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AE sestertius. Struck under Claudius, circa 50-54 AD, uncertain eastern provincial mint located in the modern-day Balkans.
Obv : TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG F BRITANNICVS, draped bust left.
Rev : - No legend, Mars advancing left, holding spear and shield, SC in fields. 35mm, 19.4g. Extremely Rare.
Ref : BMCRE 226
Cohen 2
RCV 1908, valued at $32,000 in Fine, which is a few multiples greater than any other sestertius issued during the several centuries the denomination was in use.
A large number of the surviving examples of this series (one may even suggest a majority of them), due to their rarity, have been subjected to modern alteration techniques such as smoothing, tooling, and repatination. As such, it's actually pleasant to see a bit of field roughness and a 'plain brown' patina of old copper on this example, evidence that it is just as ugly as it was the day it was last used in circulation back in Ancient Rome.
Britannicus, originally known as Germanicus after Claudius' older brother, was the emperor's original intended heir and natural son. Machinations by Agrippina II eventually saw Britannicus supplanted by her own son Nero, (by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) who took the throne upon Claudius' suspicious death. Britannicus himself died a few years later, reportedly poisoned by his step-brother. The future emperor Titus and Britannicus were close friends, and Titus became quite ill and nearly died after eating from the same poisoned dish that killed Britannicus.R. Smits
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001r. AhenobarbusCn. Domitius L. f. Ahenobarbus was an opponent of Julius Caesar, but was pardoned by him. Successful naval commander for Brutus, and then he continued naval operations akin to piracy after Brutus fell. He then reconciled with Marc Antony. He was named consul in 32 BC. He broke with Antony over Cleopatra and defected to Octavian shortly before the battle of Actium in 31 BC. He died about the same time as the battle in which he did not participate. He was the nephew of Cato and the grandfather of Nero.
Coin: AR Denarius. Uncertain mint along the Adriatic or Ionian Sea, 41-40 BC. Bare head right, wearing short beard; AHENOBAR before / Prow right surmounted by a military trophy; CN•DOMITIVS•IMP below. Crawford 519/2; CRI 339; BMCRR East 94-97; RSC Domitia 21. 3.64g, 19mm, 6h. Flan flaw on obverse. The bust on obverse likely is an ancestor of Ahenobarbus. Roma Numismatics Auction 75 Lot 566.lawrence c
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001t. Other Imperators CoinageSeveral other lesser imperators issued coins during this period. These included:
1. Cornuficius. Killed in battle, 42 BC.
2. Murcus. Executed, 40/39 BC.
3. Labienus. Allied with Parthians. Executed 39 BC.
4. Domitius Calvinus. Ally of both Caesar and Octavian. Not a particularly skilled general, he survived the wars of the imperators and seemed to prosper after the wars.lawrence c
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005d. Agrippina IILYDIA, Hypaepa. Agrippina Jr., mother of Nero. Augusta, 50-59 AD. Æ 14mm (2.33 gm). Draped bust of Agrippina right / Cult statue of Artemis. RPC I 2541; SNG Copenhagen -.
Julia Vipsania Agrippina Minor or Agrippina Minor (Latin for "the younger") (November 7, AD 15 – March 59), often called "Agrippinilla" to distinguish her from her mother, was the daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina Major. She was sister of Caligula, granddaughter and great-niece to Tiberius, niece and wife of Claudius, and the mother of Nero. She was born at Oppidum Ubiorum on the Rhine, afterwards named in her honour Colonia Agrippinae (modern Cologne, Germany).
Agrippina was first married to (1st century AD) Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. From this marriage she gave birth to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, who would become Roman Emperor Nero. Her husband died in January, 40. While still married, Agrippina participated openly in her brother Caligula's decadent court, where, according to some sources, at his instigation she prostituted herself in a palace. While it was generally agreed that Agrippinilla, as well as her sisters, had ongoing sexual relationships with their brother Caligula, incest was an oft-used criminal accusation against the aristocracy, because it was impossible to refute successfully. As Agrippina and her sister became more problematic for their brother, Caligula sent them into exile for a time, where it is said she was forced to dive for sponges to make a living. In January, 41, Agrippina had a second marriage to the affluent Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus. He died between 44 and 47, leaving his estate to Agrippina.
As a widow, Agrippina was courted by the freedman Pallas as a possible marriage match to her own uncle, Emperor Claudius, and became his favourite councillor, even granted the honor of being called Augusta (a title which no other queen had ever received). They were married on New Year's Day of 49, after the death of Claudius's first wife Messalina. Agrippina then proceeded to persuade Claudius to adopt her son, thereby placing Nero in the line of succession to the Imperial throne over Claudius's own son, Brittanicus. A true Imperial politician, Agrippina did not reject murder as a way to win her battles. Many ancient sources credited her with poisoning Claudius in 54 with a plate of poisened mushrooms, hence enabling Nero to quickly take the throne as emperor.
For some time, Agrippina influenced Nero as he was relatively ill-equipped to rule on his own. But Nero eventually felt that she was taking on too much power relative to her position as a woman of Rome. He deprived her of her honours and exiled her from the palace, but that was not enough. Three times Nero tried to poison Agrippina, but she had been raised in the Imperial family and was accustomed to taking antidotes. Nero had a machine built and attached to the roof of her bedroom. The machine was designed to make the ceiling collapse — the plot failed with the machine. According to the historians Tacitus and Suetonius, Nero then plotted her death by sending for her in a boat constructed to collapse, intending to drown Agrippina. However, only some of the crew were in on the plot; their efforts were hampered by the rest of the crew trying to save the ship. As the ship sank, one of her handmaidens thought to save herself by crying that she was Agrippina, thinking they would take special care of her. Instead the maid was instantly beaten to death with oars and chains. The real Agrippina realised what was happening and in the confusion managed to swim away where a passing fisherman picked her up. Terrified that his cover had been blown, Nero instantly sent men to charge her with treason and summarily execute her. Legend states that when the Emperor's soldiers came to kill her, Agrippina pulled back her clothes and ordered them to stab her in the belly that had housed such a monstrous son.
ecoli
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01-64 - Celsa - Hispania - AUGUSTO (27 A.C. - 14 D.C.)Hoy Velilla del Ebro, Tarragona, España
CN.Domitius y C.Pompeius duoviri
AE AS 28 mm 8.9 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS COS XII" (Leyenda anti-horaria)- Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: Toro estante a derecha, "CN DOMIT" arriba, "C POMPEI" debajo, "II VIR" delante y "C V I CEL" detrás.
Acuñada 05 - 03 A.C.
Ceca: Colonia Lépida Victrix Iulia - Hispania
Referencias: RPC I #278, ACIP #3169e, SNG Cop #541, ABH #811/2, ABH (Ant) #1486 P.184, Vv Pl.CLXI #8, Cohen Vol.1 #700 Pag.156, Guadan #446, Ripolles #3159 P.368mdelvalle
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05-01 - Cn.DOMITIUS L.f. AHENOBARBUS (42 - 36 A.C.) Gneo Domicio Enobarbo bisabuelo de Nerón, político y militar .
AR Denarius 18x21 mm 3.8 gr
Anv: Cabeza masculina barbada viendo a derecha - "AHENOBAR" delante del busto.
Rev: Trofeo militar con 2 lanzas y escudo, sobre una proa de galera. "CN·DOMITIVS·IMP".
Acuñada en el 41 A.C.
Ceca móvil militar probablemente en la región de los mares Adriático ó Jónico.
Referencias: Sear RCTV I #1456 Pag.279, Craw RRC #519/2, Syd CRR #1177, BMCRR (East)#94, RSC I Domitia 21 Pag.45, Sear CRI #339, Babelon I Domitia 21 Pag.467, Catalli #841, Albert #1648mdelvalle
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078a. Domitius DomitianusUsurper ca.296-297
Seized control of Alexandria in 296. Diocletian sent forces against him, but in contrast to the situation with most usurpers, it required considerable time and a siege to oust Domitius, who was executed. This also marked the end of the very long lasting mintage of provincial coins in Alexandria.lawrence c
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078a01. Domitius DomitianusUsurper, AD 297-298. Potin Octadrachm(?) (23mm, 11h) (23mm, 12.23 g, 12h). Dated RY 2 (AD 297/298). Radiate head right. ΔOMITIANOC CEB. / Sarapis standing right, wearing kalathos, raising his right arm in salute, holding transverse scepter with his left hand and arm; palm frond to right, L B (date) to left. Köln –; Dattari (Savio) 10824; K&G 126.1; Emmett 4241.2. Removed from ANACS encapsulation 6202972, graded VF 20. Ex Roma E-Sale 30 (29 October 2016), lot 304. CNG Auc 534 (15 March 2023), Lot 462.lawrence c
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109 Domitius Domitianus. AE follisobv: IMP C L DOMITVS DOMITIANVS AVG laur. head r.
rev: GENIO POPV_L_I ROMANI Genius std. l. holding patera and cornucopiae
ex: -A//ALEhill132
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112-109 B.C., L. Pomponius Cn. f., L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 282/4, Rome, Gallic warrior in biga right, -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, #1112-109 B.C., L. Pomponius Cn. f., L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 282/4, Rome, Gallic warrior in biga right, -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, #1
avers: L•POMPONI•CNF (NF ligate), Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind.
reverse: Gallic warrior (Bituitus?) driving galloping biga right, hurling spear and holding shield and carnyx, in ex. L•LIC•CN•DOM•,
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, diameter: 19,5mm, weight: 3,74g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/4, Syd 522a, Pomponia 7a,
Q-001quadrans
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112-109 B.C., L. Pomponius Cn. f., L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 282/4, Rome, Gallic warrior in biga right, -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, #2112-109 B.C., L. Pomponius Cn. f., L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 282/4, Rome, Gallic warrior in biga right, -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, #2
avers: L•POMPONI•CNF (NF ligate), Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind.
reverse: Gallic warrior (Bituitus?) driving galloping biga right, hurling spear and holding shield and carnyx, in ex. L•LIC•CN•DOM•,
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, diameter: 19,0-19,5mm, weight: 3,73g, axis: 2h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/4, Syd 522a, Pomponia 7a,
Q-002quadrans
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118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM, #1118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM, #1
(L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and associates, Narbo 118.)
avers: C•MA-L-LE-C•F Helmeted head of Roma right, behind, X.
reverse: Bearded warrior (Bituitus?) fast biga right, holding a shield, carnyx, and reins and hurling spear, in exergue, L•LIC•CN•DOM.
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM, diameter: 19,0-20,0mm, weight: 3,79g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/3, Syd-524, Licinia 13 and Domitia 17,
Q-001quadrans
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118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM, #2118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM., #2
(L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and associates, Narbo 118.)
avers: C•MA-L-LE-C•F Helmeted head of Roma right, behind, X.
reverse: Bearded warrior (Bituitus?) fast biga right, holding a shield, carnyx, and reins and hurling spear, in exergue, L•LIC•CN•DOM.
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM, diameter: 19,0mm, weight: 3,73g, axis: 3h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/3, Syd-524, Licinia 13 and Domitia 17,
Q-002quadrans
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118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM, #3118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM., #3
(L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and associates, Narbo 118.)
avers: C•MA-L-LE-C•F Helmeted head of Roma right, behind, X.
reverse: Bearded warrior (Bituitus?) fast biga right, holding a shield, carnyx, and reins and hurling spear, in exergue, L•LIC•CN•DOM.
