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Image search results - "German"
NeroDrususCaesars1.jpg
Struck under Caligula. Nero and Drusus Caesars riding right, cloaks flying, NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES / C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT around S-C. Rome mint, c. AD 37-38. RIC I 34 (pg. 110).2 commentssocalcoins
GERMANIC-1.jpg
GERMANICVS - As minted under Caligula - 40/41 AD
Obv.: GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVGVST F DIVI AVG N, bare head left
Rev.: C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG P M TR POT IIII P P around large SC.
Gs. 11 mm. 29,1
Cohen 4 RIC 50

Maxentius
heller.jpg
German states, Hesse-Cassel Friedrich Wilhelm 1847 - 1866 A.D. Crowned German coat of arms, 360 EINEN THALER / 1 HELLER 1866 surrounded by leged: KURHESSISCHE SCHEIDE MUNZE. KM 613 Heller
500mark1923A.jpg
Germany. Weimar Republic. 1919- 1933. Aluminum 500 Mark 1923-A. EINIGKEIT UND RECHT UND FREIHEIT, Eagle, star below / DEUTSCHES REICH 500 MARK 1923 A.

KM 36
adadd.jpg
Celtic, Bastarnae Tribe, Thrace, c. 220 - 160 B.C., Imitative of Macedonian Kingdom Type

The Bastarnae were an important ancient people of uncertain, but probably mixed Germanic-Celtic-Sarmatian, ethnic origin, who lived between the Danube and the Dnieper (Strabo, Geography, VII, 3,17) during the last centuries B.C. and early centuries A.D. The etymology of their name is uncertain, but may mean 'mixed-bloods' (compare 'bastard'), as opposed to their neighbours the East Germanic Scirii, the 'clean-' or 'pure-bloods.'

32899. Bronze AE 16, imitative of SNG Cop 1299 (Macedonian Kingdom, time of Philip V and Perseus, 221 - 168 B.C.), Fair/Fine, 2.168g, 16.3mm, obverse Celtic-style bust of river-god Strymon right; reverse Trident
Castvlo
britannicus01.jpg
AE sestertius. Struck under Claudius, circa 50-54 AD, uncertain eastern provincial mint located in the modern-day Balkans.
Obv : TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG F BRITANNICVS, draped bust left.
Rev : - No legend, Mars advancing left, holding spear and shield, SC in fields. 35mm, 19.4g. Extremely Rare.

Ref : BMCRE 226
Cohen 2
RCV 1908, valued at $32,000 in Fine, which is a few multiples greater than any other sestertius issued during the several centuries the denomination was in use.
A large number of the surviving examples of this series (one may even suggest a majority of them), due to their rarity, have been subjected to modern alteration techniques such as smoothing, tooling, and repatination. As such, it's actually pleasant to see a bit of field roughness and a 'plain brown' patina of old copper on this example, evidence that it is just as ugly as it was the day it was last used in circulation back in Ancient Rome.
Britannicus, originally known as Germanicus after Claudius' older brother, was the emperor's original intended heir and natural son. Machinations by Agrippina II eventually saw Britannicus supplanted by her own son Nero, (by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) who took the throne upon Claudius' suspicious death. Britannicus himself died a few years later, reportedly poisoned by his step-brother. The future emperor Titus and Britannicus were close friends, and Titus became quite ill and nearly died after eating from the same poisoned dish that killed Britannicus.
R. Smits
Deutschland_Potsdam_Medaille_1924_Schwimmfest_Sieger.jpg
Deutschland

Potsdam

Medaille 1924 (Bronze)

II.Preis , gestiftet vom Potsdamer Schwimmclub

Vs.: Schwimmer greifen nach Lorbeerkranz, den Germania hält

Rs.:Gravur

Gewicht: 16,3g

Durchmesser: 35mm

Erhaltung: vorzüglich _591
Antonivs Protti
Caracalla_antoninianus.png
Caracalla, RIC 311d, Date 213-217 AD, Silver Antoninianus Rome, VENVS VICTRIX (with Helmet)
Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Caracalla
Antoninianus of the Roman Imperial Period 213/217 AD
Material: Silver
Diameter: 23mm
Weight: 5.19g
Mint: Rome
Reference: RIC IV Caracalla 311d var. (Rare, with Helmet)
Provenance: Ex Dr. Gernot Heinrich Collection

This ist the RIC 311d Version with Helmet under the shield. An fantastic Antoninianus with many details on obverse and reverse, fantastic Caracalla bust and a clear reverse Venus. Rare RIC, and more Rare in this condition.

Obverse:
You can see the right-facing bust of Caracalla with a radiant crown. The inscription reads: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM for Antoninus Pius Augustus Germanicus.

Reverse:
The goddess Venus can be seen standing to the left, leaning on a shield. In her left hand she holds a Victoriola, in her right hand a spear. Standing, she leans on her shield and helmet. The inscription reads: VENVS VICTRIX for Venus Victrix (the victorious Venus).

Comments:
In ancient Rome, Venus Victrix is ​​the form of the goddess Venus as victor or „as the one who brings victory“. Especially Pompeius Magnus celebrated his military successes in their honor. This was probably inspired by the armed Aphrodite (nikephoros carrying victory) who protected the Acropolis in certain eastern regions of ancient Greece. In Rome, the victorious Venus was mainly in the third century BC increasingly invoked in the wars against Carthage. Iulius Caesar traced the descent of his family and thus his own from Venus (Venus Genitrix). Pompey, as his adversary, identified his glorious destiny with Venus Victrix in order to claim Venus‘ protection in the secret rivalry. After his victory in the war against Mithridates in 55 BC Pompeius celebrated his triumph „de orbi universo“ (over the whole world) and had a temple built for the victorious Venus, which unfortunately has not been preserved. The sanctuary of Venus Victrix stood on the Capitol, which was probably built during the war against the Samnites. Her feast days were August 12 and October 9, with an annual sacrifice being made on the latter date. At the same time, homage was also paid to Victoria, who closely connected the Romans with Venus Victrix.

Associating this type of coin directly with a specific historical event in the reign of Caracalla is difficult. This Antoninianus is between 213 and 217 AD dated. He could therefore retrospectively refer to the victories in the Germania campaign in 213 AD relate to the battles in Dacia against the Carps in 214 AD refer to or anticipate „the-victorious“ Venus Victrix to refer to the coming eastern campaign against the Parthians.
1 commentspaul1888
1643A238-642E-4D37-8555-277B038669D2.jpeg
BOEOTIA Federal coinage Drachm (AR; 17-19mm; 5.48g) c. 304-294 bc. Boeotian shield. Rev. Δ – I Amphora and above pellet within incuse square.
BCD Boeotia 69; Head p. 57; McClean p. 314, 5513; SNG Delepierre 1298; SNG Lockett 1775; Traité III p. 267, 287 and pl. 202.26; Weber p. 317, 3328 and pl. 125.
Ex Gemini VI, New York Sunday, January 10, 2010, lot 113.
Ex: CNG Electronic Auction 148, September 20, 2006, lot 12, BCD collection.
Ex KURPFÄLZISCHE MÜNZHANDLUNG, Mannheim, Germany
1984: no 27, 12 Dec.
Ex: Numismatic Fine Arts, Inc., Publication No. 12, January-February 1979, Lot 27
1 commentspaul1888
Cunobelinus.JPG
1st Century CE, IRON AGE BRITAIN, Tribes: Catuvellauni and Trinovantes, AE Unit, Struck c.10 - 40 at Verlamion under CunobelinusObverse: CVNO - BELIN. Bare head facing left.
Reverse: TASCIO. Metal worker, wielding hammer, seated facing right.
Diameter: 15mm | Weight: 2.24gms | Axis: 3h
Spink: 342 | ABC: 2969 | Van Arsdell 2097

