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JUSTINIAN I, AR 250 Nummi, struck 540 - 542 at RavennaObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Diademed bust of Justinian I, wearing imperial mantle, facing right.
Reverse: Large CN (= 250 Nummi) within wreath.
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 1.07gms | Die Axis: 6
SBCV: 313 | DOC: 334a
RARE

The Ravenna mint was active from the conquest of the city by Belisarius in 540 until the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna to the Lombards in 751.3 comments*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AR Siliqua or Half-Siliqua, struck 534 - 565 at CarthageObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Justinian I facing right.
Reverse: VOT / MVLT / HTI in three lines within wreath; below, CONOS.
Diameter: 16mm | Weight: 0.7gms | Die Axis: 6
SBCV: 253 (Siliqua) | DOC: 280

On September the 15th 533 Justinian's army, led by Belisarius, entered the city of Carthage and brought it back into the Roman Empire after 98 years of Vandal rule.
1 comments*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AR Siliqua or Half-Siliqua, struck 537 - 552 at CarthageObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AV. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Justinian I facing right.
Reverse: Monogram, cross above, S below, within circle, all encircled by wreath. (SBCV Monogram 3)

Diameter: 13mm | Weight: 1.17gms | Die Axis: 6
SBCV: 254 (Siliqua) | Sommer 4.119
Scratched obverse. Not in DOC.
RARE

The monogram on the reverse of this coin was originally interpreted as being that of the Ostrogothic queen Mathasunta (cf. BMC 80, 1). However, a later re-interpretation by Wolfgang Hahn (MIB) attributed this issue as being a regular African Imperial issue of Justinian, and this is the attribution that was adopted by SBCV.

On September the 15th 533 Justinian's army, led by Belisarius, entered the city of Carthage and brought it back into the Roman Empire after 98 years of Vandal rule. In March 534 the Vandal king Gelimer surrendered to Belisarius ending the Vandal kingdom and returning the African provinces to the empire. Large numbers of captured Vandals were transported to Constantinople and in April Belisarius returned there too and was permitted by Justinian I to celebrate a triumph, the first non-imperial triumph for over 500 years.*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AE Follis (40 Nummi), struck 529 - 533 at Antioch (Theoupolis)Obverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Justinian enthroned facing, holding long sceptre in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left.
Reverse: Large M, cross above and officina letter (Δ = 4th Officina) below, asterisk in field to left of M and outward facing crescent in field to right; in exergue, +THEUP
Diameter: 34mm | Weight: 18.69gms | Die Axis: 5
SBCV: 214 | DOC: 206d.1

Much of Antioch was destroyed by a great earthquake on 29th November 528 and, following this disaster, the city was renamed Theoupolis.

530: In the spring of this year Belisarius and Hermogenes (magister officiorum) defeated a combined Persian-Arab army of 50,000 men at the Battle of Dara in modern Turkey, and in the summer a Byzantine cavalry force under the command of Sittas defeated a major Persian invasion into Roman Armenia at the Battle of Satala.
531: On April 19th, at the Battle of Callinicum, a Byzantine army commanded by Belisarius, was defeated by the Persians at Raqqa in northern Syria. Nevertheless, Justinian negotiated an end to the hostilities and Belisarius was hailed as a hero.
532: On January 11th this year anger among the supporters of the most important chariot teams in Constantinople, the Blues and the Greens, escalated into violence towards the emperor. For the next five days the city was in chaos and the fires that started during the rioting resulted in the destruction of much of the city. This insurrection, known as the Nika riots, was put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus resulting in 30,000 people being killed in the Hippodrome.
On February 23rd Justinian ordered the building of a new Christian basilica in Constantinople, the Hagia Sophia. More than 10,000 people were employed in the construction using material brought from all over the empire.
2 comments*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AE Follis (40 Nummi), struck 545/546 at CyzicusObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed facing bust of Justinian I holding globus cruciger in his right hand and shield, adorned with rider galloping right spearing a fallen enemy, in his left; cross in right field.
Reverse: Large M, cross above and officina letter below (B = 2nd Officina), A/N/N/O in field to left of M and regnal year X/ЧI/II/I in field to right; in exergue, :K•YZ
Diameter: 34mm | Weight: 19.22gms | Die Axis: 6
SBCV: 207 | DOC: 171b.3

Justinian I introduced the system of dating on the Byzantine bronze coinage in the 12th year of his reign (Regnal year 538/39).

546: On December 17th of this year the Ostrogoths under King Totila plundered Rome and destroyed its fortifications. The city fell after almost a year's siege due to the capture, near the mouth of the Tiber, of a grain fleet sent by Pope Vigilius and the failure of the troops sent by the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius to relieve the city. After sacking Rome the Ostrogoths withdrew to Apulia in southern Italy.2 comments*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AE Half-Follis (20 Nummi), struck 527 – 528 at AntiochObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Justinian I facing right.
Reverse: Large K, Large latin cross to left dividing letters A–N / T–X; officina letter to right of K (Γ = third officina).
Diameter: 28mm | Weight: 5.8gms | Die Axis: 12
SBCV: 224a | Not in DOC
Rare

This coin was struck prior to Antioch being renamed Theoupolis following the great earthquake that virtually destroyed the city on 29th November 528.

527: One of Justinian's first acts as sole emperor was to reorganise the command structure of the Byzantine army. He appointed Belisarius to command the Eastern army in Armenia and on the Byzantine-Persian frontier.
528: In February of this year Justinian appointed a commission to codify all the laws of the Roman Empire that were still in force from Hadrian to the current date. This Code of Civil Laws came to be called the Codex Justinianus.
On November 29th a great earthquake struck Antioch, killing thousands and destroying much of the city including the Domus Aurea (Great Church) built by Constantine the Great.*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AE Half-Follis (20 Nummi), struck 529 – 533 at Antioch (Theoupolis)Obverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Justinian I enthroned facing, holding long sceptre in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left.
Reverse: Large K, Large latin cross to left dividing letters T–H/Є–U/O/P; officina letter to right of K (Δ = fourth officina).
Diameter: 28mm | Weight: 8.4gms | Die Axis: 11
SBCV: 225 | DOC: 208.6
Rare

Much of Antioch was destroyed by a great earthquake on 29th November 528 and, following this disaster, the city was renamed Theoupolis.

530: In the spring of this year Belisarius and Hermogenes (magister officiorum) defeated a combined Persian-Arab army of 50,000 men at the Battle of Dara in modern Turkey, and in the summer a Byzantine cavalry force under the command of Sittas defeated a major Persian invasion into Roman Armenia at the Battle of Satala.
531: On April 19th, at the Battle of Callinicum, a Byzantine army commanded by Belisarius, was defeated by the Persians at Raqqa in northern Syria. Nevertheless, Justinian negotiated an end to the hostilities and Belisarius was hailed as a hero.
532: On January 11th this year anger among the supporters of the most important chariot teams in Constantinople, the Blues and the Greens, escalated into violence towards the emperor. For the next five days the city was in chaos and the fires that started during the rioting resulted in the destruction of much of the city. This insurrection, known as the Nika riots, was put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus resulting in 30,000 people being killed in the Hippodrome.
On February 23rd Justinian ordered the building of a new Christian basilica in Constantinople, the Hagia Sophia. More than 10,000 people were employed in the construction using material brought from all over the empire.
1 comments*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AE Half-Follis (20 Nummi), struck 548/549 at Antioch (Theoupolis)Obverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed facing bust of Justinian I holding globus cruciger in his right hand and shield in his left; cross in right field.
Reverse: Large K, cross above and mint-mark O/Π below. A/N/N/O in field to left of K and regnal year XXII in field to right
Diameter: 25mm | Weight: 7.8gms | Die Axis: 11
SBCV: 230 | DOC: 238.3

Much of Antioch was destroyed by a great earthquake on 29th November 528 and, following this disaster, the city was renamed Theoupolis.

548: On June 28th of this year, at the age of 48, the Empress Theodora died. Her body is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.
Also in this year Justinian I relieved Belisarius from military command in favour of the elderly Byzantine general Narses.
549: This year, after Belisarius had returned to Constantinople, the Ostrogoths under Totila besieged Rome for a third time. The Ostrogoths then conquered the city of Perugia in central Italy and stationed a Gothic garrison there.
549 was also the year that the last ever chariot races were held in the Circus Maximus in Rome.
*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AE Decanummium (10 Nummi), struck 548/549 at CarthageObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Justinian I facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIA AG. Victory advancing facing holding wreath in right hand and globus cruciger in left, in exergue X with star either side. (The X indicates the mark of value, i.e. 10 Nummi).
Diameter: 20.7mm | Weight: 4.24gms | Die Axis: 9
SBCV: 271 | DOC: 304
SCARCE

548: On June 28th of this year, at the age of 48, the Empress Theodora died. Her body is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.
Also in this year Justinian I relieved Belisarius from military command in favour of the elderly Byzantine general Narses.
549: This year, after Belisarius had returned to Constantinople, the Ostrogoths under Totila besieged Rome for a third time. The Ostrogoths then conquered the city of Perugia in central Italy and stationed a Gothic garrison there.
549 was the year that the last ever chariot races were held in the Circus Maximus in Rome.
*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AE Decanummium (10 Nummi), struck 558/559 at NicomediaObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Justinian I facing right.
Reverse: Large I surmounted by cross, A/N/N/O in field to left and regnal year X/X/X/II in field to right; in exergue, NIK.
Diameter: 17mm | Weight: 3.8gms | Die Axis: 12
SBCV: 205 | DOC: 138a.3

Justinian I introduced the system of dating on the Byzantine bronze coinage in the 12th year of his reign (Regnal year 538/39).