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 3,35g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/3, Syd-524, Licinia 13 and Domitia 17,
Q-003quadrans
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119 BC M. Furius L. f. PhilusM FOVRI L F
Laur. head of Janus
ROMA to right PHILI in ex (PHI in monogram)
Roma standing left crowning trophy with carnyx and shield on each side, star above Roma
Rome 119 BC
3.89g
Crawford 281/1; Sydenham 529; BMC 555
Commemorates the victories over the Allobroges and the Arverni in Gaul in 121 BC by CN Domitius Ahenobarbus and Q. Fabius Maximus only a few years earlier
Ex-Baranowsky RomaJay GT4
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1307a, Maxentius, February 307 - 28 October 312 A.D.Bronze follis, RIC 163, aEF, Rome mint, 5.712g, 25.6mm, 0o, summer 307 A.D.; obverse MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse CONSERVATO-RES VRB SVAE, Roma holding globe and scepter, seated in hexastyle temple, RT in ex; rare. Ex FORVM; Ex Maridvnvm
De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Maxentius (306-312 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, more commonly known as Maxentius, was the child of the Emperor Maximianus Herculius and the Syrian, Eutropia; he was born ca. 278 A.D. After Galerius' appointment to the rank of Caesar on 1 March 293, Maxentius married Galerius' daughter Valeria Maximilla, who bore him a son named Romulus and another son whose name is unknown. Due to his haughty nature and bad disposition, Maxentius could seldom agree with his father or his father-in-law; Galerius' and Maximianus Herculius' aversion to Maxentius prevented the young man from becoming a Caesar in 305. Little else is known of Maxentius' private life prior to his accession and, although there is some evidence that it was spent in idleness, he did become a Senator.
On 28 October 306 Maxentius was acclaimed emperor, although he was politically astute enough not to use the title Augustus; like the Emperor Augustus, he called himself princeps. It was not until the summer of 307 that he started using the title Augustus and started offending other claimants to the imperial throne. He was enthroned by the plebs and the Praetorians. At the time of his acclamation Maxentius was at a public villa on the Via Labicana. He strengthened his position with promises of riches for those who helped him obtain his objective. He forced his father Maximianus Herculius to affirm his son's acclamation in order to give his regime a facade of legitimacy. His realm included Italy, Africa, Sardinia, and Corsica. As soon as Galerius learned about the acclamation of Herculius' son, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to quell the rebellion. With the help of his father and Severus' own troops, Maxentius' took his enemy prisoner.
When Severus died, Galerius was determined to avenge his death. In the early summer of 307 the Augustus invaded Italy; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was not large enough to encompass the city's fortifications. Negotiations between Maxentius and Galerius broke down when the emperor discovered that the usurper was trying to win over his troops. Galerius' troops were open to Maxentius' promises because they were fighting a civil war between members of the same family; some of the soldiers went over to the enemy. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, Galerius' army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. If it was not enough that Maxentius had to deal with the havoc created by the ineffectual invasions of Severus and Galerius, he also had to deal with his father's attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310. When Maximianus Herculius was unable to regain power by pushing his son off his throne, he attempted to win over Constantine to his cause. When this plan failed, he tried to win Diocletian over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308. Frustrated at every turn, Herculius returned to his son-in-law Constantine's side in Gaul where he died in 310, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. Maxentius' control of the situation was weakened by the revolt of L. Domitius Alexander in 308. Although the revolt only lasted until the end of 309, it drastically cut the size of the grain supply availble for Rome. Maxentius' rule collapsed when he died on 27 October 312 in an engagement he had with the Emperor Constantine at the Milvian Bridge after the latter had invaded his realm.
Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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141 - Diocletian - RIC VI Alexandria 30aFollis
Obv:– IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Laureate bust right
Rev:– GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae; eagle at feet
Minted in Alexandria (_ | A //ALE). c. A.D. 295 - 296
Reference(s) – RIC VI Alexandria 18a (Rated C)
Struck under Domitius Domitianus
9.48 gms, 26.46 mm. 0 degrees maridvnvm
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146 – AVRELIANVSLucius Domitius Aurelianus was Roman emperor from 270 to 275.
for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi
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1ao2 Caesonia (?)AE 27 of Carthago Nova, Spain
Laureate head of Caligula, right, C CAESAR AVG GERMANIS
Draped bust of Caesonia (as Salus) right, DN ATEL FLAC CN POM FLAC II VIR Q V I N C, SAL AVG across field
Generally held to portray the fourth wife of Caligula.
Sear 624
Caesonia, Milonia, (d41AD) was the fourth and last wife of Caligula. Her younger half-brother was the Consul Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. Her niece, Domitia Longina, married Domitian. In 41, Caligula was assassinated and Caesonia and her daughter Julia Drusilla murdered.
Suetonius states: As for Caesonia, who was neither young nor beautiful, had three daughters by another man, and was wildly promiscuous and extravagant, he not only loved her more passionately for it, but also more faithfully, taking her out riding, and showing her to the soldiers, dressed in a cloak with helmet and shield: while he exhibited her to his friends stark naked. He did not honour her with the title of wife until she had given him a child, announcing his paternity and the marriage on the very same day. This child, whom he named Julia Drusilla, he carried round all the temples of the goddesses, before finally entrusting her to Minerva’s lap, calling on that goddess to nurture and educate his daughter. Nothing persuaded him more clearly that she was his own issue than her violent temper, which was so savage the infant would tear at the faces and eyes of her little playmates. . . .
And as [Caligula] kissed the neck of wife or sweetheart, he never failed to say: ‘This lovely thing will be slit whenever I say.’ Now and then he even threatened his dear Caesonia with torture, if that was the only way of discovering why he was so enamoured of her. . . . Some think that Caesonia his wife administered a love potion that had instead the effect of driving him mad.Blindado
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1aq Agrippina juniorMarried Claudius 49 AD
Diobol of Alexandria
Draped bust right, wreathed with corn, hair bound in plait behind, AGRIPPEINA CЄBACTH
Draped bust of Euthenia right, wreathed with corn, holding ears of corn, ЄYQH-NIA across fields, L-IB below
Milne 124
Agrippina the Younger, Julia Agrippina, or Agrippinilla (Little Agrippina) after 50 AD known as Julia Augusta Agrippina (c16 AD –59) was sister of Caligula, niece and fourth wife of Claudius and the mother of Nero. In 28, Tiberius arranged for Agrippina to marry her paternal second cousin Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. Their only son was named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, after Domitius’s recently deceased father. This child would become the Emperor Nero. In 39, Agrippina and her sister Livilla, with their maternal cousin, Drusilla’s widower, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, were involved in a failed plot to murder Caligula, and make Lepidus emperor. Lepidus was executed. Agrippina and Livilla were exiled by their brother to the Pontine Islands.
Suetonius says, "But it was Agrippina the Younger, his brother Germanicus’s daughter, who ensnared him, assisted by a niece’s privilege of exchanging kisses and endearments. At the next Senate meeting, he primed a group of Senators to propose that he ought to marry Agrippina, as it was in the public interest, and that such marriages between uncle and niece should from then on be regarded as lawful, and no longer incestuous. He married her (AD 49) with barely a day’s delay, but only one freedman and one leading centurion married their respective nieces, to follow suit. Claudius himself, with Agrippina, attended the centurion’s wedding."
The Euthenia reverse reminds one of "euthanasia." which is what some suspect she did to Claudius to elevate her son Nero to the purple.Blindado
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1au Otho69
Denarius
Bewigged head, right, IMP OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P
Securitas stg., SECVRITAS P R
RIC 10
Suetonius wrote: Otho was born on the 28th of April 32 AD, in the consulship of Furius Camillus Arruntius and Domitius Ahenobarbus, Nero’s father. In early youth he was so profligate and insolent that he earned many a beating from his own father. . . . After his father died, he feigned love for an influential freedwoman at Court, though she was old and decrepit, in order to win her favour, and then used her to insinuate himself among the emperor’s friends, easily achieving the role of Nero’s chief favourite, not only because they were of a similar disposition, but also some say because of a sexual relationship. . . .
Otho had hoped to be adopted by Galba as his successor, and anticipated the announcement daily. But Piso was chosen, dashing Otho’s hopes, and causing him to resort to force, prompted not only by feelings of resentment but also by his mounting debts. He declared that frankly he would have to declare himself bankrupt, unless he became emperor. . . . When the moment was finally ripe, . . . his friends hoisted him on their shoulders and acclaimed him Emperor. Everyone they met joined the throng, as readily as if they were sworn accomplices and a part of the conspiracy, and that is how Otho arrived at his headquarters, amidst cheering and the brandishing of swords. He at once sent men to kill Galba and Piso. . . .
Meanwhile the army in Germany had sworn allegiance to Vitellius. When the news reached Otho he persuaded the Senate to send a deputation, advising the soldiers to maintain peace and order, since an emperor had already been chosen. However he also sent envoys with letters and personal messages, offering to share power with Vitellius, and marry his daughter. With civil war clearly inevitable, on the approach of Vitellius’s advance guard, who had marched on Rome led by their generals, . . . Otho began his campaign vigorously, and indeed too hastily. . . .
His army won three engagements, but of a minor nature, firstly in the Alps, then near Placentia, and finally at a place called Castor’s, and were ultimately defeated in a decisive and treacherous encounter at Betriacum (on the 14th April). . . . After this defeat, Otho resolved to commit suicide, more from feelings of shame, which many have thought justified, and a reluctance to continue the struggle with such high cost to life and property, than from any diffidence or fear of failure shown by his soldiers. . . . On waking at dawn (on the 16th of April, AD69), he promptly dealt himself a single knife-blow in the left side of his chest, and first concealing and then showing the wound to those who rushed in at the sound of his groaning, he breathed his last. . . . Otho was thirty-six years old when he died, on the ninety-second day of his reign. . . .
Neither his bodily form nor appearance suggested great courage. He is said to have been of medium height, bandy-legged and splay-footed, though as fastidious as a woman in personal matters. He had his body-hair plucked, and wore a toupee to cover his scanty locks, so well-made and so close-fitting that its presence was not apparent. Blindado
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1ba Caesar's Siege of MassiliaL Hostilivs Saserna, moneyer
49-44 BC
Denarius, 48 BC
Head of Gallia, right, Gaulish trumpet behind
HOSTILIVS SASTERNA, Diana of Ephesus with stag
Seaby, Hostilia 4
This piece appears to refer to Julius Caesar's siege of Massilia (Marseille) during the civil war in 49 BC.
In The Civil Wars, Julius Caesar recorded: While this treaty was going forward, Domitius arrived at Massilia with his fleet, and was received into the city, and made governor of it. The chief management of the war was intrusted to him. At his command they send the fleet to all parts; they seize all the merchantmen they could meet with, and carry them into the harbor; they apply the nails, timber, and rigging, with which they were furnished to rig and refit their other vessels. They lay up in the public stores, all the corn that was found in the ships, and reserve the rest of their lading and convoy for the siege of the town, should such an event take place. Provoked at such ill treatment, Caesar led three legions against Massilia, and resolved to provide turrets, and vineae to assault the town, and to build twelve ships at Arelas, which being completed and rigged in thirty days (from the time the timber was cut down), and being brought to Massilia, he put under the command of Decimus Brutus; and left Caius Trebonius his lieutenant, to invest the city. Blindado
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261/1. Domitia - denarius (128 BC)AR Denarius (Rome, 128 BC)
O/ Helmeted head of Roma right; corn-ear behind; XVI below chin.
R/ Victory in biga right, holding reins in left hand and whip in right hand; ROMA above; man fighting lion below; CN DOM in exergue.
3.84g; 18mm
Crawford 261/1 (71 obverse dies/89 reverse dies)
* Gnaeus Domitius (Calvinus?):
Our moneyer belonged to the old plebeian gens Domitia, but his identity is unknown. Babelon and ancient numismatists thought he was Ahenobarbus, the Consul of 96 BC, but it is not possible as he was already moneyer in 118 (the Narbo issue). Crawford postulated that he was from a collateral branch of the Ahenobarbi, and therefore a cousin of the Consul of 96, because he considered here that the Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno dates from 131 BC, but it is now dated 101, thus the Cn. Domitius Cn. f. mentioned there is doubtless the future Consul of 96*.
Gnaeus Domitius was more likely a Calvinus, from the other main stirps of the Domitii, but none of them is known during the 2nd century.
The figure below the chariot on the reverse is quite mysterious. Earlier numismatists thought it was a reference to the dogs fought by Ahenobarbus, the Consul of 122 who vanquished the Allobroges, but it is impossible as the battle was fought in 121, seven years after the denarius. Crawford considers the beast to be a lion, and therefore a reference to games organised by an Aedile; the corn-ear on the obverse would be a further reference to an aedileship.
