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Denarius Serratus - 79 BC - Rome mint
Obv.: Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goatskin, symbol behind (amphora with two handles and string)
Rev.:Gryphon dancing right, symbol below (ampulla), L PAPI in ex.
Gs. 3,8 mm. 18,28x19,64
Crawf. 384/1, Sear RCV 311, Grueber 2977
Maxentius
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0009 - Denarius Papia 79 BCObv/Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing goatskin, symbol behind.
Rev/Gryphon dancing r., symbol below, L PAPI in ex.
Ag, 19.9mm, 3.82g
Moneyer: L. Papius.
Mint: Rome.
RRC 384/1 [dies o/r: 211/211] - Syd. 773 - Calicó 1057 - RCV 311 - RSC Papia 1 - Cohen Papia 1
ex-Numismática Saetabisdafnis
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 165, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Δ, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Gryphon walking left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 165, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Δ, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Gryphon walking left, #1
avers: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
reverse: APOLLINI CONS AVG, Gryphon walking left.
exergue: -/-//Δ, diameter: 17,5-19mm, weight: 1,90g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 165, p-, Göbl-718z,
Q-001quadrans
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22143 Gallienus/ Zoo Gryphon22143 Gallienus/ Zoo Gryphon
Obv: IMP GALLIENVS AVG
Radiate Bust right
Rev: APOLLINI CONS AVG
Gryphon walking left
Delta in Exergue
Mint: Rome 21.4mm 3.1g
RIC V-1, Rome 165 (S); Goebl 0718z; Sear
Blayne W
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384L Papi c.79 BC
AR denarius
Obv Head of Juno Sospita right, control mark behind
Rev "L.PAPI"
Gryphon leaping right over control mark
Rome mint
Crawford 384 (control mark pair 119)mauseus
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79 BC L Papius Serrated denariusHead of Juno Sospita right clad in goat's skin control symbal behind (bakers shovel), bead and reel in border
L PAPI
Gryphon leaping right control symbol (bakers oven) below, bead and reel border
trade guild: cooks and bakers
3.75g
Rome
79 BC
Sear 311 RRC 89
ex-ANE
Plate coin 89:www.bonannocoins.com/l_papius/l_papius_db.php
SOLD to Calgary Coin June 2017Jay GT4
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79 BC L Papius Serrated denariusHead of Juno Sospita right clad in goat's skin control symbal behind (base of column), bead and reel in border
L PAPI
Gryphon leaping right control symbol (Corinthian capital) below, bead and reel border
Trade guild: Builders
3.9g
Rome
79 BC
Sear 311 RRC 89
Ex-Calgary Coin
To see the amazing variety of control marks on this series:
www.bonannocoins.com/l_papius/l_papius_db.php
SOLD to Calgary Coin June 2017Jay GT4
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79 BC L Papius Serrated denariusHead of Juno Sospita right clad in goat's skin control symbal behind (half of fat fish), bead and reel in border
L PAPI
Gryphon leaping right control symbol (fish) below, bead and reel border
trade guild: fishmongers
3.91g
Rome
79 BC
Sear 311 RRC 39
ex-ANE
To see the amazing variety of control marks on this series: www.bonannocoins.com/l_papius/l_papius_db.php
SOLD to Calgary Coin June 2017
Jay GT4
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Antoninus pius Griffin Paw on WheelBithynia, Nicaea, 138 - 161 AD, 16mm, 3.7g
OBV: AYTO KAISER ANTWNEINO, Bust right within wreath
REV: NEIKAIEWN, Gryphon Paw on Wheel
WADD RG S413,115(1) / COLL PARIS(1)
SLG Lindgren I 136(2)
Same dies as the Lindgren Specimen
VERY SCARCESRukke
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APOLLINI CONS AVG RIC V/1 165Ant, 21mm, 1.95g.
Obverse: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head R.
Reverse: APOLLINI CONS AVG, gryphon standing L.
Delta in exe.
RIC V/1 165, Common.Robert_Brenchley
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Attica, Athens Silver Tetradrachm, New Style, c. 115/114 B.C.Attica, Athens Silver Tetradrachm, New Style, c. 115/114 B.C.
31.4mm, 16.61 grams.
Obv: Head of Athena to right, wearing triple-crested Attic helmet decorated with a palmette and gryphon.
Rev: Owl standing three-quarters right, head facing, on amphora, cluster of grapes on vine in right field, Δ on amphora, ΠE below.
Ref: Thompson 633g.
About Extremely Fine.
mjabrial
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BCC CG25 Oil Lamp FragmentDecorated Oil Lamp Discus with Lion?
Caesarea Maritima
1st-2nd Century CE
Fragment of an Early Roman oil lamp
consisting of the central part of a discus
decorated with a lion or gryphon? on a
ground line, crouching over object, perhaps
a bucranium? The tail appears to be wrapped
around the rear leg. Part of the filler hole is
visible below. Fabric: Medium fine grained,
light tan clay with traces of reddish/brown slip.
Manufacture: Mould made.
Origin: N. Africa? or Italy?
Dimensions: 3.75 x 2.9 x 0.75cm. Weight: 6.27gm.
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1977
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome
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BCC MA13 Bronze HandleBronze Handle
Caesarea Maritima
Late Hellenistic or Roman
1st Cent. BCE-3rd Cent. CE
Zoomorphic cast bronze handle
in the form of a lion or gryphon
paw. Curvature of the attachment
points suggests a small bronze
jug or other vessel.
Length: 5.15cm. wt: 12.89gm.
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1974
J. Berlin Caesarea Collection
v-drome
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Cappadocia, Tyana, Antoninus Pius, SNG von Aulock 6540Antoninus Pius, AD 138-161
AE 23, 9.22g, 22.58mm, 0°
struck AD 155/56 (RY 19)
obv. A - NTWNEIN - OC CEBACT - OC
laureate head r.
rev, TYANEWN T - PT IER ACV AVTO
in l. field one below the other ET / QI (RY 19)
Tyche of Tyana in long garment and wearing mural crown enthroned l. on throne
decorated with gryphon, resting with l. hand on seat and holding in extended r. hand
grain ears and bunch of grapes; below river god Euphrates(?) swimming l.
ref. SNG von Aulock 6540; SNG Copenhagen 317
rare, about VF
TPT = TWN PROC TAVRW
Jochen
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Cr 182/2 Æ As GryphonAnonymous "Gryphon" series
Rome mint, c. 169-158 BCE
Laureate head of Janus; value I above
Prow of galley; griffin above, [ROMA] below.
