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Image search results - "Heinrich"
Caracalla_antoninianus.png
Caracalla, RIC 311d, Date 213-217 AD, Silver Antoninianus Rome, VENVS VICTRIX (with Helmet)
Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Caracalla
Antoninianus of the Roman Imperial Period 213/217 AD
Material: Silver
Diameter: 23mm
Weight: 5.19g
Mint: Rome
Reference: RIC IV Caracalla 311d var. (Rare, with Helmet)
Provenance: Ex Dr. Gernot Heinrich Collection

This ist the RIC 311d Version with Helmet under the shield. An fantastic Antoninianus with many details on obverse and reverse, fantastic Caracalla bust and a clear reverse Venus. Rare RIC, and more Rare in this condition.

Obverse:
You can see the right-facing bust of Caracalla with a radiant crown. The inscription reads: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM for Antoninus Pius Augustus Germanicus.

Reverse:
The goddess Venus can be seen standing to the left, leaning on a shield. In her left hand she holds a Victoriola, in her right hand a spear. Standing, she leans on her shield and helmet. The inscription reads: VENVS VICTRIX for Venus Victrix (the victorious Venus).

Comments:
In ancient Rome, Venus Victrix is ​​the form of the goddess Venus as victor or „as the one who brings victory“. Especially Pompeius Magnus celebrated his military successes in their honor. This was probably inspired by the armed Aphrodite (nikephoros carrying victory) who protected the Acropolis in certain eastern regions of ancient Greece. In Rome, the victorious Venus was mainly in the third century BC increasingly invoked in the wars against Carthage. Iulius Caesar traced the descent of his family and thus his own from Venus (Venus Genitrix). Pompey, as his adversary, identified his glorious destiny with Venus Victrix in order to claim Venus‘ protection in the secret rivalry. After his victory in the war against Mithridates in 55 BC Pompeius celebrated his triumph „de orbi universo“ (over the whole world) and had a temple built for the victorious Venus, which unfortunately has not been preserved. The sanctuary of Venus Victrix stood on the Capitol, which was probably built during the war against the Samnites. Her feast days were August 12 and October 9, with an annual sacrifice being made on the latter date. At the same time, homage was also paid to Victoria, who closely connected the Romans with Venus Victrix.

Associating this type of coin directly with a specific historical event in the reign of Caracalla is difficult. This Antoninianus is between 213 and 217 AD dated. He could therefore retrospectively refer to the victories in the Germania campaign in 213 AD relate to the battles in Dacia against the Carps in 214 AD refer to or anticipate „the-victorious“ Venus Victrix to refer to the coming eastern campaign against the Parthians.
1 commentspaul1888
1545_Leonard_FUCHS_Drawing_37.jpg
1545 Leonhard Fuchs Botanical Woodcut PrintsDate: AD 1545, Basel, Isingrin, rare
Size: 6.3 x 3.5 inches

These are two woodcut prints with hand colored sketches and hand-written notes. This is original from the AD 1545 Octavo edition. Issued in Läbliche abbildung und contrafaytung aller kreüter so ... inn dem ersten theyl seins neüwen kreüterbuchs hat begriffen, in ein kleinere form auff das allerartlichste gezogen ... Basel, Isingrin 1545.

Fuch’s work and its beautiful illustrations effected a revolution in the natural sciences, comparable to that of Copernicus in astronomy and Vesalius in anatomy, both of which were published the following year, AD 1543. To effect this reform accurate illustration and identification was the first requirement and it was to this task that Fuchs addressed himself. Fuchs employed the best artists then available in Basle: Albrecht Meyer did the drawings, Heinrich Füllmaurer transferred them to the woodblocks, and they were cut by Veit Rudolph Speckle. All three are depicted in the book, the first time that book illustrators are themselves portrayed and named. These illustrations set a new standard for botanical depiction and were some of the most influential in botanical history, being copied for innumerable works well into the 18th century. Some 40 species are illustrated for the first time, including several American plants, such as maize and the pumpkin.
‘The coloring of many copies of Fuchs ... is authentic, in that they were issued by the publisher in a colored state based upon the artist’s original colored drawings made from living specimens’ (Blunt).
1 commentsNoah
George_3_Cartwheel_Penny_1797.JPG
1797 GEORGE III AE "CARTWHEEL" PENNYObverse: GEORGIUS III • D : G • REX. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA 1797. Britannia seated facing left, holding olive branch and trident. Small ship in left background; mint-mark SOHO below shield.
Diameter: 36mm
SPINK: 3777

This portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810), this is marked by a small "K." in the drapery at the base of the King's bust. Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.

