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Image search results - "GRATIAN"
gratianus_ar.JPG
Antonivs Protti
313402798_8934478919902891_459732704153345701_n.jpg
Gratian, AE2, Arles. 378-383 AD.
DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right / REPARATIO REIPVB, Gratian standing front, head left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling female on left. Mintmark PCON.
RIC IX Arles 20a.
Antonivs Protti
gratien-silique-vrbs-roma-treves.JPG
RIC.46 Gratian (siliqua, Vrbs Roma)Gratian, western roman emperor (367-383)
Siliqua: Virtvs Romanorvm (367-378 or 378-383, Treves mint)

silver, 16 mm diameter, 1.64 g, die axis: 7 h

A/ D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG; pearl diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right
R/ VRBS-ROMA/TRPS in exergue; Roma seating on cuirass, head left, holding globe and spear
1 comments
gratien-gloria-novi-saeculi.JPG
RIC.15 Gratian (AE3, Gloria Novi Saecvli)Gratian, western roman emperor (367-383)
Nummus AE3: Gloria Novi Saecvli (371-376, Arles mint)

bronze, 18.5 mm diameter, 2,46 g, die axis: 12 h

A/ D N GRATIANVS AVGG AVG; pearl diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right
R/ GLORIA NO-VI SAECVLI/TCON in exergue; emperor standing facing, head left, holding labarum in right hand and resting left on a shield

Ferrando II 1629 (C4)
gratien-silique-virtvs-romanorvm-aq.JPG
RIC.28a Gratian (siliqua, Virtvs Romanorvm)Gratian, western roman emperor (367-383)
Siliqua: Virtvs Romanorvm (378-383, Aquilee mint)

silver, 18 mm diameter, 1.82 g, die axis: 1 h

A/ D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG; pearl diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right
R/ VIRTVS RO-MANORVM/AQPS in exergue; Roma seating on throne, head left holding globe and spear
3 comments
gratien-reparatio-reipvb-lyon.JPG
RIC.28a Gratian (AE2, Reparatio Reipvb)Gratian, western roman emperor (367-383)
Maiorina AE2: Reparatio Reipvb (378-383, Lyon)

bronze, 22 mm diameter, 4.56 g, die axis: 12 h

A/ D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG; pearl diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right
R/ REPARATIO - REIPVB / LVG? in exergue; emperor standing facing left, with right hand raising kneeled turreted woman, and holding Victory on globe in left hand
gratian_votxv_res.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN367 - 383 AD
struck 378 - 383 AD
AE 14.5 mm; 1.53 g
Obv.: DN GRATIA-NVS P F AVG; draped and diademed bust right
Rev.: VOT /X V /MVLT /XX in laurel wreath, ASISC in exe.
Siscia mint
laney
gratian_vot_res.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN367 - 383 AD
struck 378 - 383 AD (2nd Officina)
AE nummus 13.5 mm; 0.96 g
O: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG diademed draped bust right
R: VOT XX MVLT XXX in three lines within wreath; SMNB in exe.
Nicomedia mint; RIC 39a; scarce
laney
gratian_repar.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN367 - 383 AD
AE 22 x 23.5 mm; 3.31 g
O: D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG, Rosette-diademed bust right, draped & cuirassed
R: REPARATIO REIPVB, Gratian standing front, head left, offering right
hand to female on left to rise from kneeling position, in other hand
he holds Victory on a globe
laney
GRATIAN_CONC_B_10_08.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--CONCORDIA367-383 AD
AE 17.5 mm 2.46 g
O: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right
R: CONCORDIA AVGGG, Roma seated facing, head left, on throne, nolding globe and reversed spear
SMAQP in exe
Aquileia
RIC IX 32 (a) Scarce
laney
GRATIAN_GLORIA_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--GLORIA367 - 383 AD
AE 17.5 X 18.5 mm 2.28 g
O: D N GRATIANVS PF AVG, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R: GLORIA ROMANORVM, Emperor holding chi-rho labarum, dragging captive r., Z-*/A in fields, TES in exergue
THESSALONICA
laney
gratian_gloria_2_res.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--GLORIA367 - 375 AD
AE 18.5 mm 2.28 g
O: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right
R: GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor advancing right, head turned back, holding labarum WITH CHI-RHO and dragging bound captive behind him; F to left, R above right hooked K to right; DSISCV?
SISCIA, cf. RIC 14c
laney
GRAT_GLORIA_SISC_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--GLORIA367 - 383 AD
AE 17.5 mm 2.35 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, BUST RIGHT
R: GLORIA ROMANORVM, GRATIAN WALKING R DRAGGING CAPTIVE AND HOLDING LABARUM, "N" IN L FIELD "*/R" IN RIGHT FIELD
SISCIA
laney
gratian_glor_rom~1.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--GLORIA0367) GRATIAN--GLORIA
367 - 383 AD
AE 17.5 mm 2.39 g
O: D N GRATIANVS PF AVG, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
R: GLORIA ROMANORVM, Emperor holding chi-rho labarum, dragging captive r., S-*/A in fields
Siscia mint
laney
gratian_gloria_romanoruom_sisc_b.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--GLORIA367-375 AD
AE 17.5 mm, 2.17 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right
R: GLORIA ROMANORVM, Emperor advancing right, head left, dragging bound captive and holding labarum; M in left field, star (*) and P in right field, ΓSISC in exergue (3rd Officina)
Siscia mint; Ref.: RIC IX 14c.xvii
laney
GRATIAN_REP_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIOlaney
GRATIAN_REPAR_BSIS_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (SISCIA)367 - 383 AD
AE 23 mm 4.37 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, DIAD DR CUIR BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB, EMPEROR STANDING LHOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FEMALE FIGURE
*BSISC IN EXE
SISCIA MINT
laney
gratian.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ANTIOCH)367 - 383 AD
AE 23.5 mm 5.47 g
O: DN GRATIAANVS PF AVG
DIAD BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB
GRATIAN STANDING L HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FEMALE
ANTA IN EXE
ANTIOCH
laney
gratian_reparatio_b.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ANTIOCH)367 - 383 AD
AE 23 mm 5.95 g
O: D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG, Rosette-diademed bust right, draped & cuirassed
R: REPARATIO REIPVB, Gratian standing front, head left, offering right
hand to female on left to rise from kneeling position, in other hand
he holds Victory on a globe,
ANTA in exer. ANTIOCH RIC IX 42(b).
laney
GRATIAN_PCON_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ARLES)367 - 383 AD
AE 22.5 mm 5.59 g
O: DNANGRATIANVS P F AVG, DIAD DR CUIR BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB, GRATIAN STANDING HOLDING VICORY ON GLOBE AND RAISING KNEELING FIGURE
PCON IN EXE
ARLES MINT
laney
GRATIAN_REPARATIO_PCON_2_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ARLES)367 - 383 AD
AE 24 mm 4.03 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, DIAD DR CUIR BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVB, GRATIAN STANDING R OFFERING HAND TO KNEELING FIGURE
PCON IN EXE
ARLES MINT
laney
gratian_rome_res.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ROME)367 - 383 AD
AE 24,5 mm max 4.50 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, DIAD DR CUIR BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVG, GRATIAN STANDING HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE, AND OFFERING HAND TO KNEELING FIGURE
SMRQ IN EXE
ROME MINT
laney
GRATIAN_REP_2A__RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ROME)367 - 383 AD
AE 22 mm 4.82 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, DIAD DR CUIR BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVG, GRATIAN STANDING HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE, AND OFFERING HAND TO KNEELING FIGURE
SMRT IN EXE
ROME MINT
laney
gratian_1_repar.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ROME)(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ROME)
367 - 383 AD
AE 23 mm, 5.41 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, DIAD DR CUIR BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVG, GRATIAN STANDING HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE, AND OFFERING HAND TO KNEELING FIGURE
SMRB IN EXE
ROME
laney
gratian_2.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--REPARATIO (ROME)367 - 383 AD
AE 25.5 mm max, 5.37 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, DIAD DR CUIR BUST R
R: REPARATIO REIPVG, GRATIAN STANDING HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE, AND OFFERING HAND TO KNEELING FIGURE
SMRQ IN EXE
ROME MINT
laney
GRATIAN_SECURITAS_2_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--SECURITAS367 - 383 AD
AE 16.5 X 18.5 mm 2.24 g
O: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG, Gratian facing right
R: SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE, Victory advancing left, carrying wreath and palm
laney
GRAT_SEC_SISC_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--SECURITAS (SISCIA)367 - 383 AD
AE 18 mm 1.63 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, BUST RIGHT
R: SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE, VICTORY ADVANCINE LEFT, "R" IN LEFT FIELD
SISCIA
laney
GRATIAN_SECURITAS_RES.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--SECURITAS (THESSALONICA)367 - 383 AD
AE 18 mm max 2.31 g
O: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG, Gratian facing right
R: SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE, Victory advancing left, carrying wreath and palm; star/? left, G right
TES in exe
Thessalonica
RIC IX 32 v.
laney
gratian_virt_res.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--VIRTVS367 - 383 AD
AE 18.5 mm 2.89 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, DIADEMED DRAPED BUST RIGHT
R: VIRTVS ROMANORVM, ROMA SEATED FACING, HEAD LEFT, HOLDING GLOBE & SCEPTER
SMNA IN EXE.
NICOMEDIA
RIC IX 33 (RARE)
laney
normal_gratian~0.jpg
102a. GratianWestern Augustus August 367-August 383.

Son of Valentinian I, and made co-emperor at age 8. Put in charge of West in 375 at age 16. Appointed Theodosius as co-emperor, but considerable struggles between the two. Gratian campaigned against Magnus Maximus. Gratian’s troops turned against him and he was killed while fleeing.