558: In this year the dome of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople collapsed due to an earthquake and Justinian I ordered it to be rebuilt.
559: A combined force of Kutrigurs and Huns crossed the frozen Danube River and invaded the Balkans in this year. But, after they had raided Thracia and Macedonia, the Byzantine general Belisarius, with a force consisting of a few thousand hastily raised levies and his veteran cavalry, defeated them at the Battle of Melantias, near Constantinople.
*Alex

Louis XIII and Anne d'Autriche. AE (Brass) Jeton struck c.1615 - 1616Obverse: LVDO•XIII D G FR•ET•NA•ANNA•AVSTR•HISPAN. Crowned jugate busts of Louis XIII and Anne facing right, both wearing ruffs.
Reverse: Crown and two branches above two hearts, between which are the scrolled words CARITAS / *SPES* / *FIDES* in three lines above * L * - * A * (for Louis and Anne) either side of facing eagle. Below, scroll bearing the words •HANS•LAVFER•; in exergue H – L (for Hans Laufer) either side of floral device.

Struck at Nuremburg, Germany
Die engraver: Hans Laufer
Dimensions: 27.1mm | Weight: 3.87gms | Die Axis: 12
Ref. M: 3714 | Feuardent: 12329

Hans Laufer became Guild master at Nuremburg in 1611, though he had been responsible for issuing jetons from 1607. He died in 1632.

Louis XIII became king of France and Navarre in 1610, shortly before his ninth birthday, after his father Henry IV was assassinated. He ruled France until he died of Tuberculosis in 1643. Anne was betrothed to him at the age of eleven and, on 24th November 1615, they were married by proxy in Burgos. The marriage following the tradition of cementing military and political alliances between France and Spain that had begun with the marriage of Philip II of Spain to Elisabeth of Valois in 1559 as part of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. Anne and Louis, both fourteen years old, were pressured to consummate their marriage in order to forestall any possibility of future annulment, but this was ignored and Louis' mother, Marie de Medici, continued to conduct herself as Queen of France, without showing any deference to her daughter-in-law. However, in 1617, Louis conspired with Charles d'Albert, Duke of Luynes, to dispense with his mother's influence and she was ousted in a palace coup d'état which also saw her favourite, Concino Concini, assassinated. Louis turned now to Cardinal Richelieu as his advisor but Anne was opposed to Richelieu and became embroiled in several intrigues against him. This inevitably created tension between Louis and Anne. But despite this, and after having endured several stillbirths, in 1638 Anne finally gave birth to a son, the future Louis XIV, and the Bourbon line was further secured when in 1640 she gave birth to a second son, Philippe. *Alex

0224 - 1 Real Reyes Católicos c.1535 ACObv/ Coat of arms flanked by X and X; around, : FERNANDVS : 7 : ELISABET - D
Rev/ Arrows and yoke, points around, below S. Around, + : REX : 7 : REGINA : CASTELE : LEGI

Ag, 26.5 mm, 3.28 g
Mint: Sevilla
Calicó -- - F6.8.1var
ex-Áureo & Calicó, auction Isabel de Tratámara, vol IX, lot 885dafnis

0251 - 1 Real Reyes Católicos c.1523 ACObv/ Coat of arms crowned; around, FERNANDVS * ET : HELISA :
Rev/ Arrows and yoke, below B. Around, ++ REX : ET · REGINA : CAST · LEGIO

Ag, 27.5 mm, 3.36 g
Mint: Burgos
Calicó (2019)/309 - F1.3.1.1 var
ex-Tauler & Fau, auction e46 (Spanish Coins Vol.V), lot 8158dafnis

064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 012Obv:- IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- LEG XI CL / TR P COS, Legionary eagle between two standards, Capricorns on standards.
Minted in Rome. A.D. 193
Reference:- Cohen 268. RIC 12 (Scarce)

Capricorns were the symbols of the XIIII the legion though Capricorns have been noted on several other legions in error.

Legio XI Claudia Pia Fidelis dates back to the two legions (the other was the XIIth) recruited by Julius Caesar to invade Gallia in 58 BC, and it existed at least until early 5th century, guarding lower Danube in Durostorum (modern Silistra, Bulgaria). 1 commentsmaridvnvm

128/1. Decia - denarius (206-200 BC)AR Denarius (uncertain mint, 206-200 BC)
O/ Helmeted head of Roma right; X behind head.
R/ The Dioscuri galloping right; shield & carnyx below horses; ROMA in exergue.
4.01g; 20.5mm
Crawford 128/1 (less than 10 obverse dies/less than 12 reverse dies)
- Privately bought from Münzen & Medaillen Basel.
- Ex collection of Elvira Elisa Clain-Stefanelli (1914-2001), former director of the National Numismatic Collection (part of the Smithsonian Institute).
- Naville Numismatics Live Auction 29, lot 479.

* Anonymous (shield & carnyx), Decius?:

This very rare issue has traditionally been attributed to a descendant of a line of three heroes named Publius Decius Mus. The first of that name was Consul in 340 BC; he received the Grass Crown after having saved his army from destruction against the Samnites, then sacrificed himself at the Battle of Vesuvius during his consulship in an act of devotio (exchanging his life against the victory of his army). His son was four times Consul (312, 308, 297 and 295 BC) and similarly sacrificed himself at the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC against a coalition of Etruscans, Samnites, and Gauls. The third of that name was Consul in 279 BC and fought against Pyrrhus, who successfully thwarted his attempt to sacrifice himself like his ancestors (cf. discussion in Broughton, vol. I, p. 193).

300 years later, Trajan restored several issues of the Republic, including this one, but with the addition of DECIVS MVS on the obverse (RIC 766). Babelon thus assumed that this denarius was minted by the son of the last Publius Decius Mus (Decia 1). In this hypothesis, the shield and Carnyx refers to the second Mus -- the one who fought the Gauls.

However, Crawford contested this view, writing: "The restoration of this issue by Trajan with the added legend DECIVS MVS provides no grounds whatever for supposing that it was originally struck by someone of that name - the family was certainly extinct by this period."

It is still very strange that Trajan picked this rare denarius, from an irregular mint, for restoration. He could have chosen many other anonymous issues of the early Roman coinage, and simply add the name of Decius Mus. It thus shows that the imperial mint had retained some specimens or archives of previous issues up to the 3rd century BC, because due to its rarity, this denarius had already disappeared from circulation by the time of Trajan. A list of the magistrates behind each issue could therefore have been kept as well; Trajan might have selected the moneyers whom he thought were significant for the history of Rome and restored their issue. A Publius Decius Subulo was living in these years (Livy, xliii. 17) and perhaps minted this coin; his name could have been preserved in the archives of the mint, which might have led Trajan to pick his denarius for restoration.1 commentsJoss

13. Phaselis: Tetradrachm in the name of Alexander the Great.Tetradrachm, 206 / 05 BC, Phaselis mint.
Obverse: Head of Alexander as Herakles, wearing lion's skin headdress.
Reverse: ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ / Zeus sitting, holding his attendant eagle and sceptre. ΙΓ and Φ at left.
16.59 gm., 30 mm.
P. #2853.

The letters ΙΓ are a date: year 13. The dated coinage of Phaselis runs from year 1 through year 33. The coinage of Phaselis came to an end in 186 BC when the Treaty of Apamea gave Rhodes control over Lycia. That makes year 13 correspond to 206 / 205 BC. See pages 346 - 49 of Price, vol. I. Callimachus

1715 - États de Saint-Brieuc Louis XIV
6,75g
28 mm
argent
LUDOVICUS. MAGNUS REX .
"Louis le Grand Roi"
Buste à droite de Louis XIV signé TB
IETONS DES ESTAS DE BRETAGNE
Écu écartelé de France et de Bretagne couronné sur un manteau fleurdelisé
à l'exergue 1715.
Daniel 71 PYL

1717 - États de DinanLouis XV
6,60g
28 mm
argent
LUD. XV. D. G. FR ET. NAV. REX.
"Louis XV par la grâce de Dieu roi de France et de Navarre"
Tête laurée à droite de Louis XV avec le col drapé,
au-dessous signature I. B.
JETONS. DES. ESTAS. DE. BRETAGNE
Écu de France et de Bretagne couronné sur un manteau fleurdelisé et herminé
à l'exergue 1717.
Daniel 74 PYL

1778 - États de RennesLouis XVI
6,75g
28 mm
argent
LUDOV. XVI. REX CHRISTIANISS
"Louis XVI roi très chrétien"
ête à gauche, les cheveux longs, drapé d’une tunique,
au-dessous signature DUV.
JETTON DES ETATS DE BRETAGNE 1778
Écu de France et de Bretagne couronné sur un manteau fleurdelisé et herminé
Daniel 126
PYL

1782 - États de RennesLouis XVI
6,72g
28 mm
argent
LUD. XVI. REX CHRISTIANISS.
"Louis XVI roi très chrétien"
Buste habillé à droite,
avec le grand cordon retenu par une barrette,
signé DU VIV
JETTON DES ETATS DE BRETAGNE 1782
Écu écartelé de France et de Bretagne couronné sur un manteau fleurdelisé
Daniel 129 PYL

19th Century framed uniface plaster cast Stater from ElisObv:- Eagle's head left, below poplar leaf
Rev:- winged thunderbolt
Elis. Olympia. 93rd Olympiad, c. 408 BC. Stater