This was the year that the first copper penny was struck, it was also the first time that the figure of Britannia was portrayed seated amid the waves and holding a trident instead of a spear. The coin was struck by Matthew Boulton at the Soho Mint, Birmingham but, weighing a full one ounce (28.3g) and with a diameter of 36mm, it was rather heavy for the pocket and was soon discontinued. Many have survived though, battered and worn, having been used as weights for kitchen scales.
*Alex
George_3_Twopence_1797.JPG
1797 GEORGE III AE "CARTWHEEL" TWOPENCEObverse: GEORGIUS III • D : G • REX. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA. 1797. Britannia seated facing left, holding olive branch and trident. Small ship in left background; mint-mark SOHO below shield.
Diameter: 41mm. Weight: 56.7gms.
SPINK: 3776

This portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810), this is marked by a small "K." in the drapery at the base of the King's bust. Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.

The figure of Britannia was portrayed seated amid the waves and holding a trident instead of a spear for the first time on the Cartwheel twopences and pennies of this year. This mighty coin was struck in Birmingham by Matthew Boulton at his Soho Mint, but, since it weighed a full two ounces (56.7gms) and measured 5mm thick with a diameter of 41mm, it was a bit heavy for the pocket and was soon discontinued. Many have survived though, battered and worn, having been used as weights for kitchen scales. Some of these twopence coins, because they were so big, were even turned into patch boxes.
*Alex
1799_George_III_farthing.JPG
1799 GEORGE III AE FARTHINGObverse: GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA REX 1799. Laureate and draped bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA. 1 . FARTHING, small tudor rose and thistle at either side, in exergue. Britannia seated facing left, holding olive branch and trident, small ship in left background; mint-mark SOHO below shield.
Diameter: 24mm
SPINK: 3779

This portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810). Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.
*Alex
1799_George_III_Halfpenny.JPG
1799 GEORGE III AE HALFPENNYObverse: GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA REX. Laureate and draped bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA 1799. Britannia seated facing left, holding olive branch and trident, small ship with five gunports in left background; mint-mark SOHO below shield.
Edge: Centre grained.
Diameter: 30mm.
SPINK: 3778

This portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810). Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.*Alex
George_III_Bank_of_England_Dollar_1804.JPG
1804 GEORGE III AR BANK OF ENGLAND DOLLAR Obverse: GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA REX. Laureate and draped bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BANK OF ENGLAND 1804. Britannia, seated left, holding a branch and spear, her left arm resting on a shield which in turn rests on a cornucopia, a beehive is in the background to the left; all within a garter inscribed FIVE SHILLINGS DOLLAR. The garter is surmounted by a castellated "crown" of five circular stone turrets.
Spink 3768; Obverse die A, Reverse die 2
Diameter: 41mm | Weight: 26.7gms | Die Axis: 11
SPINK: 3768

This portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810), this is marked by C. H. K. in raised letters on the truncation at the king's shoulder. The reverse, which was also designed by Kuchler has the raised initial K in the triangular space between the shield, cornucopia, and Britannia's dress. Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.
On this coin there are enough traces of the host coin discernible on the reverse, near the edge between 'BANK' and 'OF', and on the obverse below the bust to make an accurate identification of the undertype possible. It was overstruck on a Spanish Colonial 8 Reales minted at Potosi in Bolivia which bore the date 1806.


Note on George III Bank of England Silver Dollars
Although George III reigned for sixty years from 1760 to 1820, the only crowns issued were in the last three years of his reign, apart from these Bank of England dollars issued as an emergency measure.
There had been a persistent shortage of silver coins throughout most of George's reign, and the Bank of England attempted to alleviate this by counter-marking Spanish colonial 8-Reale pieces (the "pieces of eight" of pirate legend) with a punch bearing the head of George III. When this counter-mark was enthusiastically counterfeited, the bank resorted to counter-stamping the entire coin. Most survivors were struck on Mexican or Peruvian 8-Reale pieces, though a few have been found to be struck on issues from Spain proper. Although these Bank of England dollars are all dated 1804, they were issued every year until 1811, and occasionally the dates of Spanish 8 Reales minted after 1804 can be discerned on them. In 1811, to take account of the increase in the value of silver, the Bank of England dollar coins were revalued at 5s6d and they stayed at this value until they were withdrawn from circulation in 1817, by which time a massive silver re-coinage was being undertaken.
2 comments*Alex
1806_George_III_farthing.jpg
1806 GEORGE III AE FarthingObverse: GEORGIUS III • D : G • REX. 1806. Laureate bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA. Britannia seated facing left, holding olive branch and trident. Small ship in background to left; mint-mark SOHO below shield.
Diameter: 22mm | Weight: 4.6gms
SPINK: 3482

The portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810), this is marked by a small "K" in the drapery at the base of the King's bust. The reverse of this coin was also designed by Kuchler, this is indicated by a small "K" to the bottom left of Britannia's shield. Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.*Alex
George-3_halfpenny_1806.JPG
1806 GEORGE III AE HalfpennyObverse: GEORGIUS III • D : G • REX. 1806. Laureate bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA. Britannia seated facing left, holding olive branch and trident. Small ship in background to left; mint-mark SOHO below shield.
Diameter: 28m | Weight: 9.6gms
SPINK: 3781

The portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810), this is marked by a small "K" in the drapery at the base of the King's bust. The reverse of this coin was also designed by Kuchler, this is indicated by a small "K" to the bottom left of Britannia's shield. Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.*Alex
GEORGE_III_Penny_1806.JPG
1806 GEORGE III AE PennyObverse: GEORGIUS III • D : G • REX. 1806. Laureate bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA. Britannia seated facing left, holding olive branch and trident. Small ship in background to left; mint-mark SOHO below shield.
Diameter: 34mm | Weight: 19.2gms
SPINK: 3780

The portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810), this is marked by a small "K" in the drapery at the base of the King's bust. The reverse of this coin was also designed by Kuchler, this is indicated by a small "K" to the bottom left of Britannia's shield. Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.
*Alex
MISC_Austria_Albrecht_II_L_140.JPG
Austria. Albert II (the Wise), Duke of Austria and Styria (1330-1358)Luschin/Szego 140, CNA B 236.

AR Pfennig, Vienna mint, 14-15 mm.

Obv: Hare facing left.

Rev: Shield.

“Until the 12th century, coins were needed above all for exports; daily transactions were generally barter transactions. As the economy began to operate increasingly on the principle of the division of labor and as cities began to grow, money started to acquire more and more importance for regional trade. Municipal records show that even in Austria under Babenberg rule, money payments to feudal lords began to replace payments in kind. The growing monetarization of society ushered in a new phase in the history of coins. Monetary systems became regionalized. The denar, formerly used for external trade and exports, was replaced by the regional pfennig. New monetary borders came into existence, within which the rulers with coinage rights tried to enforce the compulsory, exclusive use of their own coins. Under Babenberg rule, the Vienna pfennig was accorded the role of regional money used in Austria. The Vienna pfennig came into its own when the mint was moved from Krems to Vienna at the end of the 12th century. It served as a means of payment for daily monetary transactions and remained a monetary unit even when large foreign coins were used to settle the growing volume of trade transactions – gold coins such as the Venetian or Florentine ducat and large silver coins like the Prague groschen. In the course of the 14th century, it became established as a currency in nearly the entire area covered by modern-day Austria, with the exception of Tyrol and Vorarlberg.” (“Money and Trade during the Era of the Silver Pfennig.” Oesterreichische Nationalbank

“It is assumed that most of the 13th and 14th century reverses are not legible at all. This is entirely normal as the obverses were usually struck after the reverses.” (Szego, at 52). The reverse of this issue was the arms of mintmaster Heinrich Schucheler (per Jean Elsen, List 263 Lot 395).
Stkp
Republik_19.jpg
Cr. 433/1, Republic, 42 BC, M. Junius BrutusM. Junius Brutus
AR Denarius, 42BC, Rome
Obv.: LIBERTAS, Head of Libertas right.
Rev.: BRVTVS, Consul L. Junius Brutus walking left between two lictors, carrying fasces over shoulder; accensus to left.
Ag, 19mm, 3.87g
Ref.: Crawford 433/1
Ex Münzkabinett Heinrich
Ex Gitbud & Naumann, auction 39, lot 826
2 commentsshanxi
MISC_Denmark_Christian_IV_4_Skilling_1645_KM_133_1.JPG
Denmark. Christian IV (1588-1648)Hede 150, Schou 87, Sieg 53, KM 133.1

AR 4 skilling, 22 mm., dated 1645, struck by Heinrich Köhler at the Copenhagen mint

Obv: IIII • SKILLING • DANSKE, surrounding crowned monogram of Christian IV (4 within a C)

Rev: ••• / IUSTUS / יהוה (Jehovah) / IUDEX / 16 filament-hook (privy mark) 45, in four rows

Note: In 1643, toward the end of the Thirty Years War, Sweden launched a surprise attack upon Denmark which is called the Torstensson War (after Swedish general Lennart Torstensson). King Christian IV had to rapidly obtain funds to pay his mercenary troops to defend the kingdom against the advancing Swedes. Being short of funds, the emissions that are referred to as “hebræermønter” were issued with a reduced silver content; the silver content of the 4 skilling coin was reduced from .8500 fineness to .2500 (the king later pawned his royal crown and ordered that silver furniture from Frederiksborg Castle be melted to fund the war). Outraged over Sweden’s unannounced invasion, King Christian ordered that the coins bear a special reverse legend, in a mixture of Hebrew and Latin, which reads: “God is a righteous judge” (Psalm 7:12).
2 commentsStkp
sheidt.jpg
German States, Goslar Imperial Free City 1763 Copper PfenningGerman States, Goslar Imperial Free City 1763 Copper Pfenning. Mint Master Heinrich Christoph Rudolph Anseim Hallaicher. Madonna holding infant Christ, Goslar city arms below / *I* PFENNING 1763
1738c.jpg
German states. Free city of Hamburg. .375 silver schilling 1738 IHL.German states. Free city of Hamburg. .375 silver schilling 1738 IHL. City arms (triple turreted city gate within wreath) / *I* SCHILLING 1738 I.H.L.

