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SICILY: Guglielmo I, 1154-1166, AV tari (1.04g), NM, AH549, Spahr-88, rare with legible date, ruler cited as al-malik ghulyalim al-hadi bi-amr AllahQuant.Geek
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1st Century CE, IRON AGE BRITAIN, Tribes: Catuvellauni and Trinovantes, AE Unit, Struck c.10 - 40 at Verlamion under CunobelinusObverse: CVNO - BELIN. Bare head facing left.
Reverse: TASCIO. Metal worker, wielding hammer, seated facing right.
Diameter: 15mm | Weight: 2.24gms | Axis: 3h
Spink: 342 | ABC: 2969 | Van Arsdell 2097
CUNOBELINUS
Cunobelinus was a king in Iron Age Britain from about 9 CE until about 40 CE. He is mentioned by the Roman historians Suetonius and Dio Cassius, and many coins bearing his inscription have been found. Cunobelinus controlled a substantial portion of south-eastern Britain, including the territories of the Catuvellauni and the Trinovantes, and is called “Britannorum rex" (King of the Britons) by Suetonius. He appears to have been recognized by the Roman emperor Augustus as a client king, shown by the use of the Latin title Rex on some of his coins.
Numismatic evidence appears to indicate that Cunobelinus took power around AD 9 after the death of his father Tasciovanus, minting coins from both Camulodunum, capital of the Trinovantes and Verlamion (Roman Verulamium), capital of the Catuvellauni. Some of the Verulamium coins name him as the son of Tasciovanus, a previous king of the Catuvellauni. Cunobelinus' earliest issues are, however, from Camulodunum, indicating that he took power there first, and some have a palm or laurel wreath design, a motif borrowed from the Romans indicating a military victory. It is possible that he was emboldened to act against the Trinovantes, whose independence was protected by a treaty they made with Julius Caesar in 54 BC, because problems in Germania severely affected Augustus' ability to defend allies in Britain.
Cunobelinus, however, appears to have maintained quite good relations with the Roman Empire, he used classical motifs on his coins and his reign also saw an increase in trade with the continent. Archaeological evidence shows an increase in imported luxury goods, including wine and drinking vessels from Italy, olive oil and “garum” (fish sauce) from Spain, as well as glassware, jewellery, and tableware from the wider continent, all of which, from their distribution, appear to have entered Britain via the port of Camulodunum. Rome's lucrative trade with Britain was also reported by Strabo, according to him the island's exports included grain, gold, silver, iron, hides, slaves and hunting dogs. It seems likely that Cunobelinus was one of the British kings, mentioned by Strabo, who sent embassies to Augustus.
Cunobelinus died about 40, probably within a year of that date, as he was certainly dead by 43.
Traditionally it has been suggested that the “Lexden Tumulus” on the outskirts of Colchester was Cunobelinus' tomb, but without evidence confirming that, it is also possible that the tomb was built for the earlier Trinovantian king, Addedomarus. Interestingly there is a second tumulus, though this one is not so well known, 665m to the northwest of the Lexden burial mound, on a grassy area in the middle of a modern housing estate. This tumulus, known as ‘The Mount’, probably dates from around the same time as the well-known one at Fitzwalter Road, Lexden.
CLICK ON MAP BELOW TO ENLARGE IT
 *Alex
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0035 Hadrian Sestertius, Roma 117 AD Concordia Reference.
RIC cf535b; BMC cf1104; Strack cf502; Banti 145; RIC 35
Bust A4 with Balteus strap
Obv. IMP CAES DIVI TRAIAN AVG F TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG GER,
Laureate bare bust with drapery, and balteus
Rev DAC PARTHICO P M TR P COS P P, CONCORDIA and S C in field
Concordia seated left on throne, holding out patera and resting on a figure of Spes; cornucopia under throne
24.78 gr
35 mm
6h
When he became emperor following the death of Trajan in 117 AD, questions immediately arose regarding the validity of Hadrian's succesion. Although it is clear from Hadrian's early career and marriage to Sabina (Trajan's grand-niece) that the emperor brought his young kinsman within the imperial court, Trajan, unlike Nerva before, made no move to adopt Hadrian formally, instead possibly preferring others. This fact prompted Hadrian, in the early days of his reign to emphasize his legitimacy to the succession. Hadrian declared Trajan divus and ordered his ashes installed in the Column of his newly complete Forum. Trajan's name and titles were incorporated into the new imperial nomenclature, a privilege reserved solely for legitimate heirs. At the same time, coins were struck to associate the new reign with the previous administration and declare a peaceful transferral of power. The legend DAC PARTHICO (in the dedicatory dative), clearly refers to Trajan, while the Concordia reverse type (to date, uncommon with the addition of Spes), emphasized by the inclusion of CONCORDIA in the exergue, demonstrated Hadrian's potential willingness for the time to continue Trajan's policies, thereby insuring continued political harmony, something which disintegrated as Hadrian's reign progressed.okidoki
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0114 Lucius Appuleius Saturninus - AR denariusRome
²101 BC / ¹104 BC
helmeted head of Roma left
Saturn in quadriga right holding harpa and reins
·T·
L·SATVRN
¹Crawford 317/3a, SRCV I 193, Sydenham 578, RSC I Appuleia 1
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
3,5g 19mm
As quaestor Saturninus superintended the imports of grain at Ostia, but had been removed by the Roman Senate (an unusual proceeding), and replaced by Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, one of the chief members of the Optimates. Standard view is that injustice of his dismissal drove him into the arms of the Populares. In 103 BC he was elected tribune. Marius, on his return to Rome after his victory over the Cimbri, finding himself isolated in the senate, entered into a compact with Saturninus and his ally Gaius Servilius Glaucia, and the three formed a kind of triumvirate, supported by the veterans of Marius and many of the common people. By the aid of bribery and assassination Marius was elected (100 BC) consul for the sixth time, Glaucia praetor, and Saturninus tribune for the second time. Marius, finding himself overshadowed by his colleagues and compromised by their excesses, thought seriously of breaking with them, and Saturninus and Glaucia saw that their only hope of safety lay in their retention of office. Saturninus was elected tribune for the third time for the year beginning December 10, 100, and Glaucia, although at the time praetor and therefore not eligible until after the lapse of 2 years, was a candidate for the consulship. Marcus Antonius Orator was elected without opposition; the other Optimate candidate, Gaius Memmius, who seemed to have the better chance of success, was beaten to death by the hired agents of Saturninus and Glaucia, while the voting was actually going on. This produced a complete revulsion of public feeling. The Senate met on the following day, declared Saturninus and Glaucia public enemies, and called upon Marius to defend the State. Marius had no alternative but to obey. Saturninus, defeated in a pitched battle in the Roman Forum (December 10), took refuge with his followers in the Capitol, where, the water supply having been cut off, they were forced to capitulate. Marius, having assured them that their lives would be spared, removed them to the Curia Hostilia, intending to proceed against them according to law. But the more impetuous members of the aristocratic party climbed onto the roof, stripped off the tiles, and stoned Saturninus and many others to death. Glaucia, who had escaped into a house, was dragged out and killed. (wikipedia)J. B.