32.9 mm 32.9 gm
The issue runs from Denarii through Sextans
This hefty coin is not a beauty (anymore) but Janus is rather distinct, as is the important griffin
From the x6 Collection = SteveP of the Forum BoardsPMah
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Crawford 25/1 DidrachmDenomination: Didrachm
Era: c. 241-235 BC
Metal: AR
Obverse: Helmeted head of beardless Mars r. Helmet decorated with gryphon.
Reverse: Horse’s head r.; behind, sickle; below truncation, ROMA.
Weight: 6.57 gm.
Reference: Crawford 25/1
Provenance: Goldberg 69 lot 3233, 31-MAY-2012
Comments: Both sides centered, but slightly short flan leaves no trace of border on either side. Tiny obverse planchet void below chin; almost imperceptible fine cleaning marks below ROMA on reverse. Otherwise, strong VF.
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Crawford 25/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC - AR DidrachmRome. The Republic.
Anonymous, 241-235 BCE.
AR Didrachm (6.62g; 19mm).
Rome Mint.
Obverse: Beardless head of Mars wearing crested Corinthian helmet decorated with gryphon, facing right.
Reverse: Bridled horse head facing right; sickle to left; ROMA below.
References: Crawford 25/1; Sydenham 24; BMCRR (Romano-Campanian) 57.
Provenance: Ex Ed Waddell inventory #7484 (c. 1985).
This didrachm series is the first Roman silver coinage to bear the inscription ROMA, a change from the earlier ROMANO inscriptions. The early ROMANO inscriptions may have been either an abbreviation of the genitive plural ROMANORVM (“of the Romans”) or dative ROMANO (“by the Romans”) either of which would be similar grammar to Greek coin inscriptions. The move to the nominative case ROMA, may have been a simple shift to Roman/Latin usage consistent with the coinage taking on a more “Roman” character, as minting activity had moved from southern Italy to Rome many years before. The sickle symbol on the reverse, as well as common devices across denominations, links this didrachm issue to contemporaneous Roman bronze coinage also bearing the sickle. This marks the first time in the emerging Roman coinage that a clear-intentioned, bi-metallic series emission can be established.
Carausius
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Crawford 337/3, ROMAN REPUBLIC, D. Silanus, 91 BCERome, The Republic.
D. Silanus, 91 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.06g; 20mm).
Rome Mint.
Obv: Roma head, wearing winged helmet ornamented with gryphon head, facing right; N behind.
Rev: Victory in biga galloping right; VII above; D SILANVS L F//ROMA in exergue.
References: Crawford 337/3; Syd 646; BMCRR 1772; Junia 15.
Provenance: Ex NAC 100 (30 May 2017), Lot 1447.
This moneyer is unkown except from his coins. The control marks on these coins may have several dies. The issue must have been huge, as Crawford estimates near 600 obverse and 663 reverse dies.
Carausius
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Emmett 1524 - Antoninius Pius Alexandria drachm, GryphonAntoninus Pius AE Drachm of Alexandria (33mm 20.73g). ANTNINO C CЄBЄVCЄB... Laureate bust right / LI-D, Gryphon seated right, forepaw on wheel. BMC 1181. Dattari 3122var, G. 1658-1659; Emmett 1524.14, Kampmann 35.513 mattpat
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Gallienus AE AntoninianusGallienus AE Antoninianus. Sole reign.
(253 - 268 CE)
Obverse: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
Reverse: APPOLINI CONS AVG, gryphon walking left, Δ in ex.
RSC 77. Pericles J2
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Gallienus AE18-23MMObv: IMPGALLIENVSAVG - Head right with radiate crown.
Rev: APOLLINICONSAVG - Gryphon walking left. Delta (Greek D) in exergue.Lee S
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GALLIENUS Antoninianus, RIC 165, GryphonOBV: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right
REV: APPOLINI CONS AVG, gryphon walking left, Delta in ex.
Minted at Rome, Sole Reign, 267-268 ADLegatus
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Gallienus GriffinGallienus IMP GALLIENUS AUG R APOLLINI CONS AUG Gryphon walking left Delta RIC V-1, Rome 165 C S
Gallienus IMP GALLIENUS AUG R APOLLI CONS AUG Gryphon walking left Delta Aldbourne Hoard, 8 R S
Gallienus IMP GALLIENUS AUG R APOLLINI CONS AUG Gryphon walking left Delta Gobl 718aa R S
Gallienus Æ Antoninianus. Sole reign. gryphon walking left, D in ex. RSC 77.
Super reverse detail with good surfaces and patina. Scarce. 3.83g. 20mmSRukke
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Gallienus' ZooCentaur, Panther, Hippocamp, Antelope, Pegasus, Gryphon, Stag, GoatLegatus
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GryphonPapia Denarius AR circa 79 BC
Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing goat's skin.
Gryphon prancing r.
Craw 384.1
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GRYPHON, Gallienus: Apollos gryphonGallienus (253–268)
Rome mint, workshop D.
Obeverse: GALLIENVSAVG, Galllienus head right.
Reverse: APOL[I]NICONS[AVG], gryphon left. Greek ’delta’ below.
Comment: Do anyone mention Buckbeak?
W=1.88g[Sic!]; D=19x22mm.
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Italy- Pompeii- The big theatre and the Odeon small theatreThe Big theater and Odeon the small theatre beside.
This ‘small theatre’, perhaps used for musical performances and poetry readings, was built in the early years of the Sullan colony (around 80 BC). According to inscriptions found here, it had a roof to ensure excellent acoustics: this rested on outer walls that bordered the tiers of seats (cavea), decorated with sculpted telamons: the lower part (ima cavea) has low, wide seating steps (bisellia) reserved for the decurions; a balustrade decorated with winged gryphon paws distinguishes it from the media cavea.Peter Wissing
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L Papius Denarius SerratusObv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Compass
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Drill
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
An uneven strike with an off-centre reverse spoils what would otherwise have been a very pleasing coin.