Famed uniface plaster cast from 19th century.
Originally mounted on velvet and one would assume in a display case. Traces of velvet still attached to underside of frame. 1 commentsmaridvnvm

200 Réis Mauá1936 CE

Obverse: Steam engine, date above, denomination below. BRASIL - 1936 - CL - 200 - RS
Engraver: Leopoldo Campos

Reverse: Portrait of Irineu Evangelista de Souza, baron and viscount of Mauá (1813-1889), Brazilian entrepreneur, industrialist, banker and politician. MA UA' - CL
Engraver: Leopoldo Campos Pericles J2

2815 PISIDIA, Pednelissus Hadrian Apollo Reference.
RPC III 2815/3; vA Pisid. I, 1187–8

Obv. ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟϹ
Laureate head of Hadrian, right

Rev. ΠΕΔΝΗ
Apollo standing facing, head l., holding bow laurel branch in his r. hand, l. arm resting on stele

2.47 gr
15 mm
6hokidoki

284Diocletian 284-305 AD
AE half follis
Obv: DN DIOCLETIANO FELISSIM
Laureate consular bust right
Rev: PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
Providentia and Quies stood facing each other
B//ALE
Alexandria Mint
RIC 87amauseus

515a. Aelia FlacillaEmpress, wife of Theodosius the Great, died c. A. D. 385 or 386. Like Theodosius himself, his first wife, Ælia Flaccilla, was of Spanish descent. She may have been the daughter of Claudius Antonius, Prefect of Gaul, who was consul in 382. Her marriage with Theodosius probably took place in the year 376, when his father, the comes Theodosius, fell into disfavour and he himself withdrew to Cauca in Gallæcia, for her eldest son, afterwards Emperor Arcadius, was born towards the end of the following year. In the succeeding years she presented two more children to her husband Honorius (384), who later became emperor, and Pulcheria, who died in early childhood, shortly before her mother. Gregory of Nyssa states expressly that she had three children; consequently the Gratian mentioned by St. Ambrose, together with Pulcheria, was probably not her son. Flaccilla was, like her husband, a zealous supporter of the Nicene Creed and prevented the conference between the emperor and the Arian Eunomius (Sozomen, Hist. eccl., VII, vi). On the throne she was a shining example of Christian virtue and ardent charity. St. Ambrose describes her as "a soul true to God" (Fidelis anima Deo. — "De obitu Theodosii", n. 40, in P. L., XVI, 1462). In his panegyric St. Gregory of Nyssa bestowed the highest praise on her virtuous life and pictured her as the helpmate of the emperor in all good works, an ornament of the empire, a leader of justice, an image of beneficence. He praises her as filled with zeal for the Faith, as a pillar of the Church, as a mother of the indigent. Theodoret in particular exalts her charity and benevolence (Hist. eccles., V, xix, ed. Valesius, III, 192 sq.). He tells us how she personally tended cripples, and quotes a saying of hers: "To distribute money belongs to the imperial dignity, but I offer up for the imperial dignity itself personal service to the Giver." Her humility also attracts a special meed of praise from the church historian. Flaccilla was buried in Constantinople, St. Gregory of Nyssa delivering her funeral oration. She is venerated in the Greek Church as a saint, and her feast is kept on 14 September. The Bollandists (Acta SS., Sept., IV, 142) are of the opinion that she is not regarded as a saint but only as venerable, but her name stands in the Greek Menæa and Synaxaria followed by words of eulogy, as is the case with the other saints

Wife of Theodosius. The reverse of the coin is very interesting; a nice bit of Pagan-Christian syncretism with winged victory inscribing a chi-rho on a shield. 1 commentsecoli

515b. Magnus MaximusA Spaniard, Maximus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 383, while serving with the army in Britain. Later legend made him King of the Britons; he handed the throne over to Caradocus when he went to Gaul to pursue his imperial ambitions.

Following his destruction of Gaul, Maximus went out to meet his main opponent, Gratian, who he defeated near Paris. Gratian, after fleeing, was killed at Lyon on August 25, 383. Soon after, Maximus managed to force Valentinian II out of Rome after which he fled to Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor. Maximus made his capital at Augusta Treverorum (Treves, Trier) in Gaul. He became a popular emperor, although also a stern persecutor of heretics.

Theodosius I and Valentinian II campaigned against Magnus Maximus in July-August 388. Maximus was defeated in the Battle of the Save, near Emona, and retreated to Aquileia. Andragathius, magister equitum of Maximus and killer of Gratian, was defeated near Siscia, his brother Marcellinus again at Poetovio. Maximus surrendered in Aquileia and although pleaded for mercy was executed. However, his wife and two daughters were spared. Maximus' son, Flavius Victor, was defeated and executed by Valentinian's magister peditum Arbogast in the fall of the same year.

What happened to his family is not related, although it is clear that they survived and that his descendants continued to occupy influential posts. We encounter a possible daughter of Magnus Maximus, Sevira, on the Pillar of Eliseg, an early medieval inscribed stone in Wales which claims her marriage to Vortigern, king of the Britons. Another daughter was possibly married to Ennodius, proconsul Africae (395). Their grandson was Petronius Maximus, who was another ill-fated emperor, ruling in Rome for but 77 days before he was stoned to death while fleeing from the Vandals on May 24, 455. Other descendants included Anicius Olybrius, emperor in 472, but also several consuls and bishops such as St. Magnus Felix Ennodius (Bishop of Pavia c. 514-21).

Magnus Maximus AE-4

Obv: MM right, DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG; Reverse: SPES ROMANORVM, campgate with two turrets and star above. Coin is nice VF for this small issue. ecoli

703b, Tiberius, 19 August 14 - 16 March 37 A.D., Hierapolis, PhrygiaBronze AE 16, RPC I 2966 (1 specimen), F, Phrygia, Hierapolis, 3.300g, 15.6mm, 0o; Obverse: TIBEPIOC KAISAR, laureate head right; Reverse: IERAPOLEITWN ZOSIMOS [...], Apollo Archegetes (Lairbenos) standing left, playing lyre; reverse countermarked with star of six rays, in oval punch, 2.5 x 3.5 mm, Howgego 445 (3 pcs, 1 of which from this magistrate); dark patina; very rare. Ex FORVM.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

TIBERIUS (A.D. 14-37)

Garrett G. Fagan
Pennsylvania State University

The reign of Tiberius Claudius Nero (b. 42 B.C., d. A.D. 37, emperor A.D. 14-37) is a particularly important one for the Principate, since it was the first occasion when the powers designed for Augustus alone were exercised by somebody else. In contrast to the approachable and tactful Augustus, Tiberius emerges from the sources as an enigmatic and darkly complex figure, intelligent and cunning, but given to bouts of severe depression and dark moods that had a great impact on his political career as well as his personal relationships. His reign abounds in contradictions. Despite his keen intelligence, he allowed himself to come under the influence of unscrupulous men who, as much as any actions of his own, ensured that Tiberius's posthumous reputation would be unfavorable; despite his vast military experience, he oversaw the conquest of no new region for the empire; and despite his administrative abilities he showed such reluctance in running the state as to retire entirely from Rome and live out his last years in isolation on the island of Capri. His reign represents, as it were, the adolescence of the Principate as an institution. Like any adolescence, it proved a difficult time.

. . . .

It is all but inevitable that any historical assessment of Tiberius will quickly devolve into a historiographical assessment of Tacitus. So masterful is Tacitus's portrayal of his subject, and so influential has it been ever since, that in all modern treatments of Tiberius, in attempting to get at the man, must address the issue of Tacitus's historiographical methods, his sources, and his rhetoric. The subject is too vast to address here, but some points are salient. Tacitus's methods, especially his use of innuendo and inference to convey notions that are essentially editorial glosses, makes taking his portrayal of Tiberius at face value inadvisable. Further, his belief in the immutable character of people -- that one's character is innate at birth and cannot be changed, although it can be disguised -- prevents him from investigating the possibility that Tiberius evolved and developed over his lifetime and during his reign. Instead, Tacitus's portrayal is one of peeling back layers of dissimulation to reach the "real" Tiberius lurking underneath.

Overall, Tiberius's reign can be said to show the boons and banes of rule by one man, especially a man as dark, awkward, and isolated as Tiberius. For the people of the provinces, it was a peaceful and well-ordered time. Governors behaved themselves, and there were no destructive or expensive wars. In the domestic sphere, however, the concentration of power in one person made all the greater the threat of misbehavior by ambitious satellites like Sejanus or foolish friends like Piso. Furthermore, if the emperor wished to remain aloof from the mechanics of power, he could do so. Administrators, who depended on him for their directions, could operate without his immediate supervision, but their dealings with a man like Sejanus could lead to disaster if that man fell from grace. As a result, although he was not a tyrant himself, Tiberius's reign sporadically descended into tyranny of the worst sort. In the right climate of paranoia and suspicion, widespread denunciation led to the deaths of dozens of Senators and equestrians, as well as numerous members of the imperial house. In this sense, the reign of Tiberius decisively ended the Augustan illusion of "the Republic Restored" and shone some light into the future of the Principate, revealing that which was both promising and terrifying.

[For the complete article please refer to http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm]

By Garrett G. Fagan, Pennsylvania State University.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Hierapolis in History

Usually said to be founded by Eumenes II, king of Pergamum (197-159 BC), Hierapolis may actually have been established closer to the 4th century BC by the Seleucid kings.

