. - Mint of Rome
Q. FABIVS LABEO - Gens Fabia
Ob.:LABEO before, ROMA behind, helmeted head of Roma right, X below chin
Rev.: Jupiter in quadriga right, rostrum below; Q FABI in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 17,5x18,6
Craw. 273/1, Sear RCV 148.

Maxentius

Tacitus, 25 September 275 - 12 April 276 A.D.

Obverse:
Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right

AK K Λ TAKITOC CEB

AK: AVTOKRATOR is the equivalent of the Latin Imperator, 'emperor'.
K Λ is an abbreviation for K AV IOC, 'Claudius' transliterated into Greek.
TOK: TAKITOC= Tacitus
CEB: SEBASTOS (greek indication for augustus).

With the pellet between TOC . CEB

Reverse:
ETOVC A (year 1)

Dikaiosyne standing left holding scales in right hand and cornucopia in left. Diakaiosyne is the Greek equivalent of Aequitas ('Equity, Fair Dealing' to quote Sear).

Domination: Billon TETRAdrachm (4 drachms): size 21 mm

Mint: Alexandria, provincial.

Comment:
These Egyptian issues are not in RIC, but the old standard catalogue for these is Milne, where yours is no. 4492, with the pellet between TOC . CEB. They are also listed in the new Sear vol.III (though in not as much detail), where the nearest is 11831, which doesn't have the pellets in the obverse legend (Milne 4489). Other references : Curtis 1832, BMC 2403v ; Geissen 3115.
1 commentsPeter Wissing

Anonymous AR Quadrigatus or Didrachm. 215-213 BC.
Obv.: Laureate, janiform head of the Dioscuri
Rev.: Jupiter right, holding scepter & hurling thunderbolt, in a quadriga driven by Victory, ROMA below in a tablet.
Grs. 5,7 mm. 19,5x20,9
Craw. 29/3, Sear RCV 32

1 commentsMaxentius

AR Quinarius - 88 B.C.
CN. CORNELIVS LENTVLVS CLODIANVS - Gens Cornelia
Obv.: Laureate head of Jupiter right
Rev.: Victory right crowning trophy. In ex. CN LENT (NT in monogram)
Gs. 1,5 mm. 13,4x14,5
Crawford 345/2, Sear RCV 255

Maxentius

Denarius - 136 B.C. L Antestius Gragulus Gens Antestia
Ob.: Helmeted head of Roma right with XVI in monogram under the chin. GRAG behind
Rev.: Jupiter in galloping quadriga, L ANTES below (ANTE in monogram). In ex. ROMA
g. 3,8 mm. 19,1
Syd 451, Cr238/1, Sear RCV 115
1 commentsMaxentius

AR Victoriatus - Anonymous - 207 B.C.
Ob. Laureate head of Jupiter right.
Rev.: Victory standing right, erecting trophy, crescent in field, ROMA in exergue.
Gs. 3,4 mm. 16
Cr57/1, Sear RCV 50
Maxentius

Denarius - 48 BC.
C VIBIVS C.f. C.n. PANSA CAETRONIANVS - Gens Vibia
Obv.: Mask of Pan right, PANSA below
Rev.: IOVIS AXVR before, C VIBIVS C F C N behind, Jupiter Axurus seated left.
Gs. 3,7 mm. 17,2x18
Cr449/1, Sear RCV 420.

Maxentius

AR Victoriatus - Anonymous - After 211 B.C.
Ob. Laureate head of Jupiter right.
Rev.: Victory standing right, erecting trophy, ROMA in exergue.
Gs. 3,8 mm. 18,5
Craw. 44/1, Sear RCV 49
Maxentius

Denarius - 116/115 B.C.
CN. DOMITIVS, Q. CURTIVS, M. SILANVS - Gens Curtia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Rome right. X behind; Q. CVRT before
Rev.: Jupiter in quadriga right, holding thunderbolt. A lituus above; M. SILA (LA in monogram) below. In ex. ROMA
Gs. 3,8 mm. 19,3
Craw. 285/2, Sear RCV 162Maxentius

Denarius - 49 B.C.
L CORNELIVS LENTVLVS & C CLAVDIVS MARCELLVS - Gens Cornelia.
Obv.: Facing head of Medusa in center of triskeles, ear of corn between each leg
Rev.: Jupiter standing right with thunderbolt & eagle. LENT MAR (NT & MAR in monogram) left, COS right.
Gs. 3,5 mm. 18,4
Craw. 445/1b, Sear RCV 414.

3 commentsMaxentius

Denarius - 80 BC.
L. PROCILIVS - Gens PROCILIA
Obv.: Bust of Jupiter right, S C behind
Rev.: L PROCILI F, Juno Sospita advancing right with sheild and spear. Serpent before.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 18,2x18,9
Craw.379/1, Sear RCV 306

1 commentsMaxentius

SEVERVS ALEXANDER - Dupondius - 231/232 A.D. - Mint of Rome
Obv.: IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG, radiate head right
Rev.: IOVI PROPVGNATORI S C, Jupiter walking left, head right, holding thunderbolt.
Gs. 11,6 mm. 26,3
Cohen 81, RIC629
1 commentsMaxentius

Denarius - 87 B.C. - Mint of Rome
L. RVBRIVS DOSSENVS - Gens RVBRIA
Ob.: Laureate head of Jupiter right with sceptre on his shoulder. DOSSEN behind;
Rev.: Carpentum right with a little Victory above. In ex. L. RVBRI
Gs. 4 mm. 16,6x17,5
Craw. 348/1, Sear RCV 258 3 commentsMaxentius

Denarius - 125 BC (Grueber 124/103 BC) - Mint of Rome
MN ACILIVS BALBVS - Gens Acilia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right; XVI in monogram before, BALBVS behind, ROMA below, within laurel wreath
Rev.:Jupiter & Victory in quadriga right; Macedonian shield below the horses. In ex. MN (in monogram) ACILI
Gs. 3,8 mm. 18,4
Craw. 271/1, Sear RCV .147, BMRRC 1019