This image illustrates the uneven strike. You can see the thickness of the coin varying from left (where there was little or no pressure) to right (where the main pressure from the strike took place).maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, 79 BCHead of Juno Sospita right, wearing goatskin, symbol behind
Gryphon dancing right, symbol below, ex. L PAPI
Syd 773, Cr384/1, Papia 1
This coin has been identified as a cast fake that has emerged in the last year.whitetd49
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC -Denarius Serratus
Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Barbed spear head.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Elephant head.
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC -. Babelon 149. BMCRR -maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC -Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Dolphin wrapped around anchor.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Hippocamp
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC -. Babelon -. BMCRR -.
A previously unknown symbol pair.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC -Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Shoe.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Sandal
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC -. Babelon -. BMCRR -.
3.78g. 19.71 mm. 180 degrees.
An unpublished symbol pair with five examples currently known. This is likely the best of the five examples. (Richard Schaefer)maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC -Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Shoe.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Sandal
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC -. Babelon -. BMCRR -.
3.78g. 19.71 mm. 180 degrees.
An unpublished symbol pair with five examples currently known. This is likely the best of the five examples. (Richard Schaefer) maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC -Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Dolphin wrapped around anchor.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Hippocamp
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC -. Babelon -. BMCRR -.
A previously unknown symbol pair and the only known example. maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 013Denarius Serratus
Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, cooking pot with hook.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, triple flesh-hook
Minted in Rome from B.C. 79.
Reference:– RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 13. Babelon 13. BMCRR 35. CNR: 1/049.
A "Stannard" weight adjustment scoop on the reversemaridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 019Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, hunter's net
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, two spears
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 19. Babelon 100. BMCRR 19.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 019Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, hunter's net
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, two spears
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 19. Babelon 100. BMCRR 19. maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 052Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, goblet.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, winsekin? shoe?
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 52. Babelon 96. BMCRR 52. CNR: 1/042.
Symbols listed as goblet/wine-skin by Sydenham. coppa/calzatura (cup/shoe) by CNRmaridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 064 Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, forepart of lion.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, forepart of bull
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 64. Babelon 77. BMCRR 64. CNR unknown maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 069Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, shepherd's crook.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, mask of Pan
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference:– RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 69. Babelon 2. BMCRR 69. CNR: unknown.
Trade guild: farmers and shepherdsmaridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 070Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, lock
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, key
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 70 Babelon 61. BMCRR 70. CNR: 1/027.
trade guild: metal workersmaridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 076Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, owl
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, crow with open wings or eagle
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 76. Babelon 76. BMCRR 12.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 076Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, owl
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, crow with open wings or eagle
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 76. Babelon 76. BMCRR 12. maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 084Denarius Serratus
Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, sandal.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, sandal
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 84. Babelon 17. BMCRR 84. CNR 1/041maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 088Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, whelk shell or conch.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, scallop shell
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 88. Babelon 14. BMCRR 88. CNR: -.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 092Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, crossbow bolt.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, front view of crossbow
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference:– RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 92. Babelon 75. BMCRR 92. CNR: unknown.
Some obverse corrosionmaridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 094Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, spindle.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, distaff
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 94. Babelon 34. BMCRR 94. CNR 1/015
Weaver's guild
3.71g. 18.77 mm. 0 degrees. maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 109Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Lamp with spout
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Lamp feeder
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 109. Babelon -. BMCRR 109.
3.12g. 18.44 mm. 0 degrees
A modern cast fake.
Slightly uneven toning.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 11Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, tall cup
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, jug
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 11. Babelon -. BMCRR 11
This symbol pair is one of only two known to be produced from more than a single die pair with two die pairs known for this symbol pair.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 11Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, tall cup
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, jug
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 11. Babelon -. BMCRR 11
This symbol pair is one of only two known to be produced from more than a single die pair with two die pairs known for this symbol pair. maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 122Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, coiled serpent.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, dog
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 122 Babelon 9. BMCRR unknown. CNR unknown
ex SteveX6 collection
3.42g. 18.68 mm. 180 degrees.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 128Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, chopper.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, scissors
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 128 Babelon 26. BMCRR -. CNR: -.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 131Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, plumb line.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, mason's level
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 131. Babelon 31 BMCRR unlisted. CNR 1/032maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 134Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, aplustre.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, prow
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 134. Babelon -. BMCRR 47.
3.81g. 19.07 mm. 180 degrees.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 147Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, altar
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, lighted altar
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 147. Babelon 69. BMCRR Unknown. CNR: Unknownmaridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 150Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Harpa
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Winged Petasos
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 150. Babelon 149. BMCRR -.
Symbols of Mercury.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 150Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Harpa
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Winged Petasos
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 150. Babelon 149. BMCRR -.
Symbols of Mercury. maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 193Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, horse's head.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, donkey's head
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 193. Babelon unlisted. BMCRR unlisted. CNR unknownmaridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 204Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Compass
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Drill
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 204. Babelon -. BMCRR -
3.85g. 20.41 mm. 180 degrees
An uneven strike with an off-centre reverse spoils what would otherwise have been a very pleasing coin.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 204Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Compass
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Drill
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 204. Babelon -. BMCRR -
3.85g. 20.41 mm. 180 degrees
An uneven strike with an off-centre reverse spoils what would otherwise have been a very pleasing coin. maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 21Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, base of column.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, corinthian capital
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 21. Babelon 81. BMCRR 21. CNR 1/034
3.41 gms
Stannard weight correction scoop on reversemaridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 31Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, crowbar.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, dolabrum (pickaxe)
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 31. Babelon 32 BMCRR 31. CNR 1/07maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 75Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Modius.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, Modius
Minted in Rome from B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 75. Babelon 8. BMCRR 75. CNR: 1/009.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC 99Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, Funnel strainer.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, hydria (two-handled vase).
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC 99. Babelon unlisted. BMCRR 99.maridvnvm
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L Papius Denarius Serratus, Papia 1, Sym. var. RRC ?Obv:– Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin tied under chin. Behind head, ???.
Rev:– Gryphon running right; in ex., L. PAPI.; in field, ???
Minted in Rome from . B.C. 79.
Reference(s) – RSC Papia 1. RRC 384/1. RCTV 311.