* Harold B. Mattingly, "The Date of the Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno" in The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 93, n°3, 1972, pp. 412-423.Joss
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4) Antony: SosiusGAIUS SOSIUS
General to Antony
Æ 26mm (14.5 g). ~ 38 BC.
Cilicia, Uncertain Mint.
Bare head right / Fiscus, sella, quaestoria and hasta; Q below.
Coin has been attributed to multiple rulers, including Julius Caesar, Augustus and Brutus. Now believed to be Sosius, General to Antony and Governor of Syria.
RPC I 5409; Laffaille 324; Grant, FITA, pg. 13. aFine, brown patina, scratches. Rare.
0001SOS
Sosius was wily and accomplished man. A talented general, he received a triumph. However, he consistently picked the wrong side in Rome's Civil Wars (Senate vs. Caesar, then Antony vs. Octavian) yet somehow managed to keep his head.
According to Wikipedia:
Gaius Sosius was a Roman general and politician.
Gaius Sosius was elected quaestor in 66 BC and praetor in 49 BC. Upon the start of the civil war, he joined the party of the Senate and Pompey. Upon the flight of Pompey to Greece, Sosius returned to Rome and submitted to Julius Caesar.
After the assassination of Caesar, Sosius joined the party of Mark Antony, by whom in 38 BC he was appointed governor of Syria and Cilicia in the place of Publius Ventidius. As governor, Sosius was commanded by Antony to support Herod against Antigonus the Hasmonean, when the latter was in possession of Jerusalem. In 37 BC, he advanced against Jerusalem and after he became master of the city, Sosius placed Herod upon the throne. In return for this services, he was awarded a triumph in 34 BC, and he became consul along with Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus as his colleague in 32 BC.
When civil war broke out between Antony and Octavian, Sosius espoused the cause of Antony and violently attacked Octavian in the senate, for which he was forced to flee to the east. In 31 BC, Sosius commanded a squadron in Mark Antony's fleet with which he managed to defeat the squadron of Taurius Rufus – according to Dio 50.14 – and put it to flight, but when the latter was reinforced by Marcus Agrippa, Sosius's ally Tarcondimotus – the king of Cilicia – was killed and Sosius himself was forced to flee. At Actium, Sosius commanded the left wing of Antony's fleet. After the battle, from which he managed to escape, his hiding place was detected and Sosius was captured and brought before Octavian but, at the intercession of Lucius Arruntius, Octavian pardoned him. He returned to Rome and completed his building project on the temple of Apollo Medicus (begun in 34 BC), dedicating it in Octavian's name.
Unknown sons, but two daughters : Sosia and Sosia Galla, possibly by an Asinia,[1] a Nonia or an Aelia. However the name reappears with Q. Sosius Senecio, (consul in 99 and 107).[2] and Saint Sosius (275-305 AD).
Sosius attended the Ludi Saeculares in 17 according to an inscription CIL 6.32323 = ILS 5050 as a quindecimvir.
RM0002Sosius
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408. MaxentiusMarcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, more commonly known as Maxentius, was the child of the Emperor Maximianus Herculius and the Syrian Eutropia; he was born ca. 278 A.D. After Galerius' appointment to the rank of Caesar on 1 March 293, Maxentius married Galerius' daughter Valeria Maximilla, who bore him a son named Romulus and another son whose name is unknown. Due to his haughty nature and bad disposition, Maxentius could seldom agree with his father or his father-in-law; Galerius' and Maximianus Herculius' aversion to Maxentius prevented the young man from becoming a Caesar in 305. Little else is known of Maxentius' private life prior to his accession and, alth ough there is some evidence that it was spent in idleness, he did become a Senator.
On 28 October 306 Maxentius was acclaimed emperor, although he was politcally astute enough not to use the title Augustus; like the Emperor Augustus, he called himself princeps. It was not until the summer of 307 that he started usi ng the title Augustus and started offending other claimants to the imperial throne. He was enthroned by the plebs and the Praetorians. At the time of his acclamation Maxentius was at a public villa on the Via Labicana. He strengthened his position with promises of riches for those who helped him obtain his objective. He forced his father Maximianus Herculius to affirm his son's acclamation in order to give his regime a facade of legitimacy. His realm included Italy, Africa, Sardinia, and Corsica. As soon as Galerius learned about the acclamation of Herculius' son, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to quell the rebellion. With the help of his father and Severus' own troops, Maxentius' took his enemy prisoner.
When Severus died, Galerius was determined to avenge his death. In the early summer of 307 the Augustus invaded Italy; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was not large enough to encompass the city's fortifications. Negotiations between Maxentius and Galerius broke down when the emperor discovered that the usurper was trying to win over his troops. Galerius' troops were open to Maxentius' promises because they were fighting a civil war between members of the same family; some of the soldiers went over to the enemy. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, Galerius' army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. If it was not enough that Maxentius had to deal with the havoc created by the ineffectual invasions of Severus and Galerius, he also had to deal with his father's attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310. When Maximianus Herculius was unable to regain power by pushing his son off his throne, he attempted to win over Constantine to his cause. When this plan failed, he tried to win Diocletian over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308. Frustrated at every turn, Herculius returned to his son-in-law Constantine's side in Gaul where he died in 310, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. Maxentius' control of the situation was weakened by the revolt of L. Domitius Alexander in 308. Although the revolt only lasted until the end of 309, it drastically cut the size of the grain supply availble for Rome. Maxentius' rule collapsed when he died on 27 October 312 in an engagement he had with the Emperor Constantine at the Milvian Bridge after the latter had invaded his realm.
Maxentius Follis. Ostia mint. IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right / AETE-RNITAS A-VGN, Castor and Pollux standing facing each other, each leaning on sceptre and holding bridled horse. ecoli
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705a, Claudius, 25 January 41 - 13 October 54 A.D.Claudius. 42-43 AD. AE As.
Claudius. 42-43 AD. AE As (29 mm, 10.87 g). Obverse: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TR P IMP P P, bare head right; Reverse: CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI / S - C, Constantiae in military dress standing left, holding spear; RIC I, 111; aVF. Ex Imperial Coins.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
CLAUDIUS (41-54 A.D.)
Garrett G. Fagan
Pennsylvania State University
Ti. Claudius Nero Germanicus (b. 10 BC, d. 54 A.D.; emperor, 41-54 A.D.) was the third emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. His reign represents a turning point in the history of the Principate for a number of reasons, not the least for the manner of his accession and the implications it carried for the nature of the office. During his reign he promoted administrators who did not belong to the senatorial or equestrian classes, and was later vilified by authors who did. He followed Caesar in carrying Roman arms across the English Channel into Britain but, unlike his predecessor, he initiated the full-scale annexation of Britain as a province, which remains today the most closely studied corner of the Roman Empire. His relationships with his wives and children provide detailed insights into the perennial difficulties of the succession problem faced by all Roman Emperors. His final settlement in this regard was not lucky: he adopted his fourth wife's son, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who was to reign catastrophically as Nero and bring the dynasty to an end. Claudius's reign, therefore, was a mixture of successes and failures that leads into the last phase of the Julio-Claudian line.
Robert Graves' fictional characterization of Claudius as an essentially benign man with a keen intelligence has tended to dominate the wider public's view of this emperor. Close study of the sources, however, reveals a somewhat different kind of man. In addition to his scholarly and cautious nature, he had a cruel streak, as suggested by his addiction to gladiatorial games and his fondness for watching his defeated opponents executed. He conducted closed-door (in camera ) trials of leading citizens that frequently resulted in their ruin or deaths -- an unprecedented and tyrannical pattern of behavior. He had his wife Messalina executed, and he personally presided over a kangaroo court in the Praetorian Camp in which many of her hangers-on lost their lives. He abandoned his own son Britannicus to his fate and favored the advancement of Nero as his successor. While he cannot be blamed for the disastrous way Nero's rule turned out, he must take some responsibility for putting that most unsuitable youth on the throne. At the same time, his reign was marked by some notable successes: the invasion of Britain, stability and good government in the provinces, and successful management of client kingdoms. Claudius, then, is a more enigmatic figure than the other Julio-Claudian emperors: at once careful, intelligent, aware and respectful of tradition, but given to bouts of rage and cruelty, willing to sacrifice precedent to expediency, and utterly ruthless in his treatment of those who crossed him. Augustus's suspicion that there was more to the timid Claudius than met the eye was more than fully borne out by the events of his unexpected reign.
The possibility has to be entertained that Claudius was a far more active participant in his own elevation than traditional accounts let on. There is just reason to suspect that he may even have been involved in planning the murder of Gaius (Caligula). Merely minutes before the assassination of Gaius, Claudius had departed for lunch; this appears altogether too fortuitous. This possibility, however, must remain pure speculation, since the ancient evidence offers nothing explicit in the way of support. On the other hand, we can hardly expect them to, given the later pattern of events. The whole issue of Claudius's possible involvement in the death of Gaius and his own subsequent acclamation by the Praetorian Guard must, therefore, remain moot . . . yet intriguing
Copyright 1998, Garrett G. Fagan.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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706a, Nero, 13 October 54 - 9 June 68 A.D.6, Nero, 13 October 54 - 9 June 68 A.D. AE setertius, Date: 66 AD; RIC I 516, 36.71 mm; 25.5 grams; aVF. Obverse: IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONT MAX TR POT PP, Laureate bust right; Reverse: S C, ROMA, Roma seated left, exceptional portrait and full obverse legends. Ex Ancient Imports.
NERO (54-68 A.D.)
It is difficult for the modern student of history to realize just how popular Nero actually was, at least at the beginning of his reign. Rome looked upon her new Emperor with hope. He was the student of Seneca, and he had a sensitive nature. He loved art, music, literature, and theatre. He was also devoted to horses and horse racing—a devotion shared by many of his subjects. The plebs loved their new Emperor. As Professor of Classics Judith P. Hallett (University of Maryland, College Park) says, “It is not clear to me that Nero ever changed or that Nero ever grew-up, and that was both his strength and his weakness. Nero was an extraordinarily popular Emperor: he was like Elvis” (The Roman Empire in the First Century, III. Dir. Margaret Koval and Lyn Goldfarb. 2001. DVD. PBS/Warner Bros. 2003).
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Herbert W. Benario
Emory University
Introduction and Sources
The five Julio-Claudian emperors are very different one from the other. Augustus dominates in prestige and achievement from the enormous impact he had upon the Roman state and his long service to Rome, during which he attained unrivaled auctoritas. Tiberius was clearly the only possible successor when Augustus died in AD 14, but, upon his death twenty-three years later, the next three were a peculiar mix of viciousness, arrogance, and inexperience. Gaius, better known as Caligula, is generally styled a monster, whose brief tenure did Rome no service. His successor Claudius, his uncle, was a capable man who served Rome well, but was condemned for being subject to his wives and freedmen. The last of the dynasty, Nero, reigned more than three times as long as Gaius, and the damage for which he was responsible to the state was correspondingly greater. An emperor who is well described by statements such as these, "But above all he was carried away by a craze for popularity and he was jealous of all who in any way stirred the feeling of the mob." and "What an artist the world is losing!" and who is above all remembered for crimes against his mother and the Christians was indeed a sad falling-off from the levels of Augustus and Tiberius. Few will argue that Nero does not rank as one of the worst emperors of all.
The prime sources for Nero's life and reign are Tacitus' Annales 12-16, Suetonius' Life of Nero, and Dio Cassius' Roman History 61-63, written in the early third century. Additional valuable material comes from inscriptions, coinage, papyri, and archaeology.
Early Life
He was born on December 15, 37, at Antium, the son of Cnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbusand Agrippina. Domitius was a member of an ancient noble family, consul in 32; Agrippina was the daughter of the popular Germanicus, who had died in 19, and Agrippina, daughter of Agrippa, Augustus' closest associate, and Julia, the emperor's daughter, and thus in direct descent from the first princeps. When the child was born, his uncle Gaius had only recently become emperor. The relationship between mother and uncle was difficult, and Agrippina suffered occasional humiliation. But the family survived the short reign of the "crazy" emperor, and when he was assassinated, it chanced that Agrippina's uncle, Claudius, was the chosen of the praetorian guard, although there may have been a conspiracy to accomplish this.