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11. Kleopatra VII Thea Neotera. 51-30 BC. AR Tetradrachm Kleopatra VII Thea Neotera. 51-30 BC. AR Tetradrachm (26mm, 13.21 g, 12h). Alexandreia mint. Dated RY 7 (46/5 BC). Diademed bust of Ptolemy I(?) right, wearing aegis / Eagle with closed wings standing left on thunderbolt, palm frond over shoulder; LZ (date) over headdress of Isis to left, ΠΑ to right. Svoronos 1821; SNG Copenhagen –; DCA 70 corr. (date is reported). Tan surfaces, area of weak strike, some porosity. VF. Rare date, only four noted by Svoronos, one in CoinArchives.
LordBest
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1209 Hadrian AS Roma 129-30 AD IndulgentiaReference.
RIC II 725; C. 849; BMC S. 462; Strack 817; RIC III, 1209
Bust C2+
Obv. HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
Bare head, draped bust, seen from side
Rev. INDVLGENTIA – AVG COS III P P in ex
Indulgentia seated l., extending r. hand and holding sceptre.
10.78 gr
27 mm
6h
Note.
Indulgentia. Clemency, lenity, grace, favour. -This word is used on Roman coins to denote either some permission given, some privilege bestowed, or some tribute remitted. -In inscriptions of a very early date, princes are called indulgentissimi.
(FORVM)okidoki
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1209 Hadrian AS Roma 129-30 AD IndulgentiaReference.
RIC II 725; C. 849; BMC S. 462; Strack 817; RIC III, 1209
Bust C2+
Obv. HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
Bare head, draped bust, seen from side
Rev. INDVLGENTIA – AVG COS III P P in ex
Indulgentia seated l., extending r. hand and holding sceptre.
11.72 gr
27 mm
6h
Note.
Indulgentia. Clemency, lenity, grace, favour. -This word is used on Roman coins to denote either some permission given, some privilege bestowed, or some tribute remitted. -In inscriptions of a very early date, princes are called indulgentissimi.okidoki
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1701b, Saladin, 1169-1193AYYUBID: Saladin, 1169-1193, AR dirham (2.93), al-Qahira, AH586, A-787.2, clear mint & date, double struck, some horn-silvering;VF-EF.
His name in Arabic is SALAH AD-DIN YUSUF IBN AYYUB ("Righteousness of the Faith, Joseph, Son of Job"). He was born in 1137/8 A.D. in Tikrit, Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq). In wars against the Christian crusaders, he achieved a significant success with the disciplined capture of Jerusalem (Oct. 2, 1187), ending its 88-year occupation by the Franks. Unlike the notorious conquest by the Christians, who slaughtered the inhabitants of the “Holy City,” Saladin’s reconquest of Jerusalem was marked by civilized and courteous behaviour. Saladin was generous to his vanquished foes—by any measure. When he died in 1193, this man who is arguably Islam’s greatest hero was virtually penniless. After a lifetime of giving alms to the poor, his friends found that the most powerful and most generous ruler in the Muslim world had not left enough money to pay for his own grave.Cleisthenes
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1791 AE Halfpenny Token. Leeds, Yorkshire.Obverse: ARTIS NOSTRÆ CONDITOR •. Standing figure of Bishop Blaize (patron saint of woolcombers) holding a wool comb in his raised right hand and a book and crosier in his left; at his feet, to right, a lamb facing right with it's head turned to left.
Reverse: LEEDS HALFPENNY 1791. Coat of arms of the City of Leeds consisting of a shield containing three stars and a hanging fleece, crested by an owl. The date, 17 - 91, bisected by the base of the shield.
Edge: “PAYABLE AT THE WAREHOUSE OF RICHARD PALEY •XX•".
Diameter: 29mm | Axis: 6
Dalton & Hamer: 45 | Conder: 20 (Yorkshire)
This token was issued by Richard Paley, a freeholder, maltster, soap-boiler and chandler with a business in a locality known as the “Calls” in Leeds. The token was manufactured by Matthew Bolton at his SOHO Mint in Birmingham, the dies were engraved by Henry Brownbill.
Bishop Blaise, also known as Saint Blasius, was a well-known martyr from Armenia, who as the price of his faith, back in the 4th century, had been put to death by being raked with red-hot rakes. Later he was adopted as the Patron Saint of Woolcombers and, appropriately, his effigy is usually shown holding a rake. On this token, however, Bishop Blaise is shown holding the traditional bishop's crosier.*Alex
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1792 AE Farthing Token. Birmingham, Warwickshire.Obverse: IOHN HOWARD • F • R • S. Bare headed and draped bust of John Howard facing left.