Mintmaster Johann Heinrich Lowe, low mintage. .730

KM 160
rostovcksks.jpg
German states. Free city of Rostock. Copper 3 Pfenninge 1859 B.S., 1864 H.K.German states. Free city of Rostock. Copper 3 Pfenninge 1859 B.S. (KM 140) Mintmaster Benjamen Steinhorst 1843 - 1859, 1864 H.K. (KM 141) Mintmaster Heinrich Kehr 1862 - 1864. ROSTOCKER MUNZE, Griffon marauding left / 9 PFENNINGE, date and mintmaster's initials below.
1769vh.jpg
German states. Fulda. Heinrich VIII Freihen von Bibra 1759 - 1788 billon kreuzer 1769 V.H.German states. Fulda. Heinrich VIII Freihen von Bibra 1759 - 1788 billon kreuzer 1769 V.H. Crowned arms of Fulda / Value *1* KREU-ZER 1769 V.H.

KM 128
1815c.jpg
German states. Reuss-Obergreiz. Heinrich XIII 1800 - 1817. Copper 3-pfennig 1815.German states. Reuss-Obergreiz. Heinrich XIII 1800 - 1817. Copper 3-pfennig 1815. Crowned arms / 3 PFENNIG, F.R.P., GREIZER, 1815.

KM 90
Cologne-Pfennig_Heinrich-I-Molenark-(1225-1238AD)_mint-Koln-Archbishoporic_HEINRIC___SANCTA-COLONIA_Havernick-647_Q-001_11h_17,5mm_1,44g-s.jpg
German, Cologne, Heinrich I. Molenark, (1225-1238 A.D.), Havernick 647, Köln under Archbishopric of Köln, AR-Pfennig, +SANCTA COLONIA, German, Cologne, Heinrich I. Molenark, (1225-1238 A.D.), Havernick 647, Köln under Archbishopric of Köln, AR-Pfennig, +SANCTA COLONIA,
avers: +HENRIC...., Archbishop entrhoned, wearing mitre, holding crozier and book.
revers: +SANCTA COLONIA, Nimbate bust of saint (Peter?) facing, holding 2 cross-topped flags. Over him a tower with 2 pointed gables.
diameter: 17,5mm, weight: 1,44g, axis:11h,
mint:Köln, mint mark: no, date: A.D., ref: Havernick 647,
Q-001
quadrans
nummuseum.jpg
Greece, Athens - Entrance to the Athens Numismatic MuseumThe former mansion of noted amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann. What was inside those doors was truly marvelous.1 comments
derlowe.jpg
Heinrich der Löwe (1142-1195)Lüneburg. Bracteate. Lion to the left. Berger KM 365, Slg. Bonhoff 76. 0,52g.goranix
IOM_1813_1-2_penny.jpg
Isle of ManMackay 79; Pridmore 33; SCBC __; KM 10; see also Doty, The Soho Mint, p. 322.

AE/copper (cartwheel) half penny; Struck at the Soho Mint, Birmingham, from dies adapted by John Phillip from those engraved by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler. 10.36 g., 27.34 mm.max.

Obv: GEORGIUS III • D : G • REX and 1813, incuse on raised rim; laureate and draped bust of King George III, facing right in center.

Rev: QUOCUNQUE • IECERIS • STABIT, incuse on raised rim; triskeles in center.
Stkp
MISC_Lucca.JPG
Italian States. LuccaCf. CNI XI 7, Biaggi 1056, Metcalf Crusades 10-5

AR denaro, .76 g, 16 mm. max., 90°, struck 1039-1125 in the names of the Holy Roman Emperors, Heinrich III-V

Obv: + INPERATOR, around H formed with two Ts joined by central crossbar

Rev.: + ENRICVS, around LV / CA.

These Lucca-style denaros were very popular with the Crusaders of the First Crusade, and are commonly found in hoards in the Levant. It is thought that many of those found in the Levant were struck there by the Crusaders in imitation of the official Lucca issues.
Stkp
MISC_Italian_States_Sicily_Heinrich_and_Constanza.jpg
Italian States: Norman Sicily. Henry/Heinrich VI Hohenstaufen (King of Germany 1169-1197; Holy Roman Emperor 1191-1197; King of Sicily 1194-1197) and Constance of Hauteville.MIR 256; D’Andrea 46; Spahr 730; MEC 14 (Italy III) 485-487

AR Denaro. Brindisi mint, struck 1194-1196 A.D.; .72 g., 16.69 mm. max, 180°

Obv: • HE(ligate) • INPERATOR, short cross pattée; star in second and fourth quarters.