The name of the city may derive from Hiera, the wife of Telephus (son of Hercules and grandson of Zeus), the mythical founder of Pergamum. Or it may have been called the "sacred city" because of the temples located at the site. (The name Pamukkale is sometimes used just to refer to the white terraces, but the modern name of the whole area is also Pamukkale.)

With Colossae and Laodicea, Hierapolis became part of the tri-city area of the Lycus River valley. Hierapolis was located across the river from the other two cities and was noted for its textiles, especially wool. The city was also famous for its purple dye, made from the juice of the madder root.

The hot springs at Hierapolis (which still attract visitors today) were believed to have healing properties, and people came to the city to bathe in the rich mineral waters in order to cure various ailments.

Hierapolis was dedicated to Apollo Lairbenos, who was said to have founded the city. The Temple of Apollo that survives in ruins today dates from the 3rd century AD, but its foundations date from the Hellenistic period.

Also worshipped at Hierapolis was Pluto, god of the underworld, probably in relation to the hot gases released by the earth (see the Plutonium, below). The chief religious festival of ancient Hierapolis was the Letoia, in honor of the the goddess Leto, a Greek form of the Mother Goddess. The goddess was honoured with orgiastic rites.

Hierapolis was ceded to Rome in 133 BC along with the rest of the Pergamene kingdom, and became part of the Roman province of Asia. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 60 AD but rebuilt, and it reached its peak in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

Famous natives of Hierapolis include the Stoic philosopher Epictetus (c.55-c.135 AD) and the philosopher and rhetorician Antipater. Emperor Septimus hired Antipater to tutor his sons Caracalla and Geta, who became emperors themselves.

Hierapolis had a significant Jewish population in ancient times, as evidence by numerous inscriptions on tombs and elsewhere in the city. Some of the Jews are named as members of the various craft guilds of the city. This was probably the basis for the Christian conversion of some residents of Hierapolis, recorded in Colossians 4:13.

In the 5th century, several churches as well as a large martyrium dedicated to St. Philip (see "In the Bible," below) were built in Hierapolis. The city fell into decline in the 6th century, and the site became partially submerged under water and deposits of travertine. It was finally abandoned in 1334 after an earthquake. Excavations began to uncover Hierapolis in the 19th century.

Hierapolis in the Bible

Hierapolis is mentioned only once in the Bible, when St. Paul praises Epaphras, a Christian from Colossae, in his letter to the Colossians. Paul writes that Epaphras "has worked hard for you and for those in Laodicea and in Hierapolis" (Colossians 4:12-13). Epaphras was probably the founder of the Christian community at Hierapolis.

Ancient tradition also associates Hierapolis with a biblical figure, reporting that Philip died in Hierapolis around 80 AD. However, it is not clear which Philip is menat. It could be Philip the Apostle, one of the original 12 disciples, who is said to have been martyred by upside-down crucifixion (Acts of Philip) or by being hung upside down by his ankles from a tree.

Or Philip could be Philip the Evangelist, a later disciple who helped with administrative matters and had four virgin-prophetess daughters (Acts 6:1-7; 21:8-9). Early traditions say this Philip was buried in Hierapolis along with his virgin daughters, but confusingly call him "Philip the Apostle"! In any case, it seems a prominent person mentioned in Acts did die in Hierapolis.
Sacred Destinations - Hierapolis-Pamukkale
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

Abraham Lincoln 1865 Mourning TokenObverse: (Reading clockwise) ABRAHAM LINCOLN 16 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Reading counterclockwise) ASSASSINATED BY THE PLOTTERS OF TREASON APR. 14, 1865. Bust of Abraham Lincoln facing right.

Reverse: MARTYR FOR LIBERTY. A tomb consisting of an obelisk standing atop a wide base inscribed: A. LINCOLN APR. 15, 1865. It is set against a radiant field of 36 stars symbolizing the restoration of the Union. LEWIS JOY. NEW YORK in exergue.

Diameter: 20.51 mm

Date: 1865
Matt Inglima

Achaea. Elis, Elis. Septimius Severus AE18.Peloponnesus.
Obv. - ΛCEPCEBHP.. Septimius Severus laureate, head rt.
Rev. - HΛEIWΝ Zeus standing rt. holding eagle in left hand and throwing lightning bolt with rt.ancientone

Achaea. Zacynthus, Island off Elis. Marcus Aurelius AE20. Pan with infant DionysusZacynthus; Achaea; Peleponnessus (District: Zacynthus). Date 161–180. Obverse design laureate head of Marcus Aurelius, r. Obverse inscription ΑΥ ΚΑΙ Μ ΑΥ ΑΝΤΩΝΕΙΝ ΑΥ
Reverse design Pan standing, r., nebris over shoulders, holding bunch of grapes and infant Dionysus
Reverse inscription ΖΑΚΥΝΘΙΩΝ
RPC IV.1, 4626

ancientone

Achaean League HemidrachmAchaean League Hemidrachm. Elis. Mid First Century BC.

Obv: Laureate Zeus to Right.
Rx: Achaean League Monogram with FA to left, Monogram above, Monogram to right, thunderbolt below, all within laurel wreath. Clerk 256 var. BCD 684. Weight: 2.30 gm. Diameter: 17 mm.
Philoromaos

Achaean League, Elis.Sear 2993 var., BMC Peloponnesus p. 4.

AR hemidrachm, 13-13.5 mm, circa 196 - 146 B.C.

Obv: laureate head of Zeus facing right.

Rev: AX monogram in laurel wreath, F - A at sides, CΩ/CIAC below.

The period of mintage begins with the Roman general, T. Quinctius Flamininus' proclamation of the "Freedom of Greece" in 196 B.C. and ends with the destruction of the League and the sack of Corinth by the Romans in 146 B.C. During this short period the league was the dominant state in Greece.Stkp

Achaean League, Elis.Greece. Achaian League. 175-168 BC. AR Triobol, Hemidrachm (2.41 gm, 15.2mm, 8h) of Elis. Laureate head of Zeus Amarios, right. / Large AX league monogram, with magistrate A - N across fields, FA above, all within wreath, tied at bottom. VF. Elis was the last of league cities in the Peloponessos to join. Benner #11; BCD Peloponessos 665.2; Clerk #290 (pl. XI #58); HGC 5 #536; SNG Cop - ; Weil ZfN 9 (Elis) #2.Anaximander

ACHAIA, Achaean League, Elis. c. 188-180 B.C.Silver hemidrachm, BMC Peloponnesus p. 4, 46; S 3003 var, VF, Elis mint, 2.312g, 12.8mm, 315o, c. 196 - 146 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Zeus right; reverse large AX monogram in laurel wreath, F - A at sides, CW/CIAC below; Agrinion 334a; BCD 665.1; Benner-Elis-5. ex Coin Galleries auction, 23 November 1963, #423; ex Forum.Dino

ACHAIA, Achaean League, Elis. 167-146 BC.AR Hemidrachm. 2.30g. Laureate Head of Zeus right/ AX, F-A across, LY above, Sigma Omega below; all within laurel wreath. Dark toning. EFBCD-664, Agrinion-349a, Clerk-281; BCD 664; Benner-Elis-27. HJBerk BBS 160, lot 105.4 commentsDino

ACHAIA, Achaean League, Elis. 175-168 BCAR hemidrachm. Laureate head of Zeus right/Achaian League monogram. A - FA - N monograms across fields. All within wreath tied at bottom. Clerk 290; Agrinion-337c; BCD 665.2; Benner-Elis-11.Dino

ACHAIA, Achaean League, Elis. 88-30BC.AR hemidrachm.
Zeus right KALLIPOS behind.
XA with monograms around. Thunderbolt below.
BCD 689, Benner Elis 42.1 commentsDino

ACHAIA, Achaean League, Elis. Circa 175-168 BC.AR hemidrachm. 15mm, 2.3g. Laureate head of Zeus right / AX monogram, F-A across, LY above; all within wreath tied at the bottom. BCD 665.5. Clerk 280.Dino

ACHAIA, Achaean League, Elis. Circa 175-168 BC. Bronze dichalkon?Bronze Dichalkon? (16mm). Laureate head of Zeus right / AX monogram, F-A across, LY above; all within wreath tied at the bottom.

If fourree core - Imitating BCD 665.5/Clerk 280?Dino

ACHAIA, Achaean League, Elis. Circa 191-188 BC. AR Hemidrachm (16mm, 2.42 g, 6h).
obv: Laureate head of Zeus right
rev: Monogram of the Achaian League; above, eagle standing right; in fields, N-I/Σ-Ω; below, FA; all within laurel wreath.

Benner 1; BCD Peloponnesos 663; Agrinion Hoard 331a (same obverse die)
VF, toned.

Ex BCD Collection (not in previous sales); CNG 221, lot 89.2 commentsDino

ACHAIA, Achaean League, Elis. Circa 88-30 BC.AR hemidrachm. Laureate head of Zeus right/Achaian League monogram. 14 mm 2.2g. FA DWE XE monograms across fields. Thunderbolt below. All within wreath tied at bottom. BCD 680-1; Clerk 259; Benner-Elis-52. Toned. ex. Christopher Morcom collection. ex CNG auction 173 lot 219.Dino

ACHAIA, Aigieon. 37-31 BC.AE hexachalkon (5.67 g)
Theoxios and Kletaios, magistrates.
obv: Laureate head of Zeus right
rev: Zeus standing right, holding eagle on outstretched arm and preparing to cast thunderbolt; Î˜EOÎžIOÎ£ KÎ›HTAIOÎ£ around. Kroll, Bronze 2; BCD Peloponnesos 436.