Ahenobarbus had died in 40, so the son was now the responsibility of Agrippina alone. She lived as a private citizen for much of the decade, until the death of Messalina, the emperor's wife, in 48 made competition among several likely candidates to become the new empress inevitable. Although Roman law forbade marriage between uncle and niece, an eloquent speech in the senate by Lucius Vitellius, Claudius' closest advisor in the senatorial order, persuaded his audience that the public good required their union. The marriage took place in 49, and soon thereafter the philosopher Seneca [[PIR2 A617]] was recalled from exile to become the young Domitius' tutor, a relationship which endured for some dozen years.
His advance was thereafter rapid. He was adopted by Claudius the following year and took the name Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar or Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus, was preferred to Claudius' natural son, Britannicus, who was about three years younger, was betrothed to the emperor's daughter Octavia, and was, in the eyes of the people, the clear successor to the emperor. In 54, Claudius died, having eaten some poisoned mushrooms, responsibility for which was believed to be Agrippina's, and the young Nero, not yet seventeen years old, was hailed on October 13 as emperor by the praetorian guard.
The First Years of Rule
The first five years of Nero's rule are customarily called the quinquennium, a period of good government under the influence, not always coinciding, of three people, his mother, Seneca, and Sextus Afranius Burrus, the praetorian prefect. The latter two were allies in their "education" of the emperor. Seneca continued his philosophical and rhetorical training, Burrus was more involved in advising on the actualities of government. They often combined their influence against Agrippina, who, having made her son emperor, never let him forget the debt he owed his mother, until finally, and fatally, he moved against her.
Nero's betrothal to Octavia was a significant step in his ultimate accession to the throne, as it were, but she was too quiet, too shy, too modest for his taste. He was early attracted to Poppaea Sabina, the wife of Otho, and she continually goaded him to break from Octavia and to show himself an adult by opposing his mother. In his private life, Nero honed the musical and artistic tastes which were his chief interest, but, at this stage, they were kept private, at the instigation of Seneca and Burrus.
As the year 59 began, Nero had just celebrated his twenty-first birthday and now felt the need to employ the powers which he possessed as emperor as he wished, without the limits imposed by others. Poppaea's urgings had their effect, first of all, at the very onset of the year, with Nero's murder of his mother in the Bay of Naples.
Agrippina had tried desperately to retain her influence with her son, going so far as to have intercourse with him. But the break between them proved irrevocable, and Nero undertook various devices to eliminate his mother without the appearance of guilt on his part. The choice was a splendid vessel which would collapse while she was on board. As this happened, she swam ashore and, when her attendant, having cried out that she was Agrippina, was clubbed to death, Agrippina knew what was going on. She sent Nero a message that she was well; his response was to send a detachment of sailors to finish the job. When she was struck across the head, she bared her womb and said, "Strike here, Anicetus, strike here, for this bore Nero," and she was brutally murdered.
Nero was petrified with fear when he learned that the deed had been done, yet his popularity with the plebs of Rome was not impaired. This matricide, however, proved a turning point in his life and principate. It appeared that all shackles were now removed. The influence of Seneca and Burrus began to wane, and when Burrus died in 62, Seneca realized that his powers of persuasion were at an end and soon went into retirement. Britannicus had died as early as 55; now Octavia was to follow, and Nero became free to marry Poppaea. It may be that it had been Burrus rather than Agrippina who had continually urged that Nero's position depended in large part upon his marriage to Octavia. Burrus' successor as commander of the praetorian guard, although now with a colleague, was Ofonius Tigellinus, quite the opposite of Burrus in character and outlook. Tigellinus became Nero's "evil twin," urging and assisting in the performance of crimes and the satisfaction of lusts.
Administrative and Foreign Policy
With Seneca and Burrus in charge of administration at home, the first half-dozen years of Nero's principate ran smoothly. He himself devoted his attention to his artistic, literary, and physical bents, with music, poetry, and chariot racing to the fore. But his advisors were able to keep these performances and displays private, with small, select audiences on hand. Yet there was a gradual trend toward public performance, with the establishment of games. Further, he spent many nights roaming the city in disguise, with numerous companions, who terrorized the streets and attacked individuals. Those who dared to defend themselves often faced death afterward, because they had shown disrespect for the emperor. The die was being cast for the last phases of Nero's reign.
The Great Fire at Rome and The Punishment
of the Christians
The year 64 was the most significant of Nero's principate up to this point. His mother and wife were dead, as was Burrus, and Seneca, unable to maintain his influence over Nero without his colleague's support, had withdrawn into private life. The abysmal Tigellinus was now the foremost advisor of the still young emperor, a man whose origin was from the lowest levels of society and who can accurately be described as criminal in outlook and action. Yet Nero must have considered that he was happier than he had ever been in his life. Those who had constrained his enjoyment of his (seemingly) limitless power were gone, he was married to Poppaea, a woman with all advantages save for a bad character the empire was essentially at peace, and the people of Rome enjoyed a full measure of panem et circenses. But then occurred one of the greatest disasters that the city of Rome, in its long history, had ever endured.
The fire began in the southeastern angle of the Circus Maximus, spreading through the shops which clustered there, and raged for the better part of a week. There was brief success in controlling the blaze, but then it burst forth once more, so that many people claimed that the fires were deliberately set. After about a fortnight, the fire burned itself out, having consumed ten of the fourteen Augustan regions into which the city had been divided.
Nero was in Antium through much of the disaster, but his efforts at relief were substantial. Yet many believed that he had been responsible, so that he could perform his own work comparing the current fate of Rome to the downfall of Troy. All his efforts to assist the stricken city could not remove the suspicion that "the emperor had fiddled while Rome burned." He lost favor even among the plebs who had been enthusiastic supporters, particularly when his plans for the rebuilding of the city revealed that a very large part of the center was to become his new home.
As his popularity waned, Nero and Tigellinus realized that individuals were needed who could be charged with the disaster. It so happened that there was such a group ready at hand, Christians, who had made themselves unpopular because of their refusal to worship the emperor, their way of life, and their secret meetings. Further, at this time two of their most significant "teachers" were in Rome, Peter and Paul. They were ideal scapegoats, individuals whom most Romans loathed, and who had continually sung of the forthcoming end of the world.
Their destruction was planned with the utmost precision and cruelty, for the entertainment of the populace. The venue was Nero's circus near the Mons Vaticanus. Christians were exposed to wild animals and were set ablaze, smeared with pitch, to illuminate the night. The executions were so grisly that even the populace displayed sympathy for the victims. Separately, Peter was crucified upside down on the Vatican hill and Paul was beheaded along the Via Ostiensis. But Nero's attempt, and hope, to shift all suspicion of arson to others failed. His popularity even among the lower classes was irrevocably impaired.
[For a detailed and interesting discussion of Nero’s reign please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/nero.htm]
The End - Nero's Death and its Aftermath
Nero's and Tigellinus' response to the conspiracy was immediate and long-lasting. The senatorial order was decimated, as one leading member after another was put to death or compelled to commit suicide. The year 66 saw the suicides of perhaps the most distinguished victims of the "reign of terror," Caius Petronius and Thrasea Paetus. Petronius, long a favorite of Nero because of his aesthetic taste, had been an able public servant before he turned to a life of ease and indolence. He was recognized as the arbiter elegantiae of Nero's circle, and may be the author of the Satyricon. At his death, he left for Nero a document which itemized many of the latter's crimes. Thrasea, a staunch Stoic who had been for some years an outspoken opponent of Nero's policies, committed suicide in the Socratic manner. This scene is the last episode in the surviving books of Tacitus' Annals.
In the year 68, revolt began in the provinces. . . the end of Nero's reign became inevitable. Galba claimed the throne and began his march from Spain. Nero panicked and was rapidly abandoned by his supporters. He finally committed suicide with assistance, on June 9, 68, and his body was tended and buried by three women who had been close to him in his younger days, chief of whom was Acte. His death scene is marked above all by the statement, "Qualis artifex pereo," (What an artist dies in me.) Even at the end he was more concerned with his private life than with the affairs of state.
The aftermath of Nero's death was cataclysmic. Galba was the first of four emperors who revealed the new secret of empire, that an emperor could be made elsewhere than in Rome. Civil war ensued, which was only ended by the victory of the fourth claimant, Vespasian, who established the brief dynasty of the Flavians. The dynasty of the Julio-Claudians was at an end.
Nero's popularity among the lower classes remained even after his death.
. . . .
It is not excessive to say that he was one of the worst of Rome's emperors in the first two centuries and more of the empire. Whatever talents he had, whatever good he may have done, all is overwhelmed by three events, the murder of his mother, the fire at Rome, and his savage treatment of the Christians.
Precisely these qualities are the reasons that he has remained so well known and has been the subject of many writers and opera composers in modern times. These works of fiction particularly merit mention: Henryk Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis, one of the finest works of the 1907 Nobel Laureate in Literature, and John Hersey's The Conspiracy. Nero unquestionably will always be with us.
Copyright (C) 2006, Herbert W. Benario.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) (270-275 A.D.)RIC V-1 Antioch 386
AE2 Antoninianus, 21-23 mm
Antioch mint, third officina
Obv: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust, right
Rev: RESTITVT OR-BIS, woman (Orbis Terrarum) standing right presenting wreath to emperor standing left, holding scepter, Γ in exergue.
RIC rarity C
Stkp
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C. Domitius Calvinus as ImperatorAR Denarius
18.69 mm 3.69 gr.
Obv: OSCA, Hercules head right wearing neck-chain
Rev: DOM COS ITER IMP, emblems of the pontificate— simpulum, aspergillum, axe, and apex
Mint: Osca, Spain (39 BC)
Sear HCRI 342; Sydenham 1358
2 reverse die matches in Schaefer’s die study, 13/184
[Twice elected consul, in 53 BC and 40 BC, the former having been achieved through scandalous bribery. Also a member of the pontificate. Calvinus supported Caesar in the civil war against Pompey and commanded the center of Caesar’s forces at Pharsalus. Not surprisingly, he
was allied with Octavian and Antony in the civil war with Brutus and Cassius. In 39 BC Octavian appointed him proconsul of Spain where he successfully quelled the Cerretani revolt and was proclaimed imperator. Given his appointment by Octavian and service in the west it seems likely Calvinus remained loyal to Octavian in the later struggle between the triumvirs, although an active role in those hostilities apparently is not documented.]Ken W2
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C. Poblicius Malleolus, Crawford 282/3C. Poblicius Malleolus, gens Poblicia
AR - denarius serratus, 19.5mm, 3.8g
Narbo 118 BC (Crawford)
obv. C.MA - L - L - E.C.F
Head of Roma, with decorated and winged helmet, r.
X behind
rev. Nude Gallic warrior (Bituitus?), driving biga r., hurling spear and holding shield and carnyx.
below L.LIC.CN.DOM.
Crawford 282/3; Sydenham 524; RCV 158; Poblicia 1
about VF
Lucius Licinius Crassus, & Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
The reverse commemorates the victory of L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus over the Allobroges and their ally Bituitus, king of the Averni. It is one of the very few issues of the Roman Republic struck outside of Rome, this issue was struck in the newly founded city of Narbo in Gaul. These coins, minted by a number of moneyers at this time (and bearing their names) were important in establishing the republican chronology.
Jochen
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Cn Domitius Ahenobarbusdenarius 128 BC
Obv. Helmeted head of Roma right,
mark of value below a chin, grain-ear behind
Rev. Victory in biga right, above ROMA,
below man fighting lion/hound.
CN.DOM in ex
Ref. Cr. 261/1. Syd. 514.Sergius Silus
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CN Domitius Denarius 128bcSilver denarius, SRCV I 137, Crawford 261/1, Sydenham 514, RSC I Domitia 14, VF, Rome mint, 128 B.C.; obverse head of Roma right in winged helmet, stalk of grain behind, X (XVI in monogram) below chin; reverse ROMA, Victory in a biga right, man with spear fighting lion below, CN DOM in exergue.Philoromaos
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Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus - AR denariusRome
²130 BC / ¹128 BC
head of Roma right, wearing winged helmet, grain ear left
(XVI)
Victory in biga right holding wreath and reins, man attacking lion with spear below
ROMA
CN·DOM
¹Crawford 261/1; Sydenham 514; Domitia 14; Type as RBW 1056
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
3,9g 19mm
ex London Coin Galleries
Ahenobarbus became consul in 96 BC. Moneyer could be also Cn. Domitius Calvinus according to Crawford and Sear.J. B.