Symbol variety – RRC ?. Babelon ?. BMCRR ?.
2.95 g. 19.46 mm. 90 degrees maridvnvm
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L. Papius - AR serratus denarius²Sardinia / ¹Rome
²78 BC / ¹79 BC
head of Juno Sospita right waering goat skin; bucket behind
Gryphon springing right; jug below
L.PAPI
¹Crawford 384/1 (symbol 11); Sydenham 773; Papia 1; British museum 1902,0206.106
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
4,0g 18mm
ex Solidus
Gens Papia was Samnite origin and family came from Lanuvium.J. B.
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L. Papius 79b.c. Denarius Head of Juno Sospita right wearing goat's skin, symbol behind. Reverse. Gryphon prancing right, symbol below, L. PAPI in exergue
Philoromaos
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LUCANIA, Velia. Circa 300-280 BC. AR Nomos22mm, 7.54 g, 2h
Philistion group. Head of Athena left, wearing crested Attic helmet, decorated with gryphon; Ó¨ between crest and neck guard / Lion standing right, head facing, tearing at ram’s head with jaws and forepaws; above, cicada left between Ф and I. Williams 419 (same dies); HN Italy 1305. VF, toned.Leo
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Lycia, Pre-Dynastic. AR StaterCirca 520-470/60 BC. AR Stater (18mm, 8.98 g, 4h). Uncertain mint and polis. Falghera 18-19 var. (without “kh” on rev.); SNG von Aulock 4049-50 var. (same); Boston MFA 2080 var. (same); SNG Copenhagen 4 var. (same); SNG Copenhagen Supp. 370 var. (same). Obverse: forepart of boar left. Reverse: square incuse with two diagonal crosslines forming four triangles; at bases of two of the triangles, wedge-shaped raised projections; three additional crosslines forming the Lycian letter “kh” in the fourth triangle. VF, slightly granular, scrape on reverse.
Ex CNG e-Auction 330, lot 101.
There is scant information regarding the coinage of ancient Lycia during the pre-dynastic period. Although the majority of the coins in the 5th to 4th centuries B.C. represent individual dynasts, it is clear that there existed some sort of federation between the early cities, more or less under Persian suzerainty which was attested by early Greek writers, especially Strabo. The Lycian pre-dynastic silver coinage falls into the following standard: the weight-standard is Babylonic, but shows considerable irregularity, and a tendency to fall to the Euboïc standard. The animal types—winged lions, gryphons, bulls, etc. remain for the most part unexplained, but the boar is loosely associated with Apollo Lykeios.
Jason T
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Philip V, AE 16, Perseus/ harpaKings of Macedon, Philip V, 220-179 BC, AE 16. 15x16 mm, 4.70g.
Obverse: Head of Perseus right, wearing a helm decorated with a winged gryphon. Reverse: An oak wreath surrounding a harpa right and the legend BA above and Φ below the harpa.
Reference: Lindgren II 1333. It was the hero Perseus who killed the snake-haired monster Medusa, using a harpa, a weapon based on an agricultural sickle with a distinctive hook forming part of the blade. Ex MoremothPodiceps
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Republic L Papius Denarius Serratus.L Papius Denarius Serratus. 79 BC, Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goatskin, symbol behind / Gryphon dancing right, symbol below, L PAPI in ex.
Sear5 311, Syd 773, Cr384/1.
Tanit
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Gallienus, APOLLINI CONS AVGGallienus, 267-268 A.D.
OBV: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
REV: APOLLINI CONS AVG, Gryphon walking left with mouth open. (delta) in exergue.
This coin was struck in 267-68 A.D. to invoke the protection of Apollo for Gallienus for his protection against Aureolus.
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ROMAN REPUBLIC, L. Papius. Denarius, 79 B.C.Obv: Head of Juno Sospita right, clad in goat's skin, control-symbol behind head.
Rev: Gryphon leaping right, control-symbol below, L PAPI in exergue.
RSC Papia 1 | CRR 733 | RCV I : 311.the_Apostate
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Rome - AE as170-158 BC
laureate head of Janus
I
prow of galley right, above gryphon trampling on head of hare
I
ROMA
Crawford 182/2; Sydenham 284.
24,8g 32mm
ex IbercoinsJ. B.
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Thrace, Abdera AR TetrobolCirca 360-350 BC. AR Tetrobol (15mm, 2.84 g, 3h). Molpagores, magistrate. May, Abdera – (A285/P33 [unlisted die combination]); SNG Copenhagen 331. Obverse Gryphon springing left. Reverse Head of Dionysos right within linear square; MOΛ[ΓA]ΓOPHΣ around. EF, toned.
Ex Classical Numismatic Review XXXIX No. 2 Summer 2014, lot 980958.
Abdera, on the southern coast of Thrace, not far from the mouth of the river Nestus, was originally founded as a colony of Clazomenae in the seventh century B.C. This first venture did not prove a success, but the site was reoccupied by the larger portion of the population from Teos, who preferred to leave their native land rather than submit to the Persian dominion in 544 B.C. Later on, Abdera rose to be a place of considerable importance and wealth. The gryphon as a coin-type at Abdera is clearly copied from that on the coins of the mother-city Teos. It may be borrowed from the cult of the Hyperborean Apollo. The magistrates whose names occur on the coins of this town were probably members of the governing body, commissioned to superintend the coinage of the state, and not mere monetary magistrates.