CUNOBELINUS
Cunobelinus was a king in Iron Age Britain from about 9 CE until about 40 CE. He is mentioned by the Roman historians Suetonius and Dio Cassius, and many coins bearing his inscription have been found. Cunobelinus controlled a substantial portion of south-eastern Britain, including the territories of the Catuvellauni and the Trinovantes, and is called “Britannorum rex" (King of the Britons) by Suetonius. He appears to have been recognized by the Roman emperor Augustus as a client king, shown by the use of the Latin title Rex on some of his coins.
Numismatic evidence appears to indicate that Cunobelinus took power around AD 9 after the death of his father Tasciovanus, minting coins from both Camulodunum, capital of the Trinovantes and Verlamion (Roman Verulamium), capital of the Catuvellauni. Some of the Verulamium coins name him as the son of Tasciovanus, a previous king of the Catuvellauni. Cunobelinus' earliest issues are, however, from Camulodunum, indicating that he took power there first, and some have a palm or laurel wreath design, a motif borrowed from the Romans indicating a military victory. It is possible that he was emboldened to act against the Trinovantes, whose independence was protected by a treaty they made with Julius Caesar in 54 BC, because problems in Germania severely affected Augustus' ability to defend allies in Britain.
Cunobelinus, however, appears to have maintained quite good relations with the Roman Empire, he used classical motifs on his coins and his reign also saw an increase in trade with the continent. Archaeological evidence shows an increase in imported luxury goods, including wine and drinking vessels from Italy, olive oil and “garum” (fish sauce) from Spain, as well as glassware, jewellery, and tableware from the wider continent, all of which, from their distribution, appear to have entered Britain via the port of Camulodunum. Rome's lucrative trade with Britain was also reported by Strabo, according to him the island's exports included grain, gold, silver, iron, hides, slaves and hunting dogs. It seems likely that Cunobelinus was one of the British kings, mentioned by Strabo, who sent embassies to Augustus.
Cunobelinus died about 40, probably within a year of that date, as he was certainly dead by 43.
Traditionally it has been suggested that the “Lexden Tumulus” on the outskirts of Colchester was Cunobelinus' tomb, but without evidence confirming that, it is also possible that the tomb was built for the earlier Trinovantian king, Addedomarus. Interestingly there is a second tumulus, though this one is not so well known, 665m to the northwest of the Lexden burial mound, on a grassy area in the middle of a modern housing estate. This tumulus, known as ‘The Mount’, probably dates from around the same time as the well-known one at Fitzwalter Road, Lexden.


CLICK ON MAP BELOW TO ENLARGE IT
1 comments*Alex
Germanicus_As.jpg
4.5 GermanicusGERMANICUS
AE As

RI0037
Sosius
Germanicus_Signis_Receptis.jpg
4.5 Germanicus, father of CaligulaGERMANICUS
AE Dupondius. Struck under Caligula.

GERMANICVS CAESAR, Germanicus in quadriga right / SIGNIS RECEP DEVICTIS GERM S-C, Germanicus standing left with eagle-tipped scepter.

RIC 57 [Caligula], Cohen 7, BMC 93 Fine
Ex VAuctions
RI0038
1 commentsSosius
Vitellius_RIC_42.jpg
9 Vitellius As, 69 ADVITELLIUS
Æ As.
Tarraco mint

O: A VITELLIVS IMP GERMAN, laureate head left

R: FIDES EXERCITVVM, clasped hands.

RIC 42, Sear5 #2217, Cohen 34.
RI0071
Sosius
Vitellius_RIC_73.jpg
9 Vitellius Denarius, 69 ADVITELLIUS
AR denarius, Rome Mint (3.13g)
January 2 - December 20, 69 A.D.

O: A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP AVG TR P, laureate head right

R: CONCOR-DIA P R, Concordia seated left holding patera and cornucopia;

RIC I 73 scarce, Cohen 20

I am unsure of authenticity. The only way to determine once and for all will be to clean this one...
RI0072

Sosius
Louis_XIII_and_Anne_of_Austria_AE_(Brass)_Jeton.JPG
Louis XIII and Anne d'Autriche. AE (Brass) Jeton struck c.1615 - 1616Obverse: LVDO•XIII D G FR•ET•NA•ANNA•AVSTR•HISPAN. Crowned jugate busts of Louis XIII and Anne facing right, both wearing ruffs.
Reverse: Crown and two branches above two hearts, between which are the scrolled words CARITAS / *SPES* / *FIDES* in three lines above * L * - * A * (for Louis and Anne) either side of facing eagle. Below, scroll bearing the words •HANS•LAVFER•; in exergue H – L (for Hans Laufer) either side of floral device.

Struck at Nuremburg, Germany
Die engraver: Hans Laufer
Dimensions: 27.1mm | Weight: 3.87gms | Die Axis: 12
Ref. M: 3714 | Feuardent: 12329

Hans Laufer became Guild master at Nuremburg in 1611, though he had been responsible for issuing jetons from 1607. He died in 1632.

Louis XIII became king of France and Navarre in 1610, shortly before his ninth birthday, after his father Henry IV was assassinated. He ruled France until he died of Tuberculosis in 1643. Anne was betrothed to him at the age of eleven and, on 24th November 1615, they were married by proxy in Burgos. The marriage following the tradition of cementing military and political alliances between France and Spain that had begun with the marriage of Philip II of Spain to Elisabeth of Valois in 1559 as part of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. Anne and Louis, both fourteen years old, were pressured to consummate their marriage in order to forestall any possibility of future annulment, but this was ignored and Louis' mother, Marie de Medici, continued to conduct herself as Queen of France, without showing any deference to her daughter-in-law. However, in 1617, Louis conspired with Charles d'Albert, Duke of Luynes, to dispense with his mother's influence and she was ousted in a palace coup d'état which also saw her favourite, Concino Concini, assassinated. Louis turned now to Cardinal Richelieu as his advisor but Anne was opposed to Richelieu and became embroiled in several intrigues against him. This inevitably created tension between Louis and Anne. But despite this, and after having endured several stillbirths, in 1638 Anne finally gave birth to a son, the future Louis XIV, and the Bourbon line was further secured when in 1640 she gave birth to a second son, Philippe.
*Alex
ANTPIUS_BRIT_BRIT_MNT.JPG
138 - 161, ANTONINUS PIUS, AE As, Struck 154 - 155Obverse: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P XVIII, laureate and draped bust of Antoninus Pius facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA COS IIII, Britannia seated facing left on rock, shield and vexillum in background; S C in exergue.
Diameter: 26mm | Weight: 9.4gms | Die Axis: 7h
RIC III: 934 | SRCV: 4296 | Cohen: 117
SCARCE

The bronze coins of Antoninus Pius bearing the "Britannia" reverse type have been found in considerable quantities in Britain, but are not generally recorded from Roman sites in France and Germany. The many "Britannia" issues of Antoninus Pius found in Coventina's Well, Carrawburgh, seem to have come from only a few dies, suggesting that the place of mintage for them was not far distant, though it is possible that the issue was both issued at Rome and produced locally in Britannia.
The reverse type of Britannia seated on a rock, eventually adorned Great Britain's coinage many centuries later when the design was reintroduced by Charles II in 1672.