Coin: AE 3 (19.75 mm, 1.61 g, 7 h). Cyzicus mint, Struck A.D. 379-383. D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right / CONCOR-DIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, head right, holding scepter and globe, right leg exposed; + // SMKΓ. RIC IX 17a; LRBC 2540 (var. cross in right field). Agora Auc 106, Lot 199.
lawrence c
normal_gratian4~0.jpg
102a01. GratianAE3. 18mm, 2.31 g. Antioch mint. 378-383 AD. Obv: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma seated facing, head left, holding globe and spear, Θ in left field, Φ in right field. Mintmark ANTA. RIC IX Antioch 50b.lawrence c
grate.jpg
102a02. GratianAE3. 17.5mm, 2.33 g. Arles mint. Obv: DN GRATIANVS AVGG AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: GLORIA NO-VI SAECVLI, Emperor standing facing, head left, holding labarum in right hand and resting left hand on shield. No fieldmarks. Mintmark TCON.
RIC IX Arles 15, type xiv(c); cf Sear (1988) 4141.
lawrence c
normal_gratd~0.jpg
102a03. GratianAE3. 17.2mm, 3.17 g. Antioch. AD 378-383 AD. Obv: DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right, Rev: CONCOR-DIA AVGGG, Roma, helmeted, seated facing, head left, holding globe and spear, the lower part of which is hidden by robe, left leg bare. Θ in left field, Φ over K in right field. Mintmark ANT Epsilon. RIC IX Antioch 45a.lawrence c
gratc.jpg
102a04. GratianAE4. 13mm, 1.30 g. Cyzicus. Obv: DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: VOT X MVLT XX within wreath. Mintmark SMKB. RIC IX Cyzicus 21a lawrence c
gratf.jpg
102a05. GratianAE3. 17.5mm, 2.28 g. Thessalonica mint. Obv: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: GLORIA RO-MANORVM, Gratian walking right, holding labarum and dragging captive. Star in left field, star over Gamma in right field. Mintmark TES. RIC IX Thessalonica 26c, type xvii.lawrence c
grata.jpg
102a06. GratianAE2. 23mm, 3.70 g. Arles. 378-383 AD. Obv: DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: REPARATIO REIPVB, Gratian standing front, head left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling female on left. Mintmark PCON. RIC IX Arles 20a.lawrence c
gratian.jpg
102a07. GratianAE 3 (19.75 mm, 1.61 g, 7 h). Cyzicus mint, Struck A.D. 379-383. D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right / CONCOR-DIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, head right, holding scepter and globe, right leg exposed; + // SMKΓ. RIC IX 17a; LRBC 2540 (var. cross in right field). Agora Auc 106, Lot 199.lawrence c
gratian2.jpg
102a09. GratianAE2 (23 mm, 5.55 g). D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG, helmeted, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right holding spear and shield / GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor standing left on prow of galley, holding labarum, Victory seated at the helm, wreath to left, mintmark ANTB. Agora Auc (2023), Lot 531.lawrence c
gratian~0.jpg
102a10. GratianAE2. Siscia mint. D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right / REPARATIO REIPVB, Gratian standing front, looking left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling, turreted woman. Mintmark BSISC. 22 mm, 4.71 g. RIC 26a. Tiber Auction 4, Lot 442.lawrence c
normal_valentinianii~0.jpg
103a. Valentinian IIEmperor November 375-May 392. Son of Valentinian I. Proclaimed emperor by officers at age 4 on death of father. Remained junior augustus in West under Gratian, and the East was governed by his uncle Valens until 378 and Theodosius I from 379. When Gratian was killed in 383, Valentinian II established his court in Mediolanum. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, and Valentinian fled to Theodosius’s court. After Theodosius defeated Maximus, Valentinian was re-installed in the West. However, Valentinian soon found himself struggling to break free from the control of his magister militum Arbogast. In 392, Valentinian was discovered hanged in his room, either suicide or murder.

Coin: AE3. 17.9mm, 3.22 g. Antioch mint. Obv: DN VALENTINIANVS IVN PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: VRBS-ROMA, Roma, helmeted, seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear. Star in right field. Mintmark ANTB. RIC IX Antioch 51 type 1. A FORUM coin.
lawrence c
normal_theodosius1b~0.jpg
104a. Theodosius IEastern Augustus 379-395

Of Spanish origin. A very successful general. Named co-emperor by Gratian out of necessity and who had a very complicated relationship with the other rulers. Briefly reunited both the Eastern and Western empires. Died of disease at age 50.

Coin: AE2. 22.5mm, 4.24 g. AD 379-383. Constantinople mint. Obv: DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG, helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield. Rev: GLORIA ROMANORVM, Emperor standing left on galley piloted by Victory, T in left field. Mintmark CONB. RIC IX Constantinople 52c; Sear 20478.
lawrence c
normal_magnusb~0.jpg
105a. Magnus MaximusOf Spanish descent, Maximus became a very successful general. In 383, as commander of Britain, he tried to usurp Gratian. After negotiations with emperor Theodosius I, he was made emperor in Britannia and Gaul the next year while Gratian's brother Valentinian II retained Italy, Pannonia, Hispania, and Africa. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, resulting in his defeat by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Save in 388. He then was beheaded. Maximus later featured prominently in both Welsh folklore and in literature.

Coin: AE2. 23.5mm, 5.03 g. Arles mint. Obv: D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right. Rev: REPARATIO-REIPVB, emperor standing left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling, turreted woman. Mintmark PCON. RIC IX Arles 26a; Sear 20650.
lawrence c
Personajes_Imperiales_11.jpg
11 - Personalities of the Empire
Magnentius, Decentius, Vetranius, Constantius Gallo, Julian II, Jovian, Valentinianus I, Valens, Procopius, Gratianus, Valentinianus II, Theodosius I, Aelia Flacilla and Magnus Maximus
mdelvalle
141a.jpg
141a Gratian. AE3 3.1gmobv: DN GRATIA_NVS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust r.
rev: SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE Victory adv. l. holding wreath and palm
ex: SM?Br
hill132
Val.jpg
1501s, Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. (Siscia)Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D., Bronze AE 3, S 4103, VF, Siscia mint, 2.012g, 18.7mm, 180o, 24 Aug 367 - 17 Nov 375 A.D.obverse D N VALENTINI-ANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse SECVRITAS - REIPVBLICAE, Victory advancing left, wreath in right and palm in left, symbols in fields, mintmark in exergue.


De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of the Roman Emperors and their Families

Valentinian I (364-375 AD.)


Walter E. Roberts, Emory University

Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. Flavius Valentinianus, was born in A.D. 321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His father Gratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills. Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officer to tribune, to comes Africae, and finally [i/comes Britanniae.

The emperor Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently of natural causes, on the border between Bithynia and Galatia. The army marched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. The assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian.

On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As he prepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent a crisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick a co-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded by Valentinian’s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperial authority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also be construed as a move to appease any opposition among the civilian officials in the eastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint a co-ruler, he assured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority would remain in the east to protect their interests. After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting him in charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done over the objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however, that Valens was clearly subordinate to his brother.

Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modern scholars praise Valentinian for his military accomplishments. He is generally credited with keeping the Roman empire from crumbling away by “. . . reversing the generally waning confidence in the army and imperial defense . . ..” Several other aspects of Valentinian's reign also set the course of Roman history for the next century.

Valentinian deliberately polarized Roman society, subordinating the civilian population to the military. The military order took over the old prestige of the senatorial nobility. The imperial court, which was becoming more and more of a military court, became a vehicle for social mobility. There were new ideas of nobility, which was increasingly provincial in character. By this it is meant that the imperial court, not the Senate, was the seat of nobility, and most of these new nobles came from the provinces. With the erosion of the old nobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy of Christianity. Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of a systematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of the senatorial aristocracy. Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus’ allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige.

Valentinian's reign affords valuable insights into late Roman society, civilian as well as military. First, there was a growing fracture between the eastern and western portions of the empire. Valentinian was the last emperor to really concentrate his resources on the west. Valens was clearly in an inferior position in the partnership. Second, there was a growing polarization of society, both Christian versus pagan, and civil versus military. Finally there was a growing regionalism in the west, driven by heavy taxation and the inability of Valentinian to fully exercise military authority in all areas of the west. All of these trends would continue over the next century, profoundly reshaping the Roman empire and western Europe.

By Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
1 commentsCleisthenes
ValentGlRom.jpg
1501s, Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. (Siscia)Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. Bronze AE 3, RIC 5(a) ii, VF, Siscia, 1.905g, 19.3mm, 0o, 25 Feb 364 - 24 Aug 367 A.D. Obverse: D N VALENTINI-ANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: GLORIA RO-MANORVM, Emperor dragging captive with right, labarum (chi-rho standard) in left, •GSISC in exergue.


De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of the Roman Emperors and their Families

Valentinian I (364-375 AD.)


Walter E. Roberts, Emory University

Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. Flavius Valentinianus, was born in A.D. 321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His father Gratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills. Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officer to tribune, to comes Africae, and finally [i/comes Britanniae.

The emperor Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently of natural causes, on the border between Bithynia and Galatia. The army marched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. The assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian.

On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As he prepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent a crisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick a co-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded by Valentinian’s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperial authority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also be construed as a move to appease any opposition among the civilian officials in the eastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint a co-ruler, he assured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority would remain in the east to protect their interests. After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting him in charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done over the objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however, that Valens was clearly subordinate to his brother.

Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modern scholars praise Valentinian for his military accomplishments. He is generally credited with keeping the Roman empire from crumbling away by “. . . reversing the generally waning confidence in the army and imperial defense . . ..” Several other aspects of Valentinian's reign also set the course of Roman history for the next century.

Valentinian deliberately polarized Roman society, subordinating the civilian population to the military. The military order took over the old prestige of the senatorial nobility. The imperial court, which was becoming more and more of a military court, became a vehicle for social mobility. There were new ideas of nobility, which was increasingly provincial in character. By this it is meant that the imperial court, not the Senate, was the seat of nobility, and most of these new nobles came from the provinces. With the erosion of the old nobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy of Christianity. Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of a systematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of the senatorial aristocracy. Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus’ allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige.

Valentinian's reign affords valuable insights into late Roman society, civilian as well as military. First, there was a growing fracture between the eastern and western portions of the empire. Valentinian was the last emperor to really concentrate his resources on the west. Valens was clearly in an inferior position in the partnership. Second, there was a growing polarization of society, both Christian versus pagan, and civil versus military. Finally there was a growing regionalism in the west, driven by heavy taxation and the inability of Valentinian to fully exercise military authority in all areas of the west. All of these trends would continue over the next century, profoundly reshaping the Roman empire and western Europe.

By Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
12957p00.jpg
1503a, Gratian, 24 August 367 - 25 August 383 A.D.Gratian, 24 August 367 - 25 August 383 A.D. Bronze AE 3, F, 2.352g, 19.13mm, 0o. Obverse: emperor's diadmed bust right; reverse GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor draging captive, * in left field.

Gratian, son of Valentinian I, became the sole ruler of the Western empire in 375 A.D., and after the catastrophic defeat of the Roman forces at Hadrianopolis the Eastern empire also came under his rule. To better cope with the empire, he elevated general Theodosius to the Eastern throne. Because of a shortage of coinage to meet the payroll, Gratian was abandoned by his troops during the revolt of Magnus Maximus. He was overtaken and killed while fleeing to the Alps.
Cleisthenes
Theo1Ae3Ant.jpeg
1505b, Theodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D. (Antioch)Theodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D. Bronze AE 3, RIC 44(b), VF, Antioch, 2.17g, 18.1mm, 180o, 9 Aug 378 - 25 Aug 383 A.D. Obverse: D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG, rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis enthroned facing, r. foot on prow, globe in l., scepter in r., Q and F at sides, ANTG in ex; scarce.