Jason T
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[1112a] Valerian I, October 253 - c. June 260 A.D.Silver antoninianus, RIC 232, RSC 10, VF, worn die reverse, Mediolanum mint, 3.909g, 22.2mm, 180o, 257 A.D.; Obverse: IMP VALERIANVS P AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: AETERNITATI AVGG, Sol standing left, raising right, globe in left; nice portrait, good silver for the reign. Ex FORVM.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors and their Families
Valerian (A.D. 253-260) and Gallienus (A.D. 253-268)
Richard D. Weigel
Western Kentucky University
P. Licinius Valerianus, or Valerian, was unusual for his time period in that he was an emperor who came from an old Roman senatorial family. He was likely born shortly before 200 A.D., but little is known of his early life. Valerian married Egnatia Mariniana and had two sons, Gallienus and Valerian Junior. Gallienus was born around 218. Valerian makes his first appearance in the sources in 238 A.D. as an ex-consul and princeps senatus negotiating with (more likely than serving on) the embassy sent to Rome by Gordian I's African legions to secure senatorial approval of Gordian's rebellion against and replacement of Maximinus Thrax as emperor. The Scriptores Historiae Augustae probably report accurately that Trajan Decius, on the recommendation of the Senate, offered Valerian the censorship in 251. Although the senatus consultum cited and the specific office are of doubtful authenticity, the high reputation Valerian possessed in the Senate and his association with the government under Decius probably are truthful aspects of the story. In 253 Valerian was apparently commanding in Raetia and Noricum when Trebonianus Gallus sent him to bring legions from Gaul and Germany to Italy for the struggle with the forces of Aemilianus. After Gallus' troops killed him and his son and joined Aemilianus, Valerian's men proclaimed their general emperor and their arrival in Italy caused Aemilianus' soldiers to desert and kill their commander and join Valerian's forces in acclaiming Valerian as emperor.
The Senate presumably was pleased to ratify the position of Valerian, one of their own, as emperor and they also accepted his son and colleague, P. Licinius Egnatius Gallienus, as Augustus, rather than just as Caesar. Valerian apparently realized the necessity of sharing power equally with his son and of dividing their efforts geographically, with Gallienus responsible for the West and Valerian himself concentrating on the East. The biographies of Valerian and Gallienus in the Scriptores Historiae Augustae, attributed to Trebellius Pollio, are not especially helpful in putting together an account of their joint reign. The life of Valerian is fragmentary and that of Gallienus projects an extremely biased negative interpretation of his career.
Gallienus in the early years of the joint reign concentrated, with some success, on protecting Gaul and the Rhine frontier by driving back Germanic tribes and fortifying cities such as Cologne and Trier. In a move which would characterize later diplomacy with Germans, Gallienus concluded an alliance with one of their chieftains, presumably to assist the Romans in protecting the empire from other Germanic tribes. The invasions increased in number around 257-258 as the Franks entered Gaul and Spain, destroying Tarraco (Tarragona), and the Alamanni invaded Italy. Gallienus defeated the Alamanni at Milan, but soon was faced with the revolts in Pannonia and Moesia led first by his general there, Ingenuus, and then by Regalianus, commander in Illyricum. Gallienus put down these rebellions by 260 and secured stability in the region by concluding an alliance with the Marcomannic king, whose daughter Pipa the emperor apparently accepted as his concubine although he was still married to Cornelia Salonina.
In the East, Valerian had succeeded by A.D. 257 in rescuing Antioch in Syria from Persian control, at least temporarily, but was soon faced with a major invasion of the Goths in Asia Minor. The Scriptores Historiae Augustae biography of Aurelian has Valerian appear to speak in the Baths at Byzantium to publicly commend Aurelian for his success in driving back the Goths and reward him with the consulship and even with adoption as imperial successor. However, it is not clear that Valerian even reached Byzantium because he sent Felix to that city while he remained to protect the eastern section of Asia Minor and then returned to Antioch to guard it against renewed Persian attacks. It was at this point, around 259, that Valerian moved to defend Edessa and his troops lost significant numbers to the plague. Valerian tried to negotiate a peace with the Persian king, Sapor, but was captured by treachery and taken into captivity. The ultimate humiliation of a Roman emperor by a foreign leader was enacted through Sapor's use of Valerian as a human stepping-stool to assist the Persian king in mounting his horse and Valerian's body was later skinned to produce a lasting trophy of Roman submission.
Eusebius discusses the policy of Valerian toward the Christians and says that, after initially treating them most positively, Valerian was persuaded by Macrianus to lead another persecution against them. Valerian in fact after his brutal imprisonment and death in Persia would serve as a negative moral exemplum for some Latin Christian writers who gleefully pointed out that those who oppose the true God receive their just desserts.
Eusebius also credits Gallienus with reversing his father's policy and establishing peace with the Church, citing imperial edicts which established freedom of worship and even restored some lost property. Paul Keresztes claims that Gallienus in fact established a peace with Christians that lasted for forty-three years, from A.D. 260 until 303, and gave the community a kind of legal status which they had previously lacked.
Andreas Alföldi details a growing separation between Gallienus and his father which goes well beyond the geographical one which had developed out of military necessity. In addition to the strikingly different policies, just described, which they pursued toward the Christians, Gallienus began to make his military independence clear through changes in coin inscriptions and by 258 he had created his central cavalry unit and stationed it at Milan. This independent force, which was under the command of a man of equestrian rank and soon stood on a level at least equal to that of the Praetorian Guard, would play a significant role in Gallienus' upcoming battles and, of course, was a foretoken of a new trend for military organization in the future. Alföldi cites as evidence of the increasing separation between the joint emperors the statement that Gallienus did not even seek his father's return from captivity, which Lactantius of course interpreted as part of Valerian's divine punishment, but one wonders what indeed Gallienus might have done and his "indifference" may have been instead his attempt to reassert confidence in his armies and not dwell on the depressing and humiliating servitude and ultimate death of Valerian. Another reform which Alföldi discusses as part of Gallienus' independent stand is his exclusion of the senatorial class from major military commands. H.M.D. Parker credits Gallienus with beginning to separate the civil and military functions of Rome's provincial governors, thus making senatorial governors purely civil administrators and starting to replace them even in this reduced role by equestrians. The disappearance in this period of the S.C. stamp of senatorial authority on bronze coins was probably also seen as an attack on the prestige of the order, although the debasement of the silver coinage had by this time practically reached the point where the "silver" coins were themselves essentially bronze and the change may have been more for economic than for political reasons. Gallienus' exclusion of senators from military command further broke down class distinctions because sons of centurions were by this time regularly given equestrian rank and the move further accelerated the alienation of Rome as center of the Empire. In addition, the bitterness of the senatorial class over Gallienus' policy most likely explains the hatred of Latin writers toward this particular emperor.