COVENTINA'S WELL
Dedications to Coventina and votive deposits were found in a walled area, now called "Coventina's Well", which had been built to contain the outflow from a spring near the site of a Roman fort and settlement, on Hadrian's Wall. Now called Carrawburgh, the site is named as Procolita in the 5th century "Notitia Dignitatum". The remains of a Roman Mithraeum and Nymphaeum were also found near the site.
*Alex
ANTPIUS_BRIT_ROM_MNT.JPG
138 - 161, ANTONINUS PIUS, AE As, Struck 154 - 155 alluding to BritanniaObverse: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P XVIII. Laureate and draped bust of Antoninus Pius facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA COS IIII. Britannia seated facing left on rock, shield and vexillum in background; S C in exergue.
Diameter: 26mm | Weight: 12.7gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC III: 934 | SRCV: 4296 | Cohen: 117 | BMC: 1971 | SPINK: 666
SCARCE

The bronze coins of Antoninus Pius bearing the "Britannia" reverse type have been found in considerable quantities in Britain, but are not generally recorded from Roman sites in France and Germany. The many "Britannia" issues of Antoninus Pius found in Coventina's Well, Carrawburgh, seem to have come from only a few dies, suggesting that the place of mintage for them was not far distant, though it is possible that the issue was both issued at Rome and produced locally in Britannia.
The reverse type of Britannia seated on a rock, eventually adorned Great Britain's coinage many centuries later when the design was reintroduced by Charles II in 1672.


COVENTINA'S WELL
Dedications to Coventina and votive deposits were found in a walled area, now called "Coventina's Well", which had been built to contain the outflow from a spring near the site of a Roman fort and settlement, on Hadrian's Wall. Now called Carrawburgh, the site is named as Procolita in the 5th century "Notitia Dignitatum". The remains of a Roman Mithraeum and Nymphaeum were also found near the site.

CLICK ON ENGRAVING OF COVANTINA'S WELL BELOW TO ENLARGE IT

1 comments*Alex
rjb_2020_12_06.jpg
41Claudius 41-54AD
AE sestertius
Obv "TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP PP"
Laureate head right
Rev "NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMAN IMP SC"
Equestrian statue right atop a triumphal arch
Rome mint
RIC 114
1 commentsmauseus
rjb_vit_02_06.jpg
69aVitellius 69 AD
AR denarius
Lugdunum mint
Obv "A VITELLIVS IMP GERMAN"
Laureate bust left
Rev "CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM"
Mars walking left
Lugdunum mint
RIC - (cf 51)
3.2 grammes, die axis 240 degrees
5 commentsmauseus
rjb_gal7_09_06.jpg
872Antoninianus
Gaul
Issue 1
GERMANICVS MAX V
G 872
mauseus
rjb_gal6_09_06.jpg
872Antoninianus
Gaul
Issue 1
GERMANICVS MAX V
G 872
mauseus
rjb_gal9_09_06.jpg
872cfAntoninianus
Gaul
Issue 1
GERMANICVS MAX
G - (cf 872)
mauseus
3B1A9E7D-41CA-4356-9307-03EA7888EA91_4_5005_c.jpeg
Trajan: Augustus 98-117 AD Trajan ‘heroic bust’ AR Denarius
Denomination: AR Denarius
Year: Autumn 116-August 117 AD
Bust: Laureate ‘heroic’ bust right, wearing aegis, with bare chest showing
Obverse: IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC
Reverse: PARTHICO P M TR P COS VI P P S P Q R
Type: Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopiae
Mint: Rome
Weight & Measures: 3.41g; 19mm
RIC: RIC 333
Provenance: Ex Michael Kelly Collection of Roman Silver Coins; Ex CNG, E-sale 99, Lot 623 (10/13/2004).

Translation: OB: Imperator Caesar Nerva Trajan Optimus Princeps Augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus; for Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajan, The most perfect prince, Augustus, Conquerer of the Germans and Daicians.
Translation: Rev: Parthicus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunicia Potestate, Consul VI, Pater Patriae, Senatus Populusque Romanus; for Conquer of the Parthians, High Priest, Tribune of the Roman people, Consul for the 6th time, Father of his country, as recognized by the senate and the people of Rome.

Notes: Felicitas, Roman goddess of good luck.
1 commentsJustin L1
philadelphiaClaudius.jpg
#Lydia, Philadelphia. Claudius AE18Obv: T KLAYDIOS GERMANIKOS KAISAR. Laureate bust r.
Rev: P'ILADELP'EWN NEOKAISAREWN C'ONDROS. Four grain-ears bundled together.
ancientone
Sklavengeld_Karneol.jpg
'Slave money', carnelian25,4x13.60x11.90mm, 7.87g

This so-called 'slave money', part of a chain, was made in the first half of the 19th century in Idar-Oberstein/Germany for London. From London it was shipped to West Africa to buy black slaves.
Jochen
image02453.jpg
ROME. Germanicus. Died AD 19.
ƠTessera (21mm, 3.72 g, 2 h)
Cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; all within wreath
Large III; all within wreath
Buttrey 17/III

Ex Alberto Campana Collection (Numismatica Ars Classica 64, 17 May 2012), lot 2453
Ardatirion
Augustus_quadrans,_Northern_Gaul_under_Germanus_Indutilli,_c_10_BC.jpg
GAUL, Uncertain mint (Treveri?). Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14
Æ Quadrans(?) (17mm, 2.7g)
Germanus Indutilli L(ibertus), magistrate. Struck circa 10 BC.
Diademed male head right
Bull butting left
RPC I 506; RIC I 249; Scheers, Traite" 216
Ardatirion
arsinoe.jpg
00040x00~0.jpg
GERMANY, Kriegsgeld. Aachen
FE 25 Pfennigen (24mm, 5.08 g, 12h)
Dated 1920
Dog seated right; 1920 in exergue
STADT/ 25/ –AACHEN–
Ardatirion
00037x00~2.jpg
GERMANY, Kriegsgeld. Berleberg
FE 10 Pfennigen (20mm, 2.39 g, 12h)
Dated 1917
STADT BERLEBURG, civic coat-of-arms; below, *1917*
KRIEGSNOTGELD/ 10/ * PFENNIG *
Ardatirion
00038x00~1.jpg
GERMANY, Kriegsgeld. Bottrop
FE 10 Pfennigen (21mm, 4.08 g, 12h)
Dated 1919
STADT BOTTROP, tower of Bottrop City Hall
KRIEGSGELD 1918/ 10/ * PFENNIG *
Ardatirion
louis1-denier-melle-lin.JPG
D.609 Louis the Pious (denier, Melle, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Denier (Melle, class 2, 819-822)

Silver, 1.48 g, 20 mm diameter, die axis 3 h

O/ +HLVDOVVICVS IMP; cross pattée
R/ META / . / LLVM

Louis' deniers correspond to his father's (Charles the Great) ``novus denarius'', whose weight is supposed to be near 1.7 g with a certain variability.

This denier is typical of Class 2 of Louis' coinage (819-822).
A circular inscription of the name of the ruler surrounds a cross pattée on the observe. The quite surprising Hlvdovvicvs initially comes from the germanic name Chlodowig ("Clovis"). This one was first transcribed to latin as Chlodowicvs. The initial C then disappeared, which explains the H at the beginning. The w(=vv) finally became a standard v, which gave Lvdovicvs (Louis). The imperial title imp is also given.