Reverse: BIRMINGHAM PROMISSORY FARTHING •. HH cypher (for Henry Hickman) with the date, 1792, above.
Edge: "Plain".
Diameter: 23mm | Die Axis: 6
Dalton & Hamer : 481a
This token was issued by Henry Hickman, a wholesale and retail dealer in sheet, bar and rod iron with a business at 3, Edgbaston Street, Birmingham. Hickman is also recorded as a die-sinker and toolmaker in Wrightson’s triennial Birmingham directory, 1818. The token was probably manufactured by William Mainwaring who worked as a diesinker for William Lutwyche at the latter's works in Birmingham, but Hickman himself, given his profession, may have been involved in creating the dies. William Mainwaring died in 1794.
John Howard, in whose name this token was issued, was an expert in prisons and published the book "The State of the Prisons in England & Wales" in 1777.*Alex
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1816 - 1 KreuzerAustrian Galicia
Obv: SCHEIDEMUNZE.K.K. OESTERREICHISCHE - Double headed Austrian eagle in square flag with crown on top.
Rev: EIN KREUZER - Denomination and date, Laureate branches below.
Star on top; A- below.
Size: 25mm;
Mint: Vienna
Ref: KM- 2186Brian L
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1816 - 1/2 KreuzerAustrian Galicia
Obv: SCHEIDEMUNZE.K.K. OESTERREICHISCHE - Double headed Austrian eagle in square flag with crown on top.
Rev: 1/2 KREUZER, Denomination and date, Laureate branches below. B-Below.
Size:
Mint: Vienna
Ref: KM- 2110Brian L
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1864lkjRussia. Alexander II 1855 - 1881. Copper 2-Kopeck 1864-EM. Crowned double eagle with arms on breast / Value, Date, and Mint-mark.
KM y.4a.1
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1871 Victoria Young Head Shield Gold SovereignGreat Britain, Victoria (1837-1901), Gold Sovereign, 1871, die number 14, Bentley 558 (this coin), SCWC KM 736.2, Friedberg 387i, Marsh 55, MCE 531, SCBC 3853B, gEF-aUNC, toned, tiny obverse rim nick, hint of doubling in legend both sides, raised hairline flaw in last A of legend to rim, raised die flaw through 8 of date, edge milled, weight 7.97g (AGW 0.235oz), composition 0.917 Au, 0.083 Cu, diameter 22.05mm, thickness 1.52mm, die axis 180°, London mint, 1871; obverse VICTORIA DEI-GRATIA (Victoria, by the Grace of God), third young filleted head left, hair bound with double fillet, waved and pulled back in ponytail ending in single corkscrew curl at back, W.W. raised on truncation for engraver William Wyon, 1871 below, toothed border surrounding; reverse BRITANNIARUM-REGINA FID: DEF: (Queen of the Britains, Defender of the Faith), crowned quartered shield of Arms of the United Kingdom bearing three lions passant guardant for England, lion rampant for Scotland and seven-stringed harp for Ireland, within open laurel wreath tied with bow at base, emblems in exergue with die number 14 above, rose at centre, thistle to left, shamrock to right, small rosette either side, engraved by Jean Baptiste Merlen, toothed border surrounding; from the Roger Belmar Collection; ex Baldwin's (26 Jan 2020); ex Bentley Collection, Part II, Baldwin's auction 76 (27 Sep 2012), lot 558; ex Douro Cargo, Spink auction 118 (20-1 Nov 1996), lot 1377 (part of); £750.00.Serendipity
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305c. HostilianGaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus (died 251), was Roman emperor in 251. Hostilian was born in an unknown date, after 230, as the son of the future emperor Trajan Decius by his wife Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla. He was the younger brother of emperor Herennius Etruscus.
Following his father's accession to the throne, Hostilian received the treatment of an imperial prince, but was always kept in the shade of his brother Herennius, who enjoyed the privileges of being older and heir. In the beginning of 251, Decius elevated his son Herennius to co-emperor and Hostilian succeeded him in the title of princeps iuventutis (prince of youth). These dispositions were made previous to a campaign against king Cniva of the Goths, to punish him over the raids on the Danubian frontier. Hostilian remained in Rome due to his inexperience, and empress Herennia was named regent.
The campaign proved to be a disaster: both Herennius and Decius died in the Battle of Abrittus and became the first two emperors to be killed by a foreign army in battle. The armies in the Danube acclaimed Trebonianus Gallus emperor, but Rome acknowledged Hostilian's rights. Since Trebonianus was a respected general, there was fear of another civil war of succession, despite the fact that he chose to respect the will of Rome and adopted Hostilian. But later in 251, plague broke out in Rome and Hostilian died in the epidemic. He was the first emperor in 40 years and one of only 13 to die of natural causes. His timely death opened the way for the rule of Trebonianus with his natural son Volusianus.
Hostilian. Moesia Superior. Viminacium AE 25 mm. 11.7 g. Obverse: C VAL HOST M QVINTVS CAE. Draped bust right. Reverse: P M S COL VIM AN XII. Moesia standing left between lion and bull. ecoli
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4029 JUDAEA, Gaza Hadrian 132-33 AD Io and Tyche Reference.
RPC III, 4029/12; De Saulcy 5; BMC 25; Cop. - Lindgren- - ANS.920
Issue Year 4 = 193
Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙ ΤΡΑΙ ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС С
Laureate and draped bust of Hadrian, right seen from rear.
Rev. ΕΙW ΓΑΖΑ
Below, mem; Δ ΕΠI ΓP; Io, in long dress, standing r., and City-goddess, in long dress, turreted and holding cornucopia in her l. hand, clasping hands
12.88 gr
26 mm
12h
Note.
Hadrian visited Gaza more than once, and it was upon such a visit in AD 128 that an additional reckoning date, that of the επιδημία (imperial visit), was added. During one of his trips the great temple of Zeus-Marnas may have been founded, as it first appears on the coins of Hadrian.okidoki
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4031 JUDAEA, Gaza Hadrian 132-33 AD Heracles standingReference.