Located along the northern coast of the Peloponnesos, Achaia was a narrow territory between Sicyon and Elis. One theory suggests that Achaia’s original inhabitants were driven to the area from Achaia Phthoitis, which itself was located across the Gulf of Corinth in southern Thessaly. A number of prehistoric and Mycenaean ruins in the western part of the Achaia indicate that the district was long inhabited, even into remote antiquity. Twelve city-states were located there: Aigai, Aigira, Aigion, Bura, Dyme, Helike, Olenos, Patrai, Pherai, Pelene, Rhypes, and Tritaia. Achaian colonies were established in Magna Graecia at Kroton, Kaulonia, Metapontion, and Sybaris. From the mid-5th century onward, much of the history of Achaia is interconnected with the Achaian League. Dino

Achaian League, Elis, 40-30 BC, AR Hemidrachm Laureate head of Zeus right, ΘPACYΛEΩN behind.
Wreath surrounding AX monogram in centre; FA monogram to left, ANTK monogram above and XE monogram to right, thunderbolt below.

BCD Peloponnesos 688; HGC 5, 541 (R1); Clerk 272; BMC 70; Sear GCV 2994.

(16 mm, 2.19 g, 11h).
John Jencek Ancient Coins & Antiquities; ex- Frank Kovacs Collection.n.igma

Achaian League, Elis, ca. 50 BC, AR Hemidrachm Laureate head of Zeus right, KA monogram in outer right field.
Wreath surrounding AX monogram in centre; FA monogram to left, Ω above ELIΣ monogram (Elis) in upper field and XE monogram to right, thunderbolt below.

BCD Peloponnesos 685 (this coin); HGC 5, 540 (R2); Clerk 261; SNG Copenhagen 306.

(15 mm, 2.39 g, 6h).
Classical Numismatic Group e-Auction 160, 14 March 2007, 44; ex- BCD collection: LHS Auction 96, 8-9 May 2006, 685; ex- Danish National Museum, Copenhagen (c.f. SNG Cop 306 deaccessioned duplicate).1 commentsn.igma

Achaian League. Elis. HemidrachmACHAIA, Achaian League. Elis. Circa 45-30 BC. AR Hemidrachm. Kallippos, magistrate. Laureate head of Zeus right; [KAΛΛIΠΠ]OΥ (magistrate) behind / Monogram; FA to left, Φ above and X to right, thunderbolt below; all within wreath tied at the bottom. Clerk 273 var. (name in genitive); BCD Peloponnesos 690; SNG Copenhagen 298. 1 commentsPodiceps

Albert A. Michelson, 1973 NYU Hall of Fame MedalObv: ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON 1852 – 1931, bust of Dr. Michelson facing right. In the field is a drawing for the revolving mirror from his final report on the “Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light.” His signature appears below.

Rev: The measurement of stellar diameters that was achieved with the aid of a 20 foot interferometer atop a giant telescope which is focused on the star Betelgeuse seen through the open dome of an observatory. THE HALL OF FAME FOR GREAT AMERICANS AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ©1973.

Category: Astronomer

Year Elected: 1970

Medal Issued: 1973

Sculptor: Elisabeth Gordon Chandler

Mint: Medallic Art Company

Details: Bronze, 44 mm, 0°
Matt Inglima

Alexander the Great, silver tetradrachm, Phaselis Obv:– Head of (Alexander the Great as) Herakles right, wearing lion skin headdress knotted at base of neck
Rev:– ALEXANDPOY, Zeus seated left, holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left, IA/F in left field
Minted in Phaselis mint. Civic issue, dated CY 11 (208/7 BC).
Reference:– Price 2849. 3 commentsmaridvnvm

Alexander, Tet, PhaselisPhaselis
33 mm, 16.63 g
obv: head of Herakles wearing lion skin right
rev: ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ; Zeus enthroned left, holding eagle and scepter, C over Φ to left, anchor countermark to right

areich

American Legion School AwardObv: FOR GOD & COUNTRY (the first four words of the American Legion's Constitution), a soldier and a sailor bearing arms, standing before a seascape that transitions into the French countryside, SEMPER FIDELIS in exergue.

Rev: An eagle with wings spread stands above the legend: AMERICAN LEGION / SCHOOL AWARD / COURAGE HONOR SERVICE / LEADERSHIP SCHOLARSHIP. In the lower third of the reverse is the American Legion seal above a sunburst.

Originally, the award was given to a boy of exceptional character in the graduating class of every grammar school in the state where there were at least ten male graduates. In 1925 an award of a different design was made for girls.

Designer: Robert Tait McKenzie

Produced by the Medallic Art Company, ca. 1922 - 1950, Bronze, Diameter: 76 mm
Matt Inglima

Antoninus Pius, RIC 589, Sestertius of AD 139 (Aurum Coronarium: Sicilia)Æ Sestertius (24.85g, Ø32mm, 4h). Rome mint. Struck AD 139.
Obv.: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P, laureate head of Antoninus Pius facing right.
Rev.: SICILIA (around) COS II (in ex.) S C (in field), Sicilia, wearing triskelis, standing left, holding crown with pearls and a bunch of corn (or poppy).
RIC 589 (R2); BMCRE IV 1197; Cohen 786 (fr.30); Strack 796 (found in 5 collections); Banti (I Grandi Bronzi Imperiali II-3) 395 (single spec.); Sear (Roman Coins & their Values II) 4233
ex Old Roman Coins (via eBay, 2001)

Part of a series celebrating Antoninus' remission of half of the special tax (aurum coronarium) normally levied on the provinces at the time of the accession of an emperor.Charles S

Antwerp Coin Weight1 Willemsschild?1/2 Willemsschild? 1/4 Willemsschild? - (1411 - 1417)

13 x 12,8 x 0,35mm
0,4g

Standing figure holding sword, over G, shield at his left.
Hand symbol (for Antwerp); 7-8/C-I(1578, Cornelis Janssen?) across field; all within wreath.

Ref:
Coin Weights Cornelis Janssen
muntgewicht.nl pag:63 versie: 14-05-2021tiago1480

Apollo right/ Zeus right with eagle and thunderbolt, AE 21Elis, Olympia, Late 3rd century-191 B.C. AE 21mm, 5.77g. Obv: Head of Apollo r. Rev: Zeus stg. r., hurling thunderbolt, eagle. BCD-292. Ex H.J.BerkPodiceps

AR Legionary Denarius LEG VIIANT AVG III VIR R P C, galley r. mast with banners at prow

LEG VII, legionary eagle between two standards

Patrae mint 32-31BC

The VII Claudia Pia Fidelis is one of the oldest Imperial legions, on campaign with Caesar during his conquest of Gaul and Caesar's British invasions. During the civil war against Pompey, the seventh served at Pharsalus in 48BC and later in Africa at Thapsacus. The unit later served with Octavian at the Philippi. The unit seems to have existed into the 4th century AD, where it was recorded guarding the Middle Danube.3 commentsWill Hooton

Argolis, Troizen, Commodus, BCD Peloponnesos 1341.2 (plate coin)Commodus, AD 177-192
AE 21mm, 9.61 g
obv. [M AVR KOMMO]DOC AV[G]
Laureate head right
rev. [TROI - ZHNIWN]
Hippolytus standing facing, head left, holding spear and ?; his dog at feet(?)
BCD Peloponnesos 1341.2 (this coin); NCP p.162, 7 (this coin) Thanks to BCD!
extremely rare, VF, black green patina with traces of lighter olive overtones, light roughness
Pedigree:
ex BCD coll.
ex A. Rhousopoulos coll.
ex LHS 96, 8./9. May 2006

A note from BCD: Troizen must have enjoyed a special status under Commodus, as did Aigion, Megara and Pagai. These cities and Epidauros are the only ones that issued non-Severan coins in the Peloponnesos, with the exception of the well-established mints of like Corinth, Patrai, Elis, Argos and Lakedaimon.

For more informations see the thread 'Coins of mythological interest'1 commentsJochen

Arkadia, Heraia, ca. mid-4th Century BC, Æ DichalkonHead of Athena wearing crested Attic helmet right.
Straight sided letter H.

HGC 5, 840 (this coin); BCD Peloponnesos 1367 (this coin); BMC 27; Traité 1020.

(15 mm, 2.70 g, 1h).
ex- BCD Collection: LHS 96 Lot 1367 (8 May 2006). Found near Phigaleia (in SW Arkadia) per BCD collection tag and acquired by BCD through exchange with AR in March 1994.

Heraia was a fortified city located in western Arkadia on the border with Elis. It was situated on one of the banks of the river Alpheios upstream from Olympia. Little is known of its history. The site of the ancient city was excavated in 1931, but it remains closed to the public. Phigaleia, where this coin was found, was a fortified city, located about 50 km due south of Heraia in one of the most elevated parts of the Peloponnesos. Phigaleia fell into decay under Roman rule in the third century AD.
n.igma

Autophradates - AEPersia - Lydia, Sardis?
c. 380-355 BC
head of Autophradates right, wearing Persian tiara
monoskelis
Winzer 11.7.
1,4g 9mmJ. B.