The reverse consists of the mint name, in field. The mint name may be split in 2 or 3 lines.
00035x00~1.jpg
GERMANY, Kriegsgeld. Lembeck
FE 10 Pfennigen (18mm, 2.99 g, 12h)
Dated 1919
"1000 Jährige Vehm-Eiche * zu Erle *", oak tree
"Herrlichkeil Lembeck"/ 19 5 19/ " * Pfennig *"
Ardatirion
00034x00~2.jpg
GERMANY, Kriegsgeld. Münster.
FE 25 Pfennigen (23mm, 5.15 g, 12h)
Dated 1918
STADT MÜNSTER I/W, civic coat-of-arms; * KRIEGSGELD * below
25/ PFENNIG/ 1918 within ornamented square tablet
Ardatirion
00036x00~2.jpg
GERMANY, Kriegsgeld. Siegen.
FE 10 Pfennigen (22mm, 4.07 g, 12h)
Dated 1918
Civic coat-of-arms; STADT SIEGEN below
KRIEGSGELD 1918/ 10/ * PFENNIG *
Ardatirion
00039x00~0.jpg
GERMANY, Kriegsgeld. Uncertain. Kantine Schürmeyer.
ZN 50 Pfennigen Token (23mm, 3.30 g, 1h)
"Kantine/ (rosette)/ Schürmeyer"
Large 50
Menzel 16660.1; TC 208156

Not properly a "kriesgeld," but possibly a token with military connections, perhaps for an officer's mess. Listed as a 'maverick' in Menzel.
Ardatirion
lg004_quad_sm.jpg
"As de Nîmes" or "crocodile" Ӕ dupondius of Nemausus (9 - 3 BC), honoring Augustus and AgrippaIMP DIVI F , Heads of Agrippa (left) and Augustus (right) back to back, Agrippa wearing rostral crown and Augustus the oak-wreath / COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm-shoot with short dense fronds and tip right; two short palm offshoots left and right below, above on left a wreath with two long ties streaming right.

Ó”, 24.5 x 3+ mm, 13.23g, die axis 3h; on both sides there are remains of what appears to be gold plating, perhaps it was a votive offering? Rough edges and slight scrapes on flan typical for this kind of coin, due to primitive technology (filing) of flan preparation.

IMPerator DIVI Filius. Mint of COLonia NEMausus (currently Nîmes, France). Known as "As de Nîmes", it is actually a dupontius (lit. "two-pounder") = 2 ases (sometimes cut in halves to get change). Dupondii were often made out of a golden-colored copper alloy (type of brass) "orichalcum" and this appears to be such case.

Key ID points: oak-wreath (microphotography shows that at least one leaf has a complicated shape, although distinguishing oak from laurel is very difficult) – earlier versions have Augustus bareheaded, no PP on obverse as in later versions, no NE ligature, palm with short fronds with tip right (later versions have tip left and sometimes long fronds). Not typical: no clear laurel wreath together with the rostral crown, gold (?) plating (!), both features really baffling.

But still clearly a "middle" kind of the croc dupondius, known as "type III": RIC I 158, RPC I 524, Sear 1730. It is often conservatively dated to 10 BC - 10 AD, but these days it is usually narrowed to 9/8 - 3 BC.

It is a commemorative issue, honoring the victory over Mark Antony and conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The heads of Augustus and Agrippa were probably positioned to remind familiar obverses of Roman republican coins with two-faced Janus. Palm branch was a common symbol of victory, in this case grown into a tree, like the victories of Augustus and Agrippa grown into the empire. The two offshoots at the bottom may mean two sons of Agrippa, Gaius and Lucius, who were supposed to be Augustus' heirs and were patrons of the colony. Palm may also be a symbol of the local Nemausian deity, which was probably worshiped in a sacred grove. When these coins were minted, the colony was mostly populated by the settled veterans of Augustus' campaigns, hence the reminiscence of the most famous victory, but some of the original Celtic culture probably survived and was assimilated by Romans. The crocodile is not only the symbol of Egypt, like in the famous Octavian's coins AEGYPTO CAPTA. It is also a representation of Mark Antony, powerful and scary both in water and on land, but a bit slow and stupid. The shape of the crocodile with tail up was specifically chosen to remind of the shape of ship on very common "legionary" denarius series, which Mark Antony minted to pay his armies just before Actium. It is probably also related to the popular contemporary caricature of Cleopatra, riding on and simultaneously copulating with a crocodile, holding a palm branch in her hand as if in triumph. There the crocodile also symbolized Mark Antony.

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was born c. 64-62 BC somewhere in rural Italy. His family was of humble and plebeian origins, but rich, of equestrian rank. Agrippa was about the same age as Octavian, and the two were educated together and became close friends. He probably first served in Caesar's Spanish campaign of 46–45 BC. Caesar regarded him highly enough to send him with Octavius in 45 BC to train in Illyria. When Octavian returned to Rome after Caesar's assassination, Agrippa became his close lieutenant, performing many tasks. He probably started his political career in 43 BC as a tribune of the people and then a member of the Senate. Then he was one of the leading Octavian's generals, finally becoming THE leading general and admiral in the civil wars of the subsequent years.

In 38 as a governor of Transalpine Gaul Agrippa undertook an expedition to Germania, thus becoming the first Roman general since Julius Caesar to cross the Rhine. During this foray he helped the Germanic tribe of Ubii (who previously allied themselves with Caesar in 55 BC) to resettle on the west bank of the Rhine. A shrine was dedicated there, possibly to Divus Caesar whom Ubii fondly remembered, and the village became known as Ara Ubiorum, "Altar of Ubians". This quickly would become an important Roman settlement. Agrippina the Younger, Agrippa's granddaughter, wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero, would be born there in 15 AD. In 50 AD she would sponsor this village to be upgraded to a colonia, and it would be renamed Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (colony of Claudius [at] the Altar of Agrippinians – Ubii renamed themselves as Agrippinians to honor the augusta!), abbreviated as CCAA, later to become the capital of new Roman province, Germania Inferior.

In 37 BC Octavian recalled Agrippa back to Rome and arranged for him to win the consular elections, he desperately needed help in naval warfare with Sextus Pompey, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who styled himself as the last supporter of the republican cause, but in reality became a pirate king, an irony since his father was the one who virtually exterminated piracy in all the Roman waters. He forced humiliating armistice on the triumvirs in 39 BC and when Octavian renewed the hostilities a year later, defeated him in a decisive naval battle of Messina. New fleet had to be built and trained, and Agrippa was the man for the job. Agrippa's solution was creating a huge secret naval base he called Portus Iulius by connecting together lakes Avernus, Avernus and the natural inner and outer harbors behind Cape Misenum at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. He also created a larger type of ship and developed a new naval weapon: harpax – a ballista-launched grapnel shot with mechanisms that allowed pulling enemy ships close for easy boarding. It replaced the previous boarding device that Romans used since the First Punic War, corvus – effective, but extremely cumbersome. A later defence against it were scythe blades on long poles for cutting ropes, but since this invention was developed in secret, the enemy had no chance to prepare anything like it. It all has proved extremely effective: in a series of naval engagements Agrippa annihilated the fleet of Sextus, forced him to abandon his bases and run away. For this Agrippa was awarded an unprecedented honour that no Roman before or after him received: a rostral crown, "corona rostrata", a wreath decorated in front by a prow and beak of a ship.

That's why Virgil (Aeneid VIII, 683-684), describing Agrippa at Actium, says: "…belli insigne superbum, tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona." "…the proud military decoration, gleams on his brow the naval rostral crown". Actium, the decisive battle between forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, may appear boring compared to the war with Sextus, but it probably turned out this way due to Agrippa's victories in preliminary naval engagements and taking over all the strategy from Octavian.

In between the wars Agrippa has shown an unusual talent in city planning, not only constructing many new public buildings etc., but also greatly improving Rome's sanitation by doing a complete overhaul of all the aqueducts and sewers. Typically, it was Augustus who later would boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble", forgetting that, just like in his naval successes, it was Agrippa who did most of the work. Agrippa had building programs in other Roman cities as well, a magnificent temple (currently known as Maison Carrée) survives in Nîmes itself, which was probably built by Agrippa.

Later relationship between Augustus and Agrippa seemed colder for a while, Agrippa seemed to even go into "exile", but modern historians agree that it was just a ploy: Augustus wanted others to think that Agrippa was his "rival" while in truth he was keeping a significant army far away from Rome, ready to come to the rescue in case Augustus' political machinations fail. It is confirmed by the fact that later Agrippa was recalled and given authority almost equal to Augustus himself, not to mention that he married Augustus' only biological child. The last years of Agrippa's life were spent governing the eastern provinces, were he won respect even of the Jews. He also restored Crimea to Roman Empire. His last service was starting the conquest of the upper Danube, were later the province of Pannonia would be. He suddenly died of illness in 12 BC, aged ~51.

