| Image search results - "Galerius" |
GALERIVS - Silvered AE Follis - 297-298 AD. - Heraclea mint
Obv.: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, laureate head right
Rev.: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera & cornucopia, HTΓ in ex.
Gs. 10,5 mm. 27,5
Cohen 78, RIC 20bMaxentius
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Roman Empire: Galerius as Augustus, Follis, 8.03 grams, Eastern half of Roman Empire, Praetorian Prefect of Diocletian. Obverse: Galerius facing right, IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG; Reverse: Genius standing left, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder & modius on head, right holding patera, left cornucopiae; GENIO IMPERATORIS "To the genius of the emperor." ALE = Alexandria mintpaul1888
|
|
Maximianus IMaximianus
Siscia mint
MAXIMIANVS AVG
Laureate bust right
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
Genius standing left with patera and cornucopia
-/-//SIS
RIC (VI) Siscia 169bmauseus
|
|
293 - 305, GALERIUS as Caesar, AE Follis struck 296 - 305 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Galerius facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 28mm | Weight: 9.4gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 34 | SPINK: 710*Alex
|
|
305 - 306, SEVERUS II as Caesar, AE Follis struck 305 - 306 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Severus II facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 29mm | Weight: 10.399gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 59a | Cohen VII: 24 | SPINK: 712
Rare
Ex. Errett Bishop Collection | Ex. FORVM (USA)
SEVERUS II
Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus was a Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 307. He was born in Northern Illyria (now Albania) and rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army. As an old friend of Galerius, that emperor appointed Severus as Caesar on 1 May 305 and he thus served as junior emperor under Constantius I in the Western Roman Empire.
When Constantius I died in the summer of 306, Severus was promoted to Augustus by Galerius under the rules of succession established under the Tetrarchy. However Constantius I had died on campaign in York and his army in Britain had acclaimed his son, Constantine I, as his successor. Although furious at this elevation, Galerius wanted to avoid any threat of a civil war so he compromised by allowing Constantine to bear the title of Caesar.
When this news reached Maxentius, the son of Maximianus, he revolted and declared himself emperor at Rome,
Galerius sent Severus, at the head of an army which had previously been commanded by Maximianus, to suppress the rebellion. Maxentius asked his father to re-assume the purple and rule the empire with him and Maximianus, who had been reluctant to abdicate, readily accepted. When Severus arrived under the walls of Rome to besiege it his men deserted to their old commander forcing Severus to flee to Ravenna. Maximianus offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably. Severus complied but, despite Maximianus' assurance, he was displayed as a captive, imprisoned and later put to death.
*Alex
|
|
4 GaleriusGALERIUS
AE Follis, Heraclea, 311 AD
IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG / GENIO IMP-E-RATORIS, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia, star in l. field, crescent in r. field, HT epsilon in ex.
RIC VI Heraclea 59a ScarceSosius
|
|
4 GaleriusGALERIUS
AE Folles, Nicomedia Mint, 307-308 / 310-311
IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG, bust l. / GENIO AV-GVSTI CM[H], Genius standing left holding patera and, cornucopiae, SMN delta in ex
RIC VI Nicomedia 54a/66a (identical)
Sosius
|
|
4 GaleriusGALERIUS
AE Follis, Antioch, 299-300 A.D.
GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, bust l. / GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI, Genius standing left left, holding patera and cornucopia, epsilon in r. filed, ANT in ex
RIC VI Antioch 53b Sosius
|
|
4 GaleriusGALERIUS
AE Folles, Alexandria, 308 AD
IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG, bust l. / GENIO IMPE-RATORIS Genius standing left, holding cornucopia and patera, X in l. field, A over K in r. field, ALE in ex.
RIC VI Alexandria 79v (reverse legend break). VF, die break/chip at 12:00 on reverse.Sosius
|
|
4 GaleriusGALERIUS
Silvered Follis, Heraclea, 297-298 AD
GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, head l. / GENIO POPV-L-I ROMANI, Genius standing l., holding patera and cornucopiae, HT epsilon in ex.
RIC VI Heraclea 20bSosius
|
|
GaleriusGalerius
Trier Mint
MAXIMIANVS NC
Laureate head right
VO/TIS/X/SIC/XX
Wreath
RIC (VI) Trier - (cf 570-1); Zschucke 3.4mauseus
|
|
Galerius GENIO POPVLI ROMANI from London… Ex-Rauceby HoardGalerius
A.D. 303- 305
Æ follis 28mm 10.2g
MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES; laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, right holding patera, left cornucopiae.