1 commentsMaxentius

Denarius, 112/111 B.C. Rome Mint
CN. CORNELIVS CN.F. BLASIO - Gens Cornelia
Obv.:Mars, helmeted, right (or Scipio Africanus), CN. BLASIO CN.F. before (var. N retrograde), bucranium behind. XVI (in monogram) above
Rev.: Juno, Jupiter being crowned by Minerva; letter Θ in field, ROMA in ex.
Gs. 3,25 mm. 20,6x18,4
Crawford 296/1c, Sear RCV 173, Grueber 626

Maxentius

Denarius - 130 BC. - Rome mint.
Q. CAECILIVS METELLVS - Gens Caecilia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right; Q. METE (in monogram) behind, * below chin
Rev.: Jupiter with thunderbolt & branch walking in quadriga right. ROMA in exergue.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 21,38x18,86
Craw. 256/1, Sear RCV 132, Grueber 1053

Maxentius

Constantius I Chlorus - AE Post-Reform Radiate - 294-299 AD - Alexandria mint
Obv.: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, radiate cuirassed bust right
Rev.: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Constantius standing right, receiving globe from Jupiter standing opposite and holding a scepte, Δ between. In ex., ALE
Gs. 3,2 mm. 20,5
Cohen 20

Maxentius

Denarius - Denarius - 58 BC.
M. AEMILIVS SCAVRVS & P. PLAVTIVS HVPSAEVS - Gens Aemilia & Plautia
Obv.:M. SCAVR AED CVR - EX S C - REX ARETAS Nabatean king Aretas kneeling before camel, holding olive branch
Rev.: P HVPSAE AED CVR - CAPTV - C HVPSAE COS PREIVE, Jupiter in quadriga left holding thunderbolt and reins; scorpion to left.
Gs. 4,1 mm. 16,65x17,40
Cr422/1b, Sear RCV 379

1 commentsMaxentius

Bronze antoninianus, RIC 608, aVF, 2.177g, 22.2mm, 180o, Antioch mint, 267 A.D.; obverse GALLIENVS AVG, radiate bust right; reverse IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter standing left, globe in right, scepter in left, PXV in exareich

Denarius - 116/115 BC. Rome mint (or in Italy)
CNAEVS DOMITIVS - Gens Domitia (Curtia)
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right with curl on left shoulder, ROMA before, X behind
Rev.: Jupiter in quadriga right with thunderbolt & branch, CN DOMI in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 19,02x19,30
Crawf. 285/1, Sear RCV 161, Grueber II 490 (Italy)

Maxentius

Cyzicus RIC 18a Constantius I Chlorus AE Post-
Reform Radiate. 294-299 AD. FL VAL CONSTA
NTIVS NOB CAES, radiate cuirassed bust right /
CONCORDIA MILITVM, Constantius standing
right receiving globe from Jupiter standing opposite
and holding a scepte, KB between. Coin #128
cars100

RIC 1064, C 248 Sestertius Obv: MANTONINVSA
VGTRPXXVII - Laureate head right. Rev: IMPVIC
OSIII Exe: SC - Jupiter seated left, holding Victory
and scepter. 172-173 (Rome). Coin #163
cars100

NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS Laur head of Nero r Rev. IVPPITER CVSTOS Juppiter seated l holding thunderbolt and sceptre(Rom 67-8 ad)RIC 69 weight 3,15 Gr2 commentsspikbjorn

C 284C Diocletian Follis. Exe: HT | (delta) Heraclea, AD 293. IMP C DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, Laureate head right / CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian. HB between them. Mintmark dot XXI dot. _sold

http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/diocletian/RIC_0284C.3.jpgAntonivs Protti

Spain, New World Colonies under Philip II 1551-1555. Copper 8-Maravedis. Countermarked and obliterated monogram and castle on reverse.Castvlo

Bayern

Stadtgemeinde Lauf

10 Pfennig

1917

Prägeanstalt: C. Balmberger, Nürnberg

Vs.: Wappen

Rs.: WZ im Blätterkranz

Rand: Glatt

Literatur: Menzel 7754.2

Erhaltung: Fast vorzüglich / sehr schön

Metall: Zink

20 mm, 1,68 g _383
Antonivs Protti

Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft

1 Pesa

1892

Münzstätte: Berlin

Vs: Im Lorbeerkranz auf arabisch "Gesellschaft Deutschlands" und die islamische Jahreszahl (in arabischen Zahlzeichen) 1309 für 1892

Rs: Reichsadler

Literatur: Jäger 710

Erhaltung: Schön

Metall: Kupfer

25 mm, 6,26 g _694Antonivs Protti

Ägypten

20 Piaster

AD 1980 / AH 1400

Vs.: Oben arabische Schrift im Bogen, im Feld Nominal, unten Verzierung, links und rechts Jahreszahlen

Rs.: Falke

Literatur: KM# 507

Erhaltung: Vorzüglich

Metall: Kupfer-Nickel

30 mm, 9,98 g _1198Antonivs Protti

Polen

Johann Kasimir (1649-1668)

1666 (?)

Schilling (Kupfer)

Münzstätte: Krakau (?)

Vs: Büste nach rechts. Umschrift: "IOAN CAS REX"

Rs: Reiter nach rechts. Umschrift: "SOLI..... 1666"

Gewicht: 1,0g

Durchmesser: 14 mm

Erhaltung: schön _299Antonivs Protti

RDR

Österreich

Leopold 1657-1705

1 Kreuzer

1701

Münzstätte: Oppeln

Vs.: Bekränztes Brustbild n. r.

Rs.: Gekrönter doppelköpfiger Adler mit Wertzahl auf der Brust

Literatur: Herinek 1800

Erhaltung: Fast sehr schön

Metall: Silber

17 mm, 0,77 g _2191Antonivs Protti

Österreich

Böhmen

Maria Theresia 1740-1780

1 Kreutzer

1761 P

Münzstätte: Prag

Vs.: Büste von Maria Theresia n. r.

Rs.: Nominal über Jahr und Prägestättenbuchstabe, das Ganze in Kartusche

Literatur: Herinek 1607

Erhaltung: Vorzüglich

Metall: Kupfer

24-25 mm, 9,43 g 1999Antonivs Protti

UR III CUNEIFORM TABLET FRAGMENT RELATING TO FOOD DISTRIBUTION
LATE 3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.
2 5/8 in. (82 grams, 67 mm).