RPC III, 4031; Sofaer 73
Issue Year 4 = 193
Obv. Α ΚΑ ΤΡ ΑΔΡΙΑΝ СƐ
Laureate head of Hadrian, right with slight drapery
Rev. ΓΑΖΑ Δ ΕΠΙ ΓЧΡ
Heracles standing r., with club and lion-skin; to l., מ
4.16 gr
17 mm
12h
Note.
From the François Righetti Collection.
Hadrian visited Gaza more than once, and it was upon such a visit in AD 128 that an additional reckoning date, that of the επιδημία (imperial visit), was added. During one of his trips the great temple of Zeus-Marnas may have been founded, as it first appears on the coins of Hadrian.okidoki
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501. Constantine I London BEATA TRANQVILLITASLondon
Londinium was established as a town by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD led by the Emperor Claudius. Archaeological excavation (undertaken by the Department of Urban Archaeology of the Museum of London now called MOLAS) since the 1970s has also failed to unearth any convincing traces of major settlement before c.50 — so ideas about Londinium being a military foundation around the Fort that protected London Bridge are now largely discounted.
The name Londinium is thought to be pre-Roman in origin although there is no consensus on what it means. One suggestion is that it derived from a personal name meaning 'fierce'. However, recent research by Richard Coates has suggested that the name derives from pre-Celtic Old European — Plowonida — from 2 roots, "plew" and "nejd", meaning something like "the flowing river" or "the wide flowing river". Londinium therefore means "the settlement on the wide river". He suggests that the river was called the Thames up river where it was narrower, and Plowonida down river where it was too wide to ford. For a discussion on the legends of London and Plowonida see [1]. The story of the settlement being named after Lud is considered unlikely.
Archaeologists now believe that London was founded as a civilian settlement by 50 AD. A wooden drain by the side of the main roman road excavated at No 1 Poultry has been dated to 47 which is likely to be the foundation date.
Ten years later, Londinium was sacked by the Iceni lead by the British queen Boudica. Excavation has revealed extensive evidence of destruction by fire at this date, and recently a military compound has been discovered in the City of London which may have been the headquarters of the Roman fight back against the British uprising.
The city recovered after perhaps 10 years, and reached its population height by about 120 AD, with a population of around 60,000. London became the capital of Roman Britain (Britannia) (previously the capital was the older, nearby town of Colchester). Thereafter began a slow decline; however, habitation and associated building work did not cease. By 375 London was a small wealthy community protected by completed defences. By 410 Roman occupation officially came to an end, with the citizens being ordered to look after their own defenses. By the middle of the 5th century the Roman city was practically abandoned.
RIC VII London 271 R2
ecoli
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601, Julius Caesar, Imperator and Dictator, assassinated 15 March 44 B.C.Julius Caesar AR Denarius 40 B.C. 20 mm, 3.6 gm; aVF; Moving mint. 49-48 BC. Obverse: Pontifical emblems culullus, aspergillum, axe, and apex. Reverse: elephant right trampling dragon; CAESAR in exergue. Ex Windsor Antiquities.
It is not possible to adequately discuss Gaius Julius Caesar within the constraints of this gallery. He was born on either the 12th or the 13th of July in 100 B.C. [most scholars agree upon this date, but it is debated], and he was assassinated on 15 March 44 B.C.
Caesar is arguably the most important figure in Roman history; only Augustus and, perhaps, Constantine the Great made contributions of equivalent magnitude. Caesar was a truly gifted writer, orator, politician and soldier .
Library and book store shelves are crowded with a variety of biographies on the great man. Christian Meier, professor of Ancient History at the University of Munich, has written a scholarly as well as intriguing biography of Caesar. It is simply titled Caesar. It was first published in Germany in 1982, and a recently published paper back translation by David McLintock is now available from Fontana Press (a subsidiary of HarperCollins Publishers).
Caesar is fascinating.
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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701a, Julius Caesar, Imperator and Dictator, assassinated 15 March 44 B.C.Julius Caesar
Of the great man, Joseph Sermarini states,"Gaius Julius Caesar is one of the most famous men in history. At the end of his brilliant military and political career he had gained control of the Roman state. His puppet senate heaped more and more honors upon him. In February 44 B.C. the senate named him dictator for life. Many senators, however, feared that he wished to become king, ending the Republic. On the 15th of March 44 B.C., 63 senators attacked him with knives they had hidden in the folds of their togas. This most famous of assassinations plunged the Roman Republic into 17 years of civil war, after which it would re-emerge as the Roman Empire."
It is not possible to adequately discuss Gaius Julius Caesar within the constraints of this gallery. He was born on either the 12th or the 13th of July in 100 B.C. [most scholars agree upon this date, but it is debated], and he was assassinated on 15 March 44 B.C.
Caesar is arguably the most important figure in Roman history; only Augustus and, perhaps, Constantine the Great made contributions of equivalent magnitude. Caesar was a truly gifted writer, orator, politician and soldier .
Library and book store shelves are crowded with a variety of biographies on this historical giant. Christian Meier, professor of Ancient History at the University of Munich, has written a scholarly as well as intriguing biography of Caesar. It is simply titled Caesar. It was first published in Germany in 1982, and a recently published paper back translation by David McLintock is now available from Fontana Press (a subsidiary of HarperCollins Publishers).
Caesar is fascinating.
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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710a, Vespasian, 1 July 69 - 24 June 79 A.D.Silver denarius, RIC II, 10, aVF, 3.5 g, 18mm, Rome mint, 69-71 AD; Obverse: IMP CAESA[R] VESPASIANV[S AV]G - Laureate head right; Reverse: COS ITER [T]R POT - Pax seated left holding branch and caduceus. Ex Imperial Coins.