No mintmark
RIC VI London 36; LMCC 3.01.034
Ex-Rauceby Hoard
This hoard was discovered in the UK in 2017 and totaled 3,099 coins. Two coins were radiates (before A.D. 282) and the rest were struck from A.D. 294- 307. The majority are from western mints…London (875) Trier (1459) and Lyon (468).
Victor C
|
|
Galerius Maximian RIC 16b, HeracleaGalerius, AE radiate fraction, Heraclea, 295-296 CE.
Obverse: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
Reverse: CONCORDIA MIL ITVM, Emperor, standing right, receiving victory on globe from Jupiter who is standing left, holding scepter. H gamma in lower center
Heracles mint 21 mm., 2.3 g.NORMAN K
|
|
"Boulogne" (VI) 17bGalerius as Caesar
AE Follis
Obv: C VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB C
Laureate bust right
Rev: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
Genius standing left
-/-//-
Uncertain continental mint (Boulogne?) operating around the time of the British invasion
RIC (VI) Lyon 17bmauseus
|
|
(0293) GALERIUS293 - 305 AD (as Caesar)
305 - 311 AD (as Augustus)
AE Follis 26.5 mm max. 5.20 g
O: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right;
R: GENIO IMP-ERATORIS, Genio standing left holding patera in right, cornucopia in left, K - Γ/P at sides, ALE in ex
Alexandria laney
|
|
(0293) GALERIUSGalerius as Caesar (293 - 305 AD; AVG 305 - 311 AD)
Struck ca 296 AD
AE 20 mm 3.18 g, Post-reform Radiate
O: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
R: CONCORDIA MILITVM, the prince standing right receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter, star over Gamma between
ANT in ex. Antioch
laney
|
|
(0293) GALERIUS293 - 305 AD (as Caesar)
305 - 311 AD (as Augustus)
AE 23 X 25.5 mm 5.66 g
O: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
LAUR HEAD R
R: GENIO IMPERITORIS, K iN LEFT FIELD, T/K IN RIGHT FIELD
GENIUS STANDING L POURING FROM PATERA AND HOLDING CORNUCOPIA
ALE IN EXE
ALEXANDRIA
(JRyan)
laney
|
|
(0293) GALERIUS293 - 305 AD (as Caesar)
305 - 311 AD (as Augustus)
struck 297 AD
AE 27.4 mm, 10.53 g
O: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOBC CAES laureate head right
R: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI Genius standing left holding poatera dn cornucopia, crescent over A at right; ANT in exe.
Antioch mint; RIC 49b
(ex-Forum)
laney
|
|
(0293) GALERIUSAE 23.5 mm, 6.32 g
293 - 305 AD (as Caesar)
305 - 311 AD (as Augustus)
Struck 309-311
O:: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG; Laureate head right
R: GENIO AV-GVSTI; Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia, crescent in left field, Δ in right field; SIS in exergue
Siscia mint; cf. RIC VI 198a or 207a Siscia Mintlaney
|
|
(0293) GALERIUS (as Caesar)293 - 305 AD (as Caesar)
305 - 311 AD (as Augustus)
AE 18 X 20 mm 2.18 g
O: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES radiate draped cuirassed bust right
R: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Emperor receiving Victory from Jupiterlaney
|
|
(0308) GALERIA VALERIA(2nd wife of Galerius; daughter of Diocletian)
308 - 310 AD
AE FOLLIS 24 mm
O: BUST R
R:VENERI VICTRICI
VENUS STANDING LEFT HOLDING APPLE AND RAISING DRAPERY OVER SHOULDERlaney
|
|
(0308) GALERIA VALERIA(2nd wife of Galerius; daughter of Diocletian)
Struck 308 - 309 AD
AE 25 mm, 4.87 g
O: GAL VAL-ERIA AVG, Diademed draped bust right
R: VENERI V-ICTRICI, Venus standing left holding apple in right hand, and lifting her veil with left hand, Δ in left field; MKV in exe
Cyzicus RIC 46
laney
|
|
(0308) GALERIA VALERIA(2nd wife of Galerius; daughter of Diocletian)
Struck 308 - 309 AD
AE 25.5 mm, 6.25 g
O: GAL VAL-ERIA AVG, Diademed draped bust right
R: VENERI V-ICTRICI, Venus standing left holding apple in right hand, and lifting her veil with left hand; star in left field, A in right field; SMTS in ex.