A fragment of a pillow-shaped ceramic tablet with neatly impressed columns of cuneiform text, accounting of Ur III food distribution,
representing wages.

LITERATURE:
Cf. Liverani, M., Antico Oriente, Storia, societa' ed economia, Roma, 1988, pp.608-609, fig.111, for type.Quant.Geek

Time of Alexander I, AR Hemiobol, struck 470 - 460 BC at Argilos in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Forepart of Pegasos facing left.
Reverse: No legend. Quadripartite granulated incuse square.
Diameter: 8.78mm | Weight: 0.20gms | Die Axis: Uncertain
Liampi 118 | SNG - | GCV -
Rare

Argilos was a city of ancient Macedonia founded by a colony of Greeks from Andros. Although little information is known about the city until about 480 BC, the literary tradition dates the foundation to around 655/654 BC which makes Argilos the earliest Greek colony on the Thracian coast. It appears from Herodotus to have been a little to the right of the route the army of Xerxes I took during its invasion of Greece in 480 BC in the Greco-Persian Wars. Its territory must have extended as far as the right bank of the Strymona, since the mountain of Kerdylion belonged to the city.
Argilos benefited from the trading activities along the Strymona and probably also from the gold mines of the Pangeion. Ancient authors rarely mention the site, but nevertheless shed some light on the important periods of its history. In the last quarter of the 6th century BC, Argilos founded two colonies, Tragilos, in the Thracian heartland, and Kerdilion, a few kilometers to the east of the city.
Alexander I was the ruler of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from c.498 BC until his death in 454 BC. Alexander came to the throne during the era of the kingdom's vassalage to Persia, dating back to the time of his father, Amyntas I. Although Macedonia retained a broad scope of autonomy, in 492 BC it was made a fully subordinate part of the Persian Empire. Alexander I acted as a representative of the Persian governor Mardonius during peace negotiations after the Persian defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. From the time of Mardonius' conquest of Macedonia, Herodotus disparagingly refers to Alexander I as “hyparchos”, meaning viceroy. However, despite his cooperation with Persia, Alexander frequently gave supplies and advice to the Greek city states, and warned them of the Persian plans before the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC. After their defeat at Plataea, when the Persian army under the command of Artabazus tried to retreat all the way back to Asia Minor, most of the 43,000 survivors of the battle were attacked and killed by the forces of Alexander at the estuary of the Strymona river.
Alexander regained Macedonian independence after the end of the Persian Wars and was given the title "philhellene" by the Athenians, a title used for Greek patriots.
After the Persian defeat, Argilos became a member of the first Athenian confederation but the foundation of Amphipolis in 437 BC, which took control of the trade along the Strymona, brought an end to this. Thucydides tells us that some Argilians took part in this foundation but that the relations between the two cities quickly deteriorated and, during the Peloponnesian war, the Argilians joined with the Spartan general Brasidas to attack Amphipolis. An inscription from the temple of Asklepios in Epidauros attests that Argilos was an independent city during the 4th century.
Like other colonies in the area, Argilos was conquered by the Macedonian king Philip II in 357 B.C. Historians believe that the city was then abandoned and, though excavations have brought to light an important agricultural settlement on the acropolis dated to the years 350-200 BC, no Roman or Byzantine ruins have been uncovered there.1 comments*Alex

2nd - 1st Century BC, IRON AGE BRITAIN, Tribe: Cantii, AE Potin, Minted between 100 and 30 BCObverse: No legend. Crude outline of head facing right; pellet within circle in centre.
Reverse: No legend. Crude lines representing a bull facing left, crescents above.
Flat Linear type, Class 1
Found, Thames Valley region, England
Diameter: 17mm | Weight: 1.9gms | Axis: 3h
BMC: 667-714 | SPINK: 63

The Cantii produced the first coins to be actually made in Britain.
These coins were cast in strips which were then cut into separate coins and as a result often retain characteristic cut edges from the runlets which joined them together.

THE CANTII (or Cantiaci)
The Cantii (after whom Kent and Canterbury are named) were the major tribal group in the South East region of England, bordered by the Atrebates, Regni and Catuvellauni.
This region was heavily influenced by continental cultures on the periphery of the early Roman world and this resulted in the Cantii producing the first coins actually made in Britain. These are known as “potins” and they were produced between the mid 2nd to the mid 1st century BC. The earliest versions are known as Kentish Primary, or Thurrock, types. Comparatively the later types, like those from the recently discovered Hillingdon Hoard, are of the “flat linear” type, which uses simplified and abstracted images. Similar coins from the late Iron Age have been found, but in much smaller quantities.
The word “potin” is of French origin and is used to describe these early coins which were cast in clay moulds from a copper alloy with a high tin content. They would have been shiny and silver-coloured when new, and though occasionally examples have turned up which retain this colouration, most coins by the time they get dug up have a characteristic black patina from tin oxidation. These were cast in strips which were then cut into separate coins and as a result often retain characteristic cut edges from the runlets which joined them together. The moulds themselves were made using “master” matrices of copper alloy which were cast with the design for one side of a coin in high relief and pressed into the clay. A rare example of a mould of this type was found a few miles west of the Surrey border in Hampshire.
The designs of the majority of potins found in England derive ultimately from coins produced in the Greek colonial Mediterranean city of Massalia (modern Marseilles) in southern Gaul in the late 4th century BC. These coins featured a head of Apollo on the obverse and a charging bull on the reverse. They were originally imported from the continent and later locally copied in the mid 2nd century BC, in the form of what are known as “Thurrock” types, which adhere closely to the original design. Later forms, known as “flat linear” types, greatly simplified this design into deep abstraction, ultimately reducing the head of Apollo to an outline and the bull to a trapezoidal arrangement of lines
We don’t know what these coins were called by the people who made them, or what they were worth in fiscal terms, but they are generally only found in south east England, which probably reflects the limits of the political and economic influence of the Cantii themselves. It isn't even clear what the role of these Iron Age coins actually was, though it is likely that they assisted in the maintenance of some kind of social power structure. Coins were not generally used as day to day currency by the people of Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries BC, so apart from any monetary transactions, their range of uses probably included the storage of wealth, use as political tribute, and / or votive objects used as offerings to the gods.