De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

THEODOSIUS I (379-395 A.D.)
David Woods
University College of Cork


Origin and Early Career
Flavius Theodosius was born at Cauca in Spain in about 346 to Thermantia and Theodosius the Elder (so-called to distinguish him from his son). Theodosius the Elder was a senior military officer serving in the Western empire and rose to become the magister equitum praesentalis under the emperor Valentinian I from late 368 until his execution in early 375. As the son of a soldier, Theodosius was legally obliged to enter upon a military career. He seems to have served under his father during his expedition to Britain in 367/8, and was the dux Moesiae Primae by late 374. Unfortunately, great controversy surrounds the rest of his career until Gratian had him hailed as his imperial colleague in succession to the emperor Valens at Sirmium on 19 January 379. It is clear that he was forced to retire home to Spain only to be recalled to active service shortly thereafter, but the circumstances of his forced retirement are shrouded in mystery. His father was executed at roughly the same time, and much speculation has centred on the relationship between these events.

[For a very detailed and interesting discussion of the Foreign Policy of Theodosius and the Civil Wars that plagued his reign, please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm]

Family and Succession
Theodosius married twice. His first wife was the Spanish Aelia Flavia Flaccilla. She bore him Arcadius ca. 377, Honorius on 9 September 384, and Pulcheria ca. 385. Theodosius honoured her with the title of Augusta shortly after his accession, but she died in 386. In late 387 he married Galla, daughter of Valentinian I and full-sister of Valentinian II. She bore him Gratian ca. 388, Galla Placidia ca. 388/390, and died in childbirth in 394, together with her new-born son John. Of his two sons who survived infancy, he appointed Arcadius as Augustus on 19 January 383 and Honorius as Augustus on 23 January 393. His promotion of Arcadius as a full Augustus at an unusually young age points to his determination right from the start that one of his own sons should succeed him. He sought to strengthen Arcadius' position in particular by means of a series of strategic marriages whose purpose was to tie his leading "generals" irrevocably to his dynasty. Hence he married his niece and adoptive daughter Serena to his magister militum per Orientem Stilicho in 387, her elder sister Thermantia to a "general" whose name has not been preserved, and ca. 387 his nephew-in-law Nebridius to Salvina, daughter of the comes Africae Gildo. By the time of his death by illness on 17 January 395, Theodosius had promoted Stilicho from his position as one of the two comites domesticorum under his own eastern administration to that of magister peditum praesentalis in a western administration, in an entirely traditional manner, under his younger son Honorius. Although Stilicho managed to increase the power of the magister peditum praesentalis to the disadvantage of his colleague the magister equitum praesentalis and claimed that Theodosius had appointed him as guardian for both his sons, this tells us more about his cunning and ambition than it does about Theodosius' constitutional arrangements.

Theodosius' importance rests on the fact that he founded a dynasty which continued in power until the death of his grandson Theodosius II in 450. This ensured a continuity of policy which saw the emergence of Nicene Christianity as the orthodox belief of the vast majority of Christians throughout the middle ages. It also ensured the essential destruction of paganism and the emergence of Christianity as the religion of the state, even if the individual steps in this process can be difficult to identify. On the negative side, however, he allowed his dynastic interests and ambitions to lead him into two unnecessary and bloody civil wars which severely weakened the empire's ability to defend itself in the face of continued barbarian pressure upon its frontiers. In this manner, he put the interests of his family before those of the wider Roman population and was responsible, in many ways, for the phenomenon to which we now refer as the fall of the western Roman empire.


Copyright (C) 1998, David Woods.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

There is a nice segue here, as we pick-up John Julius Norwich's summation of the reign of Theodosius, "Readers of this brief account of his career may well find themselves wondering, not so much whether he deserved the title of 'the Great' as how he ever came to acquire it in the first place. If so, however, they may also like to ask themselves another question: what would have been the fate of the Empire if, at that critical moment in its history after the battle of Adrianople, young Gratian had not called him from his Spanish estates and put the future of the East into his hands? . . . the probability is that the whole Empire of the East would have been lost, swallowed up in a revived Gothic kingdom, with effects on world history that defy speculation.

In his civil legislation he showed, again and again, a consideration for the humblest of his subjects that was rare indeed among rulers of the fourth century. What other prince would have decreed that any criminal, sentenced to execution, imprisonment or exile, must first be allowed thirty days' grace to put his affairs in order? Or that a specified part of his worldly goods must go to his children, upon whom their father's crimes must on no account be visited? Or that no farmer should be obliged to sell his produce to the State at a price lower than he would receive on the open market?

Had he earned his title? Not, perhaps, in the way that Constantine had done or as Justinian was to do. But, if not ultimately great himself, he had surely come very close to greatness; and had he reigned as long as they did his achievements might well have equalled theirs. He might even have saved the Western Empire. One thing only is certain: it would be nearly a century and a half before the Romans would look upon his like again" (Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium, the Early Centuries. London: Penguin Group, 1990. 116-7;118).

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.



Cleisthenes
Theod1GlrMan.jpg
1505c, Theodosius I, 379 - 395 A.D. (Constantinople)Theodosius I (379 - 395 AD) AE3. 388-394 AD, RIC IX 27(a)3, Third Officina. Seventh Period. 20.27 mm. 4.8gm. Near VF with black and earthen patina. Constantinople. Obverse: DN THEODO-SIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, & cuirassed bust right; Reverse: GLORIA-ROMANORVM, Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe, CONSB in exergue (scarcer reverse). A Spanish find.



De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

THEODOSIUS I (379-395 A.D.)
David Woods
University College of Cork


Origin and Early Career
Flavius Theodosius was born at Cauca in Spain in about 346 to Thermantia and Theodosius the Elder (so-called to distinguish him from his son). Theodosius the Elder was a senior military officer serving in the Western empire and rose to become the magister equitum praesentalis under the emperor Valentinian I from late 368 until his execution in early 375. As the son of a soldier, Theodosius was legally obliged to enter upon a military career. He seems to have served under his father during his expedition to Britain in 367/8, and was the dux Moesiae Primae by late 374. Unfortunately, great controversy surrounds the rest of his career until Gratian had him hailed as his imperial colleague in succession to the emperor Valens at Sirmium on 19 January 379. It is clear that he was forced to retire home to Spain only to be recalled to active service shortly thereafter, but the circumstances of his forced retirement are shrouded in mystery. His father was executed at roughly the same time, and much speculation has centred on the relationship between these events.

[For a very detailed and interesting discussion of the Foreign Policy of Theodosius and the Civil Wars that plagued his reign, please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm]

Family and Succession
Theodosius married twice. His first wife was the Spanish Aelia Flavia Flaccilla. She bore him Arcadius ca. 377, Honorius on 9 September 384, and Pulcheria ca. 385. Theodosius honoured her with the title of Augusta shortly after his accession, but she died in 386. In late 387 he married Galla, daughter of Valentinian I and full-sister of Valentinian II. She bore him Gratian ca. 388, Galla Placidia ca. 388/390, and died in childbirth in 394, together with her new-born son John. Of his two sons who survived infancy, he appointed Arcadius as Augustus on 19 January 383 and Honorius as Augustus on 23 January 393. His promotion of Arcadius as a full Augustus at an unusually young age points to his determination right from the start that one of his own sons should succeed him. He sought to strengthen Arcadius' position in particular by means of a series of strategic marriages whose purpose was to tie his leading "generals" irrevocably to his dynasty. Hence he married his niece and adoptive daughter Serena to his magister militum per Orientem Stilicho in 387, her elder sister Thermantia to a "general" whose name has not been preserved, and ca. 387 his nephew-in-law Nebridius to Salvina, daughter of the comes Africae Gildo. By the time of his death by illness on 17 January 395, Theodosius had promoted Stilicho from his position as one of the two comites domesticorum under his own eastern administration to that of magister peditum praesentalis in a western administration, in an entirely traditional manner, under his younger son Honorius. Although Stilicho managed to increase the power of the magister peditum praesentalis to the disadvantage of his colleague the magister equitum praesentalis and claimed that Theodosius had appointed him as guardian for both his sons, this tells us more about his cunning and ambition than it does about Theodosius' constitutional arrangements.

Theodosius' importance rests on the fact that he founded a dynasty which continued in power until the death of his grandson Theodosius II in 450. This ensured a continuity of policy which saw the emergence of Nicene Christianity as the orthodox belief of the vast majority of Christians throughout the middle ages. It also ensured the essential destruction of paganism and the emergence of Christianity as the religion of the state, even if the individual steps in this process can be difficult to identify. On the negative side, however, he allowed his dynastic interests and ambitions to lead him into two unnecessary and bloody civil wars which severely weakened the empire's ability to defend itself in the face of continued barbarian pressure upon its frontiers. In this manner, he put the interests of his family before those of the wider Roman population and was responsible, in many ways, for the phenomenon to which we now refer as the fall of the western Roman empire.


Copyright (C) 1998, David Woods.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

There is a nice segue here, as we pick-up John Julius Norwich's summation of the reign of Theodosius, "Readers of this brief account of his career may well find themselves wondering, not so much whether he deserved the title of 'the Great' as how he ever came to acquire it in the first place. If so, however, they may also like to ask themselves another question: what would have been the fate of the Empire if, at that critical moment in its history after the battle of Adrianople, young Gratian had not called him from his Spanish estates and put the future of the East into his hands? . . . the probability is that the whole Empire of the East would have been lost, swallowed up in a revived Gothic kingdom, with effects on world history that defy speculation.

In his civil legislation he showed, again and again, a consideration for the humblest of his subjects that was rare indeed among rulers of the fourth century. What other prince would have decreed that any criminal, sentenced to execution, imprisonment or exile, must first be allowed thirty days' grace to put his affairs in order? Or that a specified part of his worldly goods must go to his children, upon whom their father's crimes must on no account be visited? Or that no farmer should be obliged to sell his produce to the State at a price lower than he would receive on the open market?

Had he earned his title? Not, perhaps, in the way that Constantine had done or as Justinian was to do. But, if not ultimately great himself, he had surely come very close to greatness; and had he reigned as long as they did his achievements might well have equalled theirs. He might even have saved the Western Empire. One thing only is certain: it would be nearly a century and a half before the Romans would look upon his like again" (Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium, the Early Centuries. London: Penguin Group, 1990. 116-7;118).