Thessalonicalaney
|
|
(VI) 15Galerius
MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES
Laureate and cuirassed bust right
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
Genius standing left
RIC (VI) 15mauseus
|
|
003 - Galerius (as Caesar 293-305 AD), Follis - RIC 164Obv: MAXIMIANVS NOB C, laureate and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, wearing modius and chlamys, sacrificing from patera on flaming altar and holding cornucopiae.
Minted in Lugdunum (PLC in exe, B in right field) 301-303 AD. pierre_p77
|
|
0134 Galerius - AE follisHeraclea
308-309 AD
laureate head right
IMP GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia
GENIO IMP_E_RATORIS
·HTA·
RIC VI Heraclea 37a
8,45g 25mmJ. B.
|
|
018c. Galerius AntoninusGalerius Antoninus was the son of Antoninus Pius & Faustina I, and he died before 138 AD.lawrence c
|
|
018c01. Galerius AntoninusAE27 (As) of uncertain Greek mint, perhaps Cyprus. Obv: ΘEA ΦAYCTEINA, Faustina draped bust right, hair in bun behind. Rev: ANTΩNINOC AYTOKΡATOΡOC ANTΩNINOY YIOC, Galerius Antoninus bare-headed & draped bust right. Vagi 1517.lawrence c
|
|
0255 - Nummus Galerius 296-303 ACObv/ MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, laureate and cuirassed bust of G. r.
Rev/ GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI, Genius of the Roman People standing l., modius over head, covered by chlamys, holding patera and cornucopia.
AE, 28.9 mm, 9.54 g
Mint: Londinium.
RIC VI/21 [R] - CT.2.01.015 [C]
ex-Naville Numismatics, auction 58, lot 711dafnis
|
|
080a. GaleriusCaesar in East 293 - 305
Augustus in East 305 -311
Son of a Thracian herder. Very successful soldier and commander. Named Caesar in 293 along with Constantius. As Caesar, won major victories over the Sassanids, including seizing and sacking their capital. Became co-Augustus in 305. Weakened by Constantine and then loss of Rome to Maxentius. During much of his reign, persecution of Christians. Died 311.lawrence c
|
|
080a01. GaleriusFollis. 6.641g, 25.2mm. 2nd officina, Thessalonica (Salonika, Greece) mint, 308 - 310 A.D. Obv: GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right. Rev: VIRTVTI EXERCITVS (to the valor of the army), Mars advancing right, transverse spear in right hand, trophy over shoulder in left, star left, B right, •SM•TS• in exergue. RIC VI Thessalonica p. 515, 37a corr., Cohen VII 231
lawrence c
|
|
080a02. GaleriusAE Follis. 22mm, 7.46 g. Siscia mint. AD 308-309. Obv: IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG, laureate head right. Rev: GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopiae, crescent in left field, A in right field, mintmark SIS. RIC 198a.lawrence c
|
|
080a03. GaleriusAs Caesar. AE Antoninianus, full silvering. 22mm, 3.66 g. Antioch mint.