Rev: • C • INPERATRIX, A • P across field; omega above.
Stkp
F1__Heinrich_IV__Feurardent_11861.jpg
Jeton, Henri IV, Feuardent 11861Henri IV (1553-1610), king of France
AE 28 (brass), 3.76g, 37.75mm, 180°.
Obv.: HENRICVS.IIII.GALLIAE.ET.NAVAR:REX*
Henri IV in armour and with right hand brandishing sword, galloping on horseback to
right; horse adorned with saddlecloth bearing arms of France and Navarre; on ground
helmet, shield and arms.
Rev.: OMNIS VICTORIA A DNO*, on the left and right the coats of arms of France and
Navarre
l. and r. the coats of arms of France (House of Bourbon) and Navarre (Navarra chain),
between them sword, above adorned with crown, above olive branches crossing in a
cartouche from which rays emanate; left and right of sword hilt "15 - 96"; left and
right of sword each an olive branch crowning the coats of arms.
Ref.: Feuardent 11861

Henri IV was King of Navarre from 1572, King of France from 1589-1610, the only Protestant king on the French throne. The first from the House of Bourbon. His wedding is notorious for St Bartholomew's Night
Jochen
hahahah~0.jpg
KM 103 German States, Reuss Obergreiz. Heinrich XIX AE 3 PFENNIG 1828. KM 103 German States, Reuss Obergreiz. Heinrich XIX 1836 - 1859 AE 3 PFENNIG 1828. Lion left on crowned sheild / 3 PFENNIG F*R*F GREIZER L*M 1828
Crawford_416-1a.jpg
L. Scribonius LiboObv. LIBO / BON EVENT
Head of Bonus Eventus right.
Rev. below SCRIBON, above ГVTEAL
Puteal Scribonianum, decorated with garland and two lyres; at base hammer.
Denarius, Rome 62 BC,
18 mm 3,821g Crawford 416/1a
Ex Palaio Dr. Gernot Heinrich, Bad Reichenhall
Priscus
CGallus.jpg
Nero / Caius Cestius GallusSELEUCIS and PIERIA, Antioch. Nero. AD 54-68. Æ As (30.5mm, 15.36 g, 12h).
Caius Cestius Gallus, legatus Syriae. Dated year 115 of the Caesarean Era (AD 66/7).
O: Laureate head right; coiled serpent to right. IM • NER • CLAV • CAESAR
R: ЄΠI(In the magistracy of) ΓAIOY KЄCTIO Y (Gaius Cestius) ΛNTIO (Antioch) ЄT (Year) ЄIP (P=100, I=10, E=5 ) in five lines within wreath
- McAlee 294 = Superior, (9 December 1989), lot 2827 (same dies); RPC I – Same obverse die as RPC 4309. Extremely rare, the second known.

Josephus lays much of the blame for the Jewish revolt at the feet of Florus, the Roman procurator of Judaea. Florus was notorious for his cruelty and greed. In 66 C.E. he demanded 17 talents from the temple treasury, using the pretense that it was needed by the Emperor. The Jews refused, ridiculing his request by taking up a mock collection for the “poor Florus.”

Florus responded by sending troops to loot and pillage the Upper-Marketplace in Jerusalem. Thousands of Jews were killed, including woman and children. Rather than bringing the city under control, Josephus reasons, “What more need be said? It was Florus who constrained us to take up war with the Romans, for we preferred to perish together rather than by degrees. The war in fact began in the second year of the procuratorship of Florus and in the twelfth of Nero's reign.”

The Sicarii, or “dagger-men,” took the fortress of Masada and killed the Roman garrison stationed there, establishing the first rebel stronghold. The fortress of Antonia was also captured and the Roman soldiers stationed there were slain. The remaining Roman holdouts surrendered under the agreement that their lives would be spared but they too were slaughtered. At the same time, the daily sacrifices for the Emperor were discontinued. A mixture of elation and fear gripped Jerusalem as they awaited the inevitable Roman response.

Gaius Cestius Gallus, Legate of Syria in 66 C.E., was the response. On Nero’s order, he assembled a force at Antioch comprised of legio XII Fulminata, detachments from the three other legions based in Syria, six cohorts of auxiliary infantry and four alae of cavalry. He also had military support from the Jewish ruler Herod Agrippa II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa.

Within three months Gallus, with his force of over 30,000 troops, began working their way down from Galilee to Jerusalem, attacking key cities such as Chabulon, Joppa and Antipatris. Although enduring successful raids from the rebels, the Romans finally enter and set fire to the suburbs of Jerusalem as the rebels retreated to the safety of the temple fortress.

After setting fire to Bezetha, north of the temple, Gallus encamped in front of the royal palace, southwest of the temple. At that time, Josephus says he could have easily taken the city since pro-Roman Jews were ready to open the gates of the city for him. A six day delay, however, strengthened the insurgents. The zealots attacked and killed the pro-peace faction in the city, murdering their leaders, then assaulted the Romans from the wall. The advance units of the Romans employ the Testudo, overlapping their shields over themselves like the back of a tortoise, and began undermining the walls. After five days they are on the verge of success when, for an undetermined cause, Gallus called off the attack. In History of the Jews, Professor Heinrich Graetz suggests: “[Cestius Gallus] did not deem it advisable to continue the combat against heroic enthusiasts and embark on a lengthy campaign at that season, when the autumn rains would soon commence . . . and might prevent the army from receiving provisions. On that account probably he thought it more prudent to retrace his steps.” Whatever the reason, Gallus decided to abruptly leave Jerusalem.