Agrippa had several children through his three marriages. Through some of his children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He has numerous other legacies.
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(0198) CARACALLA198-217 AD
AE As 24 mm, 9.57 g
O: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM Laureate head right
R: P M TR P XVII IMP III COS IIII P P Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory and spear, helmet under feet, kneeling figure of German before; SC in exe
Rome; cf RIC IV 533, Cohen 264; scarce
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(04) CALIGIULACALIGULA
37 - 41 AD
Struck Ca 37/38 AD
AE As
O C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT Barehead left, dated TR POT
R: VESTA S C Vesta seated left, pouring from a patera
Rome RIC 38
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(04) CALIGULASTRUCK 37 - 38 AD
AE As 25.5 mm 11.85 g
O: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT
BARE HEAD LEFT
R: VESTA/SC
VESTA SEATED L HOLDING PATERA & SCEPTER
ROME
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(04) CALIGULA37-41 AD
Struck 37-38 AD
AE as 26 mm. 9/7 g
O: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT, bare head left.
R: VESTA above, S C across field, Vesta seated left, holding patera and sceptre.
Rome; Cohen 27. RCV 1803.
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(09) VITELLIUS VITELLIUS
69 AD
AE As
O: A VITELLIVS IMP GERMAN, laureate bust left
R: LIBERTAS RESTITVTA, S-C across field, Libertas, draped, standing facing, head right, holding pileus in right hand and scepter in left.
Spanish, Tarraco?
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(09) VITELLIUS69 AD
3.110g, maximum diameter 18.8mm
O: A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP, bare head right
R: CONCOR-DIA P R, Concordia enthroned left, patera in right, cornucopia in left
Rome mint; RIC I 66, RSC II 21, BMCRE I 1, BnF III 3 (Scarce)
(ex-Forum)
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*SOLD*Caligula AE/AS

Attribution: RIC 38, Cohen 27, BMCRE 46
Date: AD 37-38
Obverse: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT, bare head l.
Reverse: VESTA, Vesta seated l., holding patera and scepter, large S-C in across fields
Size: 27.4 mm
1 commentsNoah
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*SOLD* Nürnberg - 1 Kreuzer

Attribution: KM #367; 'Stadtansichtskreuzer von Nürnberg' (city-view Kreuzer of Nuremberg) is the specific type
Date: AD 1773
Obverse: View of Nuremberg in Bavaria/Germany, Providence of God above, 1773 below
Reverse: Three Coat of Arms of Nuremberg – 1) Top is 'Freie und Reichsstadt' ('Free city and city of the German Empire), the meaning is that Nuremberg has no other ruler above it than
the Emperor himself; 2) right is a half eagle, black on golden field, in the l. half, and six red and six silver oblique stripes in the r. field; 3) left shows a golden harpyia (mythic bird) on a blue field, has a female head and is crowned.
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002. Augustus (31 BC- 14 AD)Augustus

He suffered but two severe and ignominious defeats, those of Lollius [15 B.C.] and Varus [9 A.D.], both of which were in Germany. Of these the former was more humiliating than serious, but the latter was almost fatal, since three legions were cut to pieces with their general, his lieutenants, and all the auxiliaries. In fact, they say that he was so greatly affected that for several months in succession he cut neither his beard nor his hair, and sometimes he would dash his head against a door, crying: "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!" And he observed the day of the disaster each year as one of sorrow and mourning.

Lyons mint, 2 BC - ca 13 AD. CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE. laureate head right / AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT, C L CAESARES below, Gaius & Lucius standing front, each with a hand resting on a round shield, a spear, & in field above, a lituus right & simpulum left ("b9"). BMC 533, RSC 43

This is one of my first 12 caesar coins. I got this from an all text list from M&R coins.
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002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #3002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #3
avers:- DIVVS-AVGVSTVS-:-PATER, Radiate head left.
revers:- PROVIDENT, Altar large S-C on either side.
exe: S/C//PROVIDENT, diameter: 28-29mm, weight: 9,85g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 22-23 A.D., ref: RIC-I-81, C-228,
Q-003
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003b. Nero & Drusus CaesarsNero & Drusus Caesars, brothers of Caligula.

There father Germanicus was Heir Apparent to his own adoptive father Emperor Tiberius, but Germanicus predeceased the Emperor in 19. He was replaced as heir by Julius Caesar Drusus, son of Tiberius and his first wife Vipsania Agrippina. But he too predeceased the Emperor on July 1, 23.

Nero and his younger brother Drusus were the oldest adoptive grandsons of Tiberius. They jointly became Heirs Apparent. However, both were accused of treason along with their mother in AD 32. Nero was exiled to an island and Drusus in a prison where they either starved to death or was murdered by order of the emperor in AD 33.

Dupondius. Rome mint, struck under Caligula, 37-38 AD. NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES, Nero & Drusus on horseback riding right / C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT around large S C.
Cohen 1. RIC 34

Check
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003d. Germanicus GemellusDied in infancy. Brother of Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero. On coins with his brother.lawrence c
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004a. Gaius CaligulaAugustus 37-41 AD

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, nicknamed Caligula ("little boots") as a child. Initially viewed by the Roman public as a major improvement over Tiberius, and showed some initial promise. Best known for his excesses while emperor. Assassinated by a wide-ranging conspiracy.

Coin: CARIA. Cidrama. Ae. Mousaios Kallikratos Pr-, magistrate. Obv: ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. Bare head left. Rev: KIΔPAMHNΩN / MOYΣAIOΣ KAΛΛIKPATOYΣ ΠP. Goddess standing facing with arms outstretched. 19mm, 5.54 g. RPC 2874; SNG von Aulock 2585; SNG Copenhagen 193. Naumann Auction 96 Lot 434. Posted on Wildwinds.
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004a2. CaligulaGaius Caligula
AE As.
27mm, 9.48 g.
Struck 37-8 AD.
Obv: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT, bare head left.
Rev: VESTA above, S C across field, Vesta seated left, holding patera and sceptre.
Cohen 27, RIC 38.
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004b. Caesonia (?)Milonia Caesonia. Fourth wife of Caligula. Killed as part of the same plot against Caligula.

Coin: Carthago Nova, Spain. AE 28. 27mm, 11.17 g. Obv: C CAESAR AVG GERMANIC IMP P M TR P COS, laureate head right. Rev: CN ATEL FLAC CN POM FLAC II VIR Q V I N C, SAL-AVG across field, head of Caesonia (?) as Salus right. SGI 419, RPC 185.

NOTE: There is a dispute over the identification of the female bust on the reverse. Sear identifies it as Caesonia, (as the personification of Salus), the fourth wife of Caligula. RPC and Vagi identify it as Salus.
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004c. Drusilla & Other SistersDrusilla was the sister of Caligula, with whom he was reported to have an incestuous relationship. She has some solo portraits on provincial coins. His other two sisters, Agrippina the Younger and Julia, were on coins as part of the trio of sisters. For a portrait coin of Agrippina, see 005c.

Coin: Gaius (Caligula). Æ Sestertius (33.5mm, 23.85 g, 7h). Rome mint. Struck AD 37-38. C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT, Laureate head left / AGRIPPINA DRVSILLA IVLIA Gaius' three sisters standing facing: Agrippina (as Securitas) leaning on column, holding cornucopia, and placing hand on Drusilla (as Concordia), holding patera and cornucopia; on right, Julia (as Fortuna) holding rudder and cornucopia. RIC I 33. Portrait defaced in antiquity. CNG Auction 553, Lot 463.
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004e. Agrippina SeniorAgrippina Senior was the daughter of Julia, Augustus's daughter. She was the wife of Germanicus, and had nine children with him, including Caligula and Agrippina Junior. After the death of Germanicus, she became opposed to Tiberius. She was banished by Tiberius in 29 AD, and she died of starvation four years later. All coin issues were posthumous.