293-295 AD. Obv: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS CAES, Jupiter standing right, holding long sceptre and globe, facing Hercules standing left, holding Victory, club and lion's skin; Γ between. Mintmark XXI dot. RIC V 719, Cohen 127.lawrence c
|
|
080a04. GaleriusAE Follis. 28mm, 10.47 g. 303-305 AD. Trier mint. Obv: MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C, laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI, Genius standing left, tower on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopia. S-F across fields. Mintmark PTR. RIC VI Trier 595blawrence c
|
|
080b. Galeria ValeriaDaughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius. When Galerius died, in 311, Licinius was entrusted with the care of Valeria and her mother Prisca. The two women, however, fled from Licinius to Maximinus Daia. After a short time, Valeria refused the marriage proposal of Maximinus, who arrested and confined her in Syria and confiscated her properties. At the death of Maximinus, Licinius ordered the death of both women. Valeria and Prisca fled, hiding for a year, until they were recognized by residents in Thessaloniki. She and her mother were captured by Licinius' soldiers, beheaded in the central square of the city, and their bodies thrown in the sea.lawrence c
|
|
081a. MaxentiusSon of Maximianus. Along with Constantine, passed over for rank of Caesar when Diocletian and Maximianus abdicated. Proclaimed emperor by soldiers in Rome in 306. Galerius refused to recognize this. Severus marched on Rome, but was defeated by Maxentius. Maxentius later defeated Galerius. Lost battle of Milvian Bridge to Constantine in 312, and drowned while trying to escape.lawrence c
|
|
082a. Severus IIArmy officer from Illyria. Named Caesar by Galerius in 305. When Constantius died in 306, elevated to co-Augustus. Severus invaded Italy in 307 to quash the revolt of Maxentius. His troops deserted him, and he fled to Ravenna. Severus surrendered and was imprisoned. He later either was executed or committed suicide.lawrence c
|
|
084a. LiciniusBorn to a Dacian peasant family. Made Western Augustus by Galerius in 308. When Galerius died in 311, split empire with Maximinus Daia. Married half-sister of Constantine. Licinius broke with Maximinus, and in war between the two, Maximinus was defeated. Licinius then split empire with Constantine. On and off again conflict emerged between the two, In 324, Constantine defeated Licinius at battles of Adrianople and Chrysopolis. Licinius initially imprisoned, but then hanged.
lawrence c
|
|
085a. Maximinus IIKnown as Daza or Daia. Dacian peasant and soldier. Nephew of Galerius, who named him Caesar in 305. Fought against Licinius in 313 and lost. Died a few months after. Known for his strong anti-Christian sympathies.lawrence c
|
|
09 - Personalities of the EmpireSaturninus, Carus, Carinus, Urbica, Nigrinianus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Maximian, Carausius, Allectus, Constantius I, Theodora, Galerius and Galeria Valeriamdelvalle
|
|
09 - Personalities of the EmpireCarinus, Magnia Urbica, Nigrinianus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Maximian, Carausius, Allectus, Constantius I, Theodora, Galerius, Galeria Valeria, Severus II and Maxentiusmdelvalle
|
|
1.51 Constantine as Filius Augustorum: Alexandria follis.Follis, 308-310, Alexandria mint.
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS FIL AVG / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: GENIO CAESARIS / Genius standing, modius on head, chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. K in left field; A and P in right field.
Mint mark: ALE
6.08 gm., 24 mm.
RIC #99b; PBCC #1191; Sear #15585 var.
The obverse legend shows Constantine as "Filius Augustorum" -- an empty title granted him after the conference at Carnuntum in November 308. Coins with this title were issued for a short time at 5 mints under the control of Galerius (Siscia, Thessalonica, Nicomedia, Antioch, Alexandria). This title was not recognized in the area under the control of Constantine himself, nor in Italy which was under the control of Maxentius.
Callimachus
|
|
1.54 Constantine as Filius Augustorum: Siscia follis.Follis, 309 - 310, Siscia mint.
Obverse: CONSTANTINVS FIL AVGG / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: GENIO AVGVSTI / Genius standing, chlamys over left shoulder, pouring liquid from patera, and holding cornucopiae. Crescent in left field; A in right field.
Mint mark: SIS
6.14 gm., 24 mm.
RIC #200b; PBCC #786; Sear #15581.
The obverse legend shows Constantine as "Filius Augustorum" -- an empty title granted him after the conference at Carnuntum in November 308. Coins with this title were issued for a short time at 5 mints under the control of Galerius (Siscia, Thessalonica, Nicomedia, Antioch, Alexandria). This title was not recognized in the area under the control of Constantine himself, nor in Italy which was under the control of Maxentius.Callimachus
|
|
11. Galerius.Follis, ca 298-300 AD, London mint (group II).
Obverse: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES / Laureate and curiassed bust of Galerius.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI / Genius standing, holding patera and cornucopiae.
Mint mark: (none)
10.65gm., 26mm.