Auxonne in France, 1424-1427 AD., Duchy of Burgundy, Philippe le Bon, Blanc aux Ã©cus, Poey d'Avant # 5735.France, Duchy of Burgundy, Auxonne mint (?), Philip the Good (Philippe le Bon, 1419-1467), struck 1424-1427 AD.,
AR blanc aux écus (26-28 mm / 3,27 g),
Obv.: + DVX : ET : COMES : BVRGVDIE , Ecus accolés de Bourgogne nouveau et Bourgogne ancien sous PhILIPVS.
Rev.: + SIT : NOMEN : DNI : BENEDICTVM , Croix longue entre un lis et un lion, au-dessus de PhILIPVS.
B., 1230 ; Dumas, 15-7-1 ; Poey d'Avant # 5735.

"PotatorII": "This coin is atributed to Auxonne mint because of the presence of a "secret dot" under the first letter (S) on reverse."

Rare

Imitation du blanc aux écus d'Henri VI d'Angleterre, frappé en France à partir de novembre 1422.

Philip the Good (French: Philippe le Bon), also Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (July 31, 1396 – June 15, 1467) was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty (the then Royal family of France). During his reign Burgundy reached the height of its prosperity and prestige and became a leading center of the arts. Philip is known in history for his administrative reforms, patronage of Flemish artists such as Jan van Eyck, and the capture of Joan of Arc. During his reign he alternated between English and French alliances in an attempt to improve his dynasty's position.
Born in Dijon, he was the son of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria-Straubing. On the 28 January 1405, he was named Count of Charolais in appanage of his father and probably on the same day he was engaged to Michele of Valois (1395–1422), daughter of Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria. They were married in June of 1409.
Philip subsequently married Bonne of Artois (1393–1425), daughter of Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, and also the widow of his uncle, Philip II, Count of Nevers, in Moulins-les-Engelbert on November 30, 1424. The latter is sometimes confused with Philip's biological aunt, also named Bonne (sister of John the Fearless, lived 1379 - 1399), in part due to the Papal Dispensation required for the marriage which made no distinction between a marital aunt and a biological aunt.
His third marriage, in Bruges on January 7, 1430 with Isabella of Portugal (1397 - December 17, 1471), daughter of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, produced three sons:
* Antoine (September 30, 1430, Brussels – February 5, 1432, Brussels), Count of Charolais
* Joseph (April 24, 1432 – aft. May 6, 1432), Count of Charolais
* Charles (1433–1477), Count of Charolais and Philip's successor as Duke, called "Charles the Bold" or "Charles the Rash"
Philip also had some eighteen illegitimate children, including Antoine, bastard of Burgundy, by twenty four documented mistresses [1]. Another, Philip of Burgundy (1464-1524), bishop of Utrecht, was a fine amateur artist, and the subject of a biography in 1529.
Philip became duke of Burgundy, count of Flanders, Artois and Franche Comté when his father was assassinated in 1419. Philip accused Charles, the Dauphin of France and Philip's brother-in-law of planning the murder of his father which had taken place during a meeting between the two at Montereau, and so he continued to prosecute the civil war between the Burgundians and Armagnacs. In 1420 Philip allied himself with Henry V of England under the Treaty of Troyes. In 1423 the alliance was strengthened by the marriage of his sister Anne to John, Duke of Bedford, regent for Henry VI of England.
In 1430 Philip's troops captured Joan of Arc at Compiègne and later handed her over to the English who orchestrated a heresy trial against her, conducted by pro-Burgundian clerics. Despite this action against Joan of Arc, Philip's alliance with England was broken in 1435 when Philip signed the Treaty of Arras (which completely revoked the Treaty of Troyes) and thus recognised Charles VII as king of France. Philip signed for a variety of reasons, one of which may have been a desire to be recognised as the Premier Duke in France. Philip then attacked Calais, but this alliance with Charles was broken in 1439, with Philip supporting the revolt of the French nobles the following year (an event known as the Praguerie) and sheltering the Dauphin Louis.
Philip generally was preoccupied with matters in his own territories and seldom was directly involved in the Hundred Years' War, although he did play a role during a number of periods such as the campaign against Compiegne during which his troops captured Joan of Arc. He incorporated Namur into Burgundian territory in 1429 (March 1, by purchase from John III, Marquis of Namur), Hainault and Holland, Frisia and Zealand in 1432 (with the defeat of Countess Jacqueline in the last episode of the Hook and Cod wars); inherited the duchy of Brabant and Limburg and the margrave of Antwerp in 1430 (on the death of his cousin Philip of Saint-Pol); and purchased Luxembourg in 1443 from Elisabeth of Bohemia, Duchess of Luxembourg. Philip also managed to ensure his illegitimate son, David, was elected Bishop of Utrecht in 1456. It is not surprising that in 1435, Philip began to style himself "Grand Duke of the West". In 1463 Philip returned some of his territory to Louis XI. That year he also created an Estates-General based on the French model. The first meeting of the Estates-General was to obtain a loan for a war against France and to ensure support for the succession of his son, Charles I, to his dominions. Philip died in Bruges in 1467.

my ancient coin database
1 commentsArminius

B. Flip-Over Double Strike: Olympia, Elis AE, ex BCD Coll.Photo Source: Künker (edited) [LINK]
Greek (Hellenistic). Olympia, Elis AE Half Unit or Dichalkon (18mm, 4.26g, 6h), c. late 3rd - 192 BCE.
Obv: Laureate head of Apollo to right. (Overstrike visible: Partial rev. legend, F, & Zeus' throwing arm.)
Rev: Zeus holding eagle & hurling thunderbolt to right. F / HP (monogram) to left; A / ME (monogram) to right.
Ref: BCD Olympia 295 (for type).
Prov: Ex BCD Collection, acquired Jan 1975 for “50 d(rs?)" from “DGP,” ex “C.P.”; J. Cohen Collection (CNG EA 401 [2017], 731 [part]). (For add. prov. notes, see this coin in my BCD album: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pid=180670.)

Numis. Notes: A rare & interesting "flip-over double strike." As Oliver Hoover described it (2011): “A rare variety of these errors is the flip-over double (or more) strike, where the flan flips over before it is struck again. In such a case, each side of the flan will have both obverse and reverse images present” (HGC 5: p. xvi.) In this case, portions of each side can be seen on the other, but the clearest evidence is the reverse ethnic (F-A) visible above Apollo's head on the obverse.Curtis JJ

Baduila - Rome - 2 or 2 1/2 nummiBaduila (-552), Ostrogothic king (541-552). Æ 2 or 2½ Nummi (10 mm, 0.82 g), minted in Rome 550-552. Obverse: frontal bust with helmet, DN BA-DVIL. Reverse: lion advancing right within wreath. Metlich 99.

The type with a lion on the reverse copies the preceeding denarius (MIBE 232) from the Rome mint, which may have been introduced by the Roman general Belisarius in connection with the ludi saeculares of the city in 547; the 1300th anniversary of Rome's foundation. The type was continued to be used after Baduila captured Rome in January 550 and it may be related to the circus games that he is known to have presented in the city.Jan

BCC LT56Lead Tessera
Caesarea Maritima
Obv: Crescent and Star.
Rev: Uncertain object and axis.
Lighthouse?, obelisk?, Galley?
Any ideas are welcome.
11 x 8.5 x 1.25mm. 0.90gm.
cf. Hamburger #123
cf. BCC LT23
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome

Benjamin Franklin, 1962 NYU Hall of Fame MedalObv: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN - 1706 - 1790, portrait of Franklin facing slightly to the left.

Rev: THE HALL OF FAME FOR GREAT AMERICANS AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, a kite decorated with the flag of the original 13 American States flying into a thunderstorm, symbolic of Franklin's work as a scientist and a statesman. Quote: "THIS CONSTITUTION CAN END IN DESPOTISM WHEN THE PEOPLE SHALL BECOME SO CORRUPTED AS TO NEED DESPOTIC GOVERNMENT."

Category: Statesman and Scientist

Year Elected: 1900

Year Issued: 1962

Sculptor: Elisabeth Chandler

Mint: Medallic Art Company

Details: Bronze, 44 mm, 0°Matt Inglima

Blanca (Reyes Católicos)1506 - 1566 AD

Obverse: FERNANDVS ET ELISABET
Crowned monogram of Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Reverse: REX ET REGINA CAST LEGION
Crowned monogram of Isabella I of Castile.

Mintmark: S (Sevilla)
Pericles J2

Bottiaia. c. 187-168 BC. AR 2½ obol Macedon, Bottiaia. c. 187-168 BC. AR 2½ obol (1.77 gm, 14mm) of Pella. Macedonian shield with tetraskelis, a whorl ornament, at center composed of five crescents. / Stern of galley l. inscribed BOTTEATΩΝ; ΘE below. VF. Bottiaia issuance group 4 under the Antigonid kings Philip V & Perseus. Ponterio 126 #773. HGC 3.1 #358; Liampi Schild M47; AMNG III/1 #123; BMC p. 64 #3. cf. SNG Cop 7 #136 (no monogram); SNG Ashmolean 3289 (same); ACNAC Dewing 1219 (same). Anaximander

Bottiaia. Macedonian shield. 2½ obol of Pella. Macedon, Cities. Bottiaia. c. 187-168 BC. AR 2½ obol (1.85 gm, 13mm) of Pella. Macedonian shield with tetraskelis, a whorl ornament, at center composed of five crescents. / Stern of galley l., hull inscribed BOTTEATΩΝ. nEF. Davissons EA 33 #21. ACNAC Dewing 1219; AMNG III/1 p. 46 #119; BMC p. 64 #1; HGC 3.1 #358; SNG Ashmolean 3289; SNG Cop 2 (Macedonia) #136.Anaximander

Bruttium, Kroton (Circa 425-350 BC)AR Stater

7.73 g

Obverse: Eagle standing left, head right, on stag’s head

Reverse: Tripod; ivy leaf to left, QPO to right.