Although Gallienus' military innovations may have made his forces more effective, he still had to face numerous challenges to his authority.In addition to systemic invasions and revolts, the plague wreaked havoc in Rome and Italy and probably in several provinces as well. It must have seemed that every commander he entrusted to solve a problem later used that authority to create another threat. When Gallienus was involved in putting down the revolt of Ingenuus in Pannonia, he put Postumus in charge of the armies guarding the Rhine and Gaul. There is some doubt about which of Gallienus' sons, Cornelius Valerianus or P. Cornelius Licinius Saloninus, was left in Cologne under the care of the Praetorian Prefect Silvanus and perhaps also Postumus. In any case, when Postumus revolted and proclaimed his independent Gallic Empire, Silvanus and one of the emperor's sons were killed. Gallienus probably restricted Postumus' expansion, but he never gained the personal revenge that, according to one source, drove him to challenge Postumus to single combat. While Gallienus was thus engaged, and after Valerian's capture by the Persians, Macrianus had his soldiers proclaim his sons, Macrianus and Quietus, emperors in Syria, Asia Minor, and Egypt. Gallienus sent Aureolus to defeat Macrianus and one son in the area of Illyria and Thrace; Odenathus of Palmyra defeated the other son and restored stability in Syria and, with Gallienus' approval, followed that up with a victory over the Persians. After Odenathus' assassination ca. 267, his wife Zenobia continued to rule the independent Palmyrene section of the Empire.
In A.D. 262 Gallienus concluded his tenth year in office by celebrating in Rome his Decennalia with a spectacular procession involving senators, equestrians, gladiators, soldiers, representatives of foreign peoples, and many other groups. This festival included feasts, games, entertainment, and spectacle which probably reminded Romans of the millennial Secular Games celebrations of Philip I and likely were intended to secure popular support at home for Gallienus. Over the next five years little is known about specific activities of the emperor and he presumably spent more time in Rome and less along the frontiers.
Gallienus and Salonina as rulers patronized a cultural movement which collectively is known as the Gallienic Renaissance. The imperial patrons are most directly connected with the philosophical aspects of this movement because Porphyry testifies to their friendship for the Neoplatonic philosopher Plotinus. Porphyry goes on to say that Plotinus asked Gallienus to rebuild an abandoned former city of philosophers in Campania, rename it Platonopolis, and govern it as a kind of Platonic Republic, but that the jealousy and spite of others at court scuttled the plan. In addition to Neoplatonic philosophy, according to Gervase Matthew, the Gallienic Renaissance included the "upward glance" and other stylistic changes in imperial sculpture and religious beliefs that were characterized by "an overwhelming sense of the transcendent and immutable." Matthew points out both the return to artistic models of Augustus, Hadrian, and even Severus Alexander and also "a new Romantic tension" which breaks with the past and points toward a new and very different world. The Hellenic character of much of the Gallienic Renaissance is also stressed in the emperor's trip to Athens where he, likely in imitation of Hadrian, became eponymous archon and received initiation into the Eleusinian cult of Demeter.
Late in his reign, Gallienus issued a series of coins in Rome which honored nine deities as Conservator Augusti or protector of the emperor by pairing his portrait with reverses picturing an animal or animals symbolic of each deity. Included in this group of celestial guardians are Apollo, Diana, Hercules, Jupiter, Juno, Liber Pater, Mercury, Neptune, and Sol. For example, Apollo's coin-types portray a centaur, a gryphon, or Pegasus; Hercules is represented by either the lion or the boar. It appears that Gallienus was issuing the "animal series" coins both to secure, through some religious festival, the aid of Rome's protective gods against continuing invasions, revolts, and plague and to entertain the Roman populace with pageantry and circus games, thus to divert their attention away from the same problems and maintain the security of the regime in power.
In A.D. 268, Gallienus saw his third son, Marinianus, become consul, but in the spring another Gothic invasion brought the emperor back to Greece. He defeated the invaders at Naissus in Moesia , but was deterred from pursuing them further by a revolt of the commander of his elite cavalry, Aureolus. He besieged this last rebel emperor in Milan, but a plot involving his Praetorian Prefect and two future emperors, Claudius and Aurelian, all three men Illyrians popular with many of the soldiers, lured Gallienus away from the city on a false pretext and assassinated him.The emperor's brother Valerian and young son Marinianus were also murdered. In spite of the bitter resentment which many of the senators must have felt toward the dead emperor and his reform policies, Claudius II, perhaps only to legitimize his own reign, persuaded the Senate to deify Gallienus.
Copyright Richard D. Weigel, 2007. Published on De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors and their Families
Valerian I was proclaimed emperor after the death of Trajan Decius. He successfully repulsed many barbarian incursions but the standard of living declined and would never recover. In 260 A.D., after four years of war during which Roman forces suffered great losses in battle and to plague, he arranged for peace talks. He set off with a small group to discuss terms with the Sassinian emperor Sapor and was never seen again. The date of his death is unknown, but in Rome it was rumored that he had been murdered and that Sapor was using his stuffed body as a footstool. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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[1113a] Gallienus, August 253 - 24 March 268 A.D.Bronze antoninianus, RIC 163, RSC 72, choice EF, Rome mint, 3.716g, 21.6mm, 180o, 268 A.D.; Obverse: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right; Reverse: APOLLINI CONS AVG, centaur walking right drawing bow, Z in exergue; struck on a full and round flan, rare this nice. Commemorates vows to Apollo invoking his protection against the revolt of Aureolus. Ex FORVM.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors and their Families
Valerian (A.D. 253-260) and Gallienus (A.D. 253-268)
Richard D. Weigel
Western Kentucky University
P. Licinius Valerianus, or Valerian, was unusual for his time period in that he was an emperor who came from an old Roman senatorial family. He was likely born shortly before 200 A.D., but little is known of his early life. Valerian married Egnatia Mariniana and had two sons, Gallienus and Valerian Junior. Gallienus was born around 218. Valerian makes his first appearance in the sources in 238 A.D. as an ex-consul and princeps senatus negotiating with (more likely than serving on) the embassy sent to Rome by Gordian I's African legions to secure senatorial approval of Gordian's rebellion against and replacement of Maximinus Thrax as emperor. The Scriptores Historiae Augustae probably report accurately that Trajan Decius, on the recommendation of the Senate, offered Valerian the censorship in 251. Although the senatus consultum cited and the specific office are of doubtful authenticity, the high reputation Valerian possessed in the Senate and his association with the government under Decius probably are truthful aspects of the story. In 253 Valerian was apparently commanding in Raetia and Noricum when Trebonianus Gallus sent him to bring legions from Gaul and Germany to Italy for the struggle with the forces of Aemilianus. After Gallus' troops killed him and his son and joined Aemilianus, Valerian's men proclaimed their general emperor and their arrival in Italy caused Aemilianus' soldiers to desert and kill their commander and join Valerian's forces in acclaiming Valerian as emperor.