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
Gratianus,_Antioch,_RIC_IX_45a_E,_AE-3,_DN_GRATIA_NVS_P_F_AVG,_CONCOR_DIA_AVG_G_G,_ANTE,_378-383_AD,_Scarce_Q-001,_6h,_17mm,_2,66g-s.jpg
158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Antioch, RIC IX 045a Є, Θ|Φ/K //ANTЄ, AE-3, CONCORDIA AVG G G, Roma, helmeted, seated facing, Scarce, #1158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Antioch, RIC IX 045a Є, Θ|Φ/K //ANTЄ, AE-3, CONCORDIA AVG G G, Roma, helmeted, seated facing, Scarce, #1
avers: D N GRATIA NVS P F AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: CONCOR DIA AVG G G, Roma, helmeted, seated facing, head left, holding globe and spear, the lower part of which is hidden by the robe, left leg bare.
exergue: Θ|Φ/K //ANTЄ, diameter: 17-17,5mm, weight: 2,66g, axes: 6h,
mint: Antioch, date: 378-383 A.D., ref: RIC IX 045a Є,
Q-001
quadrans
Gratianus_DN-GRATIANVS-P-F-AVG_VOT_XX_MVLT_XXX_CONx_RIC-IX-64a-p-229_Costantinopolis_378-383-AD_R3_Q-001_h_mm_g-s.jpg
158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Constantinopolis, RIC IX 064a, -/-//CONx, AE-4 Follis, VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX in wreath, R3!!!,158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Constantinopolis, RIC IX 064a, -/-//CONx, AE-4 Follis, VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX in wreath, R3!!!,
avers:- D N GRATIA NVS P F AVG, Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX, Wreath, legend within.
exerg: -/-//CONx, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Constantinopolis, date: 378-383 A.D., ref: RIC IX 64a, p-229, R3!!!,
Q-001
quadrans
Gratianus_DN-GRATIANVS-P-F-AVG_VOT_XX_MVLT_XXX_SMKA_RIC-IX-22a1-p-244_Cyzicus_378-383-AD_Scarce_Q-001_h_mm_g-s.jpg
158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Cyzicus, RIC IX 022a-1, -/-//SMKA, AE-4 Follis, VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX in wreath, Scarce!, #1158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Cyzicus, RIC IX 022a-1, -/-//SMKA, AE-4 Follis, VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX in wreath, Scarce!, #1
avers:- D N GRATIA NVS P F AVG, Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX, Wreath, legend within.
exerg: -/-//SMKA, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Cyzicus, date: 378-383 A.D., ref: RIC IX 22a1, p-244, Scarce!,
Q-001
quadrans
Gratianus-Q-003a-s.jpg
158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Siscia, RIC IX 014c.xvii, M|*/P //ΔSISC, AE-3 Follis, GLORIA ROMANORVM, Gratian advancing right, #1158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Siscia, RIC IX 014c.xvii, M|*/P //ΔSISC, AE-3 Follis, GLORIA ROMANORVM, Gratian advancing right, #1
avers:- D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, Diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.
revers:- GLORIA RO MANORVM, Gratian advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum.
exerg: M|*/P //ΔSISC, diameter: 17-17,5mm, weight: 1,79g, axes: 1h,
mint: Siscia, date: 367-375 A.D., ref: RIC IX 14c.xvii, p-141(147),
Q-001
quadrans
Gratianus-Q-002-s.jpg
158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Siscia, RIC IX 014c.xxvii, Q|*/K //ΔSISCE, AE-3 Follis, GLORIA ROMANORVM, Gratian advancing right, #1158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Siscia, RIC IX 014c.xxvii, Q|*/K //ΔSISCE, AE-3 Follis, GLORIA ROMANORVM, Gratian advancing right, #1
avers:- D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, Diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.
revers:- GLORIA RO MANORVM, Gratian advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum.
exerg: Q|*/K //ΔSISCE, diameter: 16-17,5mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Siscia, date: 367-375 A.D., ref: RIC IX 14c.xxvii, p-142,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Gratianus_DN-GRATIANVS-P-F-AVG_VOT_XV_MVLT_XX_ASISC_RIC-IX-31a1-p-152_Siscia_378-383-AD_Scarce_Q-002_h_mm_g-s.jpg
158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Siscia, RIC IX 031a-1, -/-//ASISC, AE-4 Follis, VOT/XV/MVLT/XX in wreath, Scarce !, #2158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Siscia, RIC IX 031a-1, -/-//ASISC, AE-4 Follis, VOT/XV/MVLT/XX in wreath, Scarce !, #2
avers:- D N GRATIA NVS P F AVG, Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VOT/XV/MVLT/XX, Wreath, legend within.
exerg: -/-//ASISC, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Siscia, date: 378-383 A.D., ref: RIC IX 31a1, p-152, Scarce !,
Q-002
1 commentsquadrans
Gratianus-Q-001-s.jpg
158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Siscia, RIC IX 031a-2, -/-//BSISC, AE-4 Follis, VOT/XV/MVLT/XX in wreath, Scarce !, #1158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Siscia, RIC IX 031a-2, -/-//BSISC, AE-4 Follis, VOT/XV/MVLT/XX in wreath, Scarce !, #1
avers:- D N GRATIA NVS P F AVG, Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VOT/XV/MVLT/XX, Wreath, legend within.
exerg: -/-//BSISC, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Siscia, date: 378-383 A.D., ref: RIC IX 31a2, p-152, Scarce,
Q-001
quadrans
158_Gratianus_(367-383_A_D_),_Trier,_RIC_IX_027f,_AR_siliqua,_DN_GRATIA_NVS_P_F_AVG,_VRBS_ROMA,_TRPS_,_RSC_86b_,_367-378_AD,_Q-001,_6h,_18mm,_2,16g-s.jpg
158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Trier, RIC IX 027f, AR Siliqua, -/-//TRPS•, VRBS ROMA, Roma seated left on throne, #1158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), Trier, RIC IX 027f, AR Siliqua, -/-//TRPS•, VRBS ROMA, Roma seated left on throne, #1
avers: D N GRATIA NVS P F AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: VRBS ROMA, Roma seated left on throne, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
exergue: -/-//TRPS•, diameter: 18,0mm, weight: 2,16g, axes: 6h,
mint: Trier, date: 367-383 A.D.,
ref: RIC IX 027f, RSC 86b.,
Q-001
quadrans
0030-0210.jpg
1749 - Octavian, DenariusItalian mint, possibly Rome, 31-30 BC
Anepigraph, bare head of Octavian left
CAESAR - DIVI F, Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath
3.84 gr
Ref : HCRI # 408, RCV # 1552v, Cohen # 66, RIC # 255
The following comment is taken from CNG, sale 84 # 957 :
"Following his victory at Actium, Octavian ordered a golden statue of Victory, standing on a globe and holding a wreath and palm, to be set up on an altar in the Curia in Rome. This statue had been captured by the Romans from Pyrrhus in 272 BC, and it assumed a somewhat tutelary mystique, protecting the Roman state from dissolution. In AD 382, the emperor Gratian ordered its removal. Two years later, the senator and orator Symmachus urged Valentinian II to replace it, a request that was met with stiff opposition from the bishop of Milan, Ambrose. Though it was briefly returned to its place by the usurper Eugenius, it was again removed following his defeat. Petitions to Theodosius I for its subsequent replacement were refused, on grounds that the once-important symbol of the gods’ blessing on the Roman Empire was now nothing more than a piece of paganism"
11 commentsPotator II
RI_181f_img.jpg
181 - Gratian - AE3 - RIC IX Lyons 20c type xvi (b)AE3
Obv:– D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, Pearl diademed draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor advancing right holding labarum & dragging captive
Minted in Lugdunum (O | F II // LVGSR)
Reference(s) – RIC IX Lyons 20c type xvi (b)
maridvnvm
RI_181e_img.jpg
181 - Gratian - AE3 - RIC IX Rome 23c, type xii(b)AE3
Obv:– D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, Pearl diademed draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor advancing right holding labarum & dragging captive
Minted in Rome (R dot QVARTA) A.D. 367 -375
Reference:– RIC IX Rome 23c, type xii(b)
maridvnvm
IMG_4142~0.jpg
190. Gratian (367-383 A.D.)Av.: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG
Rv.: REPARATIO REIPVB
Ex.: ASISC

AE Maiorina Ø23 / 4.7g
RIC IX 26a Siscia
198_-_Gratian.jpg
198 - GRATIANVSFlavius Gratianus was Roman emperor from 367 to 383.

for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi
ValentinianAE3GlorRom.jpg
1ep Valentinian364-375

AE3

Pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right , D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG
Emperor in military dress, advancing right, head left, holding labarum, dragging captive behind him. No fieldmarks. Mintmark: dot GSISC, GLORIA ROMANORVM

RIC 5a

According to Zosimus: Several discussions were held among the soldiers and their officers, and various persons were nominated. At length Sallustius, the prefect of the court, was unanimously elected. He excused himself on the pretext of his advanced age, which disabled him from being of service in the present critical circumstances. They then desired that his son might be emperor in lieu of himself. But his son he told them was too young, and from that as well as other causes unable to sustain the weight of an imperial diadem. They thus failed in their wish to appoint so distinguished a person, who was the most worthy of the age. They therefore elected Valentinian, a native of Cibalis in Pannonia. He was an excellent soldier, but extremely illiterate. They sent for him, he being then at some distance: and the state was not long without a ruler. Upon his arrival at the army, at Nicaea in Bithynia, he assumed the imperial authority, and proceeded forward. . . .

I have now to state, that while Valentinian was on his journey towards Constantinople, he was seized with a distemper, which increased his natural choleric temper to a degree of cruelty, and even to madness, so that he falsely suspected his sickness to proceed from some charm or poison which Julian's friends had prepared for him through malice. Accusations to that effect were drawn up against some distinguished persons, which were set aside by the discretion of Sallustius, who still was prefect of the court. After his distemper abated, he proceeded from Nicaea to Constantinople. The army and his friends in that city advised him to choose an associate in the empire, that if occasion should require, he might have some one to assist him, and prevent their again suffering as at the death of Julian. He complied with their advice, and after consideration, selected his brother Valens, whom he thought most likely to prove faithful to him. He declared him associate in the empire. . . . Affairs being thus disposed, Valentinian deemed it most prudent to place the east as far as Egypt, Bithynia, and Thrace, under the care of his brother, and to take charge of Illyricum himself. From thence he designed to proceed to Italy, and to retain in his own possession all the cities in that country, and the countries beyond the Alps, with Spain, Britain, and Africa. The empire being thus divided, Valentinian began to govern more rigorously, correcting the faults of the magistrates. He was very severe in the collection of the imposts, and particularly in observing that the soldiers were duly paid. . . .

Meantime the Barbarians beyond the Rhine, who while Julian lived held the Roman name in terror, and were contented to remain quiet in their own territories, as soon as they heard of his death, immediately marched out of their own country, and prepared for a war with the Romans. Valentinian. on bring informed of this, made a proper disposition of his forces, and placed suitable garrisons in all the towns along the Rhine. Valentinian was enabled to make these arrangements by his experience in military affairs. . . . [T] he emperor Valentinian, having favourably disposed the affairs of Germany, made provisions for the future security of the Celtic nations. . . . Valentinian was now attacked by a disease which nearly cost him his life. Upon his recovery the countries requested him to appoint a successor, lest at his decease the commonwealth should be in danger. To this the emperor consented, and declared his son Gratian emperor and his associate in the government, although he was then very young, and not yet capable of the management of affairs. . . .