RIC #15; Sear #14344.Callimachus
|
|
111a Galerius Maximianus. AE follis 9.1gmobv: CAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES laur; head r.
rev: GENIO POPV_LI ROMANI Genius std. l. holding patera and cornucopiae
ex: -S/ANT*hill132
|
|
111b Galerius Maximianus. AE radiate fractionobv: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES rad. drp. cuir. bust r.
rev: CONCORDIA MI_LITVM Galerius std. r. receiving victory on globe from Jupiter
fld: KAhill132
|
|
111c Galerius Maximianus. AE follis 9.2gmobv: CAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES laur. head r.
rev: GENIO POPV_L_I ROMANI Genius std. l. holding patera and cornucopiae
ex: HTAhill132
|
|
111d Galerius Maximianus. AE follis obv: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES laur. head r.
rev: SACRA MONETA VCC ET CAESS NOSTR Moneta holding scales ad cornucopiae
ex:*-A/SIShill132
|
|
113a Galerius. AE follis 6.9gmobv: GAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG laur head r.
rev: GENIO A_VGVSTI Genius std. l. holding patera and cornucopiae
ex: A//MKVhill132
|
|
113b Galerius. AE follis 6.2gmobv: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG laur. head r.
rev: GENIO IMP_ERATORIS Genius std. l. holding patera and cornucopiae
ex: -r/K-P//ALEhill132
|
|
12. Constantius I.Follis, ca 298-300 AD, London mint (group II).
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB C / Laureate and curiassed bust of Constantius I.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI / Genius standing, holding patera and cornucopiae.
Mint mark: (none)
9.71gm., 27 mm.
RIC # 14a; Sear #14034 (this coin !).
Although RIC lists these last four coins (Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius I) with other coins minted in London, a careful reading of the introduction to the mint of London (vol. VI, p. 113-122) shows the editors of RIC had serious reservations about this attribution.
The unmarked folles -- ie without a mint mark in the exergue -- can be divided into three groups. After many years of careful study, group I has been attributed to Lugdunum (Lyon, France), and groups II and III to Britain.
Of group II, RIC says (p. 115), " It is possible that the unmarked II coins were produced in Britain either from a travelling mint, or even from the "C" (Camulodunum?) mint of Carausius and Allectus, with which there are perhaps some stylistic affinities: the period of issue would fall from c. 298 onwards, perhaps until c. 300 or later."
Of group III, RIC says (p. 115), " The unmarked III coins are in everyway more sophisticated in style, and it may well be that they were produced at London, though lack of signature would be difficult to account for: probably it is best to class them as a British series which, for reasons unknown to us, was struck elsewhere. Their date is between 300 and 305." Callimachus
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Antioch, RIC VI 092i, AE-Follis, -/I//ANT•, VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Mars advancing right, Scarce, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Antioch, RIC VI 092i, AE-Follis, -/I//ANT•, VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Mars advancing right, Scarce, #1
avers: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: VIRTVS EX ERCITVS, Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield, and trophy over shoulder.
exergue: -/I//ANT•, diameter: 23,5-24,5mm, weight: 6,74g, axis: 0h,
mint: Antioch, date: 308 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 92, p-628, Scarce,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 024b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQΓ, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 024b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQΓ, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, #1
avers: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right.
reverse: GENIO POPV LI ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exergue: -/-//AQΓ, diameter: 27,0mm, weight: 10,41g, axis: 6h,
mint: Aquilea, 3rd.off., date: 296 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 24b, p-314,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 024b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQP, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 024b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQP, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, #1
avers: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right.
reverse: GENIO POPV LI ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exergue: -/-//AQP, diameter: 25,5-26,5mm, weight: 10,61g, axis: 6h,
mint: Aquilea, 3rd.off., date: 296 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 24b, p-314,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 024b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQP, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, #2122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 024b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQP, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, #2
avers: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right.
reverse: GENIO POPV LI ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exergue: -/-//AQP, diameter: 25,5-28,0mm, weight: 10,20g, axis: 6h,
mint: Aquilea, 3rd.off., date: 296 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 24b, p-314,
Q-002quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 032b, AE-Follis, -/V//AQΓ, SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 032b, AE-Follis, -/V//AQΓ, SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta standing left, #1
avers: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right.
reverse: SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta standing left holding scales and cornucopia, V to right.
exergue: -/V//AQΓ, diameter: 26,2-27,2mm, weight: 11,04g, axis: 6h,
mint: Aquilea, 3rd.off., date: 301 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 32b,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 032b, AE-Follis, -/V//AQΓ, SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 032b, AE-Follis, -/V//AQΓ, SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta standing left, #1
avers: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right.
reverse: SACRA MONET AVG G ET CAES S NOSTR, Moneta standing left holding scales and cornucopia, A to right.