The Senate presumably was pleased to ratify the position of Valerian, one of their own, as emperor and they also accepted his son and colleague, P. Licinius Egnatius Gallienus, as Augustus, rather than just as Caesar. Valerian apparently realized the necessity of sharing power equally with his son and of dividing their efforts geographically, with Gallienus responsible for the West and Valerian himself concentrating on the East. The biographies of Valerian and Gallienus in the Scriptores Historiae Augustae, attributed to Trebellius Pollio, are not especially helpful in putting together an account of their joint reign. The life of Valerian is fragmentary and that of Gallienus projects an extremely biased negative interpretation of his career.
Gallienus in the early years of the joint reign concentrated, with some success, on protecting Gaul and the Rhine frontier by driving back Germanic tribes and fortifying cities such as Cologne and Trier. In a move which would characterize later diplomacy with Germans, Gallienus concluded an alliance with one of their chieftains, presumably to assist the Romans in protecting the empire from other Germanic tribes. The invasions increased in number around 257-258 as the Franks entered Gaul and Spain, destroying Tarraco (Tarragona), and the Alamanni invaded Italy. Gallienus defeated the Alamanni at Milan, but soon was faced with the revolts in Pannonia and Moesia led first by his general there, Ingenuus, and then by Regalianus, commander in Illyricum. Gallienus put down these rebellions by 260 and secured stability in the region by concluding an alliance with the Marcomannic king, whose daughter Pipa the emperor apparently accepted as his concubine although he was still married to Cornelia Salonina.
In the East, Valerian had succeeded by A.D. 257 in rescuing Antioch in Syria from Persian control, at least temporarily, but was soon faced with a major invasion of the Goths in Asia Minor. The Scriptores Historiae Augustae biography of Aurelian has Valerian appear to speak in the Baths at Byzantium to publicly commend Aurelian for his success in driving back the Goths and reward him with the consulship and even with adoption as imperial successor. However, it is not clear that Valerian even reached Byzantium because he sent Felix to that city while he remained to protect the eastern section of Asia Minor and then returned to Antioch to guard it against renewed Persian attacks. It was at this point, around 259, that Valerian moved to defend Edessa and his troops lost significant numbers to the plague. Valerian tried to negotiate a peace with the Persian king, Sapor, but was captured by treachery and taken into captivity. The ultimate humiliation of a Roman emperor by a foreign leader was enacted through Sapor's use of Valerian as a human stepping-stool to assist the Persian king in mounting his horse and Valerian's body was later skinned to produce a lasting trophy of Roman submission.
Eusebius discusses the policy of Valerian toward the Christians and says that, after initially treating them most positively, Valerian was persuaded by Macrianus to lead another persecution against them. Valerian in fact after his brutal imprisonment and death in Persia would serve as a negative moral exemplum for some Latin Christian writers who gleefully pointed out that those who oppose the true God receive their just desserts.
Eusebius also credits Gallienus with reversing his father's policy and establishing peace with the Church, citing imperial edicts which established freedom of worship and even restored some lost property. Paul Keresztes claims that Gallienus in fact established a peace with Christians that lasted for forty-three years, from A.D. 260 until 303, and gave the community a kind of legal status which they had previously lacked.
Andreas Alföldi details a growing separation between Gallienus and his father which goes well beyond the geographical one which had developed out of military necessity. In addition to the strikingly different policies, just described, which they pursued toward the Christians, Gallienus began to make his military independence clear through changes in coin inscriptions and by 258 he had created his central cavalry unit and stationed it at Milan. This independent force, which was under the command of a man of equestrian rank and soon stood on a level at least equal to that of the Praetorian Guard, would play a significant role in Gallienus' upcoming battles and, of course, was a foretoken of a new trend for military organization in the future. Alföldi cites as evidence of the increasing separation between the joint emperors the statement that Gallienus did not even seek his father's return from captivity, which Lactantius of course interpreted as part of Valerian's divine punishment, but one wonders what indeed Gallienus might have done and his "indifference" may have been instead his attempt to reassert confidence in his armies and not dwell on the depressing and humiliating servitude and ultimate death of Valerian. Another reform which Alföldi discusses as part of Gallienus' independent stand is his exclusion of the senatorial class from major military commands. H.M.D. Parker credits Gallienus with beginning to separate the civil and military functions of Rome's provincial governors, thus making senatorial governors purely civil administrators and starting to replace them even in this reduced role by equestrians. The disappearance in this period of the S.C. stamp of senatorial authority on bronze coins was probably also seen as an attack on the prestige of the order, although the debasement of the silver coinage had by this time practically reached the point where the "silver" coins were themselves essentially bronze and the change may have been more for economic than for political reasons. Gallienus' exclusion of senators from military command further broke down class distinctions because sons of centurions were by this time regularly given equestrian rank and the move further accelerated the alienation of Rome as center of the Empire. In addition, the bitterness of the senatorial class over Gallienus' policy most likely explains the hatred of Latin writers toward this particular emperor.