Gallus, with evidently little battlefield experience, suffered one humiliating defeat after another during the retreat. By the battles end the losses amounted to 5,300 infantry, 480 cavalry, all the pack animals, artillery and the eagle standard of the legio XII Fulminata. With the rebels emboldened by their shocking victory, the stage is set for the Romans to return in greater force. This time, however, Nero would send general Vespasian.

Cestius Gallus died a broken man in 67 C.E. Tacitus described the outbreak of the revolt to Gallus death as follows: “the endurance of the Jews lasted till Gessius Florus was procurator. In his time the war broke out. Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, who attempted to crush it, had to fight several battles, generally with ill-success. Cestius dying, either in the course of nature, or from vexation.” - The Histories V
4 commentsNemonater
cestius_gallus_black.jpg
Nero / Caius Cestius Gallus 66/67SELEUCIS and PIERIA, Antioch. Nero. AD 54-68. Æ As (30.5mm, 15.28 g, 12h).
Caius Cestius Gallus, legatus Syriae. Dated year 115 of the Caesarean Era (AD 66/7).
O: Laureate head right; coiled serpent to right. IM • NER • CLAV • CAESAR
R: ЄΠI(In the magistracy of) ΓAIOY KЄCTIO Y (Gaius Cestius) ΛNTIO (Antioch) ЄT (Year) ЄIP (P=100, I=10, E=5 ) in five lines within wreath
- McAlee 294 = Superior, (9 December 1989), lot 2827 (same dies); RPC I – Same obverse die as RPC 4309. Extremely rare, the second or third known.

Josephus lays much of the blame for the Jewish revolt at the feet of Florus, the Roman procurator of Judaea. Florus was notorious for his cruelty and greed. In 66 C.E. he demanded 17 talents from the temple treasury, using the pretense that it was needed by the Emperor. The Jews refused, ridiculing his request by taking up a mock collection for the “poor Florus.”

Florus responded by sending troops to loot and pillage the Upper-Marketplace in Jerusalem. Thousands of Jews were killed, including woman and children. Rather than bringing the city under control, Josephus reasons, “What more need be said? It was Florus who constrained us to take up war with the Romans, for we preferred to perish together rather than by degrees. The war in fact began in the second year of the procuratorship of Florus and in the twelfth of Nero's reign.”

The Sicarii, or “dagger-men,” took the fortress of Masada and killed the Roman garrison stationed there, establishing the first rebel stronghold. The fortress of Antonia was also captured and the Roman soldiers stationed there were slain. The remaining Roman holdouts surrendered under the agreement that their lives would be spared but they too were slaughtered. At the same time, the daily sacrifices for the Emperor were discontinued. A mixture of elation and fear gripped Jerusalem as they awaited the inevitable Roman response.

Gaius Cestius Gallus, Legate of Syria in 66 C.E., was the response. On Nero’s order, he assembled a force at Antioch comprised of legio XII Fulminata, detachments from the three other legions based in Syria, six cohorts of auxiliary infantry and four alae of cavalry. He also had military support from the Jewish ruler Herod Agrippa II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa.

Within three months Gallus, with his force of over 30,000 troops, began working their way down from Galilee to Jerusalem, attacking key cities such as Chabulon, Joppa and Antipatris. Although enduring successful raids from the rebels, the Romans finally enter and set fire to the suburbs of Jerusalem as the rebels retreated to the safety of the temple fortress.

After setting fire to Bezetha, north of the temple, Gallus encamped in front of the royal palace, southwest of the temple. At that time, Josephus says he could have easily taken the city since pro-Roman Jews were ready to open the gates of the city for him. A six day delay, however, strengthened the insurgents. The zealots attacked and killed the pro-peace faction in the city, murdering their leaders, then assaulted the Romans from the wall. The advance units of the Romans employ the Testudo, overlapping their shields over themselves like the back of a tortoise, and began undermining the walls. After five days they are on the verge of success when, for an undetermined cause, Gallus called off the attack. In History of the Jews, Professor Heinrich Graetz suggests: “[Cestius Gallus] did not deem it advisable to continue the combat against heroic enthusiasts and embark on a lengthy campaign at that season, when the autumn rains would soon commence . . . and might prevent the army from receiving provisions. On that account probably he thought it more prudent to retrace his steps.” Whatever the reason, Gallus decided to abruptly leave Jerusalem.

Gallus, with evidently little battlefield experience, suffered one humiliating defeat after another during the retreat. By the battles end the losses amounted to 5,300 infantry, 480 cavalry, all the pack animals, artillery and the eagle standard of the legio XII Fulminata. With the rebels emboldened by their shocking victory, the stage is set for the Romans to return in greater force. This time, however, Nero would send general Vespasian.