exergue: -/A//Crescent SIS, diameter: 27,5-28,5mm, weight: 10,86g, axis: 7h,
mint: Aquilea, 3rd.off., date: 301 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 32b,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 060b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQP, FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fides standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 060b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQP, FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fides standing left, #1
avers: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand.
exergue: -/-//AQP, diameter: 28,0-30,0mm, weight: 10,15g, axis: 6h,
mint: Aquilea, 1st.off., date: 305-06 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 60b, p-319,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 061b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQP, FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fides standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 061b, AE-Follis, -/-//AQP, FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fides standing left, #1
avers: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Helmeted, laureate bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield.
reverse: FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand.
exergue: -/-//AQP, diameter: 27-30mm, weight: 10,15g, axis: 6h,
mint: Aquilea, 1st.off., date: 305-06 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 61b, p-319,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Chartage, RIC VI 032b, AE-Follis, -/-//Δ, SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, Carthage standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Chartage, RIC VI 032b, AE-Follis, -/-//Δ, SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, Carthage standing left, #1
avers: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right.
reverse: SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, Carthage standing left with fruits in both hands.
exergue: -/-//Δ, diameter: 26,0-28,5mm, weight: 7,95g, axis: 0h,
mint: Chartage, 4th.off., date: 299-303 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 32b,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC VI 011b, AE-Follis, -/-//KA, GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC VI 011b, AE-Follis, -/-//KA, GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius standing left, #1
avers: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right (large head type).
reverse: GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder (falls low), holding patera from which liquid flows and cornucopia.
exergue: -/-//KA, diameter: 27,5mm, weight: 9,82g, axis: 6h,
mint: Cyzicus, date: 297-299 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 11b,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC VI 011b, AE-Follis, -/-//KA, GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius standing left, #2122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC VI 011b, AE-Follis, -/-//KA, GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius standing left, #2
avers: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right (large head type).
reverse: GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder (falls low), holding patera from which liquid flows and cornucopia.
exergue: -/-//KA, diameter: 27,4-27,8mm, weight: 10,54g, axis:0h,
mint: Cyzicus, date: 297-299 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 11b,
Q-002quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC VI 047a, AE-Follis, B/-//MKV, VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, Mars advancing right, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC VI 047a, AE-Follis, B/-//MKV, VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, Mars advancing right, #1
avers: GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield, and trophy over shoulder.
exergue: B/-//MKV, diameter: 24,5-25,5mm, weight: 6,71g, axis: 6h,
mint: Cyzicus, date: 308-309 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 47a, p-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC VI 042b, AR-Argenteus, -/-//Γ, VIRTVS MILITVM, The Four Tetrarchs, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC VI 042b, AR-Argenteus, -/-//Γ, VIRTVS MILITVM, The Four Tetrarchs, #1
avers: MAXIMIANVS CAES, Laureate head right.
reverse: VIRTVS MILITVM, The Four Tetrarchs sacrificing over the tripod, City gate in the background.
exergue: -/-//Γ, diameter: 17,5mm, weight: 3,16g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, 3rd.off., date: 295-97 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 042b,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 081bvar., S/A//--, AE-Follis, S/A//--, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 081bvar., S/A//--, AE-Follis, S/A//--, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, #1
avers: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB C, Laureate head right.
reverse: GENIO POP VLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over the left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopia. S-A across fields. No mintmark.
exergue: S/A//--, diameter: 28,0-29,0mm, weight: 9,74g, axis: 1h,
mint: Siscia, date: 294 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 81b var.(unlisted reverse break).
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 207c, AE-Follis, U/ҁ//SIS, GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 207c, AE-Follis, U/ҁ//SIS, GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, #1
avers: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
revers: GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia, crescent left field, stigma right field.
exergue: U/ҁ//SIS, diameter: 24,0-25,0mm, weight: 6,35g, axis: h,
mint: Siscia, 6th. off., date: 310-311 A.D.,
ref: RIC 207c,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 221, AE-Follis, -/A//SIS, FORTI FORTVNAE, Fortuna standing left by the wheel, Scarce! #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 221, AE-Follis, -/A//SIS, FORTI FORTVNAE, Fortuna standing left by the wheel, Scarce! #1
avers: DIVO GAL VAL MAXIMIANO, Veiled head right.
reverse: FORTI FOR TVNAE, Fortuna standing left by the wheel, right holding rudder on the globe, left cornucopia.
exergue: -/A//SIS, diameter: 24,5mm, weight: 6,50g, axis: 11h,
mint: Siscia, date: 311 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 221, p-482, Scarce!