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Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus Denarius 116 or 115 B.C. SRCV I 161, Crawford 285/1, Sydenham 535, RSC I Domitia 7Head of Roma right in winged helmet, X behind, ROMA before / Jupiter in walking quadriga right, laurel branch in right, thunderbolt in left, CN` DOMI in ex. Rome mint.
Maximum Diameter: 20.3 mm
Weight: 3.86 gTheEmpireNeverEnded
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Cn. DOMITIUS CALVINUSAR denarius. 39 BC. Osca. 4,00 gr. Head of bearded male head right, OSCA behind . Simpulum, sprinkler, axe and apex ; DOM. COS. ITER. IMP below right. Crawford 532/1. Burgos 1509. Auctiones AG 29. Lot 866. benito
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Cn. DOMITIUS CALVINUS AR denarius. 39 BC. Osca. 4,00 gr. Head of bearded male head right, OSCA behind / Simpulum, sprinkler, axe and apex ; DOM. COS. ITER. IMP below right. Crawford 532/1. Burgos 1509. Auctiones AG 29. Lot 866.
benito
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CN.DO Monogram - Denarius, Crawford 147/1Denomination: Denarius
Era: c. 189-180 BC
Metal: AR
Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r. with peaked visor; “X” behind; Border of dots
Reverse: Dioscuri riding r. ROMA in raised letters in frame. CN.DO below
Mint: Rome
Weight: 3.23 gm.
Reference: Crawford 147/1
Provenance: Naville sale, 23-FEB-2013.
Comments:
CN.DO monogram issue. This was a very inexpensive coin from Naville on this auction. Still, a nice representative example of of this issue with no problems. The moneyer is believed to be Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cos. 162. Obverse a bit off-center, nice surfaces and toning, VF.
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Cr 261/1 AR Denarius Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 128 BCE. (20mm, 3.90 g, 6h). Rome mint.
o: Helmeted head of Roma right; grain stalk to left, mark of value below chin
r: Victory, holding reins and whip, driving biga right, ROMA above; below, man attacking lion with spear, CN. DOM in ex
Crawford 261/1; Sydenham 514; Domitia 14; RBW 1056.
The Domitii Ahenobarbi peaked early in the late Republic, with many a contentious character active at key moments.
The last to hold the name for long was Nero's father, conveniently dying in time for Nero's mother Agrippina to marry Claudius, who adopted young Domitius.
PMah
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Cr 261/1 AR Denarius Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 128 BCE
o: Helmeted head of Roma right; behind, corn-ear; before, X
r: Victory in biga right, holding reins and whip; above, ROMA; below, man fighting lion (or hound?); in exergue, CN DOM.
Cr. 261/1. Domitia 14.
(g. 3.81 mm. 19.00 )PMah
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Cr 261/4 Æ Quadrans "Cn. Domit."Rome, 128 b.c.e.
o: Head of Hercules right; three pellets behind
r: Prow right; above CN•DOME [ligate]; ROMA below; three pellets before
3.52 gm, 19 mm, 6h.
Crawford notes that the moneyer is not clearly either of the two main branches of the Domitii -- "Domitius Ahenobarbus" or "Domitius Calvinus" -- and therefore catalogs this under the abbreviation.
The ragged flan makes this specimen hard to love, but the strike was actually pretty good and the wear is not as severe as first glance appears.PMah
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Cr 282/4 AR Denarius L. Pomponius Cn. f.L. Pomponius Cn. f. AR Denarius serratus 118 b.c.e.
o: Helmeted head of Roma right; behind, X; around, L. POMPONI CN F.
r: Bituitus in biga right; in ex, L. LIC. CN. DOM.
3.81 gms; 20.00 mm
This coin is much better in hand.
If the attribution of the reverse figure to Bituitus is correct, this coin commemorates the defeat of one of the most incompetent generals ever defeated by Roman valor, who lost over 120,000 troops according to severely outdated sources. The moneyers are splitting the designs -- Pomponius gets the interesting obverse, yet Domitius, whose father(?) was the winning general a few years earlier, chose a very ordinary reverse. Perhaps there is more to the story than meets the eye. PMah
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Cr 285/1 AR Denarius Cn Domitius AhenobarbusRome mint, 116 or 115 BCE
Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X and before, ROMA
Jupiter in prancing quadriga r., holding sceptre and hurling thunderbolt; in exergue, CN DOMI
(Crawford sees sceptre as a laurel-branch.)
20mm 3.78 gm
Domitia 7
There's an interesting numismatic puzzle of the association of this type with a closely-related type of different moneyers, but I do not fully understand it and will skip for now.
I posted this specimen for the awful execution of the reverse, where the engraver competently depicted the horses' heads and tack, but then apparently realized that nearly 2/3 of the die face remained, and, so, panicking, filled in the field with horse-legs with a bizarre variety of joints and proportions -- the Ministry of Silly Horse Walks, 2nd Century BCE.
PMah
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Cr 448/3 L. Hostilius Saserna AR Denarius 48 b.c.e., Rome
o: Female Gallic head r. with long hair; behind, carnyx
rL L·HOSTILIVS – SASERNA Artemis of Ephesus standing facing, holding spear, w/ r. hand on head of prancing stag.
HCRI 19. Hostilia 4.
3.64 gm.
Issued by an obscure Caesarian moneyer, this type advertises Caesar’s capture of Massilia, an unwanted diversion on his rapid first strike “I go to Spain to fight an army without a general…” against the Pompeians.
Caesar, always quick to turn necessity into virtue, advertises his mercy in addition to his time-consuming victory, the female Gaul not being clearly captive (as on issues reflecting the Gallic War itself), as mostly-friendly-Greek Massilia was spared the usual sack, massacre and enslavement. He also honors their favorite imported Eastern goddess on the reverse (which may be a depiction of the cult statue from the recently non-sacked temple).
Notably, the defense was led by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, who escaped with his son, soon to be Imperator Gnaeus, whose issue Cr. 519/2 is described in this gallery. (Lucius was killed after Pharsalus, supposedly by Antonius himself.)
PMah
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Cr 519/2 Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus AR Denariusc. 41 b.c.e. Greek coastal mint or possibly a Shipboard mint
o: Bearded head of Lucius (?) Ahenobarbus r., AHENOBAR before
r: CN.DOMITIVS.IMP Ship's prow r., w/ military trophy
HCRI 339 Domitia 21
3.79 gm.
A flip-flopper of exquisitely flexible principles, Gnaeus salvaged his family’s future by deserting to Octavian days before the battle of Actium, paving his posthumous way to becoming Emperor Nero’s great-grandfather. Suetonius says that Gnaeus “omnibus gentis suae procul dubio praeferendum” -- was “undoubtedly the best of his entire extended family, ever”. Considering that the entire extended family was considered remarkably depraved, Nero’s father most of all, that is faint praise indeed.
Lucky he was also to have previously commanded the "Liberators' " fleet and at sea instead of standing in the mud at Philippi, as the trophy presumably represents his irrelevant victory over Domitius Calvinus in October 42. To my eye, the trophy is not distinctly nautical standing alone and perhaps the entire design reflects a naval trophy that he erected on a friendly shore point.
His allies Brutus and Cassius having committed suicide, Gnaeus took his 72 ships and two legions a-pirating rather successfully for nearly a decade. Thinking he had made a good pile of stolen booty but that the tide was turning (indeed, he also struck an aureus), he then struck a deal with Antonius (an add-on to the Sextus Pompeius work-out) and became consul for 32. Dry land politics being more fickle than piracy, he soon had to choose between Octavian and Antonius and headed east. There, he suddenly became a Model Virtuous Roman in antagonism to Cleopatra, persuading no one, and finally rowed over to Octavian, who accepted him rather than having Agrippa treat him to a game of "walk the plank". Yet he died a few days later of “fever”, which tended to happen to temporarily incapacitated power brokers recuperating near Octavian (see my Cr. 449/2 Pansa) or Livia Drusilla (see, "I, Claudius"). His defection and various marriage connections (and I would like to think a map to his buried pirate treasure, but wrong movie ...) kept his descendants comfortably depraved for almost 100 years.
This denarius is scarce, and particularly scarce with anything other than a horrible obverse. It perhaps depicts pater Lucius, who also ran afoul of Caesar and Antonius (see my post of Cr. 448/3 L. Hostilius Saserna). This specimen shares the weak obverse strike seen on most, yet is a slight bit less worn and less marked than many. On the better-struck coins, whichever Ahenobarbus this is can be seen to sport a scraggly beard, presumably to cue the "red beard" cognomen, but the portraits on almost all dies are quite distinctively coarse. The reverse, which is the main appeal of this specimen, is much more carefully engraved, with distinct waves, "eye", oar box and trophy. The keel and "beak"/rostrum are clear, and the prow-stem is outlined and shows internal beam-structure.
PMah
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Denarius, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Licinius Crassus, L. Porcius LiciniusDenarius, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Licinius Crassus, L. Porcius Licinius
RRC: 282/5
118 bc
3,93 gr
AV: Head of Roma right, helmeted "L·PORCI LICI X"
RV: Gaulish warrior in biga right; holding shield, carnyx and reins; hurling spear "L·LIC·CN·DOM"
ex Artemide Aste, eLive auction 5b, Lot 210, 11.11.2018
Norbert
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Denarius, M. Aurelius Scaurus, L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius AhenobarbusDenarius, M. Aurelius Scaurus, L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
RRC: 282/1
118 bc
3,89 gr
AV: Head of Roma right, helmeted. "ROMA" "M.AURELI"
RV: Gaulish warrior in biga rightHead of Roma right, helmeted "SCAUR","L LIC CN DOM"
ex Artemide Aste, eLive auction 5b, Lot 208, 11.11.2018Norbert
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Diocletian GENIO POPVLI ROMANI from AlexandriaDiocletian
A.D. 295- 296
Ӕ follis 25mm 9.6g
IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG; laureate head right.
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae, eagle at feet to left; Γ in right.
In ex. ALE
RIC VI Alexandria 18a
Struck under Domitius Domitianus
Victor C
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Domitius Domitianus (Usurper). BI Octodrachm of AlexandriaRoman Empire. Domitius Domitianus. 296-297 AD. BI Octodrachm (11.27 gm, 23.4mm, 12h) of Alexandria, 295-296 AD. Radiate bust r., ΔOMITIANOC CEB. / Serapis standing right, wearing modius, raising arm, holding sceptre. Palm frond to left, LB (RY 2) to right. VF. CNG Auction 111 #604. New Orleans Coll. Philip DeVicci Coll. (CNG 53 #1248). BMCG 2628; Köln 3367; Dattari 6187; Dattari (Savio) 10822-3 & 10826-7; K&G 126.2; Emmett 4241.2; Milne 5245; SNG Cop 8 #1076; SRCV IV #12982.Anaximander
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Domitius Domitianus GENIO POPVLI ROMANI from AlexandriaDomitius Domitianus
A.D. 295- 296
24mm 10.8g
IMP C L DOMITIVS DOMITIANVS AVG; laureate head right.
GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae, eagle to left; A in right.