Cestius Gallus died a broken man in 67 C.E. Tacitus described the outbreak of the revolt to Gallus death as follows: “the endurance of the Jews lasted till Gessius Florus was procurator. In his time the war broke out. Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, who attempted to crush it, had to fight several battles, generally with ill-success. Cestius dying, either in the course of nature, or from vexation.” - The Histories V
3 commentsNemonater
CONSERVATORI_Messenia_Hemidrachm_Polykles_Ex_BCD.png
Peloponnesos, Messenia (Polykles) AR Hemidrachm (BCD Peloponnesos II 2327 = Grandjean 203g, Ex Sawhill/JMU, Slg. Otto)Greek (Post-Hellenistic), Roman (Republican Era, Quasi-Provincial). Messene, Messenia. Magistrate Polykles. AR Hemidrachm (2.25g, 16mm, 10h). Struck c. 35 BCE.
Obv: Diademed head of Zeus facing right. Rev: ME – Σ, ΠO – ΛV, and KΛ – HΣ in three lines bisected by tripod altar, all surrounded by olive wreath.
Published: Grandjean 203g (D125/R171 – this coin); BCD Peloponnesos II 2327 (this coin). Additional references: BCD Peloponnesos 753 (same dies); Hoover HGC 5, 572; SNG Copenhagen 507; BMC 15.
Provenance: Sammlung Kommerzienrat H. Otto, Stuttgart (Heinrich Otto, Jr. [1856-1931]); Hess 207 (Lucerne, 1 Dec 1931), Lot 493, ill. on Plate 12 (LINK); John A Sawhill (1892-1976) Collection; James Madison University Foundation (Sawhill Bequest); Stack’s Public Auction (New York, 1979 March 15), Lot 157 (part of/not ill.) (LINK); BCD Collection; CNG MBS 81-2, “BCD Peloponnesos, Part II” (Lancaster, 20 May 2009), Lot 2327 (LINK); Künker 341 (Osnabrück, 1 Oct 2020), Lot 5526 (LINK) (Unsold & again at EA 65); Künker EA 69 (30 Nov 2021), Lot 31 (LINK). Gallery (imgur): Coin-in-hand video, Hess-Otto plate, BCD Pelo II photo (LINK).
1 commentsCurtis JJ
RIC_53A.jpg
Philip ArabAv. IMP MIVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rv. VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS
in three lines within laurel wreath
RIC 53A, 3,91g , Rom - Extremely rare. -
Ex Leu Numismatik AG Web-Auction 28 Lot 4168 12/09/2023, ex. Dr. Gernot Heinrich collection
2 commentsPriscus
wildman.jpg
POST MEDIEVAL, Germany, BRAUNSCHWEIG - WOLFENBÜTTEL, 1 TALER, 1609Silver coin with 28,66 grams
Ruler.: Heinrich Julius (1589 - 1613)
Obv.: HONESTVM PRO PATRIA 1609
Rev.: HENRICVS. IVLIVS.D:G:P.EP.HA.DVX.BRVNS.ETLV
ref.: Welter: 645, Dav.: 6285
2 comments
REUSS_OBERGREIZ_-_Heinrich_XXII,_1859-1902_1_pfennig_1868-A.jpg
REUZZ-OBERGREIZ -- Heinrich XXII REUZZ-OBERGREIZ -- Heinrich XXII (1859-1902) Cu 1 Pfennig, 1868-A. Obv.: Crowned arms, * FÜRSTEMTHUM REUSS ÄLTERER LINIE Rev.: SCHEIDE MÜNZE / 1 / PFENNIG / 1868 / ------- / A Berlin mint. Reference: KM #117.
dpaul7
D623b.jpg
RIC 623b DomitianÆ As, 10.13g
Rome mint, 88 AD
Obv: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P VIII CENS PER P P; Head of Domitian, laureate, bearded, r.
Rev: COS XIIII LVD SAEC FEC; S C in exergue; Domitian stg. l., sacrificing over altar; to l., flute player and lyre player stg. r.; in background, temple, wreath in pediment
RIC 623b (C2). BMC 434. BNC 471.
Acquired from Künker, January 2019. Ex Heinrich Pilartz Münzhandlung.

In October 88 AD Domitian held the Secular Games, a festival featuring theatrical performances and circus games accompanied by six various daytime and nighttime religious ceremonies. The games marked the transition from one era (saeculum) to another and were supposedly held once every 110 years, or the maximum span of a human lifetime, making them a 'once in a lifetime' event. Domitian conducted his games on the Augustan calculation, rejecting the formula for the Claudian games held in 47 AD. The festival was important enough to interrupt the normal striking of reverse types on the coinage and for the mint to produce a new unique issue commemorating the event both in precious metal and bronze. The precious metal designs tended to be symbolic while the bronze were more narrative in nature, focusing on the various religious sacrifices that were at the heart of the games.

The reverse on this as features a daytime victimless sacrifice of cakes to Apollo and Diana on the sixth and last day of the celebrations, held in front of an unidentified hexastyle temple somewhere on the Palatine. The stylised nature of the reverse's design makes it difficult to pinpoint the temple in question. The generic decorative wreath in the pediment offers no clues. Another variant of the type (RIC 623a) has an eagle in the pediment, perhaps an indication the engravers were not intending to depict a specific temple at all. The scene could stand alone and be an excellent representation for all the religious ceremonies of the games. The main message of the design is to show the Roman people that Domitian provided and responsibly held the Secular Games. The fact this type was struck in fairly large quantities hints it was an important piece of Domitianic propaganda.