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 224, AE-Follis, -/B/μ//SIS, FORTI FOR T(I)NAE, legend error (FOR TVNAE!!!), Fortuna standing left by wheel, Rare! #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 224, AE-Follis, -/B/μ//SIS, FORTI FOR T(I)NAE, legend error (FOR TVNAE!!!), Fortuna standing left by wheel, Rare! #1
avers: DIVO GAL VAL MAXIMIANO, Veiled head right.
reverse: FORTI FOR T(I)NAE, legend error (FOR TVNAE!!!), Fortuna standing left by wheel, right holding rudder on globe, left cornucopiae.
exergue: -/B/μ//SIS, diameter: 24,0-26,0mm, weight: 4,68g, axis: 6h,
mint: Siscia, date: 312 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 224, p-483, Rare!
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Thessalonica, RIC VI 30a, AE-Follis, */Γ//•SM•TS•, GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Thessalonica, RIC VI 30a, AE-Follis, */Γ//•SM•TS•, GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, #1
avers: GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: GENIO A VGVSTI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exergue: */Γ//•SM•TS•, diameter: 23,0-24,5mm, weight: 5,43g, axes: 0h,
mint: Thessalonica, date: 308-310 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 30a, p-514,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC VI 015b, AR-Argenteus, -/-//--, VIRTVS MILITVM, The Four Tetrarchs, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC VI 015b, AR-Argenteus, -/-//--, VIRTVS MILITVM, The Four Tetrarchs, #1
avers: MAXIMIANVS CAESAR, Laureate head right.
reverse: VIRTVS MILITVM, The Four Tetrarchs sacrificing over the tripod, City gate in the background, with six turrets.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,5mm, weight: 2,68g, axis: 6h,
mint: Ticinum, 3rd.off., date: 294 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 015b, RSC-220a,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC VI 055b, AE-Follis, -/•//PT, FIDES MILITVM, Fides seating left, #1122 Galerius Maximianus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-311 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC VI 055b, AE-Follis, -/•//PT, FIDES MILITVM, Fides seating left, #1
avers: IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: FIDES M I LITVM, Fides seating left, holding standard in each hand.
exergue: -/•//PT, diameter: 26,0-26,5mm, weight: 9,33g, axis: 11h,
mint: Ticinum, date: 305 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 55b, p-288,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Heracleia, RIC VI 063, AE-Follis, -/U//HTΓ, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Heracleia, RIC VI 063, AE-Follis, -/U//HTΓ, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1
Galeria Valeria, daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius,.
avers: GAL VAL ERIA AVG, Diademed, draped bust right.
reverse: VENERI V ICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt, Crescent right field.
exergue: -/U//HTΓ, diameter: 26,0mm, weight: 6,08g, axis: h,
mint: Heracleia, 3rd-off., date: 311 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 63, C-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Serdica, RIC VI 041, AE-Follis, */A//•SM•SD•, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Serdica, RIC VI 041, AE-Follis, */A//•SM•SD•, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1
Galeria Valeria, daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.
avers: GAL VALERIA AVG, Diademed, draped bust right.
reverse: VENERI V ICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt, * left, A right.
exergue: */A//•SM•SD•, diameter: 26,0mm, weight: 6,08g, axis: h,
mint: Serdica, 1st-off., date: 307-308 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 41, C-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Serdica, RIC VI 041, AE-Follis, */A//•SM•SD•, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #2123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Serdica, RIC VI 041, AE-Follis, */A//•SM•SD•, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #2
Galeria Valeria, daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.
avers: GAL VALERIA AVG, Diademed, draped bust right.
reverse: VENERI V ICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt, * left, A right.
exergue: */A//•SM•SD•, diameter: 26,5mm, weight: 5,37g, axis: 6h,
mint: Serdica, 1st-off., date: 307-308 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 41, C-,
Q-002quadrans
|
|
123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211, AE-Follis, U/A//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211, AE-Follis, U/A//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1
Galeria Valeria, daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.
avers: GAL VALERIA AVG, Diademed, draped bust right.