In ex. ALE
RIC VI Alexandria 20Victor C
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Domitius Domitianus OctodrachmKoln 3367; Milne 5245; Emmet 4241-2; Dattari 10830; RCV 12982; Sear 4801 var; Alexandria, Egypt
11.30 g, 21 mm
DOMITI-ANOC CEB, radiate head right
Serapis advancing right, transverse staff in left hand, right hand raised, upright palm branch behind, LB in right field
Extremely rare
(Many thanks to FORVM member "Potator II" for additional attributions!)Mark Z
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Domitius Domitianus, OctadrachmOctadrachm struck in Alexandria in 297 AD
Obv : ΔOMITI-ANOC CEB, radiate head of Domitianus right
Rev : LB (regnal year 2), Serapis walking right, palm behind
12.79 gr
Ref : Sear #4801, Alexandrian coins #4241/2 (the illustration is this ex)
Domitius Domitianus, stationed in Egypt, rebelled against Diocletianus in july 296 AD and was proclaimed emperor. He was defeated during spring 297 AD. Diocletian decided to close the alexandrian mint, so the coins of Domitianus are the last provincial coins from Alexandria. Also, Domitianus was the only ruler to strike octadrachms (in paralle with didrachms, tetradrachms and hexadrachms)Potator II
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Domitius Domitianus, Octadrachm, Emmet plate coin - *Alexandria mint, AD 296-297
ΔOMITI-ANOC CEB, Radiate bust of Domitius right
No legend, Serapis going right, LB in field (regnal year 2)
12.79 gr
Ref : Emmett, Alexandrian coins #4241/2, this example illustrated, Dattari # 10830, RCV # 12982 (2000), Sear # 4801 var (It's actually an hexadrachm in Sear)
Domitius Domitianus, stationed in Egypt, rebelled against Diocletianus in july 296 AD and was proclaimed emperor. He was defeated during spring 297 AD. Diocletian decided to close the alexandrian mint, so the coins of Domitianus are the last provincial coins from Alexandria. Also, Domitianus was the only ruler to strike octadrachms (in parallel with didrachms, tetradrachms and hexadrachms)
For more information, see, in english : http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Domitius%20Domitianus or "en français" http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=54339.0
Also, the following comment, about another specimen sold at CNG (Triton XI, Lot # 539) "For the most part, scholars agree that the larger coins featuring the radiate bust must be a double, and thereby call it an octodrachm. At half the weight, then, the smallest coins with the Nike on the reverse must be tetradrachms, though these coins have erroneously been called heretofore didrachms. The weights of these tetradrachms appear consistent with the final issues of pre-reform tetradrachms of the Tetrarchs. The middle denomination poses the largest challenge to this arrangement. By weight, it should be a hexadrachm. However, no such denomination was known to have been struck in Egypt, though tetradrachms earlier in the third century achieved this weight. The obvious problem here would be the confusion caused in circulating the same denomination in two different weights. As this type is the rarest of the group, it is possible that it was meant for a special occasion, or more remotely, a stalled attempt to reinstitute the pre-reform coinage on an earlier weight standard. Further investigation may shed more light on this subject. Potator II
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EB0338 Roma / Q CVRT, Jupiter in quadrigaCn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Q. Curtius and M. Junius Silanus AR denarius, 116-115 BC.
Obv: Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind head, Q CVRT before.
Rev: Jupiter in galloping quadriga right; lituus above, M SIA below, ROMA in ex.
References: Sear 162, Cr285/2, Syd. 537
Diameter: 20mm, Weight: 3.963 grams.EB
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Galerius GENIO POPVLI ROMANI from AlexandriaGalerius
A.D. 295-296
26mm 8.6g
GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES; laureate head right.
GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae, eagle at feet to left; B in right.
In ex. ALE
RIC VI Alexandria 21b
issued by Domitius DomitianusVictor C
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Gens Domitia, denarius (116-115 a.C.)Gens Domitia, denarius, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, zecca di Roma ()116-115 a.C.)
AR, 3,81 gr, 21 mm
D/ ROMA; testa di Roma rivolta a destra; dietro, X
R/ CN DOMI (in ex); Giove, su quadriga, con ghirlanda e saetta.
Crawford 285/1
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo (Roma, Italia, dal 4 settembre 2016, numero catalogo 261); ex Alessandro Vanni, Tinia numismatica, Follonica Italia, fino al 4 settembre 2016. Asta pro terremotati di Amatrice e Accumoli su Nid Coins Monete antiche FBpaolo
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Gnaeus Domitius (Calvinus?), DenariusRRC 261/1
128 b.c.
Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r.; below chin, * and behind, stalk of corn.
Reverse: Victory in prancing biga r., above, ROMA. Below horses, man fighting lion; in exergue, CN·DOM.
The fight and the corn ear together seem to refer to games and the distributions of corn offered to the people by an Aedile.
Compare e.g. the coin of M. Marcius in 134 b.c. (RRC 245/1)
Ex Numismatica Ars Classica, Auction 78, Lot 591, 26 - 27 May 2014 Norbert
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Hiempsal II - Horse gallopingObverse: Veiled head of Demeter r., wreathed with corn
Reverse: Free running horse r., Punic H below, palm tree behind
Date : c. 106-60 BC
Reference : Mazzard-81, Muller-48
Weight : 6.87g
Acquired: 29/04/04
Comments : AE 20, Hiempsal II. was the son of Gauda, the half-brother of Jugurtha. In 88 B.C., after the triumph of Sulla, when the younger Marius fled from Rome to Africa, Hiempsal received him with apparent friendliness, his real intention being to detain him as a prisoner. Marius discovered this intention in time and made good his escape with the assistance of the kings daughter. In 81 Hiempsal was driven from his throne by the Numidians themselves, or by Hiarbas, ruler of part of the kingdom, supported by Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, the leader of the Marian party in Africa. Soon afterwards Pompey was sent to Africa by Sulla to reinstate Hiempsal, whPeattie
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Joe Geranio Collection -Cn. Domitius L.f. Ahenobarbus. 41-40 BC. AR Denariushe Republicans. Cn. Domitius L.f. Ahenobarbus. 41-40 BC. AR Denarius (20mm, 3.61 g, 7h). Uncertain mint along the Adriatic or Ionian Sea. Head right / Prow right surmounted by a military trophy. Crawford 519/2; CRI 339; Sydenham 1177; Domitia 21. Fine, lightly toned, minor porosity and scratches, banker’s mark on each side.
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus accompanied his father at Corfinium and Pharsalus on the side of Pompey. After his pardon by Julius Caesar, he retired to Rome in 46 BC. After Caesar's assassination, Ahenobarbus supported Brutus and Cassius, and in 43 BC was condemned under the terms of the Lex Pedia for complicity in the assassination. Ahenobarbus achieved considerable naval success against the Second Triumvirate in the Ionian theater, where this denarius was certainly minted, but finally, through the mediation of Gaius Asinius Pollio, he reconciled with Mark Antony, who thereupon made him governor of Bithynia. He participated in Antony's campaign against the Parthians, and was consul in 32 BC. When war broke out between Antony and Octavian, Ahenobarbus initially supported Antony, but, disgusted by Antony’s relationship with Cleopatra, sided with Octavian shortly before Actium. His only child, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, was married to Antonia Maior, the daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia. Their son, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, married Agrippina Minor, the sister of the emperor Caligula, and was the father of the emperor Nero. Anyone may use as long as credited to Joe Geranio Collection.Joe Geranio
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L. Licinius Crassus and Cn Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus, Gallic warrior in bigaL. Licinius Crassus and Cn Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f. 118 B.C. AR Denarius serratus. Obv. C·MALLE·C·F, Head of Roma right X behind. Rev. Gallic warrior with spear, shield and carnyx, in biga right, L·LIC·CN·DOM in exergue. Mint of Narbo. 3.7g, 19mm. Sear RCV I 158, RSC Poblicia 1.Podiceps
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L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with M. Aurelius Scaurus, Denarius serratusObv:- Head of Roma right in winged helmet, M·AVRELI (VR in monogram) before, ROMA and X (XVI in monogram) behind
Rev:- Naked Gallic warrior in biga right with shield, spear and carnyx, SCAVRI (AVR in monogram) below, L·LIC·CN·DOM in exergue
Minted in Gaul, Narbo mint. 118 BC.
Reference:- SRCV I 157, Crawford 282/1, Sydenham 523, RSC I Aurelia 20maridvnvm
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L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and associates, DenariusRRC 282/2
118 bc
Obverse: L·COSCO·M·F Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X.
Reverse: Bearded warrior in fast biga r., holding shield, carnyx and reins and hurling spear; in exergue, L·LIC·CN·DOM.
Minted in Narbo (Narbonne) where a new mint had been established after the defeat of the Allobroges. This issue is special for for legend errors.
--
Ex Numismatica Ars Classica, Auction 78, Lot 597, 26 - 27 May 2014
Norbert
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L. Porcius Licinus - AR serratus denariusL. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
³issue struck partly in Sardinia and partly in Gallia in two or three different mint locations / ¹Narbo
²120-119 BC / ¹118 BC
helmet head of Roma right
L·PORCI__LICI (XVI)
naked Gallic warrior riding in biga right, holding spear, reins, shield and carnyx
L·LIC·CN·DOM
¹Crawford 282/5, SRCV I 158, Sydenham 520, RSC I Porcia 8
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
³Mark Passehl
3,9g 20mm
ex Gitbud and Naumann
Narbo, the first colony in Gaul, was founded 118-117 BC. L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus were officials charged with founding colony (duoviri coloniae deducendae). L. Porcius Licinus was one of 5 officials charged with production of denarii (curatorec denariorum flandorum). Reverse probably commemorates victory of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 BC) in southern Gaul. He and Q. Fabius Maximus attacked united Gallic tribes of Allobrogi and Averni led by Bituitus at the confluence of Rhone and Isere. Their triumph was celebrated in 120 BC.J. B.
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian and the Palmyrene Empire
Obv: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG; bust of Aurelian, radiate, curaissed, facing r.
Rev: RESTITVT•OR/IENTIS; emperor in military dress standing l., holding a long sceptre in l. hand, with the r. hand raising a kneeling female figure who is facing r., a modius on her head, ✶C✶ in exergue.
Denomination: antoniniani; Mint: Cyzicus; Officina: 2nd; Issue: 5; Date: early - summer 272 AD; Weight: 4.25g; Diameter: 24.01mm; Die axis: 150º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 351; Hunter IV 101; SRCV III 11596; BnF 1160; MER - RIC 2952.
Regarding this type/issue at Cyzicus Sylviane Estiot states "The type Restitut●Orientis, the emperor raising the hand of a kneeling woman crowned with a modius (not turreted), resumed a type contemporary with Sisica, 5th issue." (Estiot 2004 v.1, p. 109. Translation is my own). Regarding the referenced type, 5th issue, at Sisica Estiot states "...the new type Restitutor Orientis depicts the emperor in a military costume standing left, under his hand the personification of a female of the Orient kneeling, not turreted, but with a modius: it is, again, an iconographic detail that alludes to the Roman supply of cereals, compromised by the expansionism of Palmyra in the Orient." (Estiot 2004 v.1, p. 86. Translation is my own). Although the legends on the two coins at Cyzicus and Sisica are slightly different, the reverse types are the same. Thus, the coin here from Cyzicus is a reference to the threat of the Palmyrene Empire.
Photo Credit: Marc R. Breitsprecher, Classical Numismatist
Sources
BnF: Estiot, Sylviane. Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/home
Robertson, Anne. Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, Vol. IV Valerian I to Allectus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Sear, David. Roman Coins and Their Values, Vol. III: Maximinus I to Carinus. London: Spink, 2005.
Webb, Percy. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. V, Part 1: Valerian to Florian, edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward Sydenham. London: Spink & Son, 1927.Tracy Aiello
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian -- Victoria Augusta -- Rome
Obv: IMP AVRELI/ANVS AVG; bust of Aurelian, laureate, curaissed, facing r.
Rev: VICT/ORI/A AVG, Victory walking l., wreath extended in r. hand, palm frond in l. hand, bound captive in Parthian garb seated l. at Victory's feet, head turned back r. looking at Victory, B in exergue.
Denomination: billon denarius1; Mint: Rome; Officina: 2nd; Issue: 11; Date: early - September 275 AD; Weight: 2.756g; Diameter: 19.3mm; Die axis: 0º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 73; Hunter IV, no. 3 pp. cviii-cix; SRCV III 116412; BnF XII.1 260; MER-RIC 1854.
Notes:
1Estiot (2004, v.1) interprets a denarius minted in Rome at this point in time (275 AD) as a coin playing a part in Aurelian's coinage reform, best known by coins (aureliani) bearing the mark XXI (XX at the Ticinum mint, sometimes XX•I at the Siscia mint) and the Greek equivalent KA. For a discussion of this see Roger Bland's summation and translation of Estiot (2004 v.1), pp. 39 - 48, at "Monetary System," Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276, http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/info/sysmon.