De Imperatoribus Romanis:
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 69-79)
John Donahue
College of William and Mary
Introduction
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (b. A.D. 9, d. A.D. 79, emperor A.D. 69-79) restored peace and stability to an empire in disarray following the death of Nero in A.D. 68. In the process he established the Flavian dynasty as the legitimate successor to the Imperial throne. Although we lack many details about the events and chronology of his reign, Vespasian provided practical leadership and a return to stable government - accomplishments which, when combined with his other achievements, make his emperorship particularly notable within the history of the Principate.
Early Life and Career
Vespasian was born at Falacrina near Sabine Reate on 17 November, A.D. 9, the son of T. Flavius Sabinus, a successful tax collector and banker, and Vespasia Polla. Both parents were of equestrian status. Few details of his first fifteen years survive, yet it appears that his father and mother were often away from home on business for long periods. As a result, Vespasian's early education became the responsibility of his paternal grandmother, Tertulla. [[1]] In about A.D. 25 Vespasian assumed the toga virilis and later accepted the wearing of the latus clavus, and with it the senatorial path that his older brother, T. Flavius Sabinus, had already chosen. [[2]] Although many of the particulars are lacking, the posts typically occupied by one intent upon a senatorial career soon followed: a military tribunate in Thrace, perhaps for three or four years; a quaestorship in Crete-Cyrene; and the offices of aedile and praetor, successively, under the emperor Gaius. [[3]]
It was during this period that Vespasian married Flavia Domitilla. Daughter of a treasury clerk and former mistress of an African knight, Flavia lacked the social standing and family connections that the politically ambitious usually sought through marriage. In any case, the couple produced three children, a daughter, also named Flavia Domitilla, and two sons, the future emperors Titus and Domitian . Flavia did not live to witness her husband's emperorship and after her death Vespasian returned to his former mistress Caenis, who had been secretary to Antonia (daughter of Marc Antony and mother of Claudius). Caenis apparently exerted considerable influence over Vespasian, prompting Suetonius to assert that she remained his wife in all but name, even after he became emperor. [[4]]
Following the assassination of Gaius on 24 January, A.D. 41, Vespasian advanced rapidly, thanks in large part to the new princeps Claudius, whose favor the Flavians had wisely secured with that of Antonia, the mother of Germanicus, and of Claudius' freedmen, especially Narcissus. [[5]] The emperor soon dispatched Vespasian to Argentoratum (Strasbourg) as legatus legionis II Augustae, apparently to prepare the legion for the invasion of Britain. Vespasian first appeared at the battle of Medway in A.D. 43, and soon thereafter led his legion across the south of England, where he engaged the enemy thirty times in battle, subdued two tribes, and conquered the Isle of Wight. According to Suetonius, these operations were conducted partly under Claudius and partly under Vespasian's commander, Aulus Plautius. Vespasian's contributions, however, did not go unnoticed; he received the ornamenta triumphalia and two priesthoods from Claudius for his exploits in Britain. [[6]]
By the end of A.D. 51 Vespasian had reached the consulship, the pinnacle of a political career at Rome. For reasons that remain obscure he withdrew from political life at this point, only to return when chosen proconsul of Africa about A.D. 63-64. His subsequent administration of the province was marked by severity and parsimony, earning him a reputation for being scrupulous but unpopular. [[7]] Upon completion of his term, Vespasian returned to Rome where, as a senior senator, he became a man of influence in the emperor Nero's court. [[8]] Important enough to be included on Nero's tour of Greece in A.D. 66-67, Vespasian soon found himself in the vicinity of increasing political turbulence in the East. The situation would prove pivotal in advancing his career.
Judaea and the Accession to Power
In response to rioting in Caesarea and Jerusalem that had led to the slaughter in the latter city of Jewish leaders and Roman soldiers, Nero granted to Vespasian in A.D. 66 a special command in the East with the objective of settling the revolt in Judaea. By spring A.D. 67, with 60,000 legionaries, auxiliaries, and allies under his control, Vespasian set out to subdue Galilee and then to cut off Jerusalem. Success was quick and decisive. By October all of Galilee had been pacified and plans for the strategic encirclement of Jerusalem were soon formed. [[9]] Meanwhile, at the other end of the empire, the revolts of Gaius Iulius Vindex, governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, and Servius Sulpicius Galba , governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, had brought Nero's reign to the brink of collapse. The emperor committed suicide in June, A.D. 68, thereby ensuring chaos for the next eighteen months, as first Galba and then Marcus Salvius Otho and Aulus Vitellius acceded to power. Each lacked broad-based military and senatorial support; each would be violently deposed in turn. [[10]]
Still occupied with plans against Jerusalem, Vespasian swore allegiance to each emperor. Shortly after Vitellius assumed power in spring, A.D. 69, however, Vespasian met on the border of Judaea and Syria with Gaius Licinius Mucianus, governor of Syria, and after a series of private and public consultations, the two decided to revolt. [[11]] On July 1, at the urging of Tiberius Alexander, prefect of Egypt, the legions of Alexandria declared for Vespasian, as did the legions of Judaea two days later. By August all of Syria and the Danube legions had done likewise. Vespasian next dispatched Mucianus to Italy with 20,000 troops, while he set out from Syria to Alexandria in order to control grain shipments for the purpose of starving Italy into submission. [[12]] The siege of Jerusalem he placed in the hands of his son Titus.