Valentinian, thinking he had sufficiently secured himself from a German war, acted towards his subjects with great severity, exacting from them exorbitant tributes, such as they had never before paid; under pretence that the military expenditure compelled him to have recourse to the public. Having thus acquired universal hatred, he became still more severe; nor would he enquire into the conduct of the magistrates, but was envious of all whe had the reputation of leading a blameless life. . . . For this cause, the Africans, who could not endure the excessive avarice of the person who held the military command in Mauritania, gave the purple robe to Firmus, and proclaimed him emperor. This doubtless gave much uneasiness to Valentinian, who immediately commanded some legions from the stations in Pannonia and Moesia, to embark for Africa. On this the Sarmatians and the Quadi, who had long entertained a hatred for Celestius, the governor of those countries, availing themselves, of the opportunity afforded by the departure of the legions for Africa, invaded the Pannonians and Moesians. . . . .

Valentinian, roused by the intelligence of these events, marched from Celtica into Illyricum, for the purpose of opposing the Quadi and the Sarmatians, and consigned the command of his forces to Merobaudes, who was a person of the greatest military experience. The winter continuing unusually late, the Quadi sent ambassadors to him with insolent and unbecoming messages. These so exasperated the emperor, that through the violence of his rage, the blood flowed from his head into his mouth, and suffocated him. He thus died after having resided in Illyricum nearly nine months, and after a reign of twelve years.
Blindado
GratianAE3GlorRom.jpg
1es Gratian367-383

AE3

Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, D N GRATIANVS P F AVG
Gratian standing right, holding labarum with Chi-rho on banner, and holding captive by hair, GLORIA ROMANORVM; Q to left, K over P to right, DSISCR in ex.

RIC 14c

Zosimus reports: [T] he emperor Valentinian, having favourably disposed the affairs of Germany, made provisions for the future security of the Celtic nations. . . . Valentinian was now attacked by a disease which nearly cost him his life. Upon his recovery the countries requested him to appoint a successor, lest at his decease the commonwealth should be in danger. To this the emperor consented, and declared his son Gratian emperor and his associate in the government, although he was then very young, and not yet capable of the management of affairs. . . .

When the affairs of the empire were reduced to this low condition, Victor, who commanded the Roman cavalry, escaping the danger with some of his troops, entered Macedon and Thessaly. From thence he proceeded into Moesia and Pannonia, and informed Gratian, who was then in that quarter, of what had occurred, and of the loss of the emperor [Valens] and his army. Gratian received the intelligence without uneasiness, and was little grieved at the death of his uncle, a disagreement having existed between them. Finding himself unable to manage affairs, Thrace being ravaged by the Barbarians, as were likewise Pannonia and Moesia, and the towns upon the Rhine being infested by the neighbouring Barbarians without controul, he chose for his associate in the empire, Theodosius, who was a native of a town called Cauca, in the part of Spain called Hispania Callaecia, and who possessed great knowledge and experience of military affairs. Having given him the government of Thrace and the eastern provinces, Gratian himself proceeded to the west of Gaul, in order, if possible, to compose affairs in that quarter. . . .

While the affairs of Thrace were, thus situated, those of Gratian were in great perplexity. Having accepted the counsel of those courtiers who usually corrupt the manners of princes, he gave a reception to some fugitives called Alani, whom he not only introduced into his army, but honoured with valuable presents, and confided to them his most important secrets, esteeming his own soldiers of little value. This produced among his soldiers a violent hatred against him, which being gradually inflamed and augmented incited in them a disposition for innovation, and most particulary in that part of them which was in Britain, since they were the most resolute and vindictive. In this spirit they were encouraged by Maximus, a Spaniard, who had been the fellow-soldier of Theodosius in Britain. He was offended that Theodosius should be thought worthy of being made emperor, while he himself had no honourable employment. He therefore cherished the animosity of the soldiers towards the emperor. They were thus easily induced to revolt and to declare Maximus emperor. Having presented to him the purple robe and the diadem, they sailed to the mouth of the Rhine. As the German army, and all who were in that quarter approved of the election, Gratian prepared to contend against Maximus, with a considerable part of the army which still adhered to him. When the armies met, there were only slight skirmishes for five days; until Gratian, |115 perceiving that the Mauritanian cavalry first deserted from him and declared Maximus Augustus, and afterwards that the remainder of his troops by degrees espoused the cause of his antagonist, relinquished all hope, and fled with three hundred horse to the Alps. Finding those regions without defence, he proceeded towards Rhaetia, Noricum, Pannonia, and the Upper Moesia. When Maximus was informed of his route, he was not negligent of the opportunity, but detached Andragathius, commander of the cavalry, who was his faithful adherent, in pursuit of Gratian. This officer followed him with so great speed, that he overtook him when he was passing the bridge at Sigidunus, and put him to death.
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ValentinianIIAE3UrbsRom.jpg
1et Valentinian II373-392

AE3, Nicomedia

Pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed bust rightt, D N VALENTINIANVS IVN P F AVG
Roma seated on cuirass, holding spear and Victory on globe, VRBS ROMA

The SMN mintmark indicates that the coin was minted in Nicomedia, but RIC does not list this reverse type for that mint.

Sim to RIC 51

Zosimus reports: Valentinian being dead, the tribunes Merobaudes and Equitius, reflecting on the distance at which Valens and Gratian resided, the former being in the east, and the latter left by his father in the western part of Gaul, were apprehensive lest the Barbarians beyond the Ister should make an effort while the country was without a ruler. They therefore sent for the younger son of Valentinian, who was born of his wife the widow of Magnentius, who was not far from thence with the child. Having clothed him in purple, they brought him into the court, though scarcely five years old. The empire was afterwards divided between Gratian and the younger Valentinian, at the discretion of their guardians, they not being of age to manage their own affairs. The Celtic nations, Spain, and Britain were given to Gratian; and Italy, Illyricum, and Africa to Valentinian. . . .

Affairs being thus situated in the east, in Thrace, and in Illyricum, Maximus, who deemed his appointments inferior to his merits, being only governor of the countries formerly under Gratian, projected how to depose the young Valentinian from the empire, if possible totally, but should he fail in the whole, to secure at least some part. . . . he immediately entered Italy without; resistance, and marched to Aquileia. . . . This so much surprised Valentinian, and rendered his situation so desperate, that his courtiers were alarmed lest he should be taken by Maximus and put to death. He, therefore, immediately embarked,and sailed to Thessalonica with his mother Justina, who, as I before mentioned, had been the wife of Magnentius, but after his decease was taken in marriage by the emperor Valentinian on account of her extraordinary beauty. She carried along with her her daughter Galla. After having passed many seas, and arriving at Thessalonica, they sent messengers to the emperor Theodosius, intreating him now at least to revenge the injuries committed against the family of Valentinian. He was astonished at hearing of this, and began to forget his extravagance, and to lay some restraint on his wild inclination for pleasure. . . . Theodosius then delivered to Valentinian as much of the empire as his father had possessed; in which he only acted as he was enjoined by his duty to those who so merited his kindness. . . .

intelligence was brought that the emperor Valentianian was no more, and that his death happened in this manner: Arbogastes, a Frank, who was appointed by the emperor Gratian lieutenant to Baudo, at the death of Baudo, confiding in his own ability, assumed the command without the emperor's permission. Being thought proper for the station by all the soldiers under him, both for his valour and experience in military affairs, and for his disregard of riches, he attained great influence. He thus became so elevated, that he would speak without reserve to the emperor, and would blame any measure which he thought improper. This gave such umbrage to Valentinian. . . .

Eugenius became the sincere friend of Arbogastes, who had no secret which he did not confide to him. Recollecting Eugenius, therefore, at this juncture, who by his extraordinary learning and the gravity of his conversation seemed well-adapted for the management of an empire, he communicated to him his designs. But finding him not pleased with the proposals, he attempted to prevail on him by all the arts he could use, and entreated him not to reject what fortune so favourably offered. Having at length persuaded him, he deemed it advisable in the first place to remove Valentinian, and thus to deliver the sole authority to Eugenius. With this view he proceeded to Vienna, a town in Gaul, where the emperor resided; and as he was amusing himself near the town in some sports with the soldiers, apprehending no danger, Arbogastes gave him a mortal wound.
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TheodosAE4VotMult~0.jpg
1eu Theodosius379-395

AE4

Pearl diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right, D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG
VOT V MVLT X within wreath, ASISC in ex

RIC 29d

Zosimus recorded: [Valentinian] commanded some legions from the stations in Pannonia and Moesia, to embark for Africa [to crush a rebellion]. On this the Sarmatians and the Quadi. . . , availing themselves, of the opportunity afforded by the departure of the legions for Africa, invaded the Pannonians and Moesians. . . . The barbarians therefore revenged themselves by plundering all the country along the Ister, carrying off all that they found in the towns. The Pannonians were by these means exposed to the cruelty of the barbarians, while the soldiers were extremely negligent in the defence of their towns, and committed as much mischief as the Barbarians themselves in all places on this side of the river. But Moesia was free from harm, because Theodosius, who commanded the forces there, courageously resisted the Barbarians, and routed them when they attacked him. By that victory he not only acquired great renown, but subsequently attained the imperial dignity. . . .

When the affairs of the empire were reduced to this low condition, Victor, who commanded the Roman cavalry, escaping the danger with some of his troops, entered Macedon and Thessaly. From thence he proceeded into Moesia and Pannonia, and informed Gratian, who was then in that quarter, of what had occurred, and of the loss of the emperor [Valens] and his army. Gratian received the intelligence without uneasiness, and was little grieved at the death of his uncle, a disagreement having existed between them. Finding himself unable to manage affairs, Thrace being ravaged by the Barbarians, as were likewise Pannonia and Moesia, and the towns upon the Rhine being infested by the neighbouring Barbarians without controul, he chose for his associate in the empire, Theodosius, who was a native of a town called Cauca, in the part of Spain called Hispania Callaecia, and who possessed great knowledge and experience of military affairs. Having given him the government of Thrace and the eastern provinces, Gratian himself proceeded to the west of Gaul, in order, if possible, to compose affairs in that quarter. . . .

During the stay of the new emperor, Theodosius, at Thesslonica, a great concourse arrived there from all parts of persons soliciting him on business, both public and private; who having obtained of him whatever he could conveniently grant, returned, to their homes. As a great multitude of the Scythians beyond the Ister, the Gotthi, and the Taiphali, and other tribes that formerly dwelt among them, had crossed the river, and were driven to infest the Roman dominions, because the Huns, had expelled them from their own country, the emperor Theodosius prepared for war with all his forces. . . . The army having made this good use of the occasion afforded by fortune, the affairs of Thrace, which had been on the brink of ruin, were now, the Barbarians being crushed beyond all hope, re-established in peace. . . .