2I found Sear's reference a bit confusing. I believe that it is not enough to look at the previous reference, per Sear's write-up. Both 11640 and 11639 must be consulted in order to piece this coin together: 11640 for the obverse (which actually references 11637) and 11639 for the reverse.
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins August 23, 2017.
Photo Credit: Forum Ancient Coins
Sources
BnF: Estiot, Sylviane. Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/home
Robertson, Anne. Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, Vol. IV Valerian I to Allectus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Sear, David. Roman Coins and Their Values, Vol. III: Maximinus I to Carinus. London: Spink, 2005.
Webb, Percy. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. V, Part 1: Valerian to Florian, edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward Sydenham. London: Spink & Son, 1927.Tracy Aiello
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian -- Oriens Augustus -- Mars and Sol -- Serdica
Obv: IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS P F AVG; bust of Aurelian, radiate, cuirassed, facing r.
Rev: ORI/ENS AVG; Mars in military dress on the l. and standing r., long scepter in l. hand, r. hand receiving globe from Sol; Sol on the r. and standing l., whip in l. hand, r. hand passing globe to Mars, Sol's r. foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated l., head turned r. looking at Sol, XXI•P in exergue.1
Denomination: reformed antoninianus, i.e. the aurelianus; Mint: Serdica; Officina: 1; Issue: 7; Phase: 2; Date: April - November 274 AD; Weight: 3.352g; Diameter: 22.8mm; Die axis: 180º; References, for example: MER-RIC 2671.1 (this very coin).2
Notes:
1The presence of XXI on this coin indicates that it is post-reform. Volumes of ink have been spilled by numismatists discussing the meaning of XXI on Aurelian's post-reform coinage. What do the marks mean? I will paraphrase short sections from Roger Bland's summation and translation of Estiot (2004 v.1), pp. 39 - 48: Envisioning a restoration of a trimetallic monetary system composed of gold, silver and bronze, the radiate silver aurelianus was intended to be the central element of this restoration. A thin silver wash was applied in order to improve its appearance and its weight was raised to a theoretical 4.03g, or 1/80 of a Roman pound. XXI was a guarantee of the coin's 5% silver content and can be taken to mean "20 for 1" or "20 to make 1". This "1' refers to the intended reintroduction [never carried out] of a pure [100%] silver coin, the argenteus, such that 20 aureliani would equal 1 agrenteus. The aurelianus was valued at 2 denarii. ("Monetary System," Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276, accessed December 17, 2019, http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/info/sysmon).
2This coin is the only specimen known to the MER-RIC program.
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins July 9, 2018.
Photo Credit: Forum Ancient Coins
Sources
Estiot, Sylviane. Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/homeTracy Aiello
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian -- Oriens Augustus -- Sol -- Rome
Obv: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG; bust of Aurelian radiate, cuirassed, facing r.
Rev: ORI/ENS AVG; Sol standing half l., radiate, nude but for chlamys over shoulders, r. hand raised, l. hand holding a globe, bound captive in oriental dress seated l. in front of Sol, bound captive in oriental dress seated r. behind Sol and with head turned l., VI in r. field, XXI* in exergue.1
Denomination: reformed antoninianus, i.e. the aurelianus; Mint: Rome; Officina: 6; Issue: 8; Phase: 2; Date: spring - summer 274 AD; Weight: 4.558g; Diameter: 24.5mm; Die axis: 0º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 63; BnF XII.1 144; MER-RIC 1755.
Notes:
1The presence of XXI on this coin indicates that it is post-reform. Volumes of ink have been spilled by numismatists discussing the meaning of XXI on Aurelian's post-reform coinage. What do the marks mean? I will paraphrase short sections from Roger Bland's summation and translation of Estiot (2004 v.1), pp. 39 - 48: Envisioning a restoration of a trimetallic monetary system composed of gold, silver and bronze, the radiate silver aurelianus was intended to be the central element of this restoration. A thin silver wash was applied in order to improve its appearance and its weight was raised to a theoretical 4.03g, or 1/80 of a Roman pound. XXI was a guarantee of the coin's 5% silver content and can be taken to mean "20 for 1" or "20 to make 1". This "1" refers to the intended reintroduction [never carried out] of a pure [100%] silver coin, the argenteus, such that 20 aureliani would equal 1 agrenteus. The aurelianus was valued at 2 denarii. ('Monetary System," Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276, accessed December 17, 2019, http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/info/sysmon).
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins October 6, 2017.
Photo Credit: Forum Ancient Coins
Sources
BnF: Estiot, Sylviane. Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/home
Webb, Percy. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. V, Part 1: Valerian to Florian, edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward Sydenham. London: Spink & Son, 1927.
Tracy Aiello
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian -- Emperor and Jupiter -- Siscia
Obv: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG; bust of Aurelian radiate, cuirassed, facing r.
Rev: IOVI CON/SER; Emperor in military dress standing r., holding short scepter in l. hand, receiving in r. hand a globe from Juipter who is standing l. naked except for a cloak hanging from his l. arm, handing a globe to Aurelian with his r. hand while holding a long scepter in his l. hand, ✶Q in exergue.
Denomination: billon antoninianus; Mint: Siscia; Officina: 4; Issue: 5 or 6;1 Date: end 271 - autumn 272 AD or autumn 272 - early 274 AD;2 Weight: 3.37g; Diameter: 23.13mm; Die axis: 180º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 225; Hunter IV 78 and 78 (except for officina mark); BnF XII.1 789 - 793 or 805 - 806; MER-RIC 2157 or 2220.
Notes:
1,2I am unable to discern the differences between issues 5 and 6, so I am unable to place this coin in its proper issue and date.
Provenance: Ex Marc R. Breitsprecher, Classical Numismatist July 13, 2018.
Photo Credit: Marc Breitsprecher - Classical Numismatist
Sources
BnF: Estiot, Sylviane. L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florie. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/home
Robertson, Anne. Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, Vol. IV Valerian I to Allectus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Webb, Percy. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. V, Part 1: Valerian to Florian, edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward Sydenham. London: Spink & Son, 1927.Tracy Aiello
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian -- Emperor and Jupiter -- Serdica Officina 1
Obv: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG; bust of Aurelian radiate, cuirassed, facing r.
Rev: IOVI CON/SER; Emperor in military dress standing r., holding long scepter in l. hand, receiving in r. hand a globe from Juipter who is standing l. naked except for a cloak hanging from his l. arm, handing a globe to Aurelian with his r. hand while holding a long scepter in his l. hand, P in exergue.
Denomination: billon antoninianus; Mint: Serdica; Officina: 1; Issue: 4; Date: early 273 - early 274 AD; Weight: 3.5g; Diameter: 20.69mm; Die axis: 180º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 260; BnF XII.1 1002;1 MER-RIC 2596.
Notes:
1With the exception of this reference mentioning Aurelian holding a short scepter, the reference is a match.
Provenance: Ex Marc R. Breitsprecher, Classical Numismatist July 13, 2018.
Photo Credit: Marc R. Breitsprecher, Classical Numismatist
Sources
BnF: Estiot, Sylviane. Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/home
Webb, Percy. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. V, Part 1: Valerian to Florian, edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward Sydenham. London: Spink & Son, 1927.Tracy Aiello
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian -- Emperor and Jupiter -- Serdica Officina 2
Obv: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG; bust of Aurelian radiate, cuirassed, facing r.
Rev: IOVI CON/SER; Emperor in military dress standing r., holding scepter1 in l. hand, receiving in r. hand a globe from Juipter who is standing l. naked except for a cloak hanging from his l. arm, handing a globe to Aurelian with his r. hand while holding a long scepter in his l. hand, S in exergue.
Denomination: billon antoninianus; Mint: Serdica; Officina: 2; Issue: 4; Date: early 273 - early 274 AD; Weight: 3.76g; Diameter: 26.75mm; Die axis: 180º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 260; BnF XII.1 1005;2 MER-RIC 2612 (Aurelian's scepter is long) or 2617 (Aurelian's scepter is short).
Notes:
1Since this part of the coin is worn off I cannot determine if Aurelian holds a short or a long scepter.
2If this coin represented Aurelian holding a short scepter, then the reference would be an exact match.
Provenance: Ex Marc R. Breitsprecher, Classical Numismatist July 13, 2018.
Photo Credit: Marc R. Breitsprecher, Classical Numismatist
Sources
BnF: Estiot, Sylviane. Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/home
Webb, Percy. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. V, Part 1: Valerian to Florian, edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward Sydenham. London: Spink & Son, 1927.Tracy Aiello
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian -- Concordia Mili -- Siscia
Obv: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG; bust of Aurelian radiate, draped, cuirassed, facing r.
Rev: CONC/ORDIA MILI; two Concordiae standing facing each other slightly inward, Concordia on the l. holds a standard in the r. hand while the Concordia on r. holds a standard in the l. hand; between them another standard is held by both, S in exergue.
Denomination: billon antoninianus; Mint: Siscia; Officina: 2; Issue: 1; Date: October - November 270 AD; Weight: 2.96g; Diameter: 20.9mm; Die axis: 180º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 199; Hunter IV, no. 1 p. cxii ; SRCV III 11521;1 BnF XII.1 681 (same legend break, different officina mark); MER-RIC 1952.
Notes:
1This reference matches the obverse legend, the reverse legend, and the reverse type. One must go back to 11479 for the bust type.
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins December 20, 2019.
Photo Credit: Forum Ancient Coins
Sources
BnF: Estiot, Sylviane. Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/home
Robertson, Anne. Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, Vol. IV Valerian I to Allectus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Sear, David. Roman Coins and Their Values, Vol. III: Maximinus I to Carinus. London: Spink, 2005.
Webb, Percy. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. V, Part 1: Valerian to Florian, edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward Sydenham. London: Spink & Son, 1927.Tracy Aiello
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Lucius Domitius Aurelianus - Aurelian, Emperor 270 - 275 ADAurelian – Oriens Augustus – Sol – Siscia
Obv: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG; bust of Aurelian, radiate and cuirassed bust r.
Rev: ORIE N S AVG, Sol walking l., r. hand raised, whip in l. hand; at feet, on each side, a bound captive in oriental dress, with the captive on the r. having his head turned l., XXIV in exergue.
Denomination: Billon antoninianus; Mint: Siscia; Officina 5: 2nd; Issue: 9 Phase 1; Date: autumn 274 – spring 275 AD; Weight: 3.262g; Diameter (maximum): 23.3mm; Die axis: 0º; References, for example: RIC V v.1 255; BnF XII.1 921 and 922; MER-RIC 2385.
Notes:
The XXI in the exergue mark this coin as an example of Aurelian’s coinage reform. For a discussion of this see Roger Bland’s summation and translation of Estiot (2004 v.1), pp. 39 - 48, at “Monetary System,” Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276, http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/info/sysmon.
Provenance: Ex. Forum Ancient Coins March 18, 2023
Photo Credit: Forum Ancient Coins
Sources
BnF: Estiot, Sylviane. Monnaies de L’Empire romain XII.1: D’Aurelian à Florien. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Poinsignon Numismatique, 2004.
MER - RIC: Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée: Monnaies de l’Empire Romain/Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276. http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/home
Webb, Percy. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. V, Part 1: Valerian to Florian, edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward Sydenham. London: Spink & Son, 1927.Tracy Aiello
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Lucius Pomponius Cneo FiliusLucius Pomponius Cneo Filius. Serrated denarius.
Obv. Helmeted head of Roma right, L•POMPONI CN F, X behind head
Rev. naked gallic warrior in biga right, holding spear, shield and carnyx,
L•LIC•CN•DOM in exergue
20 mm. 3.86 g
Cr.282/4.
This issue with serratus edges, was minted at the newly-founded city of Narbo, the first Roman colony in gaul. The two principal magistrates Licinius Crassus and Domitius Ahenobarbus produced their coins in association with five junior colleagues, in this case L. Pomponius.