Coin: AE Sestertius. 36.5mm, 25.60 g. Struck under Caligula. Obv: AGRIPPINA M F MAT C CAESARIC AVGVSTI, draped bust right. Rev: S P Q R MEMORIAE AGRIPPINAE, funeral cart pulled by two mules to left. Cohen 1, RIC 42.
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004f. Nero & Drusus CaesarsNero & Drusus Caesars
Brothers of Caligula
AE Dupondius.
28mm, 11.10 g.
Struck under Caligula.
37-38 AD.
Obv: NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES, Nero & Drusus on horseback riding right
Rev: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT around large S C.
Cohen 1. RIC 34.

NOTE: Brothers of Caligula, who struck posthumous coins. Both killed by plots of Sejanus, the praetorian prefect, in 31 and 33 AD.
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004f. Nero Caesar & Drusus CaesarBrothers of Caligula, who struck posthumous coins. Both killed by plots of Sejanus, the praetorian prefect, in 31 and 33 AD respectively.

Coin: AE Dupondius. 28mm, 11.10 g. Struck under Caligula. 37-38 AD. Obv: NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES, Nero & Drusus on horseback riding right. Rev: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT around large S C. Cohen 1. RIC 34.
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005 Tiberius (14-37 A.D.), RIC I 082 (Tiberius), Rome, AE-As, (Commemorative by Tiberius) Eagle standing facing, wings spread, head right, S C at sides,005 Tiberius (14-37 A.D.), RIC I 082 (Tiberius), Rome, AE-As, (Commemorative by Tiberius) Eagle standing facing, wings spread, head right, S C at sides,
avers:- DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER, Radiate head left.
revers:- Eagle standing facing, wings spread, head right, S C at sides.
exerg: S/C//--, diameter: 27-30mm, weight: 6,95 g, axes: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 21-22 A.D., ref: RIC I 82 (Tiberius), Cohen 247(Augustus), BMC 155
Q-001
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005. Nero 54-68AD. AE Sestertius, Rome mint, 65AD. Annona & Ceres. 35.6mm Orichalcum sestertius, RIC I 138, BMCRE I 129, Mac Dowall WCN 128, Cohen I 18, BnF II -, Hunter I -, SRCV -, EF, superb portrait, full legends, attractive toning, bumps, light smoothing, Rome mint, weight 26.564g, maximum diameter 35.6mm, die axis 180o, 65 A.D.; obverse NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus Pontifex Maximus Tribunicia Potestate Imperator Pater Patriae), laureate head left, short beard visible, no globe at point of bust; reverse ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES, Annona standing right, right hand on hip, cornucopia in left hand, facing Ceres enthroned left, veiled, feet on footstool, stalks of grain in right hand, torch in left hand; in center modius on garlanded altar, prow behind, S C (senatus consulto) in exergue3 commentsLordBest
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005b. BritannicusBritannicus (son of Claudius) AE17. Ionia, Smyrna

Britannicus (41 - 55 A.D.) was the son of the Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Messalina. His original name was "Germanicus" but was changed in honor of his father's conquest of Britain in 43 AD.

Nobody is sure why Claudius made Nero his successor and not Britannicus, although the fact that Britannicus may have been Caligula's son is a factor. Britannicus was killed by (partisans of) his step-brother (and brother-in-law) Nero so that Nero could become emperor of Rome.

His sister Octavia is the heroine of the play written at some time after the death of Nero. It's title is titled her name, but its central message is the wrong done to the Claudian house because of the wrong done to its last male member and its last hope.

Britannicus. Before 54 AD. AE 17mm (4.31 g), Minted at Ionia, Smyrna. Bare head right 'ZMYP' below bust / Nike flying right. cf S(GIC) 516. Scarce. Some dirt and patina chipping.

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005c. Agrippinna JuniorDaughter of Germanicus, sister of Caligula, mother of Nero, and fourth wife of Claudius (her uncle). Maneuvered to have Nero become Emperor; reputed to have poisoned Claudius.

Coin: Hierapolis, Phrygia
Bronze assarion, RPC I 2983 (4 spec.); SNGvA 3649; BMC Phrygia p. 249, 127, Hierapolis (near Pamukkale, Turkey) mint, weight 3.731g, maximum diameter 16.2mm, die axis 0o, magistrate Magytes Neoteros, c. 55 A.D.; obverse AΓPIΠΠINA ΣEBAΣTH, draped bust right; reverse MAΓYTHΣ NEΩTEPOΣ IEPAΠOΛEITΩN, Demeter seated left on throne, stalk of grain and two poppies in right hand. A FORUM coin.
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005c. GermanicusGermanicus

After the death of Augustus in 14, the Senate appointed Germanicus commander of the forces in Germania. A short time after, the legions rioted on the news that the succession befell on the unpopular Tiberius. Refusing to accept this, the rebel soldiers cried for Germanicus as emperor. But he chose to honor Augustus' choice and put an end to the mutiny, preferring to continue only as a general. In the next two years, he subdued the Germanic tribes east of the Rhine, and assured their defeat in the Battle of the Weser River in 16.

Germanicus died in Alexandria, Egypt. His death was surrounded with speculations, and several sources refer to claims that he was poisoned by Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, under orders of the emperor Tiberius.

AS, struck under Caligula. GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVGVST F DIVI AVG N, bare head left / C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT around large SC. Cohen 1.

Check
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005c. GermanicusGermanicus AS / SC

Attribution: RIC(Claudius) 106

Date: 19 AD
Obverse: GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N Bare head right
Reverse: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMANI IMP P P around large SC
Size: 28.73 mm
Weight: 11.6 grams
Description: A decent and scarcer bronze

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005c1. Agrippina IIAE16. 18mm, 3.12 g. Aezani, Phrygia. Obv: AΓΡIΠΠINAN CEBACTHN, draped bust right. Rev: AIZANITΩN, draped bust of Persephone right, ear of corn before. BMC 92, SGI 532.
NOTE: Daughter of Germanicus, sister of Caligula, mother of Nero, and fourth wife of Claudius. Maneuvered to have Nero become Emperor; reputed to have poisoned Claudius.
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005c2. Agrippina JuniorAgrippina II
AE 14.8mm, 2.93 g.
Philadelphia, Lydia.
54-59 AD.
Obv: AΓΡIΠΠEINAN ΣEBAΣTHN, draped bust right.
Rev: ΦIΛAΔEΛΦEΩN NEIKANΩΡ, cornucopiae full of fruit.
RPC 3042; BMC 59.

NOTE: Daughter of Germanicus, sister of Caligula, mother of Nero, and fourth wife of Claudius. Maneuvered to have Nero become Emperor; reputed to have poisoned Claudius.
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005d. Agrippina IILYDIA, Hypaepa. Agrippina Jr., mother of Nero. Augusta, 50-59 AD. Æ 14mm (2.33 gm). Draped bust of Agrippina right / Cult statue of Artemis. RPC I 2541; SNG Copenhagen -.

Julia Vipsania Agrippina Minor or Agrippina Minor (Latin for "the younger") (November 7, AD 15 – March 59), often called "Agrippinilla" to distinguish her from her mother, was the daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina Major. She was sister of Caligula, granddaughter and great-niece to Tiberius, niece and wife of Claudius, and the mother of Nero. She was born at Oppidum Ubiorum on the Rhine, afterwards named in her honour Colonia Agrippinae (modern Cologne, Germany).