Meanwhile, the emperor Theodosius, residing in Thessalonica, was easy of access to all who wished to see him. Having commenced his reign in luxury and indolence, he threw the magistracy into disorder, and increased the number of his military officers. . . . As he squandered the public money without consideration, bestowing it on unworthy persons, he consequently impoverished himself. He therefore sold the government of provinces to any who would purchase them, without regard to the reputation or ablity of the persons, esteeming him the best qualified who brought him the most gold or silver. . . .

Maximus, who deemed his appointments inferior to his merits, being only governor of the countries formerly under Gratian, projected how to depose the young Valentinian from the empire. . . . This so much surprised Valentinian, and rendered his situation so desperate, that his courtiers were alarmed lest he should be taken by Maximus and put to death. He, therefore, immediately embarked,and sailed to Thessalonica with his mother Justina. . . . [A]rriving at Thessalonica, they sent messengers to the emperor Theodosius, intreating him now at least to revenge the injuries committed against the family of Valentinian. . . . The emperor, being delivered from this alarm, marched with great resolution with his whole army against Maximus. . . . Theodosius, having passed through Pannonia and the defiles of the Appennines, attacked unawares the forces of Maximus before they were prepared for him. A part of his army, having pursued them with the utmost speed, forced their way through the gates of Aquileia, the guards being too few to resist them. Maximus was torn from his imperial throne while in the act of distributing money to his soldiers, and being stripped of his imperial robes, was brought to Theodosius, who, having in reproach enumerated some of his crimes against the commonwealth, delivered him to the common executioner to receive due punishment. . . . The emperor Theodosius, having consigned Italy, Spain, Celtica, and Libya to his son Honorius, died of a disease on his journey towards Constantinople.
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MagnMaxAE2RepReip.jpg
1ew Magnus Maximus383-388

AE2

Diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right, D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG
Emperor standing left, raising kneeling female; mintmarks PCON, SCON and TCON known, REPARATIO REIPVB

RIC 26a

Zosimus reports: While the affairs of Thrace were, thus situated, those of Gratian were in great perplexity. Having accepted the counsel of those courtiers who usually corrupt the manners of princes, he gave a reception to some fugitives called Alani, whom he not only introduced into his army, but honoured with valuable presents, and confided to them his most important secrets, esteeming his own soldiers of little value. This produced among his soldiers a violent hatred against him, which being gradually inflamed and augmented incited in them a disposition for innovation, and most particulary in that part of them which was in Britain, since they were the most resolute and vindictive. In this spirit they were encouraged by Maximus, a Spaniard, who had been the fellow-soldier of Theodosius in Britain. He was offended that Theodosius should be thought worthy of being made emperor, while he himself had no honourable employment. He therefore cherished the animosity of the soldiers towards the emperor. They were thus easily induced to revolt and to declare Maximus emperor. Having presented to him the purple robe and the diadem, they sailed to the mouth of the Rhine. As the German army, and all who were in that quarter approved of the election, Gratian prepared to contend against Maximus, with a considerable part of the army which still adhered to him. When the armies met, there were only slight skirmishes for five days; until Gratian, |115 perceiving that the Mauritanian cavalry first deserted from him and declared Maximus Augustus, and afterwards that the remainder of his troops by degrees espoused the cause of his antagonist, relinquished all hope, and fled with three hundred horse to the Alps. Finding those regions without defence, he proceeded towards Rhaetia, Noricum, Pannonia, and the Upper Moesia. When Maximus was informed of his route, he was not negligent of the opportunity, but detached Andragathius, commander of the cavalry, who was his faithful adherent, in pursuit of Gratian. This officer followed him with so great speed, that he overtook him when he was passing the bridge at Sigidunus, and put him to death. . . .

The reign of Gratian being thus terminated, Maximus, who now considered himself firmly fixed in the empire, sent an embassy to the emperor Theodosius, not to intreat pardon for his treatment of Gratian, but rather to increase his provocations. The person employed in this mission was the imperial chamberlain (for Maximus would not suffer an eunuch to preside in his court), a prudent person, with whom he had been familiarly acquainted from his infancy. The purport of his mission was to propose to Theodosius a treaty of amity, and of alliance, against all enemies who should make war on the Romans, and on refusal, to declare against him open hostility. Upon this, Theodosius admitted Maximus to a share in the empire, and in the honour of his statues and his imperial title. . . .

Affairs being thus situated in the east, in Thrace, and in Illyricum, Maximus, who deemed his appointments inferior to his merits, being only governor of the countries formerly under Gratian, projected how to depose the young Valentinian from the empire, if possible totally, but should he fail in the whole, to secure at least some part. . . . he immediately entered Italy without; resistance, and marched to Aquileia. . . .

Theodosius, having passed through Pannonia and the defiles of the Appennines, attacked unawares the forces of Maximus before they were prepared for him. A part of his army, having pursued them with the utmost speed, forced their way through the gates of Aquileia, the guards being too few to resist them. Maximus was torn from his imperial throne while in the act of distributing money to his soldiers, and being stripped of his imperial robes, was brought to Theodosius, who, having in reproach enumerated some of his crimes against the commonwealth, delivered him to the common executioner to receive due punishment. Such was the end of Maximus and of his usurpation. Having fraudulently overcome Valentinian, he imagined that he should with ease subdue the whole Roman empire. Theodosius, having heard, that when Maximus came from beyond the Alps he left his son Victor, whom he had dignified with the title of Caesar, he immediately sent for his general, named Arbogastes, who deprived the youth both of his dignity and life.
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22014.jpg
22014 Gratian/ReparatioGratian/Reparatio
Obv:DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG,
pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.
Rev: REPARATIO REIPVB,
Gratian standing front, head left, holding Victory on globe and raising kneeling female on left.
?CON in Exergue 23.0mm 5.1g
RIC IX Arles 20a
Blayne W
GrIXSis14(c)xvi.jpg
367-383 AD - Gratian - RIC IX Siscia 14(c)[xvi] - GLORIA ROMANORVMEmperor: Gratian (r. 367-383 AD)
Date: 367-375 AD
Condition: Fair
Size: AE3

Obverse: DN GRATIANVS P F AVG
Our Lord Gratian Dutiful and Wise Emperor
Bust right; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: GLORIA RO-MANORVM
Glory of the Romans.
Emperor advancing right, with right hand dragging captive and holding labarum in left hand.
"M | * / F" in right field
Exergue: ΓSISC (Siscia mint, third officina)

RIC IX Siscia 14(c)[xvi]; VM 43
2.58g; 17.7mm; 15°
Pep
GrIXSis31(a).jpg
367-383 AD - Gratian - RIC IX Siscia 31(a) - VOT | XV | MVLT | XXEmperor: Gratian (r. 367-383 AD)
Date: 378-383 AD
Condition: Fine
Size: AE4

Obverse: DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG
Our Lord Gratian Dutiful and Wise Emperor
Bust right; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: VOT | XV | MVLT | XX in wreath.
Because of the vows, 15 years; through more
vows, 20 years.
Exergue: (?)(A?)SISC (Siscia mint, first officina?)

RIC IX Siscia 31(a); VM 52
1.37g; 14.9mm; 30°
Pep
GrIXThes31xxxviii.jpg
367-383 AD - Gratian - RIC IX Thessalonica 31[xxxviii] - GLORIA ROMANORVMEmperor: Gratian (r. 367-383 AD)
Date: 375-378 AD
Condition: VF
Size: AE3

Obverse: DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG
Our Lord Gratian Dutiful and Wise Emperor
Bust right; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed

Reverse: GLORIA RO-MANORVM
Glory of the Romans.
Emperor advancing right, with right hand dragging captive and holding labarum in left hand.
"V | * / Γ" in field
Exergue: TES (Thessalonica mint, third officina)

RIC IX Thessalonica 31[xxxviii]; VM 43
2.25g; 19.0mm; 150°
Pep
56167.jpg
504. CONSTANTIUS IIFlavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty

Constantius was the second of the three sons of Constantine I and his second wife Fausta. Constantius was born in Sirmium (in Illyricum) and named Caesar by his father. When Constantine died in 337, Constantius II led the massacre of his relatives decended from the second marriage of his grandfather Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, leaving himself, his older brother Constantine II, his younger brother Constans and two cousins (Gallus and his half-brother Julian) as the only surviving adult males related to Constantine. The three brothers divided the Roman Empire among them, according to their father's will. Constantine II received Britannia, Gaul and Hispania; Constans ruled Italia, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius ruled the East.

This division changed when Constantine II died in 340, trying to overthrow Constans in Italy, and Constans become sole ruler in the Western half of the empire. The division changed once more in 350 when Constans was killed in battle by forces loyal to the usurper Magnentius. Until this time, Constantius was preoccupied with fighting the Sassanid Empire, and he was forced to elevate his cousin Gallus to Caesar of the East to assist him, while he turned his attention to this usurper.

Constantius eventually met and crushed Magnentius in the Battle of Mursa Major, one of the bloodiest battles in Roman history, in 351. Magnentius committed suicide in 353, and Constantius soon after put his cousin Gallus to death. However, he still could not handle the military affairs of both the Eastern and German frontiers by himself, so in 355 he elevated his last remaining relative, Julian, to Caesar. As Julian was hailed Augustus by the army in Gaul, Constantius saw no alternative but to face the usurper with violent force. As the two armies sought engagement, Constantius died from a fever near Tarsus on November 3, 361, and Julian was hailed Augustus in the whole of the Roman empire.

Constantius took an active part in the affairs of the Christian church, frequently taking the side of the Arians, and he called the Council of Rimini in 359.

Constantius married three times, first to a daughter of Julius Constantius, then to Eusebia, and last to Faustina, who gave birth to a posthumous daughter, Faustina Constantia, who later married Emperor Gratian.

CONSTANTIUS II. 337-361 AD. Æ 18mm (2.41 gm). Siscia mint. Struck 351-355 AD. D N CONSTAN-TIVS P F AVG, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right / FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier spearing falling enemy horseman who wears conical hat; at right, shield on ground; ASIS. RIC VIII 350. Good VF, green patina. Ex CNG
1 commentsecoli
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510. Valentinian IFlavius Valentinianus, known in English as Valentinian I, (321 - November 17, 375) was a Roman Emperor (364 - 375). He was born at Cibalis, in Pannonia, the son of a successful general, Gratian the Elder.

He had been an officer of the Praetorian guard under Julian and Jovian, and had risen high in the imperial service. Of robust frame and distinguished appearance, he possessed great courage and military capacity. After the death of Jovian, he was chosen emperor in his forty-third year by the officers of the army at Nicaea in Bithynia on February 26, 364, and shortly afterwards named his brother Valens colleague with him in the empire.