HN Italy 2146; SNG ANS 351-2

Obeying a directive of the oracle of Delphi, A group of Achaean settlers founded Kroton around 710 BC. Like its neighbor to the north, Sybaris, it soon became a city of power and wealth. Kroton was especially celebrated for its successes in the Olympic Games from 588 BC onward (Milo of Kroton being the most famous of its athletes).

The philosopher Pythagoras established himself there about 530 BC and formed a society of 300 disciples who were sympathetic toward aristocratic government. In 510 BC Kroton was strong enough to defeat the Sybarites and raze their city to the ground. However, shortly after the sack of Sybaris the disciples of Pythagoras were driven out, and a democracy established.

The obverse was comparable with similar types on probably contemporary coins from Elis (which put on the Olympic games at the nearby sanctuary of Olympia) The coins of both cities were thus likely issued for athletic festivals in honor of Zeus. In Kroton’s case the coins probably commemorated its citizens’ Olympic victories with the eagle representing Zeus who presided over Olympia and the games themselves. The tripod (reverse) represented the divine sanction for the town's founding from the Oracle of Delphi (who sat on a three legged stool when producing her oracles).
2 commentsNathan P

Byzantine Empire: Justinian I (527-565) Æ Nummus, Carthage (Sear 281; DOC 309; MIBE 193)Obv: Diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust of Justinian I to right
Rev: Large A
Dim: 10 mm, 0.53 g, 4 h

This issue was struck shortly after Belisarius defeated Gelimer, the last king of the Vandals, which reunited the African provinces with the Empire. Quant.Geek

BYZANTINE, Manuel I 1143-1180 ConstantinopleObv: Christ Enthroned
Rev: Virgin Crowning Emperor
Sear 19661 comments

BYZANTINE, Manuel I 1143-1180 ConstantinopleObv: Virgin Orans to Manus Dei at Right,
Rev: Emperor Holding Scepter and Akakia
Sear 1968

CaracallaANTONINVS PIVS AVG
Laureate head of Caracalla right

LAETITIA TEMPORVM
The spina of the Circus Maximus decorated as a ship facing l., with the turning posts at its prow and stern, a sail mounted on the central obelisk, and the spina's other monuments visible in between; above the ship, four quadrigas racing l.; below, seven animals: an ostrich at l. and bear at r.; between them a lion and a lioness chasing a wild ass and a panther attacking a bison.

Rome 206 AD

3.34g

Ex-Londinium coins, Ex Professor K.D. White with original envelope.

Sear 6813, RIC 157, BMCRE 257, CSS 793

Very rare! Only 2 examples in the Reka Devnia hoard

Better in hand

Notes by Curtis Clay:

This famous type commemorates the chariot races and animal hunt that took place on the seventh and final day of Severus' Saecular Games in 204 AD, as described in the inscriptional acts of those games which were found in Rome in the 1870s and 1930s. According to the acts, after three days of sacrifices and three days of honorary stage shows, Severus and Caracalla held circus games on the seventh day, consisting of chariot races and then a hunt of 700 beasts, 100 each of "lions, lionesses, panthers, bears, bisons, wild asses, ostriches". Dio Cassius describes the same hunt, adding the detail that the cage from which the animals were discharged was formed like a boat: "The entire receptacle in the theater had been fashioned in the shape of a boat and was capable of receiving or discharging four hundred beasts at once; and then, as it suddenly fell apart, there came rushing forth bears, lionesses, panthers, lions, ostriches, wild asses, bisons, so that 700 beasts in all, both wild and domesticated, at one and the same time were seen running about and were slaughtered. For to correspond with the duration of the festival, which lasted seven days, the number of the animals was also seven times one hundred." In Dio's text this passage follows directly on his account of Severus' Decennalian Games in 202 AD, causing scholars to accuse Dio of misdating the hunt or to postulate that similar hunts of 700 animals were held both in 202 and in 204. But the true explanation, in my opinion, is that Dio's Byzantine epitimator Xiphilinus, on whom we are dependent for this section of Dio's text, has simply jumped without warning or transition from Dio's description of the Decennalian Games of 202 to his description of the circus spectacle concluding the Saecular Games of 204. This hypothesis easily explains why Dio's text as we have it makes no mention of the Saecular Games themselves or of any event of 203: Xiphilinus omitted this whole section of Dio's history! The seven kinds of animals named by both Dio and the inscriptional acts are also depicted in the coin type: on good specimens, especially the aureus BM pl. 34.4, the ostrich and the bear are clear, the lion has a mane, the ass has long ears, the bison has horns and a hump. Two large felines remain, of which we may suppose that the one accompanying the lion is the lioness and the one attacking the bison is the panther. The animals are named somewhat differently in Cohen, BMC, and other numismatic works: though numismatists have long cited Dio's text to explain the coin type, no one previously seems to have posed the question whether the seven animals in the lower part of the type might not be the same seven that Dio and now the inscriptional acts too name! These circus games with the ship and 700 animals were held in 204 AD, but the coin type commemorating them did not appear until two years later: on aurei of Septimius the type is die linked to a dated type of 206 AD, and for Caracalla the type passes from a draped and cuirassed obverse type on the aureus to the "head only" type on his denarii, a transition that took place in 206 AD according to his dated coins.

SOLD October 201411 commentsJay GT4

Catene- Apollo- ISISI think it's a coin of Katane (Sicily). Apollo head left on obverse, Isis on reverse.

Possibly a hexas, SNG ANS 1284 if around 3-3.5 g and 16-17 mm

I can only add that the coin is probably dated after 212 BC and depicts Isis holding a bird. Below the bird the sign II, the sign of value. Isis cult was very strong in Katane.

“Isis came to the island from the sea with the armies sent by Syracuse who conquered Katane in the year 476 BC, thus changing the city's name to Aitna.”

A well known obelisk in modern Catania bears hieroglyphs identifying the goddess Isis, but probably this was brought to Catania by Romans only on 30 BC from Egypt.

Peter Wissing

Charles de Blois (1319-1364)Double Denier pour Rennes
0.92g
18-19mm
+ KAROLVS . DVX
"Charles Duc"
Deux mouchetures tête en haut, accostées de RE NS sur deux lignes séparées par deux trèfles
+ BRITANNIE
"Bretagne"
Croix à pied pseudo-fleurdelisée, reposant sur un écu de Bretagne à trois mouchetures
Jézéquel 140
de Mey 134
Bigot 386
Poey d'Avant 444PYL

Charles IV, roi de France (1322-1328) - Double solDouble Parisis, argent, 1,09 g
A/ KAROLVS REX, couronne.
R/ MONETA DUPLEX, croix fleurdelisée.
Réfs : Duplessy 244bGabalor

Charles IX, Roi de France (1560-1574) - Double solDouble sol, argent, 2,43 g.
Lettre N à six heure pour Montpellier.
A/ CAROLVS IX DI G FRANC REX, N, trois lis couronnés.
R/ + SIT NOMEN DNI BENED RM 1571, croix fleurdelisée.
Réfs : Dup. 1085Gabalor

Charles IX, Roi de France (1560-1574) - Ecu d'orEcu d'or au soleil, or, pour l'atelier de Saint-André-Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
A/ CAROLVS.VIIII.D.G.FRANCO.REX.1567, écu de France couronné.
R/ CHRISTVS.REGNAT.VINCIT.ET.IMPERAT, croix fleurdelisée, R au centre.
Réfs : Duplessy 1057Gabalor

Charles IX, Roi de France (1560-1574) - SolSol parisis, argent, 1,28 g.
Point sous la cinquième lettre pour Toulouse, B avant la date pour B. et J. Robert
A/ CAROLVS IX DI G FRAN REX, écu de France couronné
R/ + SIT NOMEN DNI BENEDIC b 1569, croix fleurdelisée formée de 4 C.
Réfs : Sb-4460Gabalor

Charles IX, Roi de France (1560-1574) - SolSol parisis, argent, 1,41 g.
N dans la croix pour Montpelliers, quatrefeuille pour Mathieu Ymbert.
A/ CAROLVS IX DEI G FRAN REX, écu de France couronné
R/ + SIT NOMEN DNI BENE 1569, croix fleurdelisée formée de 4 C.
Réfs : Sb-4460Gabalor

Charles VI, Roi de France (1380-1422) - Ecu d'orEcu d'or à la couronne, or, 3,95 g, Point plein sous la 4ème lettre (3ème émission de 1389).
A/ + KAROLVS DEI GRATIA FRANCORVM REX, écu de France couronné.
R/ + XPC VINCIT XPC REGNAT XPC IMPERAT, croix fleurdelisée et feuillue dans un quadrilobe cantonné de couronnes.
Réfs : Duplessy 369bGabalor

Charles VI, Roi de France (1380-1422) - GrosGros dit "Florette", argent, 3,02 g.
Annelet sous la croisette, atelier de Paris
A/ + KAROLVS FRANCORV REX, trois lis sous une couronne.
R/ + SIT NOME DNI BENEDICTV, croix fleurdelisée, cantonnée de deux couronnes en 2 et 3.
Réfs : Duplessy 387Gabalor