Agrippina was first married to (1st century AD) Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. From this marriage she gave birth to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, who would become Roman Emperor Nero. Her husband died in January, 40. While still married, Agrippina participated openly in her brother Caligula's decadent court, where, according to some sources, at his instigation she prostituted herself in a palace. While it was generally agreed that Agrippinilla, as well as her sisters, had ongoing sexual relationships with their brother Caligula, incest was an oft-used criminal accusation against the aristocracy, because it was impossible to refute successfully. As Agrippina and her sister became more problematic for their brother, Caligula sent them into exile for a time, where it is said she was forced to dive for sponges to make a living. In January, 41, Agrippina had a second marriage to the affluent Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus. He died between 44 and 47, leaving his estate to Agrippina.

As a widow, Agrippina was courted by the freedman Pallas as a possible marriage match to her own uncle, Emperor Claudius, and became his favourite councillor, even granted the honor of being called Augusta (a title which no other queen had ever received). They were married on New Year's Day of 49, after the death of Claudius's first wife Messalina. Agrippina then proceeded to persuade Claudius to adopt her son, thereby placing Nero in the line of succession to the Imperial throne over Claudius's own son, Brittanicus. A true Imperial politician, Agrippina did not reject murder as a way to win her battles. Many ancient sources credited her with poisoning Claudius in 54 with a plate of poisened mushrooms, hence enabling Nero to quickly take the throne as emperor.

For some time, Agrippina influenced Nero as he was relatively ill-equipped to rule on his own. But Nero eventually felt that she was taking on too much power relative to her position as a woman of Rome. He deprived her of her honours and exiled her from the palace, but that was not enough. Three times Nero tried to poison Agrippina, but she had been raised in the Imperial family and was accustomed to taking antidotes. Nero had a machine built and attached to the roof of her bedroom. The machine was designed to make the ceiling collapse — the plot failed with the machine. According to the historians Tacitus and Suetonius, Nero then plotted her death by sending for her in a boat constructed to collapse, intending to drown Agrippina. However, only some of the crew were in on the plot; their efforts were hampered by the rest of the crew trying to save the ship. As the ship sank, one of her handmaidens thought to save herself by crying that she was Agrippina, thinking they would take special care of her. Instead the maid was instantly beaten to death with oars and chains. The real Agrippina realised what was happening and in the confusion managed to swim away where a passing fisherman picked her up. Terrified that his cover had been blown, Nero instantly sent men to charge her with treason and summarily execute her. Legend states that when the Emperor's soldiers came to kill her, Agrippina pulled back her clothes and ordered them to stab her in the belly that had housed such a monstrous son.

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005d. Nero Claudius DrususNero Claudius Drusus
Father of Claudius, died 9 BC.
AE sestertius
Struck by Claudius
36mm, 26.87 gm.
Rome, AD 42-43.
Obv: NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP, bare head of Drusus left.
Rev: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TRP IMP P P, Claudius seated L on curule chair, holding branch & roll; weapons & armor around; S C below.
RIC I (Claudius) 109.
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005d. Nero Claudius DrususFather of Claudius. Nero Claudius Drusus was one of the best generals under Augustus. He died in 9 BC while on campaign after an accidental fall from his horse.

Coin: AE sestertius. Struck by Claudius. 36mm, 26.87 gm. Rome, AD 42-43. Obv: NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP, bare head of Drusus left. Rev: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TRP IMP P P, Claudius seated L on curule chair, holding branch & roll; weapons & armor around; S C below.
RIC I (Claudius) 109.
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005e. GermanicusGermanicus, brother of Claudius, was a very popular and able general who died in 19 AD under suspicious circumstances involving a possible poisoning that may have been ordered by Tiberius. Caligula, Germanicus's son, also struck posthumous coins.

Coin: AE As. 28mm, 9.40 g. Struck under Claudius. Obv: GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N, bare head of Germanicus right. Rev: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP PP around large SC.
RIC Claudius 106.
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005e1. GermanicusGermanicus
Father of Caligula
AE As.
28mm, 9.40 g.
Struck under Claudius.
Obv: GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N, bare head of Germanicus right.
Rev: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP PP around large SC.
RIC Claudius 106.

NOTE: Germanicus, father of Caligula, was a very able general who died in 19 AD under suspicious circumstances.
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005e2. GermanicusAE 20mm, 5.05 g. Corinth. C. Heius Pollio and C. Mussius Priscus, duovirs. Obv: GERMANICVS CAESAR COR, Bare head right. Rev: C MVSSIO PRISCO IIVIR HEIO POLLIONE ITER, Legend in four lines within wreath. RPC 1142.lawrence c
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005e3. Germanicus and DrususGermanicus, with Drusus (heirs of Tiberius) Æ 19mm of Sardes, Lydia. AD 23-38. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ, bare head of Germanicus / ΔΡΟΥΣΟΣ ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ, bare head of Drusus to right. RPC I 2992; BMC 110. 3.10g, 19mm, 11h. Roma Numismatics Auc 104, Lot 648 (Dec 2022)lawrence c
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007. Galba (68 AD - 69 AD)GALBA. 68-69 AD.

Galba had displayed talent and ambition during his lengthy career. He enjoyed distinguished ancestry, moved easily among the Julio-Claudian emperors (with the exception of Nero towards the end of his principate), and had been awarded the highest military and religious honors of ancient Rome. His qualifications for the principate cannot be questioned. Even so, history has been unkind to him. Tacitus characterized Galba as "weak and old," a man "equal to the imperial office, if he had never held it." To be sure, Galba's greatest mistake lay in his general handling of the military. His treatment of the army in Upper Germany was heedless, his policy towards the praetorians short sighted. Given the climate in 68-69, Galba was unrealistic in expecting disciplina without paying the promised rewards.

AR Denarius (18mm, 2.97 gm). Rome mint. Bare head right / Legend in three lines within oak wreath. RIC I 167; RSC 287. Ex-CNG
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007a. Civil Wars 68-69The Civil Wars erupted in Gaul in March 68 under the leadership of Vindex, quickly followed by Galba in Spain. Vindex was beaten, but Galba's revolt continued. Clodius Macer also rose up in Africa. About a year later, in March 69, pro-Vitellian forces rose up in Gaul. Finally, in late 69, a separate widespread revolt under the leadership of Julius Civilis erupted in Southern Gaul, but eventually was crushed. Some portrait coins were struck, but the majority of coinage from this period was one of three types: 1) denarii with the portrait of Augustus; 2) denarii with symbolic devices; and 3) bronze coins of Nero that were overstruck with SPQR [an example of this type of coin is in the Civil Wars gallery].