The two brothers, after passing through the chief cities of the neighbouring district, arranged the partition of the empire at Naissus (Nissa) in Upper Moesia. As Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian took Italia, Illyricum, Hispania, the Gauls, Britain and Africa, leaving to Eastern Roman Emperor Valens the eastern half of the Balkan peninsula, Greece, Aegyptus, Syria and Asia Minor as far as Persia. They were immediately confronted by the revolt of Procopius, a relative of the deceased Julian. Valens managed to defeat his army at Thyatria in Lydia in 366, and Procopius was executed shortly afterwards.

During the short reign of Valentinian there were wars in Africa, in Germany and in Britain, and Rome came into collision with barbarian peoples never of heard before, specifically the Burgundians, and the Saxons.

Valentinian's chief work was guarding the frontiers and establishing military positions. Milan was at first his headquarters for settling the affairs of northern Italy. The following year (365) Valentinian was at Paris, and then at Reims, to direct the operations of his generals against the Alamanni. These people, defeated at Scarpona (Charpeigne) and Catelauni (Châlons-en-Champagne) by Jovinus, were driven back to the German bank of the Rhine, and checked for a while by a chain of military posts and fortresses. At the close of 367, however, they suddenly crossed the Rhine, attacked Moguntiacum (Mainz) and plundered the city. Valentinian attacked them at Solicinium (Sulz am Neckar, in the Neckar valley, or Schwetzingen) with a large army, and defeated them with great slaughter. But his own losses were so considerable that Valentinian abandoned the idea of following up his success.

Later, in 374, Valentinian made peace with their king, Macrianus, who from that time remained a true friend of the Romans. The next three years he spent at Trier, which he chiefly made his headquarters, organizing the defence of the Rhine frontier, and personally superintending the construction of numerous forts.

During his reign the coasts of Gaul were harassed by the Saxon pirates, with whom the Picts and Scots of northern Britain joined hands, and ravaged the island from the Antonine Wall to the shores of Kent. In 368 Count Theodosius was sent to drive back the invaders; in this he was completely successful, and established a new British province, called Valentia in honour of the emperor.

In Africa, Firmus, raised the standard of revolt, being joined by the provincials, who had been rendered desperate by the cruelty and extortions of Comes Romanus, the military governor. The services of Theodosius were again requisitioned. He landed in Africa with a small band of veterans, and Firmus, to avoid being taken prisoner, committed suicide.

In 374 the Quadi, a Germanic tribe in what is now Moravia and Slovakia, resenting the erection of Roman forts to the north of the Danube in what they considered to be their own territory, and further exasperated by the treacherous murder of their king, Gabinius, crossed the river and laid waste the province of Pannonia. The emperor in April, 375 entered Illyricum with a powerful army. But during an audience to an embassy from the Quadi at Brigetio on the Danube (near Komárom, Hungary), Valentinian suffered a burst blood vessel in the skull while angrily yelling at the people gathered. This injury resulted in his death on November 17, 375.

His general administration seems to have been thoroughly honest and able, in some respects beneficent. If Valentinian was hard and exacting in the matter of taxes, he spent them in the defence and improvement of his dominions, not in idle show or luxury. Though himself a plain and almost illiterate soldier, Valentinian was a founder of schools. He also provided medical attendance for the poor of Rome, by appointing a physician for each of the fourteen districts of the city.

Valentinian was a Christian but permitted absolute religious freedom to all his subjects. Against all abuses, both civil and ecclesiastical, Valentinian steadily set his face, even against the increasing wealth and worldliness of the clergy. His chief flaw was his temper, which at times was frightful, and showed itself in its full fierceness in the punishment of persons accused of witchcraft, fortune-telling or magical practices.

Valentinian I; RIC IX, Siscia 15(a); C.37; second period: 24 Aug. 367-17 Nov. 375; common. obv. DN VALENTINI-ANVS PF AVG, bust cuir., drap., r., rev. SECVRITAS-REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy. l. field R above R with adnex, r. field F, ex. gamma SISC rev.Z dot (type xxxv)
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511. ValensAfter a brief stay aimed at building his troop strength and gaining a toehold in Thrace, Valens moved out to Adrianople. From there, he marched against the confederated barbarian army on August 9, 378 in what would become known as the battle of Adrianople. Although negotiations were attempted, these broke down when a Roman unit sallied forth and carried both sides into battle. The Romans held their own early on but were crushed by the surprise arrival of Visigoth cavalry which split their ranks.

The primary source for the battle is Ammianus, who is quoted at length by Edward Gibbon (The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, XXVI). Valens had left a sizeable guard with his baggage and treasures depleting his force. His right wing, cavalry, arrived at the Gothic camp sometime before the left wing arrived. It was a very hot day and the Roman cavalry was engaged without strategic support, wasting its efforts while they suffered in the heat.

Meanwhile Fritigern once again sent an emissary of peace in his continued manipulation of the situation. The resultant delay meant that the Romans present on the field began to succumb to the heat. The army's resources were further diminished when an ill timed attack by the Roman archers made it necessary to recall Valens’ emissary, Count Richomer. The archers were beaten and retreated in humiliation.

Gothic cavalry under the command of Althaeus and Saphrax then struck and, with what was probably the most decisive event of the battle, the Roman cavalry fled. The Roman infantry was abandoned, surrounded and cut to pieces. Valens was wounded and carried to a small wooden hut. The hut was surrounded by the Goths who put it to the torch, evidently unaware of the prize within. According to Ammianus, this is how Valens perished.

When the battle was over, two-thirds of the eastern army lied dead. Many of their best officers had also perished. What was left of the army of Valens was led from the field under the cover of night by Count Richomer and General Victor.

J.B. Bury, a noted authority on the barbarian invasion of Europe provides specific interpretation on the significance the battle; It was "a disaster and disgrace that need not have occurred."

For Rome, the battle incapacitated the government. Emperor Gratian, nineteen years old, was overcome by the debacle, and until he appointed Theodosius, unable to deal with the catastrophe which spread out of control.

Date: 364-367 AD
Obverse: D N VALEN-S P F AVG, Cuirassed and draped, pearl diademed bust right.
Reverse: RESTITV-TOR REIP, Valens stg. Looking r. holding labarum in r. hand and Victory on globe presenting wreath on emperor on l. hand. TES delta in exergue.
ecoli
coin396.JPG
513. GratianFlavius Gratianus Augustus (April 18/May 23, 359 - August 25, 383), known as Gratian, was a Western Roman Emperor from 375 to 383. He was the son of Valentinian I by Marina Severa and was born at Sirmium in Pannonia.

On August 4, 367 he received from his father the title of Augustus. On the death of Valentinian (November 17, 375), the troops in Pannonia proclaimed his infant son (by a second wife Justina) emperor under the title of Valentinian II.

Gratian acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, he handed over Italy, Illyria and Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Milan. The division, however, was merely nominal, and the real authority remained in the hands of Gratian.

The Eastern Roman Empire was under the rule of his uncle Valens. In May, 378 Gratian completely defeated the Lentienses, the southernmost branch of the Alamanni, at the Battle of Argentovaria, near the site of the modern Colmar. Later that year, Valens met his death in the Battle of Adrianople on August 9.

In the same year, the government of the Eastern Empire devolved upon Gratian, but feeling himself unable to resist unaided the incursions of the barbarians, he promoted Theodosius I on January 19, 379 to govern that portion of the empire. Gratianus and Theodosius then cleared the Balkans of barbarians in the Gothic War (377–382).

For some years Gratian governed the empire with energy and success but gradually sank into indolence, occupying himself chiefly with the pleasures of the chase, and became a tool in the hands of the Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop Ambrose of Milan.

By taking into his personal service a body of Alani, and appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian warrior, he aroused the contempt and resentment of his Roman troops. A Roman general named Magnus Maximus took advantage of this feeling to raise the standard of revolt in Britain and invaded Gaul with a large army. Gratian, who was then in Paris, being deserted by his troops, fled to Lyon. There, through the treachery of the governor, Gratian was delivered over to one of the rebel generals and assassinated on August 25, 383.

RIC IX Antioch 46b S

DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG
CONCOR-DIA AVGGG
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514. Valentinian IIValentinian II (371 - 392) was elevated as Western Roman Emperor at the age of four in 375, along with his half-brother Gratian.

Valentinian and his family lived in Milan, and the empire was nominally divided between them. Gratian took the trans- Alpine provinces, while Italy, Illyricum in part, and Africa were to be under the rule of Valentinian, or rather of his mother, Justina. Justina was an Arian, and the imperial court at Milan struggled against the Catholics of that city, led by their bishop Ambrose. The popularity of Ambrose was so great that the emperors' authority was materially shaken. In 387, Magnus Maximus, a Roman consul who had commanded an army in Briton, and in 383 (the year of Gratian's death) had declared himself emperor of Western Rome, crossed the Alps into the valley of the Po and threatened Milan.

The emperor Valentinian II and his mother fled to Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor and Valentinian's brother in law. Valentinian was restored in 388 by Theodosius, following the death of Magnus Maximus.

On May 15, 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in the town of Vienne in Gaul. The Frankish soldier Arbogast, Valentinian's protector and magister militum, maintained that it was suicide. Arbogast and Valentinian had frequently disputed rulership over the Western Roman Empire, and Valentinian was also noted to have complained of Arbogast's control over him to Theodosius. Thus when word of his death reached Constantinople Theodosius believed, or at least suspected, that Arbogast was lying and that he had engineered Valentinian's demise. These suspicions were further fueled by Arbogast's elevation of a Eugenius, pagan official to the position of Western Emperor, and the veiled accusations which Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, spoke during his funeral oration for Valentinian.

Valentinian II's death sparked a civil war between Eugenius and Theodosius over the rulership of the West in the Battle of the Frigidus. The resultant Eastern victory there led to the final brief unification of the Roman Empire under Theodosius, and the ultimate irreparable division of the Empire after his death.

Bronze AE3, RIC 22, VF, 2.19g, 17.7mm, 0o, Arelate mint, 378-383 A.D.; obverse D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse VICTORIAE AVGGG, Victory advancing left holding wreath in right and palm frond in left, [S]CON in ex;Ex Aiello;Ex Forum
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515. Theodosius ISon of a senior military officer, Theodosius the Elder, Theodosius accompanied his father to Britannia to help quell the Great Conspiracy in 368. He was military commander (dux) of Moesia, a Roman province on the lower Danube, in 374. However, shortly thereafter, and at about the same time as the sudden disgrace and execution of his father, Theodosius retired to Cauca. The reason for his retirement, and the relationship (if any) between it and his father's death is unclear. It is possible that he was dismissed of his command by the emperor Valentinian I, after the loss of two of Theodosius' legions by the Sarmatians in late 374.