CLICK ON MAP BELOW TO ENLARGE IT

4 comments*Alex

3.5 DrususDRUSUS CAESAR
Æ As. Struck under Tiberius, 21-22 AD.

DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N, bare head left / PONTIF TRIBVN POTEST ITER around large S•C.

Cohen 2, RIC 45 (Tiberius), Cohen 2, BMC 99 VG/aF
RI0034Sosius

41 - 54, Claudius I, AE Dupondius, Irregular (barbarous) issue struck after 43AD in BritanniaObverse: Blundered legend. Bare head of Claudius I facing left.
Reverse: Blundered legend. Ceres, veiled, seated facing left, holding grain ears and long torch.
Diameter: 26mm | Weight: 9.5gms | Die Axis: 11h
SPINK: 745
Green Patina. Scarce. Found near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, UK

These irregular coins are associated with the Claudian invasion of Britain in 43AD. It appears likely that the authorities allowed them to be struck to augment the scanty supply of bronze from the central mint of Rome and the evidence available from museums and recorded in numismatic literature would seem to bear this out.
Although it is difficult to work out the proportion that these copies bear to the official issues on a national scale, it is quite evident that it is of a considerable size, about 20% on an average over the whole area in which Claudian coins are found, and in some localities well over 50%. When you consider that the actual area over which these coins are found exactly covers the areas of the first conquests, and there are no credible reasons for supposing them to be Gallic importations, the likelihood is that they were struck in Britain itself. Those barbarous examples found beyond the Fosse Way bear witness to the spread of the new coinage, and also to its continuance during the subsequent years of conquest..
The actual types found are equally strong evidence for the connection of these copies with the Claudian legions. Copies of Sestertii are rare, Dupondii less so, but the majority, about 70% of the Claudian copies found in England, are Asses.
Irregular issues of all the foregoing types are found in varying stages of degradation, ranging from coins which show all the detail, and much of the excellence of the official prototypes, down to rough unskilful productions of crude and barbarous style.
The majority of copies, particularly the good ones, have been found in or near the towns which were either administrative and/or military centres, such as Lincoln and Gloucester. This seems to indicate that the coining of irregular issues were, if not official, an acceptable method of supplementing the military funds to pay the troops during the conquest. The first generation copies, since they were intended for paying the soldiers, were fairly accurate in style and weight. In time though, once they had circulated through the tribal centres and the lands that lay between and behind the chief Roman military posts and been absorbed into currency, the copies would themselves be copied. These second-degree copies became proportionately less faithful to the originals and are extremely numerous at such tribal centres as Cirencester, Silchester, Winchester and Dorchester, which were civil, but not military, towns.*Alex

6 NeroNERO
AR Denarius (19mm, 3.43 g, 6h)
Rome mint. Struck ~65-66 AD

O: Laureate head right

R: Salus seated left on throne, holding patera.

RIC I 60; RSC 314. aVF

Ex-CNG Sale 35, Lot 737, 9/20/95

In AD 65-66 two new types appear on the coins of Nero, Jupiter Custos- “Guardian”, and Salus- “Well-Being” (of the emperor). Nero gave thanks for surviving the Pisonian Conspiracy, which got its name from G. Calpurnius Piso, a senator put forward as an alternative emperor by senior military officers and government officials who feared the increasingly erratic Nero. The plot was discovered, many prominent Romans were executed, and others, such as the philosopher Seneca, were forced to commit suicide. This delayed the emperor’s fate for a few years.

RI00431 commentsSosius

Aurelian, 270-275 CE.Aurelian Bronze Antoninianus
Obverse: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: IOVI CONSER, Emperor standing right, holding sceptre, receiving globe from Jupiter who is standing left and holding sceptre.
22.3 mm., 3.2 g.NORMAN K

JUSTINIAN I, AE Decanummium (10 Nummi), struck 550/551 at AntiochObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed facing bust of Justinian I, holding globus cruciger in his right hand and shield in his left; cross in right field.
Reverse: Large I surmounted by cross, A/N/N/O in field to left and regnal year X/X/IIII in field to right; in exergue, THU followed by • over Π with a slash through the last letter's right side.
Diameter: 24mm | Weight: 4.79gms | Die Axis: 6
SBCV: 237 | DOC: 255 Class D | MIB: 158

Regarding the mintmark in the exergue, the letter Π with a slash through its right side and tiny o or • above is an abbreviation for "polis". The slash is like the English apostrophe denoting omission of letters, as in the word "can't". Therefore, together with the letters T (Tau) and H (Eta), the mint-mark reads as an abbreviation of "Theoupolis"

550
In January of this year the Ostrogoths under king Totila recaptured Rome after a long siege by bribing the Isaurian garrison. Then, in the summer, the Goths, under Totila, plundered Sicily after they had subdued Corsica and Sardinia, whilst the Gothic fleet also raided the coasts of Greece.
551
In this year Justinian I appointed Narses new supreme commander, who then returned to Italy. In Salona on the Adriatic coast, Narses assembled a Byzantine expeditionary force of around 20,000 to 30,000 men and a contingent of foreign allies which included Lombards, Herulii and Bulgars
When Narses arrived in Venetia he discovered that a powerful Gothic-Frank army of around 50,000 men, under the joint command of the kings Totila and Theudebald, had blocked the principal route to the Po Valley. Not wishing to engage such a formidable force and confident that the Franks would avoid a direct confrontation, Narses skirted the lagoons along the Adriatic shore, using vessels to convey his army from point to point along the coast and thereby arrived at the capital, Ravenna, without encountering any opposition. He then attacked and crushed a small Gothic force at Ariminum, modern Rimini.
In the Autumn of this year the Byzantine fleet of 50 warships destroyed the Gothic naval force under Indulf near Sena Gallica, some 17 miles (27 km) north of Ancona. The Battle of Sena Gallica marked the end of Gothic supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea.*Alex

Licinius I, AE follis. RIC 9a Cyzicus. Silvered Follis
Obverse: IMP LICINIVS AVG, laureate, draped, wearing royal mantle, bust left, holding globe, sceptre and map.
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and sceptre.
Wreath in left field, A in right field.
Mintmark dot SMK., 18.3 mm., 2.7 g.