Coin: Vindex AR Denarius. Uncertain Gallic Mint, AD 68. SALVS GENERIS [HVM]ANI, Victory standing to left on globe, holding palm branch and wreath / S P Q R, within corona civica with circular jewel in bezel at apex. RIC I 72 (Civil War); BMCRE 34. 3.35g, 17mm, 6h. From a private German collection; Ex Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 341, 1 October 2020, lot 5810. Roma Numismatics Auction 85 Lot 1604.
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007a1. Civil WarVindex AR Denarius. Uncertain Gallic Mint, AD 68. SALVS GENERIS [HVM]ANI, Victory standing to left on globe, holding palm branch and wreath / S P Q R, within corona civica with circular jewel in bezel at apex. RIC I 72 (Civil War); BMCRE 34. 3.35g, 17mm, 6h. From a private German collection; Ex Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 341, 1 October 2020, lot 5810. Roma Numismatics Auction 85 Lot 1604.1 commentslawrence c
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008 VITELLIUSEMPEROR: Vitellius
DENOMINATION: Denarius
OBVERSE: A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP, laureate head right
REVERSE: CONCORDIA P R, Concordia seated left, holding patera & cornucopiae
DATE: AD April - December 69
MINT: Roma
WEIGHT: 3.14 g
RIC: I.66 (S)
1 commentsBarnaba6
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009 Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.), RIC I 050, Rome, AE-As, C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG P M TR P IIII P P, Around large S•C,009 Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.), RIC I 050, Rome, AE-As, C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG P M TR P IIII P P, Around large S•C,
Germanicus Father of Caligula. Died 19 AD. AE-AS, (15 BC.-19 CE.) posthumous commemorative minted under Caligula.
avers:- GERMANICVS-CAESAR-TI-AVG-F-DIVI-AVG-N, Bare head of left.
revers:- C-CAESAR-DIVI-AVG-PRON-AVG-P-M-TR-P-IIII-P-P, Legend around large S•C.
exerg: S/C//--, diameter: 30mm, weight: 11,12g, axis:- h,
mind: Rome, date: 40-41 A.D., ref: RIC-50 (Caligula), BMC-74 (Caligula), C-4,
Q-001
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009 Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.), RIC I 057, Rome, AE-Dupondius, SIGNIS RECEPT/DEVICTIS GERM, Germanicus advancing left, 009 Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.), RIC I 057, Rome, AE-Dupondius, SIGNIS RECEPT/DEVICTIS GERM, Germanicus advancing left,
"My Father received the title as conqueror of Germany from the Senate and people of Rome".
avers:- GERMANICVS CAESAR, Germanicus in triumphal quadriga right.
revers:- SIGNIS-RECEPT/DEVICTIS-GERM, large S-C across field, Germanicus advancing left holding eagle-tipped sceptre.
date: Struck under Caligula 40-41AD.
mint: Rome
diameter: 27mm
weight: 12,77g
ref: RIC-57, C-7, BMC-94,
Q-001
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009 Nero Claudius Drusus. AE sest. obv: NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICUS IMP bare head l.
rev: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP Claudius seated l. on curule chair,
weapons and armer lying around
"brother of Tiberius"
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009. Vitellius 69 ADVITELLIUS. 69 AD.

Without doubt, the most fortuitous moment in Vitellius' political career was his appointment as governor of Lower Germany by the emperor Galba late in 68.

Vitellius has not escaped the hostility of his biographers. While he may well have been gluttonous, his depiction as indolent, cruel, and extravagant is based almost entirely on the propaganda of his enemies. On the other hand, whatever moderating tendencies he did show were overshadowed by his clear lack of military expertise, a deficiency that forced him to rely in critical situations on largely inneffective lieutenants. As a result he was no match for his Flavian successors, and his humiliating demise was perfectly in keeping with the overall failure of his reign.

AR Denarius (20mm, 3.24 gm). Rome mint. Laureate head right / Tripod-lebes; dolphin above, raven below. RIC I 109; RSC 111. Ex-Cng
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009a Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.), RIC I 106 (Claudius), Rome, AE-As, TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP P P, Around large S•C, #1009a Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.), RIC I 106 (Claudius), Rome, AE-As, TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP P P, Around large S•C, #1
Germanicus Father of Caligula. Died 19 AD. AE-AS, (15 BC.-19 CE.) posthumous commemorative minted under Caligula.
avers:- GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N, Bare head right
revers:- TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP P P, Legend around large S•C.
exerg: S•C//--, diameter: 27-28mm, weight: 9,87g, axis: 6h,
mind: Rome, date: 40-41 A.D., ref: RIC I 106 (Claudius), Cohen 9, BMC 241,
Q-001
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009a Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.), RIC I 106 (Claudius), Rome, AE-As, TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP P P, Around large S•C, #2009a Germanicus (15 B.C.-19 A.D.), RIC I 106 (Claudius), Rome, AE-As, TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP P P, Around large S•C, #2
Germanicus Father of Caligula. Died 19 AD. AE-AS, (15 BC.-19 CE.) posthumous commemorative minted under Caligula.
avers:- GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N, Bare head right
revers:- TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP P P, Legend around large S•C.
exerg: S•C//--, diameter: 29,5-30,5mm, weight: 11,03g, axis: 6h,
mind: Rome, date: 40-41 A.D., ref: RIC I 106 (Claudius), Cohen 9, BMC 241,
Q-002
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01 - Personalities of the EmpirePompey, Brutus, Julius Caesar, Marc Antony, Augustus, Livia, Caius & Lucius, Agrippa, Nero Claudius Drusus, Germanicus, Agrippina Sr., Tiberius, Drusus and Antonia1 commentsmdelvalle
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010 - Germanicus AS - RIC 106Obv:- GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N, Bare head of Germanicus right
Rev:- TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP P P, Legend around large S C
Mint - Rome
Date Minted - 50-54 A.D.
Reference - RIC 106
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0107 - As Caligula 37-38 ACObv/ C CAESAR AVG GERMANIC IMP PM TR P COS, laureate head of C. r.
Rev/ PM CN ATEL FLAC CN POM FLAC II VIR Q VINC, Salus (Cesonia?) r.; SAL - AVG in field.

AE, 29.0 mm, 14.76 g
Mint: carthago Nova.
APRH/185
ex-Numismática Hinojosa – eBay, art. #290555714886
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010a. VitelliusEmperor 2 January -- 20 December 69

Aulus Vitellius. Well connected politically. While commander in Germania, troops proclaimed him emperor. Beat Otho in battle for the throne. On approach of Vespasian, he was killed by a mob.

Coin: Denarius. Obv: A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP TR P, laureate head right. Rev: XV VIR SACR FAC, tripod lebes surmounted by dolphin, raven standing right beneath. RIC 86, RSC 114.
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010a1. VitelliusDenarius. Rome mint. Obv: A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP, laureate head right. Rev: CONCORDIA P R, Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopiae. RIC 66, RSC 21.lawrence c
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010a2. VitelliusDenarius. Obv: A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP TR P, laureate head right.
Rev: XV VIR SACR FAC, tripod lebes surmounted by dolphin, raven standing right beneath. RIC 86, RSC 114.

NOTE: Emperor 2 January -- 20 December 69. Well connected politically. While commander in Germania, troops proclaimed him emperor. Beat Otho in battle for the throne. On approach of Vespasian, he was killed by a mob.
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010b. Germanicus & Vitellia VitelliusChildren of Vitellius. When he lost the war with Vespasian, the son was executed, but the daughter was allowed to live.

Coin: VITELLIUS Fouree Denarius. A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP TR P, laureate head right / LIBERI IMP GERMAN, confronted busts of Vitellius’ son and daughter, both draped. RIC 79.

Coin Note: A truly ugly example, but a tough one to find.
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011 Gaius (Caligula) (37-41 A.D.), RIC I 038, Rome, AE-As, VESTA, S-C, Vesta seated left on throne, #1011 Gaius (Caligula) (37-41 A.D.), RIC I 038, Rome, AE-As, VESTA, S-C, Vesta seated left on throne, #1
avers: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT, Bare head left.
reverse: VESTA, Vesta seated left on throne, holding patera and scepter. S-C across the field,
exergue: S/C//--, diameter: 27mm, weight: 10,34g, axes: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 40-41, ref: RIC I 038, BMC-46, C-27,
Q-001
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011 Gaius (Caligula) (37-41 A.D.), RIC I 054, Rome, AE-As, VESTA, S-C, Vesta seated left on throne,011 Gaius (Caligula) (37-41 A.D.), RIC I 054, Rome, AE-As, VESTA, S-C, Vesta seated left on throne,
avers: C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG P M TR P IIII P P, Bare head left.
reverse: VESTA, Vesta seated left on throne, holding patera and scepter. S-C across the field,
exergue: S/C//--, diameter: 26-28mm, weight: 10,25g, axes: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 39-40, ref: RIC I 054, BMC-73, C-29,
Q-001
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