Struck on a large flan in fine style.
6 commentsDavid Atherton
Stadt_Mainz_10_Pfennig_1917_Arld_Nrnberg_Rad_Wappen_Zink.jpg
Stadt MainzStadt Mainz

10 Pfennig

1917

Prägeanstalt: Heinrich Arld, Nürnberg

Vs.: Wappen

Rs.: WZ, "KLEINGELDERSATZMARKE"

Literatur: Menzel 8711.3

Erhaltung: Sehr schön

Metall: Zink

20,9 mm, 2,43 g _296
Antonivs Protti
SWEDEN_1718_PHOEBUS_DALER.jpg
SWEDEN - Karl XIISWEDEN - Karl XII (1697-1718) Cu Daler, 1718. Subject: Sun God. Obv: Sun god with rays around circle, PHOEBVS above, date below Rev: Value in circle within wreath. Reference: KM #359, Hobsen 215.
Goertz daler-Swedish emergency money of 1718, approx 24mm across. From Sweden was struck in the financial hardship that hit Sweden after the war with Russia. These copper coins were used by the government to replace the much larger silver daler in use before the war. They are called Goertz dalers after Baron Georg Heinrich von Goertz, the finance minister at the time. This is one of a series of several coins, this one displaying Phoebus (son of Zeus and Leto and twin brother of Artemis Diana - Roman name for the god Apollo).
dpaul7
HSL_Duke_Bela_Rengjeo_101-107.JPG
Unger Sz. 10, Rengjeo 101, Mimica 44Hungarian Slavonia. Béla IV (1235-1270), Duke Béla (1260-1269), and Bans Roland (1261-1267) and Heinrich von Güssing (1267-1269). AR denar, .15 mm.

Obv. + MONETA DVCIS P SCLAVONI.A, Marten running left, star above and below.

Rev. Patriarchal cross, facing crowned heads below, star and crescent above, h—R (privy mark) to sides.

Struck with an average fineness of approximately .900 silver and an average weight of .972 g.

Mimica rarity rating R3
Stkp
HSL_Bela_IV_Rengjeo_97-100.jpg
Unger Sz. 11, Rengjeo 97-100 var., Mimica 40-43 var., Dimnik & Dubrinik 8.1.1Hungarian Slavonia. Béla IV (1235-1270), Duke Béla (1260-1269), and Bans Roland (1261-1267) and Heinrich von Güssing (1267-1269)

AR denar (average fineness 90.8%; average weight .96 g.); Zagreb mint .88 g., 15.97 mm.. 270°

Obv. + MOnETA REGIS P SCLAVOnIA, Marten running left, star above and below

Rev. Patriarchal cross, facing crowned heads below, star and crescent above, h—R to sides

Unger value 35 DM, Mimica rarity rating R2
1 commentsStkp
salvi.jpg
Unger Sz. 4 Hungarian Slavonia Bela IV and Ban Heinrich von GussingUnger Sz. 4, Rengjeo 108-117
Hungarian Slavonia. Béla IV (1235-1270) and Ban Heinrich von Güssing (1269-1270). AR denar.
Obv. + MONETA REGIS P SCLAVONI.A, Marten running left, star above and below.
Rev. Patriarchal cross, facing crowned heads below, star and crescent above, geese (privy mark) to sides.
HSL_Bela_IV_Rengjeo_108-117.JPG
Unger Sz. 4, Rengjeo 108 var., Mimica 51 var.Hungarian Slavonia. Béla IV (1235-1270) and Ban Heinrich von Güssing (1269-1270). AR denar, .15.5 mm.

Obv. + MONETA REGIS P SCLAVONI.A, Marten running left, star above and below.

Rev. Patriarchal cross, facing crowned heads below, star and crescent above, geese (privy mark) to sides.

Struck with an average fineness of approximately .900 silver and an average weight of .972 g.

Mimica rarity rating R2
Stkp
WALDECK-PYRMONT_HALF_MARIENGROSCHEN.jpg
WALDECK-PYRMONT - GEORG FRIEDRICH HEINRICHWALDECK-PYRMONT - GEORG FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1813-1845) Copper 1/2 Mariengroschen. 1825. Obv.: Arms under crowed drapery. FURSTL . WALDECK LAN MUNZE. Rev.: 1/2 / MARIEN / GROSCHEN / 1825 / ------ / F. W. Reference: KM #141dpaul7
_T2eC16NHJF4FFk3m5KjbBR,Bw(ddpQ~~60_58.jpg
Österreich 1. Republik 1918-1938. 1 Schilling 1925Wien, Parlamentsgebäude in Wien
Entwurf: Heinrich Zita.
Erhaltung: Vorzüglich.
Metall: Silber, .640 fein.
Gewicht: 6,0 g. Durchmesser: 25 mm. _651
Antonivs Protti
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