reversE: VENERI V ICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt, crescent left, A right.
exergue: U/A//SIS, diameter: 24,5-25,05mm, weight: 7,09g, axis: 5h,
mint: Siscia, 1st.off, date: 307-310 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 211var. C-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211, AE-Follis, U/Є//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211, AE-Follis, U/Є//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1
Galeria Valeria, daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.
avers: GAL VALERIA AVG, Diademed, draped bust right.
reversE: VENERI V ICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt, crescent left, Є right.
exergue: U/Є//SIS, diameter: 24,0-26,0mm, weight: 6,61g, axis: 0h,
mint: Siscia, 5th.off, date: 307-310 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 211var. C-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211, AE-Follis, U/Γ//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211, AE-Follis, U/Γ//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1
Galeria Valeria, daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.
avers: GAL VALERIA AVG, Diademed, draped bust right.
reversE: VENERI V ICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt, crescent left, Γ right.
exergue: U/Γ//SIS, diameter: 23,0-25,0mm, weight: 7,13g, axis: 11h,
mint: Siscia, 3rd.off, date: 307-310 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 211var. C-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211var. (this bust is not in RIC), AE-Follis, U/Γ//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211var. (this bust is not in RIC), AE-Follis, U/Γ//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, #1
Galeria Valeria, daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.
avers: GAL VAL ERIA AVG, Diademed, decorated draped bust right. The robe around the neck of interesting shapes (some of Victoria or Erotes ??) can be seen.
reverse: VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding the apple and raising skirt, crescent left, Γ right.
exergue: U/Γ//SIS, diameter: 26,0mm, weight: 4,98g, axis: 1h,
mint: Siscia, 3rd.off, date: 307-310 A.D.,
ref: RIC-211var. C-, this bust Not in RIC !!!
Q-001
quadrans
|
|
123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211var. (this bust is not in RIC), AE-Follis, U/Γ//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, The decoration on the dress the part of the neck.123 Galeria Valeria (?-315 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VI 211var. (this bust is not in RIC), AE-Follis, U/Γ//SIS, VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, The decoration on the dress the part of the neck.
Galeria Valeria, daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.
avers: GAL VAL ERIA AVG, Diademed, decorated draped bust right. The robe around the neck of interesting shapes (some of Victoria or Erotes ??) can be seen.
reverse: VENERI VICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding the apple and raising skirt, crescent left, Γ right.
exergue: U/Γ//SIS, diameter: 26,0mm, weight: 4,98g, axis: 1h,
mint: Siscia, 3rd.off, date: 307-310 A.D.,
ref: RIC VI 211var. C-, this bust Not in RIC !!!
Q-001
"I would concur that they are Erotes/Cupids. Which, of course, would fit with the reverse type, Erotes being associated with Venus."
quadrans
|
|
1301a, Diocletian, 284-305 A.D. (Antioch)DIOCLETIAN (284 – 305 AD) AE Antoninianus, 293-95 AD, RIC V 322, Cohen 34. 20.70 mm/3.1 gm, aVF, Antioch. Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate bust right, draped & cuirassed; Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, I/XXI. Early Diocletian with dusty earthen green patina.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
|
|
1301b, Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 March 305 A.D.Diocletian. RIC V Part II Cyzicus 256 var. Not listed with pellet in exegrue
Item ref: RI141f. VF. Minted in Cyzicus (B in centre field, XXI dot in exegrue)Obverse:- IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Reverse:- CONCORDIA MILITVM, Diocletian standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left with scepter.
A post reform radiate of Diocletian. Ex Maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
|
|
1302a, Maximian, 285 - 305, 306 - 308, and 310 A.D.Maximianus AE Antoninianus. RIC V Part II 506 Bust Type C. Cohen 355; VF; Minted in Rome A.D. 285-286. Obverse: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right; Rverse: IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt & scepter, XXIZ in exergue. Ex maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.
When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.
Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.
Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.
Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes
|
|
1302b, Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great (Siscia)Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great. Bronze AE3, RIC 41, VF, Siscia, 1.30g, 16.1mm, 0o, 317-318 A.D. Obverse: DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP, laureate and veiled head right; Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMO-RVM MERITORVM, Emperor seated left on curule chair, raising hand and holding scepter, SIS in exergue; scarce (R3).
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.
When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.
Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.
Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.
Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
|
|
|
|
|