Charles VII (1422-1461) - Ecu d'or3° emission de 1424, atelier de Toulouse (annelet sous la cinquieme lettre)
Croisette sur etoile initiale, KAROLVS : DEI : GRATIA : FRANCORVM : REX, Ecu de France couronné
+ XPC : VINCIT : XPC : REGNAT : XPC : IMPERAT, croix arquée, evidée et fleudelisée, cantonnée de quatre coronelles
3.76 gr, 28 mm
Ref : Ciani # 617
11-658Potator II

Charles VIII, roi de France (1483-1498) - Ecu d'orEcu d'or au soleil, 3,41 g
Point sous la 18ème lettre, atelier de Paris.
A/ KAROLVS DEI GRA FRANCORVM REX, écu de France couronné.
R/ XPS VINCIT XPS REGNAT XPS IMPERAT, croix fleurdelisée.
Réfs : Duplessy 575Gabalor

Charles VIII, roi de France (1483-1498) - Ecu d'orEcu d'or au soleil, 3,40 g
Point sous la 4ème lettre, atelier de Montpellier
A/ KAROLVS DEI GRA FRANCORVM REX, écu de France couronné.
R/ XPS VINCIT XPS REGNAT XPS IMPERAT, croix fleurdelisée.
Réfs : Duplessy 575Gabalor

Charles X, Cardinal de Bourbon (1589-1590) - DouzainDouzain, argent, 1,81 g.
P sous l'écu pour Dijon
A/ CAROLVS X D G FRANCORVM REX, écu de France couronné, accosté de deux C.
R/ SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM, croix fleurdelisée, cantonnée de couronnes
Réfs : Sb-4412Gabalor

Charles X, Cardinal de Bourbon (1589-1590) - Huitième d'écuHuitième d'écu, argent, 4,75 g.
T sous l'écu pour Nantes
A/ CAROLVS X D G FRANC REX 1593, croix fleurdelisée.
R/ SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM, écu de France couronné, accosté de V et III.
Réfs : Sb-4672Gabalor

Charles X, Cardinal de Bourbon (1589-1590) - Quart d'écuQuart d'écu, argent, 8,47 g.
A sous l'écu pour Paris
A/ CAROLVS X D G FRANC REX 1590, croix fleurdelisée.
R/ SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM, écu de France couronné, accosté de II et II.
Réfs : Sb-4670Gabalor

CIRCUS MAXIMUS, TrajanÆ Sestertius (24.27g, Ø32.95mm, 5h). Rome mint. Struck AD 103-104.
Obv.: IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P laureate bust of Trajan right with aegis.
Rev.: SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI around, S C in ex., bird's-eys view on the Circus Maximus in Rome, as seen from the Forum Boarium, showing portico in foreground with eleven arched entrances and monumental gate surmounted by quadriga on right, two additional arches, each surmounted by quadriga behind the portico at both ends, the central spina adorned with tall obelisk of Rameses II at center flanked by equestrian statue of Trajan on left and shrine of Cybele on right , the two metae (turning posts) placed at the extremities; at the far side of the Circus, a curved wall incorporating a tetra-style shrine of Sol.
RIC 571 [R] and pl. x, 187 (rev. only); Cohen 546 (Fr.60); Strack 391; BMC 856; Banti 275 (4 spec.); MIR 175c and pl. 28 (citing 20 examples of this variety; same obv. die as plate 175c1; same rev. die as 175a3); RCV 3208 var. (different bust type).

ex G. Henzen (Netherlands, 2000)

The reverse of this sestertius commemorates the completion in AD 103 of a major restoration of the Circus Maximus, following a great fire that had severely damaged the famous arena in the time of the Flavian emperors. The origin of the Circus Maximus, situated in the Murcia valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills, is quite obscure. An enclosure for chariot racing, it had parallel sides and one semicircular end, all fitted with seats for spectators, and an axial rib (spina) marked at each end by turning-posts (metae) dividing the arena into two runs. At the open end were the curved stables (carceres) sufficient to accommodate twelve teams of horses. Traditionally founded by King Tarquinius Priscus, it does not seem to have become a permanent structure until 329 BC (Livy viii. 20.1). In later times, it was much embellished, notably by Augustus who erected on the spina the great Egyptian obelisk of Rameses II from Heliopolis (it now stands in the Piazza del Populo). The vast arena was frequently damaged by the fires that afflicted the imperial capital; on several occasions, there was loss of life when structural failure occurred under the weight of the huge crowds that attended the events. Trajan was himself an ardent fan of the Circus so it is scarcely surprising that he took on the task of restoring the arena. The present specimen is a good example of the rare issue that commemorated the completion of this undertaking. More than a century later (AD 213), the Emperor Caracalla issued a similar type to record his own restoration work on the Circus Maximus. The last recorded games in this celebrated arena took place under the Ostrogothic king Totila in AD 550.
1 commentsCharles S

Counter tag, B. A. SeabyAcquired AR drachm, reduced weight, Peloponnesos, Elis c. after 191 BC. Sent coin along with counter ticket to Mr. Sear.
"The ticket accompanying the Elis drachm was written by Col. Kozolubski of the Seaby Ancient Coin Department whose assitant I was from 1958 until his death in 1964. "The Colonel", as we called him in the Seaby office, undertook my numismatic education in the early days of my career ... He was co-author, with H. A. Seaby, of the 1959 edition of Greek Coins and Their Values..." Lawrence W

Crawford 544/29, Marc Antony, for Legio XIV, Denarius, 32-31 BC.Marc Antony, for Legio XIV (Gemina Martia Victrix), Patras mint (?), 32-31 BC.,
Denarius (16-17 mm / 3,63 g),
Obv.: above: [AN]T AVG , below: [III VI]R R P C , under oar right, filleted scepter or mast with fluttering banners on prow.
Rev.: LEG - XIV , Aquila (legionary eagle) between two military standards.
Crawf. 544/29 ; Bab. (Antonia) 123 ; BMC 208 ; Sear 369 ; Syd. 1234 .

Die Legio XIV wurde 41 v. Chr. von Augustus aufgestellt. Sie war seit 9 n. Chr. in Moguntiacum (Mainz) stationiert und kämpfte später unter Claudius in Britannien, wo sie 60 oder 61 n. Chr. half, Boudicca niederzuwerfen. Später war die Legion u. a. in Vindobona (Wien) und Carnuntum stationiert. Sie war an den Usurpationen des Saturninus und Regalianus beteiligt.

Legio XIV Gemina Martia Victrix was a legion of the Roman Empire, levied by Octavian after 41 BC. The cognomen Gemina (twin in Latin) suggests that the legion resulted from fusion of two previous ones, one of them possibly being the Fourteenth legion that fought in the Battle of Alesia. Martia Victrix (martial victory) were cognomens added by Nero following the victory over Boudica. The emblem of the legion was the Capricorn, as with many of the legions levied by Augustus.
Invasion of Britain
Stationed in Moguntiacum, Germania Superior, since AD 9, XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix was one of four legions used by Aulus Plautius and Claudius in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43, and took part in the defeat of Boudicca in 60 or 61. In 68 it was stationed in Gallia Narbonensis.
Rebellion on the Rhine
In 89 the governor of Germania Superior, Lucius Antonius Saturninus, rebelled against Domitian, with the support of the XIVth and of the XXI Rapax, but the revolt was suppressed.
Pannonian defense
When the XXIst legion was lost, in 92, XIIII Gemina was sent in Pannonia to substitute it, camping in Vindobona (Vienna). After a war with the Sarmatians and Trajan's Dacian Wars (101-106), the legion was moved to Carnuntum, where it stayed for three centuries. Some subunits of Fourteenth fought in the wars against the Mauri, under Antoninus Pius, and the legion participated to the Parthian campaign of Emperor Lucius Verus. During his war against the Marcomanni, Emperor Marcus Aurelius based his headquarters in Carnuntum.
In support of Septimius Severus
In 193, after the death of Pertinax, the commander of the Fourteenth, Septimius Severus, was acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions, and above all by his own. XIIII Gemina fought for its emperor in his march to Rome to attack usurper Didius Julianus (193), contributed to the defeat of the usurper Pescennius Niger (194), and probably fought in the Parthian campaign that ended with the sack of the capital of the empire, Ctesiphon (198).
In support of imperial candidates
In the turmoil following the defeat of Valerian, tXIIII Gemina supported usurper Regalianus against Emperor Gallienus (260), then Gallienus against Postumus of the Gallic empire (earning the title VI Pia VI Fidelis — "six times faithful, six times loyal"), and, after Gallienus death, Gallic Emperor Victorinus (269-271).
5th century
At the beginning of the 5th century, XIIII Gemina still stayed at Carnuntum. It probably dissolved with the collapse of the Danube frontier in 430s. The Notitia Dignitatum lists a Quartodecimani comitatensis unit under the Magister Militum per Thracias; it is possible that this unit is XIV Gemina.

my ancient coin database
1 commentsArminius

Crimea, Kerch, Prytaneion of PanticapaeumThe prytaneion of Panticapaeum, second century BC. Kerch's Obelisk of Glory is visible in the background. Panticapaeum was an ancient Greek city on the eastern shore of Crimea, which the Greeks called Taurica. The city was built on Mount Mithridat, a hill on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. It was founded by Milesians in the late 7th or early 6th century BC. The ruins of the site are now located in the modern city Kerch.

Joe Sermarini

Dombes, Louis II de Montpensier (1560-1582), France.Liard à l'F, billon, 0,61 g
Monnaie frappée à Trévoux en 1581.
A/ +L D MONTISP D DOMBAR, L couronné.
R/ + DNS ADIVTOR MEVS 1581, croix filetée fleurdelisée .
Réfs : PA-5128Gabalor

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