Meanwhile, the Danubian legions, unwilling to wait for Mucianus' arrival, began their march against Vitellius ' forces. The latter army, suffering from a lack of discipline and training, and unaccustomed to the heat of Rome, was defeated at Cremona in late October. [[13]] By mid-December the Flavian forces had reached Carsulae, 95 kilometers north of Rome on the Flaminian Road, where the Vitellians, with no further hope of reinforcements, soon surrendered. At Rome, unable to persuade his followers to accept terms for his abdication, Vitellius was in peril. On the morning of December 20 the Flavian army entered Rome. By that afternoon, the emperor was dead. [[14]]
Tacitus records that by December 22, A.D. 69, Vespasian had been given all the honors and privileges usually granted to emperors. Even so, the issue remains unclear, owing largely to a surviving fragment of an enabling law, the lex de imperio Vespasiani, which conferred powers, privileges, and exemptions, most with Julio-Claudian precedents, on the new emperor. Whether the fragment represents a typical granting of imperial powers that has uniquely survived in Vespasian's case, or is an attempt to limit or expand such powers, remains difficult to know. In any case, the lex sanctioned all that Vespasian had done up to its passing and gave him authority to act as he saw fit on behalf of the Roman people. [[15]]
What does seem clear is that Vespasian felt the need to legitimize his new reign with vigor. He zealously publicized the number of divine omens that predicted his accession and at every opportunity he accumulated multiple consulships and imperial salutations. He also actively promoted the principle of dynastic succession, insisting that the emperorship would fall to his son. The initiative was fulfilled when Titus succeeded his father in A.D. 79.[[16]]
Emperorship
Upon his arrival in Rome in late summer, A.D. 70, Vespasian faced the daunting task of restoring a city and a government ravaged by the recent civil wars. Although many particulars are missing, a portrait nevertheles emerges of a ruler conscientiously committed to the methodical renewal of both city and empire. Concerning Rome itself, the emperor encouraged rebuilding on vacated lots, restored the Capitol (burned in A.D. 69), and also began work on several new buildings: a temple to the deified Claudius on the Caelian Hill, a project designed to identify Vespasian as a legitimate heir to the Julio-Claudians, while distancing himself from Nero ; a temple of Peace near the Forum; and the magnificent Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), located on the site of the lake of Nero 's Golden House. [[17]]
Claiming that he needed forty thousand million sesterces for these projects and for others aimed at putting the state on more secure footing, Vespasian is said to have revoked various imperial immunities, manipulated the supply of certain commodities to inflate their price, and increased provincial taxation. [[18]] The measures are consistent with his characterization in the sources as both obdurate and avaricious. There were occasional political problems as well: Helvidius Priscus, an advocate of senatorial independence and a critic of the Flavian regime from the start, was exiled after A.D. 75 and later executed; Marcellus Eprius and A. Alienus Caecina were condemned by Titus for conspiracy, the former committing suicide, the latter executed in A.D. 79.
As Suetonius claims, however, in financial matters Vespasian always put revenues to the best possible advantage, regardless of their source. Tacitus, too, offers a generally favorable assessment, citing Vespasian as the first man to improve after becoming emperor. [[19]] Thus do we find the princeps offering subventions to senators not possessing the property qualifications of their rank, restoring many cities throughout the empire, and granting state salaries for the first time to teachers of Latin and Greek rhetoric. To enhance Roman economic and social life even further, he encouraged theatrical productions by building a new stage for the Theatre of Marcellus, and he also put on lavish state dinners to assist the food trades. [[20]]
In other matters the emperor displayed similar concern. He restored the depleted ranks of the senatorial and equestrian orders with eligible Italian and provincial candidates and reduced the backlog of pending court cases at Rome. Vespasian also re-established discipline in the army, while punishing or dismissing large numbers of Vitellius ' men. [[21]]
Beyond Rome, the emperor increased the number of legions in the East and continued the process of imperial expansion by the annexation of northern England, the pacification of Wales, and by advances into Scotland and southwest Germany between the Rhine and the Danube. Vespasian also conferred rights on communities abroad, especially in Spain, where the granting of Latin rights to all native communities contributed to the rapid Romanization of that province during the Imperial period. [[22]]
Death and Assessment
In contrast to his immediate imperial predecessors, Vespasian died peacefully - at Aquae Cutiliae near his birthplace in Sabine country on 23 June, A.D. 79, after contracting a brief illness. The occasion is said to have inspired his deathbed quip: "Oh my, I must be turning into a god!" [[23]] In fact, public deification did follow his death, as did his internment in the Mausoleum of Augustus alongside the Julio-Claudians.
A man of strict military discipline and simple tastes, Vespasian proved to be a conscientious and generally tolerant administrator. More importantly, following the upheavals of A.D. 68-69, his reign was welcome for its general tranquility and restoration of peace. In Vespasian Rome found a leader who made no great breaks with tradition, yet his ability ro rebuild the empire and especially his willingness to expand the composition of the governing class helped to establish a positive working model for the "good emperors" of the second century.
Bibliography
Since the scholarship on Vespasian is more comprehensive than can be treated here, the works listed below are main accounts or bear directly upon issues discussed in the entry above. A comprehensive modern anglophone study of this emperor is yet to be produced.
Atti congresso internazionale di studi Flaviani, 2 vols. Rieti, 1983.
Atti congresso internazionale di studi Vespasianei, 2 vols. Rieti, 1981.
Bosworth, A.B. "Vespasian and the Provinces: Some Problems of the Early 70s A.D." Athenaeum 51 (1973): 49-78.
Brunt, P. A. "Lex de imperio Vespasiani." JRS (67) 1977: 95-116.
D'Espèrey, S. Franchet. "Vespasien, Titus et la littérature." ANRW II.32.5: 3048-3086.
Dudley, D. and Webster, G. The Roman Conquest of Britain. London, 1965.
Gonzalez, J. "The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law." JRS 76 (1986): 147-243.
Grant, M. The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Rome, 31 B.C. - A.D. 476. New York, 1985.
Homo, L. Vespasien, l'Empereur du bons sens (69-79 ap. J.-C.). Paris, 1949.
Levi, M.A. "I Flavi." ANRW II.2: 177-207.
McCrum, M. and Woodhead, A. G. Select Documents of the Principates of the Flavian Emperors Including the Year of the Revolution. Cambridge, 1966.
Nicols, John. Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae. Wiesbaden, 1978.
Scarre, C. Chronicle of the Roman Emperors. The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. London, 1995.
Suddington, D. B. The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian, 49 B.C. - A.D. 79. Harare: U. of Zimbabwe, 1982.