RIC VII Cyzicus 9aNORMAN K

Licinius I, RIC VII 008,a Siscia, 313-315 CELicinius AE Follis
Obverse: IMP LIC LICINVS AVG, laureate head right.
Reverse: IOVI CON_SERVATORI, Jupiter standing left with Victory & scepter, eagle at foot with wreath in its beak, A to right.
Sis in ex. Siscia mint. 20.7 mm, 3.1 g.NORMAN K

064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 454Obv:– L SEPT SEV P-ERTE AVG IMP I - I, laureate head right
Rev:– IOVI VICT, Jupiter seated left, Victory in right hand, scepter in left
Minted in Laodicea-ad-Mare. A.D. 195
References:– BMCRE W431 note. RIC 454 (citing Cohen, rated Scarce). RSC 247 (Citing Copenhagen).

The Copenhagen coin would appear to be the source of all these references.maridvnvm

1 DiocletianDiocletian
AE Antoninianus. Cyzicus mint.
IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate and draped bust right / CONCORDIA MI-LITVM dot , Emperor standing right with parazonium, receiving Victory from Jupiter holding sceptre, officina letter in lower centre, mintmark XXI dot.
Cohen 33. RIC 106 Cyzicus1 commentsSosius

1 Diocletian Pre-Reform RadiateDiocletian
AE Antoninianus, 293-295, Antioch, Officina 9
IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right / CONCORDIA MIL_ITVM, Emperor standing right, short scepter in left hand, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter standing left, scepter in left, ED in lower middle field, XXI in exergue
RIC V, Part II, 322
Ex Max Mehl Coins
Ex Andreas Reich

Thanks to FORVM members stinats and Genio Popvli Romani for helping to attribute this coin!Sosius

1 Gordian IIIGordian III
Ant 4.4g, Rome Mint
238-239 AD

O: IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG. Radiate and draped bust right.

R: IOVI CONSERVATORI. Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter, small figure of Gordian at feet.

RIC IV-3 2Sosius

1 Gordian IIIGordian III
AR Antonianus, Rome Mint
238-239 AD

O: IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing front, with head left, thunderbolt in right hand, over Emperor standing left

RIC IV-3 2; Sear (5) 8614 1 commentsSosius

10 Vespasian Denarius, 70 ADVESPASIAN
AR Denarius, 70 A.D.

O: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG, laureate head. r.

R: COS ITER T R POT, Pax seated left, holding branch and caduceus.

Sear 2285, RIC 29, RSC 94h
RI00581 commentsSosius

20 CommodusCOMMODUS
Æ Sestertius. 179-180 A.D.
L AVREL COMMODVS AVG TR P V, laureate draped bust right / IOVI VICTORI IMP III COS II P P S-C, Jupiter seated left, holding Victory & scepter
Sear 5760, RIC 291, Cohen 263-265, BMC 1719-1723
RI0084Sosius

244cfCarausius 287-93AD
Antoninianus
Obv "IMP CARA...........VG"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev "IOVI CON............"
Jupiter standing left, head right, holding sceptre and thunderbolt
Camulodunum mint
-/-//C
RIC - (cf 244-5)mauseus

245bisCarausius 287-93AD
Antoninianus
Obv "IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG"
Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
Rev "IOVI CONSERV"
Emperor standing left receiving globe from Jupiter
Camulodunum mint
-/-//SPC
RIC -1 commentsmauseus

268 - 270, Roman Imitative Antoninianus (Barbarous Radiate), produced in Britain and the continent. Struck in the name of CLAUDIUS IIObverse: Unclear partial inscription. Radiate head of Claudius II facing right.
Reverse: Unclear partial inscription. Crude depiction of Pax standing facing left, right arm outstretched in front of her holding branch. Struck off-centre.
Hoard find from Northern England.
Diameter: 15mm | Weight: 1.6gms | Die Axis: 4
SPINK: 749

The term 'barbarous radiates', dating from its use by antiquarians in the 19th century, is still often used to refer to the locally produced unofficial coins which imitated the official Roman antoninianii of the period. These coins were not struck by barbarians outwith the Empire as the name would suggest, nor were they intrinsically forgeries or fakes. Instead they were the result of a period of great instability within the Roman empire during which the western provinces especially often experienced a severe lack of coinage. To fill this void small denomination coinage was unofficially issued in very large numbers. Though some of these coins are fairly close copies of the official coins which they imitate, many others have been produced by die engravers who were patently illiterate and often of limited ability artistically as well. Around 274 Aurelian banned the use of these imitative bronzes when he reformed the currency but it is possible that some "barbarous radiates" were still being produced after that date. Whether individual coins are of British or Continental mintage can really only be ascertained by provenance.

*Alex

271 - 274, Roman Imitative Antoninianus (Barbarous Radiate), produced in Britain and the continent. Struck in the name of TETRICUS IObverse: (TETR)ICVS P F AVG. Radiate head of Tetricus I facing right.
Reverse: (PA)X AVGG Crude depiction of Pax standing facing left, right arm outstretched in front of her and holding vertical spear in her left.
From a hoard found in Northern England.
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 1.6gms | Die Axis: 6
SPINK: 749

The term 'barbarous radiates', dating from its use by antiquarians in the 19th century, is still often used to refer to the locally produced unofficial coins which imitated the official Roman antoninianii of the period. These coins were not struck by barbarians outwith the Empire as the name would suggest, nor were they intrinsically forgeries or fakes. Instead they were the result of a period of great instability within the Roman empire during which the western provinces especially often experienced a severe lack of coinage. To fill this void small denomination coinage was unofficially issued in very large numbers. Though some of these coins are fairly close copies of the official coins which they imitate, many others have been produced by die engravers who were patently illiterate and often of limited ability artistically as well. Around 274 Aurelian banned the use of these imitative bronzes when he reformed the currency but it is possible that some "barbarous radiates" were still being produced after that date. Whether individual coins are of British or Continental mintage can really only be ascertained by provenance.