Although Gallienus' military innovations may have made his forces more effective, he still had to face numerous challenges to his authority.In addition to systemic invasions and revolts, the plague wreaked havoc in Rome and Italy and probably in several provinces as well. It must have seemed that every commander he entrusted to solve a problem later used that authority to create another threat. When Gallienus was involved in putting down the revolt of Ingenuus in Pannonia, he put Postumus in charge of the armies guarding the Rhine and Gaul. There is some doubt about which of Gallienus' sons, Cornelius Valerianus or P. Cornelius Licinius Saloninus, was left in Cologne under the care of the Praetorian Prefect Silvanus and perhaps also Postumus. In any case, when Postumus revolted and proclaimed his independent Gallic Empire, Silvanus and one of the emperor's sons were killed. Gallienus probably restricted Postumus' expansion, but he never gained the personal revenge that, according to one source, drove him to challenge Postumus to single combat. While Gallienus was thus engaged, and after Valerian's capture by the Persians, Macrianus had his soldiers proclaim his sons, Macrianus and Quietus, emperors in Syria, Asia Minor, and Egypt. Gallienus sent Aureolus to defeat Macrianus and one son in the area of Illyria and Thrace; Odenathus of Palmyra defeated the other son and restored stability in Syria and, with Gallienus' approval, followed that up with a victory over the Persians. After Odenathus' assassination ca. 267, his wife Zenobia continued to rule the independent Palmyrene section of the Empire.
In A.D. 262 Gallienus concluded his tenth year in office by celebrating in Rome his Decennalia with a spectacular procession involving senators, equestrians, gladiators, soldiers, representatives of foreign peoples, and many other groups. This festival included feasts, games, entertainment, and spectacle which probably reminded Romans of the millennial Secular Games celebrations of Philip I and likely were intended to secure popular support at home for Gallienus. Over the next five years little is known about specific activities of the emperor and he presumably spent more time in Rome and less along the frontiers.
Gallienus and Salonina as rulers patronized a cultural movement which collectively is known as the Gallienic Renaissance. The imperial patrons are most directly connected with the philosophical aspects of this movement because Porphyry testifies to their friendship for the Neoplatonic philosopher Plotinus. Porphyry goes on to say that Plotinus asked Gallienus to rebuild an abandoned former city of philosophers in Campania, rename it Platonopolis, and govern it as a kind of Platonic Republic, but that the jealousy and spite of others at court scuttled the plan. In addition to Neoplatonic philosophy, according to Gervase Matthew, the Gallienic Renaissance included the "upward glance" and other stylistic changes in imperial sculpture and religious beliefs that were characterized by "an overwhelming sense of the transcendent and immutable." Matthew points out both the return to artistic models of Augustus, Hadrian, and even Severus Alexander and also "a new Romantic tension" which breaks with the past and points toward a new and very different world. The Hellenic character of much of the Gallienic Renaissance is also stressed in the emperor's trip to Athens where he, likely in imitation of Hadrian, became eponymous archon and received initiation into the Eleusinian cult of Demeter.
Late in his reign, Gallienus issued a series of coins in Rome which honored nine deities as Conservator Augusti or protector of the emperor by pairing his portrait with reverses picturing an animal or animals symbolic of each deity. Included in this group of celestial guardians are Apollo, Diana, Hercules, Jupiter, Juno, Liber Pater, Mercury, Neptune, and Sol. For example, Apollo's coin-types portray a centaur, a gryphon, or Pegasus; Hercules is represented by either the lion or the boar. It appears that Gallienus was issuing the "animal series" coins both to secure, through some religious festival, the aid of Rome's protective gods against continuing invasions, revolts, and plague and to entertain the Roman populace with pageantry and circus games, thus to divert their attention away from the same problems and maintain the security of the regime in power.
In A.D. 268, Gallienus saw his third son, Marinianus, become consul, but in the spring another Gothic invasion brought the emperor back to Greece. He defeated the invaders at Naissus in Moesia , but was deterred from pursuing them further by a revolt of the commander of his elite cavalry, Aureolus. He besieged this last rebel emperor in Milan, but a plot involving his Praetorian Prefect and two future emperors, Claudius and Aurelian, all three men Illyrians popular with many of the soldiers, lured Gallienus away from the city on a false pretext and assassinated him.The emperor's brother Valerian and young son Marinianus were also murdered. In spite of the bitter resentment which many of the senators must have felt toward the dead emperor and his reform policies, Claudius II, perhaps only to legitimize his own reign, persuaded the Senate to deify Gallienus.
Copyright (C) 1998, Richard D. Weigel. Published on De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallval.htm. Used by permission.
Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus was born in about AD 213. This means that he was about 40 years old when his father Valerian, in AD 253, was hailed emperor by his troops in Raetia. Gallienus was made Caesar immediately by his father. But within a month, when Valerian got to Rome, Gallienus received the rank of Augustus.
Compared to other Roman emperors of the age, Gallienus was an exception, as far as he was not a soldier-emperor. He was rather a thoughtful, intellectual ruler, possessing sophisticated Greek tastes. However, this made him deeply unpopular with the gritty Danubian generals, who very much understood it as their right to choose a leader among their own ranks to rule the empire.
If the Danubian military elite didn't like Gallienus, then he certainly soon proved that he was a capable military leader. Between AD 254 to AD 256 he campaigned along the Danube, securing this troubled frontier against the barbarians. In AD 256 he then moved west to fight the Germans along the Rhine.
Then by autumn AD 260 the message of Valerian's capture by the Persians reached Gallienus. If Gallienus had always been unpopular among the military leaders, then now with his father gone and Roman authority crumbling, rebellion was in the air.
On a night in September, AD 268, at the siege of Mediolanum (Milan), an alarm was suddenly raised in the camp of the emperor. In the brief moment of confusion, Gallienus was struck down in the dark as he emerged from his tent.
During his reign, Gallienus began numerous reforms and military campaigns to defend the empire, as much from usurpers as from barbarians. In doing so, he perhaps saved the empire from oblivion. At the same time he presided over perhaps the last flowering of classical Roman culture, patronizing poets, artists and philosophers.
As a last gesture of disrespect to this, most unfortunate of emperors, the Romans should lay Gallienus to rest not in one of the great mausoleums in Rome, but in a tomb nine miles south of the capital, along the Via Appia.
Ironically, he was deified by the senate at the request of Claudius II Gothicus, one of the men who must be held accountable for the assassination of Gallienus.
See: http://www.roman-empire.net/decline/gallienus.html
Gallienus was the son of Valerian I and was named Caesar at his father's accession to the throne in 253 A.D. Upon his father's capture by the Parthians he assumed the rank of Augustus and began numerous reforms and military campaigns to defend the empire, as much from usurpers as from barbarians. At the same time he presided over perhaps the last flowering of classical Roman culture, patronizing poets, artists and philosophers. Gallienus was assassinated while besieging Milan. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes
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