Syme, R. Tacitus. Oxford, 1958.
Wardel, David. "Vespasian, Helvidius Priscus and the Restoration of the Capitol." Historia 45 (1996): 208-222.
Wellesley, K. The Long Year: A.D. 69. Bristol, 1989, 2nd ed.
Notes
[[1]] Suet. Vesp. 2.1. Suetonius remains the major source but see also Tac. Hist. 2-5; Cass. Dio 65; Joseph. BJ 3-4.
[[2]] Suetonius (Vesp. 2.1) claims that Vespasian did not accept the latus clavus, the broad striped toga worn by one aspiring to a senatorial career, immediately. The delay, however, was perhaps no more than three years. See J. Nicols, Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae (Wiesbaden, 1978), 2.
[[3]] Military tribunate and quaestorship: Suet. Vesp. 2.3; aedileship: ibid., 5.3, in which Gaius, furious that Vespasian had not kept the streets clean, as was his duty, ordered some soldiers to load him with filth;,they complied by stuffing his toga with as much as it could hold. See also Dio 59.12.2-3; praetorship: Suet. Vesp. 2.3, in which Vespasian is depicted as one of Gaius' leading adulators, an account consistent with Tacitus' portrayal (Hist 1.50.4; 2.5.1) of his early career. For a more complete discussion of these posts and attendant problems of dating, see Nicols, Vespasian, 2-7.
[[4]] Marriage and Caenis: Suet. Vesp. 3; Cass. Dio 65.14.
[[5]] Nicols, Vespasian, 12-39.
[[6]] Suet. Vesp. 4.1 For additional details on Vespasian's exploits in Britain, see D. Dudley and G. Webster, The Roman Conquest of Britain (London, 1965), 55 ff., 98.
[[7]] Concerning Vespasian's years between his consulship and proconsulship, see Suet. Vesp. 4.2 and Nicols, Vespasian, 9. On his unpopularity in Africa, see Suet. Vesp. 4.3, an account of a riot at Hadrumentum, where he was once pelted with turnips. In recording that Africa supported Vitellius in A.D. 69, Tacitus too suggests popular dissatisfaction with Vespasian's proconsulship. See Hist. 2.97.2.
[[8]] This despite the fact that the sources record two rebukes of Vespasian, one for extorting money from a young man seeking career advancement (Suet. Vesp. 4.3), the other for either leaving the room or dozing off during one of the emperor's recitals (Suet. Vesp. 4.4 and 14, which places the transgression in Greece; Tac. (Ann. 16.5.3), who makes Rome and the Quinquennial Games of A.D. 65 the setting; A. Braithwaite, C. Suetoni Tranquilli Divus Vespasianus, Oxford, 1927, 30, who argues for both Greece and Rome).
[[9]] Subjugation of Galilee: Joseph. BJ 3.65-4.106; siege of Jerusalem: ibid., 4.366-376, 414.
[[10]] Revolt of Vindex: Suet. Nero 40; Tac. Ann. 14.4; revolt of Galba: Suet. Galba 10; Plut. Galba, 4-5; suicide of Nero: Suet. Nero 49; Cass. Dio 63.29.2. For the most complete account of the period between Nero's death and the accession of Vespasian, see K. Wellesley, The Long Year: A.D. 69, 2nd. ed. (Bristol, 1989).
[[11]] Tac. Hist. 2.76.
[[12]] Troops in support of Vespasian: Suet. Vit. 15; Mucianus and his forces: Tac. Hist. 2.83; Vespasian and grain shipments: Joseph. BJ 4.605 ff.; see also Tac. Hist. 3.48, on Vespasian's possible plan to shut off grain shipments to Italy from Carthage as well.
[[13]] On Vitellius' army and its lack of discipline, see Tac. Hist. 2.93-94; illness of army: ibid., 2.99.1; Cremona: ibid., 3.32-33.
[[14]] On Vitellius' last days, see Tac. Hist. 3.68-81. On the complicated issue of Vitellius' death date, see L. Holzapfel, "Römische Kaiserdaten," Klio 13 (1913): 301.
[[15]] Honors, etc. Tac. Hist. 4.3. For more on the lex de imperio Vespasiani, see P. A. Brunt, "Lex de imperio Vespasiani," JRS (67) 1977: 95-116.
[[16]] Omens: Suet. Vesp. 5; consulships and honors: ibid., 8; succession of sons: ibid., 25.
[[17]] On Vespasian's restoration of Rome, see Suet. Vesp. 9; Cass. Dio 65.10; D. Wardel, "Vespasian, Helvidius Priscus and the Restoration of the Capitol," Historia 45 (1996): 208-222.
[[18]] Suet. Vesp. 16.
[[19]] Ibid.; Tac. Hist. 1.50.
[[20]] Suet. Vesp. 17-19.
[[21]] Ibid., 8-10.
[[22]] On Vespasian's exploits in Britain, see esp. Tac., Agricola, eds. R. M. Ogilvie and I. A. Richmond (1967), and W. S. Hanson, Agricola and the Conquest of the North (1987); on the granting of Latin rights in Spain, see, e.g., J. Gonzalez, "The Lex Irnitana: a New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law." JRS 76 (1986): 147-243.
[[23]] For this witticism and other anecdotes concerning Vespasian's sense of humor, see Suet. Vesp. 23.
Copyright (C) 1998, John Donahue. Published on De Imperatoribus Romanis, an Online Encyplopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families.
http://www.roman-emperors.org/vespasia.htm
Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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al-Ashraf Sha'ban II, Balog 458Islamic, Mamluks, al-Ashraf Sha'ban II, 1363-1377, AE fals, Dimashq, no date, 18mm 2.24g, Balog 458
O: Eye-shaped cartouche with Arabic al-sultan al-malik al-Ashraf Sha'ban clockwise around perimeter; at center, bin Hasan
R: Floreated octolabe with zarb Dimashq at center
casata137ec
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Arados, Phoenicia240n - 237 BC
AE 16 mm, 4.102 grams, 0 degrees
O: Turreted bust of Tech right.