Marsman
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M. Furius L.f. Philus - AR denariusRome
¹²119 BC
laureate head of Janus
M·FOVRI·L·F
Roma standing left, transverse long scepter in left hand, with right hand placing wreath on trophy of captured Gallic arms with carnyx and shield on each side, star above
ROMA
(PHI)LI
¹Crawford 281/1, SRCV 156, Sydenham 529, RSC I Furia 18
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
3,8g 19,5mm
ex Gitbud and Naumann
This coin vary from traditional iconography. Reverse commemorates victory over Ligurians and Gauls of moneyer's ancestor P. Furius Philus in 223 BC or depicts contemporary victory by Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and Q. Fabius Maximus over the Allobrogoges and the Averni in Gaul in 121 B.C.J. B.
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Mark Antony Legionary Denarius LEG III ANT AVG III VIR R P C
galley r. mast with banners at prow
LEG III
legionary eagle between two standards
Patrae mint 32-31BC
SOLD
Legio III Gallica was levied by Julius Caesar around 49 BC, for his civil war against the conservative republicans led by Pompey.
The legion took part in all Julius Caesar's campaigns against his enemies, including the battles of Pharsalus and Munda. Following Caesar's death, III Gallica was integrated in the army of Mark Antony for his campaigns against the Parthians. They were included in the army levied by Fulvia and Lucius Antonius (Antony's wife and brother) to oppose Octavian, but ended by surrendering in Perugia, in the winter of 41 BC. After the battle of Actium and Antony's suicide, the III Gallica was sent again to the East, where they garrisoned the province of Syria.
III Gallica was used in Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo's campaign against the Parthians over the control of Armenia (63). Corbulo's successes triggered emperor Nero's paranoia of persecution and eventually the general was forced to commit suicide. After this, III Gallica is transferred to Moesia province, in the Danube border.Jay GT4
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Mark Antony Legionary Denarius LEG III ANT AVG III VIR R P C
galley r. mast with banners at prow
LEG III
legionary eagle between two standards
Patrae mint 32-31BC
3.61g
Legio III Gallica was levied by Julius Caesar around 49 BC, for his civil war against the conservative republicans led by Pompey.
The legion took part in all Julius Caesar's campaigns against his enemies, including the battles of Pharsalus and Munda. Following Caesar's death, III Gallica was integrated in the army of Mark Antony for his campaigns against the Parthians. They were included in the army levied by Fulvia and Lucius Antonius (Antony's wife and brother) to oppose Octavian, but ended by surrendering in Perugia, in the winter of 41 BC. After the battle of Actium and Antony's suicide, the III Gallica was sent again to the East, where they garrisoned the province of Syria.
III Gallica was used in Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo's campaign against the Parthians over the control of Armenia (63). Corbulo's successes triggered emperor Nero's paranoia of persecution and eventually the general was forced to commit suicide. After this, III Gallica is transferred to Moesia province, in the Danube border.Jay GT4
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Mark Antony unofficial foureeANT IMP III VIR R P C
Bare head of Mark Antony right, lituus behind
CN DOMIT AHENOBARBVS IMP
Prow of galley right star above
Corcyra? Summer 40BC
2.08g
Sear 1472; Imperators 258. RBW 1805. Crawford 521/2
Ex-ANE
Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus was a republican admiral who accompanied Brutus to Macedonia after Caesar's assassination. He was given command of the fleet in the Adriatic. After Cassius and Brutus were defeated at Philippi, Ahenobarbus turned to piracy and was in command of up to 2 legions and 70 ships. He was reconciled to Antony's side by Asinius Pollio and after the Pact of Brundisium he was given back his civic rights and was appointed Governor of Bithynia. He remained loyal to Antony almost to the end but deserted him just prior to Actium, dying shortly after of illness. Jay GT4
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Maximianus GENIO POPVLI ROMANI from AlexandriaMaximianus
A.D. 295- 296
25x26mm 10.4gm
IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS P F AVG; laureate head right.
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae, eagle with wreath in beak at feet to left; B in right.
In ex. ALE
RIC VI Alexandria 18b
issued by Domitius DomitianusVictor C
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Nero, RIC 265, Sestertius of AD 66 (Temple of Janus) Æ sestertius (28.86g, Ø35.95mm, 6h), Rome mint, struck ca. AD 65.
Obv.: NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P, laureate head of Nero facing left.
Rev.: PACE P R TERRA MARIQ PARTA IANVM CLVSIT (around) S C (in field), Janus temple with closed double doors right.
RIC 265; BMCRE 160; CBN 373; Cohen 144; Mac Dowall (The Western Coinages of Nero, ANS NNM 161) 153; cf. Sear (Roman Roins & Their Values I) 1958 - for a similar issue from Lugdunum with a variant form of obverse type
Certificate of Authenticity issued by David R. Sear, Ancient Coin Certification Service (A.C.C.S.) on November 3, 2014, Ref 061CR/RI/CR/E .
Historical background (by David Sear): The reverse depicts the "Twin Janus" (IANVS GEMINVS) and relates to the achievements of the celebrated Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. His victories in the East led to a settlement with Parthia over the vexed Armenian question, occasioning the ceremonial closing of the doors of the "Twin Janus" signifying peace throughout the empire (AD 65). The nature of this curious structure, situated in the Roman Forum, is best explained by John Melville Jones in A Dictionary of Ancient Coins - "It consisted of two arched gateways joined by walls, without a roof. When the Roman went to war, the gates were opened and when they were at peace, the gates were shut. The structure was not a temple in the strict sense of the word and was referred to as "the Janus". It is represented on coins of Nero, some of which show it from one side and others from the opposite side, so that it is clear it had gates at each end. The accompanying inscription translates to: "Peace being provided on land and sea for the Roman People, he closed the Janus"Charles S
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RIC 847 Domitia [Domitian]AR Cistophorus
Rome mint (for Asia), 82 AD
Obv: DOMITIA AVGVSTA; Bust of Domitia, draped r., hair massed in front and in long plait behind
Rev: VENVS AVG; Venus stg. r., leaning on column, with helmet and spear
RIC 847 (R). BMC 256. RSC 19. RPC 870 (8 spec.). BNC 226.
Ex CNG E424, 11 July 2018, lot 471.
A brief issue of cistophori were struck for Domitia as Augusta under Domitian in 82. Venus leaning on column was the sole reverse type chosen for her rare cistophori. The style and six o'clock die axis point to Rome as the home mint. K. Butcher and M. Ponting's metal analysis reveal they were struck from a different stock of metal than contemporary Rome mint denarii, possibly from recycled older denarii. At 80% silver fineness these early cistophori were likely struck before Domitian's major coinage reform of 82 when the denarius was raised to nearly 100% fineness.
Domitia Longina was the daughter of the famed Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo who was commanded to commit suicide by Nero for alleged treason. Domitian courted and married Domitia soon after Vespasian's accession, despite her already being the wife of Aelius Lamia. It was a good match - distancing the Flavians from the reign of Nero and uniting them to a beloved general's family. Soon after Domitian become emperor, Suetonius tells us he briefly divorced Domitia because of an adulterous affair she had with the actor Paris. Dio claims Domitian actually considered executing her but was persuaded from doing so by the praetorian prefect Ursus. He soon reunited with her after a brief separation alleging the people demanded it. Where this coin fits into that time frame is hard to tell. We don't know exactly when the divorce occurred or how long it lasted. However, it is likely this coin was struck after their reconciliation and can be seen as symbolically strengthening Domitia's position at court.
Struck in fine early style.
David Atherton
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ROMAN EMPIRE PROVINCIAL, DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS, EGYPT, Octadrachm, Emmet Plate CoinThis coin is the Emmet plate coin for the type
Alexandria mint, AD 296-297
ΔOMITI-ANOC CEB, Radiate bust of Domitius right
No legend, Serapis going right, LB in field (regnal year 2)
12.79 gr
Ref : Emmet, Alexandrian coins #4241/2, RCV # 12982 (2000), Sear # 4801 var (It's actually an hexadrachm in Sear)
Domitius Domitianus, stationed in Egypt, rebelled against Diocletianus in july 296 AD and was proclaimed emperor. He was defeated during spring 297 AD. Diocletian decided to close the alexandrian mint, so the coins of Domitianus are the last provincial coins from Alexandria. Also, Domitianus was the only ruler to strike octadrachms (in parallel with didrachms, tetradrachms and hexadrachms)
For more information, see, in english : http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Domitius%20Domitianus or "en français" http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=54339.0Potator II
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ROMAN EMPIRE PROVINCIAL, DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS, Octadrachm, EMMET, Alexandrian coins - # 4241/2DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS, EGYPT, Octadrachm
Alexandria mint, AD 296-297
ΔOMITI-ANOC CEB, Radiate bust of Domitius right
No legend, Serapis going right, LB in field (regnal year 2)
12.79 gr
Ref : Emmet, Alexandrian coins #4241/2, RCV # 12982 (2000), Sear # 4801 var (It's actually an hexadrachm in Sear)
Domitius Domitianus, stationed in Egypt, rebelled against Diocletianus in july 296 AD and was proclaimed emperor. He was defeated during spring 297 AD. Diocletian decided to close the alexandrian mint, so the coins of Domitianus are the last provincial coins from Alexandria. Also, Domitianus was the only ruler to strike octadrachms (in parallel with didrachms, tetradrachms and hexadrachms)
For more information, see, in english : http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Domitius%20Domitianus or "en français" http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=54339.0 Potator II
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ROMAN EMPIRE, AurelianLucius Domitius Aurelianus
270-275
Oriens avg
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ROMAN EMPIRE, AurelianLucius Domitius Aurelianus
270-275
IOVI CONSER VATORI
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Roman Imperators, Ahenobarbus, 41 BC.Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, 41 BC.
AR Denarius, region of the Adriatic or Ionian Sea mint, spring-summer 41-40 BC.
Obv. AHENOBAR, bare head right, with slender features.
Rev. CN DOMITIVS IMP, prow right, surmounted by trophy.
RSC Domitia 21 (I, 45); Crawford 519/2; Sydenham 1177.
3,67g, 20mm.
Provenance: Gorny and Mosch, Auction 180, lot 333.
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Roman Provincial: Augustus, AE30 As, Moneyers: Duumvirs Cn. Domitius Ampianus and C. Vet. Lancianus.Hispania Tarraconensis, Caesaraugusta Mint 27 B.C - 14 A.D. 13.06g - 30mm., Axis 6h.
Obv: IMP AVGVSTVS TRIB POTES XX - Laureate head right.
Rev: CAES AVGVS CN DOM AMP C VET LANC II VIR - Founder ploughing right with yoke of two oxen.
Ref: RPC 320; SNG Cop 549; Burgos 231.
Rated: Scarce.
Provenance: Chris Scarlioli Collection.Christian Scarlioli
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ROMAN REPUBLIC, Cn Domitius, 116-115 B.C.Roman Republic, silver denarius, Cn Domitius, 116-115 B.C., Rome mint.
3.83g, 19mm,
Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma right, X (XVI in monogram) behind, ROMA before.
Reverse: Jupiter in a slow quadriga right holding branch and thunderbolt, CN DOMI in exergue;
SRCV I 161, Crawford 285/1, Sydenham 535, RSC I, Domitia 7Larry M2
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[1116a] Aurelian, August or September 270 - October or November 275 A.D. (Antioch)Bronze antoninianus, RIC 386, VF, Antioch, 4.56g, 21.4mm, 0o. Obverse: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: RESTITVT ORBIS, Woman (Oriens) presenting wreath to Aurelian standing left, extending arm and holding spear, Z in center, XXI in exergue.
L Domitius Aurelianus was born in Sirmium about 207 A.D. Of humble background, Aurelian rose in the ranks to become one of Rome's greatest generals. Proclaimed emperor around 270 A.D., he quickly crushed the various usurpers, restoring Rome to its largest extent--except for Dacia, which was abandoned permanently. Aurelian then embarked on a series of public works meant to restore the empire's shattered infrastructure. His brilliant rule was cut short by a court conspiracy ending in his assassination in 275 A.D (See: http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/indexfrm.asp?vpar=55&pos=0).Cleisthenes
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