*Alex

271 - 274, Roman Imitative Antoninianus (Barbarous Radiate), produced in Britain and the continent. Struck in the name of TETRICUS II as CAESARObverse: Blundered legend - - IVES - -. Radiate bust of Tetricus II facing right.
Reverse: Likely (PIETA)S AVG. Sacrificial Implements.
From an uncertain British location.
Diameter: 14.5mm | Weight: 2.29gms | Die Axis: 2
SPINK: 749

The term 'barbarous radiates', dating from its use by antiquarians in the 19th century, is still often used to refer to the locally produced unofficial coins which imitated the official Roman antoninianii of the period. These coins were not struck by barbarians outwith the Empire as the name would suggest, nor were they intrinsically forgeries or fakes. Instead they were the result of a period of great instability within the Roman empire during which the western provinces especially often experienced a severe lack of coinage. To fill this void small denomination coinage was unofficially issued in very large numbers. Though some of these coins are fairly close copies of the official coins which they imitate, many others have been produced by die engravers who were patently illiterate and often of limited ability artistically as well. Around 274 Aurelian banned the use of these imitative bronzes when he reformed the currency but it is possible that some "barbarous radiates" were still being produced after that date. Whether individual coins are of British or Continental mintage can really only be ascertained by provenance.

*Alex

274, Roman Imitative Antoninianus (Barbarous Radiate), produced in Britain and the continent. Struck in the name of TETRICUS II as AUGUSTUSObverse: (IMP C TET)RICVS AG. Radiate bust of Tetricus II facing right, seen from behind.
Reverse: Struck from extremely worn reverse die which possibly depicts Salus feeding serpent arising from altar.
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 1.7gms | Die Axis: 6
SPINK: 749
RARE

This is an irregular issue (barbarous radiate) giving Tetricus II the title of Augustus rather than Caesar.
Interestingly the Historia Augusta makes this statement with regard to Aurelian's triumph in A.D.274. "In the procession was Tetricus also, arrayed in a scarlet cloak, a yellow tunic, and Gallic trousers, and with him his son, whom he had proclaimed in Gaul as Imperator." (Historia Augusta, xxxiv, iii). Imperator was a title that invariably, when referring to an Imperial figure, implied the rank of Augustus, but no regular official coinage issues of Tetricus II citing him as such are known.

The term 'barbarous radiates', dating from its use by antiquarians in the 19th century, is still often used to refer to the locally produced unofficial coins which imitated the official Roman antoninianii of the period. These coins were not struck by barbarians outwith the Empire as the name would suggest, nor were they intrinsically forgeries or fakes. Instead they were the result of a period of great instability within the Roman empire during which the western provinces especially often experienced a severe lack of coinage. To fill this void small denomination coinage was unofficially issued in very large numbers. Though some of these coins are fairly close copies of the official coins which they imitate, many others have been produced by die engravers who were patently illiterate and often of limited ability artistically as well. Around 274 Aurelian banned the use of these imitative bronzes when he reformed the currency but it is possible that some "barbarous radiates" were still being produced after that date. Whether individual coins are of British or Continental mintage can really only be ascertained by provenance.

*Alex

3 Constantius ICONSTANTIUS I
AE light fraction, 295-299 AD

FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, RDC bust r, / CONCORDIA MI-LITVM, Emperor receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter, KB between, no mintmark

RIC VI Cyzicus 19A ScarceSosius

317 - 337, CONSTANTINE II as Caesar, AE3 struck 321 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN N C. Radiate and cuirassed bust of Constantine II facing left.
Reverse: BEATA TRANQVILLITAS. Altar, inscribed VOT IS XX in three lines, surmounted by cosmic globe with three stars above; across field, P - A; in exergue, PLON.
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 2.9gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VII : 219
Rare
Ex Killingholme Hoard (1993)

Claudius Constantinus was the eldest son of Constantine and Fausta, he was given the rank of Caesar in A.D.316, at the same time as Crispus and Licinius II.
This coin was struck in connection with the fifteenth anniversary of Constantine II's father, Constantine the great.

THE KILLINGHOLME HOARD
The Killingholme Hoard was discovered in a field between Killingholme and Habrough on the south bank of the Humber Estuary by a pair of metal detectorists in the Autumn of 1993.
The initial coins of the hoard were surface finds, many of which were found before the hoard itself was discovered. In total, there were 1504 coins found in the topsoil, and another 2753 found buried in a single clay pot.
The top of the pot had been cut off by ploughing, which had caused a large number of coins to be scattered around the field. Nevertheless, the remains of the pot were found when the coins packed in it were detected. The pot had a diameter of about 20cm and within it were thousands of coins.
One of the finders reported that the coins appeared to have been carefully arranged inside the pot, and seemed to produce a spiralling pattern. Unfortunately, the coins were emptied into a bath for cleaning so any chance of researching this arrangement was lost forever.
The coins that constituted the hoard were bronze reduced folles, most of which were struck between the 320s and the early 330s, during the time of the emperor Constantine. Though the coins came from several mints in the Western part of the Roman Empire, most of them were from the London mint. It is thought that the hoard was probably deposited around 333/334 AD.
Because, in 1993, base metal coins were not counted as treasure, the coins were returned to the finders who sent the bulk of the coins to be auctioned off by Spink of London. Fortunately, prior to being sold, the coins were recorded by the British Museum which acquired for itself 86 coins from the hoard.
After the recordings were completed, though the finders kept a few coins for themselves, the remainder of the coins were sold off in batches. It has been rumoured that many of these coins went to the Italian luxury goods producer Bulgari, who used them to make jewellery.
Such a process would not be permitted in England today as, following the enactment of the Treasure Act in 1996, the Killingholme Hoard would now fulfil the criteria for "treasure" as outlined by the Act.