In 378, after the death of the emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople, the emperor Gratian appointed Theodosius co-augustus for the East. After 392, following the death of Valentinian II, whom he had supported against a variety of usurpations, Theodosius ruled as sole emperor, defeating the usurper Eugenius on September 6, 394, at the Battle of the Frigidus.


RIC IX Constantinople 88a C
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515a. Aelia FlacillaEmpress, wife of Theodosius the Great, died c. A. D. 385 or 386. Like Theodosius himself, his first wife, Ælia Flaccilla, was of Spanish descent. She may have been the daughter of Claudius Antonius, Prefect of Gaul, who was consul in 382. Her marriage with Theodosius probably took place in the year 376, when his father, the comes Theodosius, fell into disfavour and he himself withdrew to Cauca in Gallæcia, for her eldest son, afterwards Emperor Arcadius, was born towards the end of the following year. In the succeeding years she presented two more children to her husband Honorius (384), who later became emperor, and Pulcheria, who died in early childhood, shortly before her mother. Gregory of Nyssa states expressly that she had three children; consequently the Gratian mentioned by St. Ambrose, together with Pulcheria, was probably not her son. Flaccilla was, like her husband, a zealous supporter of the Nicene Creed and prevented the conference between the emperor and the Arian Eunomius (Sozomen, Hist. eccl., VII, vi). On the throne she was a shining example of Christian virtue and ardent charity. St. Ambrose describes her as "a soul true to God" (Fidelis anima Deo. — "De obitu Theodosii", n. 40, in P. L., XVI, 1462). In his panegyric St. Gregory of Nyssa bestowed the highest praise on her virtuous life and pictured her as the helpmate of the emperor in all good works, an ornament of the empire, a leader of justice, an image of beneficence. He praises her as filled with zeal for the Faith, as a pillar of the Church, as a mother of the indigent. Theodoret in particular exalts her charity and benevolence (Hist. eccles., V, xix, ed. Valesius, III, 192 sq.). He tells us how she personally tended cripples, and quotes a saying of hers: "To distribute money belongs to the imperial dignity, but I offer up for the imperial dignity itself personal service to the Giver." Her humility also attracts a special meed of praise from the church historian. Flaccilla was buried in Constantinople, St. Gregory of Nyssa delivering her funeral oration. She is venerated in the Greek Church as a saint, and her feast is kept on 14 September. The Bollandists (Acta SS., Sept., IV, 142) are of the opinion that she is not regarded as a saint but only as venerable, but her name stands in the Greek Menæa and Synaxaria followed by words of eulogy, as is the case with the other saints

Wife of Theodosius. The reverse of the coin is very interesting; a nice bit of Pagan-Christian syncretism with winged victory inscribing a chi-rho on a shield.
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515b. Magnus MaximusA Spaniard, Maximus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 383, while serving with the army in Britain. Later legend made him King of the Britons; he handed the throne over to Caradocus when he went to Gaul to pursue his imperial ambitions.

Following his destruction of Gaul, Maximus went out to meet his main opponent, Gratian, who he defeated near Paris. Gratian, after fleeing, was killed at Lyon on August 25, 383. Soon after, Maximus managed to force Valentinian II out of Rome after which he fled to Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor. Maximus made his capital at Augusta Treverorum (Treves, Trier) in Gaul. He became a popular emperor, although also a stern persecutor of heretics.

Theodosius I and Valentinian II campaigned against Magnus Maximus in July-August 388. Maximus was defeated in the Battle of the Save, near Emona, and retreated to Aquileia. Andragathius, magister equitum of Maximus and killer of Gratian, was defeated near Siscia, his brother Marcellinus again at Poetovio. Maximus surrendered in Aquileia and although pleaded for mercy was executed. However, his wife and two daughters were spared. Maximus' son, Flavius Victor, was defeated and executed by Valentinian's magister peditum Arbogast in the fall of the same year.

What happened to his family is not related, although it is clear that they survived and that his descendants continued to occupy influential posts. We encounter a possible daughter of Magnus Maximus, Sevira, on the Pillar of Eliseg, an early medieval inscribed stone in Wales which claims her marriage to Vortigern, king of the Britons. Another daughter was possibly married to Ennodius, proconsul Africae (395). Their grandson was Petronius Maximus, who was another ill-fated emperor, ruling in Rome for but 77 days before he was stoned to death while fleeing from the Vandals on May 24, 455. Other descendants included Anicius Olybrius, emperor in 472, but also several consuls and bishops such as St. Magnus Felix Ennodius (Bishop of Pavia c. 514-21).

Magnus Maximus AE-4

Obv: MM right, DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG; Reverse: SPES ROMANORVM, campgate with two turrets and star above. Coin is nice VF for this small issue.
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515c. Flavius VictorFlavius Victor was the infant son of Magnus Maximus by his wife Helen, allegedly the daughter of Octavius. He was proclaimed an Augustus from 384 to his death in 388.

Victor's father was considered a usurper of the Western Roman Empire. He negotiated receiving recognition by the legitimate Augusti Valentinian II and Theodosius I. When negotiations failed, Maximus pressed the matter by proclaiming his son an Augustus, indicating an attempt to secure a succession. This method had been used by former Emperor Valentinian I who declared his son and heir Gratian an Augustus in 367 and by Theodosius who had declared his own son and heir Arcadius an Augustus in 383.

Maximus and Victor gained recognition of their legitimacy for their co-reign by Theodosius in 386. In 387, Maximus campaigned in Italy against Valentinian II. Victor was left behind in Trier. His father defeated Valentinian but failed against a then hostile Theodosius in 388. Theodosius send Arbogastes in Trier to slay Victor.

Victor's death left Valentinian II, Theodosius and Arcadius as the sole Augusti in the Empire

RIC IX Aquileia 55b
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66. Gratian.AE 3, 367 - 375, Siscia mint.
Obverse: DN GRATIANVS P F AVG / Diademed bust of Gratian.
Reverse: SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE / Victory advancing, holding wreath and palm branch. D in left field.
Mint mark: *ASISC
2.14 gm., 17 mm.
RIC #15c; LRBC #1310; Sear #20108.
Callimachus
Maiorina Graciano RIC IX Rome 43a.jpg
A140-05 - Graciano (367 - 383 D.C.)AE2 Maiorina 21 x 19 mm 4.5 gr.
Hijo mayor y Co-Augusto de Valentiniano I

Anv: "DN GRATIA-NVS [P F AVG]" - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "[REPARATIO REI PVB]" - Emperador vestido militarmente de pié de frente, viendo a izquierda, ayudando a la República con corona torreada a levantarse con el brazo derecho y portando una Victoriola en su mano izquierda. "[S]MRP ó B ó Q" en exergo.

Acuñada 378 - 383 D.C.
Ceca: Roma (Off.Ilegible)
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Roma) #43a Pag.125 - Cohen Vol.VIII #30 Pag.130 - DVM #38 Pag.310 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9126.e. Pag.278
mdelvalle
Medio Centenional Graciano RIC IX Siscia 31aB.jpg
A140-15 - Graciano (367 - 383 D.C.)AE3/4 Medio Centenional 14.5 mm 1.6 gr.
Hijo mayor y Co-Augusto de Valentiniano I

Anv: "DN GRATIANVS P F AVG" - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "VOT XV MVLT XX" – Leyenda en cuatro líneas dentro de una guirnalda. "*BSISC•" en exergo.

Acuñada 379 - 383 D.C.
Ceca: Siscia (Off.2da.)
Rareza: S

Referencias: RIC IX Siscia 31ª/6 Pag.152 - Cohen Vol.VIII #75 Pag.135 - DVM #52 Pag.310 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9130.p. Pag.279 - Sear RCTV (1988) #4145
mdelvalle
Centenional Graciano RIC IX Thessalonica 26c, type xv.jpg
A140-20 - Graciano (367 - 383 D.C.)AE3 Centenional 18 x 17 mm 1.7 gr.
Hijo mayor y Co-Augusto de Valentiniano I

Anv: "DN GRATIANVS P F AVG" - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "GLORIA RO-MANORVM" - Emperador vestido militarmente avanzando a derecha, arrastrando por los pelos a un prisionero con el brazo derecho y portando un Labarum (Estandarte), con el signo Chi-Ro en su bandera, en su mano izquierda. "TES" en exergo y " * / B " en campo derecho.

Acuñada 367 - 375 D.C.
Ceca: Tessalonica (Off.2da.)
Rareza: S

Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Thessalonica) #26c Pag.178 tipo xv - Cohen Vol.VIII #23 Pag.129 - DVM #43 Pag.310 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9124.g. Pag.278 - Sear RCTV (1988) #4142
mdelvalle
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attribution almost certainLooks like this is a Secvritas Repvblicae of Gratian RIC IX SISCIA 15c Type X
obv: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG
rev: SECVRITAS REIPUBLICAE with dot ASISC in exergue
Victory advancing left, with wreath and palm branch in hand.
There should be an R in the left field, but I don't see it yet...

AE3; 367-375 AD

die axis: 0
Matthew W2
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CONCORDIA AVGG, Antioch, RIC 45aGRATIAN, A.D. 367-383 Æ 3. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, Roma seated facing, head left, holding globe and spear, ΘΦK in field, ANTB in exergue, mint of Antioch. 3 g 18 mm RIC 45aPodiceps
Gratianus_DN-GRATIANVS-P-F-AVG_VOT_XX_MVLT_XXX_CONx_RIC-IX-64a-p-229_Costantinopolis_378-383-AD_R3_Q-001_h_mm_g-s~0.jpg
Constantinopolis, RIC IX 64a, 158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), AE-4 Follis, -/-//CONx, VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX in wreath, R3!!!,Constantinopolis, RIC IX 64a, 158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), AE-4 Follis, -/-//CONx, VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX in wreath, R3!!!,
avers:- DN-GRATIA-NVS-PF-AVG, Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX, Wreath, legend within.
exerg: -/-//CONx, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Constantinopolis, date: 378-383 A.D., ref: RIC IX 64a, p-229, R3!!!,
Q-001
quadrans
Gratianus_DN-GRATIANVS-P-F-AVG_VOT_XX_MVLT_XXX_SMKA_RIC-IX-22a1-p-244_Cyzicus_378-383-AD_Scarce_Q-001_h_mm_g-s~0.jpg
Cyzicus, RIC IX 22a1, 158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), AE-4 Follis, -/-//SMKA, VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX in wreath, Scarce!,Cyzicus, RIC IX 22a1, 158 Gratianus (367-383 A.D.), AE-4 Follis, -/-//SMKA, VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX in wreath, Scarce!,
avers:- DN-GRATIA-NVS-PF-AVG, Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX, Wreath, legend within.
exerg: -/-//SMKA, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Cyzicus, date: 378-383 A.D., ref: RIC IX 22a1, p-244, Scarce!,
Q-001
quadrans
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