CONTEMPORARY PHOTO OF THE KILLINGHOLM HOARD, CLICK ON THUMBNAIL TO ENLARGE IT

*Alex

6 ProbusPROBUS
Antoninianus, Antioch
IMP CM AVR PROBVS PF AVG, RDC bust r. / CLEMENTIA TEMP, Emperor standing right holding sceptre, receiving Victory from Jupiter, standing left holding sceptre, A below, XXI in ex.
RIC V-2 Antioch 922; Sear 11961
Ex Artifact Man Ancient CoinsSosius

72cfAllectus 293-6
Antoninianus
IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVG
Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
IOVI CONSERVAT
Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and vertical sceptre
Camulodunum mint
S/P//C
RIC - (cf72ff)mauseus

8 LiciniusLICINIUS
AE Follis. Jan-Feb 313 A.D.

IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG, Laureate head right / IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing, holding Victory on globe & sceptre; eagle with wreath at feet. Gamma r. SMHT in ex.

RIC VI Heraclea 73 Sosius

8 LiciniusLICINIUS I
AE Follis, Heraclea Mint, 321-324

IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust r. / IOVI CONS-ERVATORI, Jupiter standing l., holding Victory on globe and eagle-tipped scepter, eagle with wreath left, captive right, X over II Mu in r. field, SMHB in ex.

RIC VII Heraclea 52, R1, VF, encrustations (cleanable)Sosius

8 LiciniusLICINIUS I
AE Follis, Heraclea Mint, 315-316

IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG, Laureate bust r. / IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVG, Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter, eagle with wreath left, HTB in ex.

RIC VII Heraclea 13, aVF, patina stripped. R5.Sosius

8 LiciniusLICINIUS I
AE Follis, Nicomedia, 313-317 AD

IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG, Laureate bust r. / IOVI CONS-ERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle with wreath to left, A in r. field, SMN in ex.

RIC VII Nicomedia 13, VF/EF, silvered. R1.Sosius

8 LiciniusLICINIUS I
AE Follis, Siscia, 313 A.D.

IMP LIC LICINIVS PF AVG, Laureate bust r. / IOVI CON-SERVA-TORI AVGG NN, Jupiter standing facing with head leftholding Victory on globe and scepter, eagle with wreath l., gamma in left field, SIS below.

RIC VI Siscia 232aSosius

8 LiciniusLICINIUS I
AE Follis, Siscia, 313 AD

IMP LIC LICINIVS PF AVG, Laureate bust r. / IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter facing with head left holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle with wreath left, epsilon in r. filed, SIS in ex.

RIC VI Siscia 232a. aVF/FSosius

8 LiciniusLICINIUS I
Silvered Follis, Cyzicus, 317-320

IMP LICI-NIVS AVG, Laureate, draped bust l., sceptre in left hand, mappa in right hand / IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stading left, holding Victory on globe and scepter, wreath in l. field, gamma in r. field, SMK in ex.

RIC VII Cyzicus 9, VF, silvering, scarce.Sosius

8.5 Licinius IILICINIUS II
AE Follis, Cyzicus Mint, 317-320 AD

DN VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C, Laureate, draped bust l., holding sceptre in left hand, mappa in right hand / IOVI CONSER-VATORI CAESS, Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and sceptre, wreath in l. field, B in r. field, SMK in ex.

RIC VII Cyzicus 11, VF. R3.1 commentsSosius

81Domitian 81-96 AD
AE sestertius
Obv "IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVII CENS PER PP"
Laureate head right
Rev "IOVI VICTORI SC"
Jupiter seated left
Rome mint
RIC 794 1 commentsmauseus

815Carausius 287-93AD
AE Antoninianus
Obv: "IMP CARAVSIVS AVG"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev: "IOVI STATORI"
Jupiter standing right holding sceptre and thunderbolt
Unmarked mint
RIC 815
mauseus

Constantine I, AE3, RIC VII 8 CyzicusConstantine I, AE3, 317-320, Cyzicus, Officina 2
Obverse: IMP CONSTA_NTINVS AVG, Laureate, draped bust left, globe and scepter in left hand, map in right
Reverse: IOVI CONS_ERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing facing, head left, chlamys across left shoulder, Victory on globe in right hand, scepter in left
Wreath | S across fields
SMK in exergue
18.3mm, 3.5g NORMAN K

Diocletian RIC 13b, Heraclea, 300-301 CE.Diocletian AE 20 post reform radiate
Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate head right.
Reverse: CONCORDIA MILI-TVM, Diocletian standing right in military dress, holding parazonium, receiving Victory on a globe from Jupiter who is leaning on sceptre. HB in lower center.
23.2 mm., 4.0 gNORMAN K

Galerius Maximian RIC 16b, HeracleaGalerius, AE radiate fraction, Heraclea, 295-296 CE.
Obverse: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
Reverse: CONCORDIA MIL ITVM, Emperor, standing right, receiving victory on globe from Jupiter who is standing left, holding scepter. H gamma in lower center
Heracles mint 21 mm., 2.3 g.NORMAN K

IOVI PROPVGNAT, Jupiter standing facing, RIC V 214 RomeGallienus, August 253 - 24 March 268 A.D. Bronze antoninianus, RIC V 214, VF, Rome mint, 2.304g, 19.5mm, 180o, 260 - 268 A.D.; obverse GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right; reverse IOVI PROPVGNAT, Jupiter standing facing, head right, thunderbolt in right, XI left. Ex FORVM, photo credit FORVMPodiceps

Kings of Macedon, Alexander III the Great, 336-323 BC, AR Tetradrachm - Amphipolis Mint under AntipaterHead of Herakles right, wearing lion skin headdress.
AÎ›EÎžANÎ”POY Zeus Aëtophoros seated left; janiform head vase in left field. Graffiti in upper left field - Aramaic kaph (k) and sadhe (s).

Price 6; Troxell, Studies, Issue A3; SNG Cop 660; Muller 853.
Struck at Amphipolis in the period 332-329 BC.

(29 mm, 17.15 g, 2h)

This is one of the first emissions of Alexander’s coinage struck in his homeland, albeit about three years after he departed for Asia Minor. Recent scholarship places the start of Alexander’s distinctive coinage in 333/2 BC at Tarsos, in eastern Asia Minor, shortly after which the design was transferred to Macedonia where Alexander’s coinage was struck under the authority of his regent in Greece, Antipater. Die studies indicate that this coin was from the fourth tetradrachm emission of a mint in Macedonia, most probably Amphipolis. It was most probably struck in the period 332-329 BC. The Aramaic graffiti on the reverse, plus the obverse reverse rim test cut are pointers to the likelihood that this coin travelled beyond its location of issue in Macedonia, into the eastern Mediterranean where Aramaic was the main spoken language.3 commentsn.igma

L. Sentius C.f. - AR denariusRome
²96 BC / ¹101 BC
head of Roma right wearing winged helmet
(AR)G·PVB
Jupiter in quadriga right, holding scepter, thunderbolt and reins
D
L·SENTI·C·F
¹Crawford 325/1b, SRCV I203, Sydenham 600, RSC I Sentia 1
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
4,00g 20,5mm
ex Gorny & Mosch

Moneyer held praetorship in 93-89 BC.J. B.

Licinius I 308-324 ADAE Follis
Mint: Alexandria, Date- 321-324 AD
Obv: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left,chlamys across left shoulder, holding Victory on a globe in right hand & leaning on scepter with eagle, at left on ground an eagle with wreath in beak, to rightcaptive.
In right field: XII gamma = 12 1/2 denarii communes
Exergue: SMALA
Size: 3.5 gms;19 mm.
Ref:RIC VII, 283 commentsBrian L

Licinius I AE Follis, RIC 13 Nicomedia, 313-317 CE
Obverse: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG, laureate head right.
Reverse: IOVI CONS-ERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, holding Victory on globe and eagle-tipped sceptre; eagle with wreath at foot left.
Officina letter B in right field.
Mintmark SMNT. Nicomedia 23.2 mm., 2.8 g.
NORMAN K

Maximian RIC VI Cyzicus 16B
AE 21mm 2.7 grams
OBV :: IMP C MA MAXIMIANVS PF AVG. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
REV :: CONCORDIA MI-LITVM. Emperor receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter who is leaning on a sceptre
K epsilon in center
EX :: none
RIC VI Cyzicus 16B
RIC rated C Johnny

Maximianus - RIC V 506, Z type 1AE Antoninianus.
Rome, 285-6 AD

IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and sceptre,

Mintmark XXIZ. Nothing at foot.

RIC V-2 506; Cohen 355; Sear 13143.Tacitus

Pompeii Temple of Jupiter StepsSteps leading up to the temple of JupiterJay GT4

Time of Maximinus IIAnonymous
Antioch mint
IOVI CONSERVATORI
Jupiter seated left
VICTORIA AVGG
Victory walking left holding wreath
-/E//SMA
van Heesch 2mauseus

Î” in circular punchUncertain mint, likely of Balkan origin. Septimius Severus. Æ 28 (4 Assaria?). A.D. 193-211. Obv: (...)CE(...). Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark behind head. Rev: Inscription largely obliterated, N (?) in exurge. Artemis (?) running right. Axis: 225°. Weight: 13.09 g. CM: Î” in circular punch. Howgego 781, 783, 784 (?). Note: Î” countermarks have recently been found on many coins of the region, indicating that the coins in question are valued at 4 assaria. Collection Automan.1 commentsAutoman

Î” in circular punchMACEDON (?). Thessalonica (?). Augustus. Æ 22. 27 B.C.- A.D. 14. Obv: KAIÎ£AP-(Î£EBAÎ£TOÎ£) or similar. Laureate head right; countermark before chin. Rev: Inscription obliterated. City ethnic in wreath. Weight: 9.25 g. CM: Î” in circular punch, 5 mm. Howgego 706 (1 pc). Note: Howgego lists only one (!) coin of the period, where the countermark may be a Î”. That coin was struck for Octavian in Thessalonica, dated to 28/27 B.C. It is listed as "not verified" and the countermark described as A or Î”. In regard to [107], the countermark is very clearly Î”! Collection Automan.Automan

GAUL, Lugdunum (?)
PB Tessera (14mm, 2.13 g)
CPF, palm frond below
Blank
Cf. Turcan 221, 225-6, and others.

Found in Southern Spain.

This struck piece shares its general engraving style and palm frond motif with a number of specimens in the museum of Lyons. Perhaps, considering its Spanish provenance, the type saw circulation along the coast of the western Mediterranean. Ardatirion

ROME
PB Tessera (16mm, 2.92 g, 12 h)
Horse standing right; C above
Erect phallus; A V flanking
Rostovtsev -

Rostovtsev1 gathers into one group all tesserae depicting the phallus, various iterations of the word Amor, and the extremely rare pieces depicting sexual acts. He assumes that these pieces were entrance tickets to the Lupanaria, ancient brothels. This association has caused many scholars to refuse to accept tesserae as currency, as they feel that such crude themes would never have been depicted on currency. Thornton2, however, convincingly argues that, as Mercury is sometimes depicted as a herm, a statuary type consisting of a bust set on a square pedestal adorned with only genitalia, the phallus is in fact an emblem of the god in his guise as a fertility deity.

1. Rostovtzev, Mikhail. 1905. Römische Bleitesserae. Ed. C.F. Lehmann and E Kornemann. Beiträge z. Liepzig: Theodor Weicher.

2. Thornton, M. K. 1980. “The Roman Lead Tesserae : Observations on Two Historical Problems Author.” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 29 3: 341-3
1 commentsArdatirion

ROME
PB Tessera (18mm, 2.90 g, 6h)
Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter; to left, eagle standing left
SOD
Rostovtsev -

The sodales were composed of individuals either too young or too old to be active members of the iuvenes. Ardatirion

ROME
PB Tessera (19mm, 3.47 g, 9h)
Roma seated right, holding Victory and spear
G P R F (Genio Populi Romani Feliciter) in circle
Rostovtzev 1576; BM 369

Rostovtsev cites two examples in the British Museum, as well as five more in smaller collections. Thornton could only locate one specimen.Ardatirion

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