R: Prow of war galley left with figurehead of Athena Promachos fighting no date, AP monogram above.
Ref: Duyrat 1374-1403; BMC Phoenicia p 13, 88-90,; Lindgren III 1334; HGC 10 86.
Notes: VF, nice glossy black patina with red earthen highlighting; obverse edge beveled, tiny edge split. Arados mint.
Ex-Forum Ancient Coins, ex-Errett Bishop collectionVirgil H
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Aspurgus, c. 14 - 37 A.D., In the Name of Tiberius. Tiberius/ AspurgusKingdom of Bosporus, Aspurgus, c. 14 - 37 A.D., In the Name of Tiberius. Bronze 12 nummi, RPC I 1903 (14 examples), MacDonald 300, F, 7.000g, 22.7mm, 0o, c. 35 - 37 A.D.; obverse “TIBERIOS KAISAROS”, laureate head of Tiberius right; reverse, diademed head of Aspurgus right, IB before, uncertain monogram behind; brown tone. This coin and coins of Caligula (RPC 1904, “Gaius Caesar Germanicus” 14 examples known to RPC) were both struck with this date, with young portraits, about which RPC notes, “the pieces with the portraits of Tiberius and Caligula were probably made at the end of the reign; the Tiberian pieces are so similar to the Caligulan ones that it seems very likely that both were made within a short space of time.” Could the young portrait on the obverse be viewed as that of Tiberius Gemellus? The grandson of Tiberius was named joint-heir with Caligula in the will of the emperor. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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Augustus / Marcus Ambibulus, procurator of Judea under Augustus.Marcus Ambibulus, procurator of Judea under Augustus, 9-12 AD, bronze prutah of 15.4 mm, 1.72 grams. Struck in the year 10 AD.Jerusalem mint.
Obverse: Ear of grain, KAICA POC.
Reverse: Palm tree with 2 bunches of dates and date, LM.
Reference: Hendin-1330.
“Swear to me, young women of Jerusalem, by the gazelles or by the does of the field, that you won’t awaken or arouse love before its proper time.” Song of Solomon.Sam
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Augustus RIC-471Æ As, 9.20g 28mm
Rome mint, 11-12 A.D.
Obv: IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS IMP XX; Head of Augustus, Bare, L.
Rev: PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POT XXXIIII; Large SC in middle fields.
RIC 471 (C) CBN 883
Acquired from Filatelia Numismatica Centrale, Coin Shop in Rome, June 8, 2022. ($160)
This type was one of the first copper coins minted in Rome since before 4 B.C. when prior to that date, the copper coinage minted in Rome portrayed the tresviri monetales (three moneyers) on the legends of the coins. Following the return of copper coinage to Rome in A.D. 11, the moneyers names were now taken off the coin to clear up the final remnants of the Roman Republic and to show the emperor as the sole authority. This coin type would not only replace the Moneyers names on the legends of the coins with that of the emperor's titles, but it would also set the standard style for many of the copper asses of the later Julio-Claudian Dynasty. (Courtesy of DzikiZdeb)
Very Fine style and dark patinated surfacesTrajanus
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Ayyubids, Branch at Aleppo (Halab), al-Zahir Ghiyath al-Din Ghazi ibn Yusuf (al-Zahir Ghazi) (emir of Aleppo 1186-1216 A.D = 582-613 A.H.)Balog 671, 674 or 676, most probably Balog 674; Album 838.4
AE fals, Halab mint, dated 604 A.H. = 1207/08 A.D., 607 A.H. = 1210/11 A.D. or 609 A.H. = 1211/12 A.D., most likely 607 A.H. (scarce with legible date, per Album); 4.39 g., 23.08 mm. max. 180°
Obv.: Border of pellets within which is an eight-pointed star, within which is an eight-pointed star of pellets; al-malik / al-Zahir in two lines in center; mint and date (counterclockwise) in margin segments.
Rev.: Border of pellets within which is an eight-pointed star, within which is an eight-pointed star of pellets; al-imam / al-Nasir (refering to caliph al-Nasir [1180-1225 A.D. = 575-622 A.H.]) in two lines in center; Kalima (counterclockwise) in margin segments.
al-Zahir Ghazi was the third son of al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Saladin) (1169-1193 A.D. = 564-589 A.H.), the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Album rarity C
Dating assistance courtesy of Alex Koifman.Stkp
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BCC B40 Justinian I FollisByzantine Period
Justinian I 527-565 CE
AE Follis, Constantinople
Obv: DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVC
Bust facing, in helmet with plume
and diadem, cuirassed, holding
globus cruciger and shield; cross
to right. Rev: Large M, with cross
above, ANNO to left, and date,
X/U/III? to rt. (RY 18=544/5)
Below, E? In exergue: CON?
36.5mm. 14.45gm. (broken) Axis:180
SB 163 fifth officina; DOC I 43f?
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome
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BCC J67 Pontius Pilate - Prefect under TiberiusJudaea AE Prutah
Jerusalem Mint
Pontius Pilate, prefect
under Tiberius 26-36 C.E.
Obv: TIBERIOY KAICAPOC
Lituus with inscription around.
Rev: LIZ or LIH Date, obliterated,
within wreath (year 17 or 18).
AE15.5mm. 1.43gm. Axis:?
Hendin III 649 or 650
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1977
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome
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BCC L8Lead Sheet Impressed with a
Coin of Hadrian, 117-138CE
Obv: HADRIA [...] Laureate head right.
Rev: unknown
A coin, possibly a denarius, was
pressed into the lead by an unknown
method. There are no impact marks
on the back of the lead, except where
a nail or punch penetrated the object.
It is not known whether the lead sheet
was pierced in the act of holing the
coin, or whether the lead was pierced
at a later date, by coincidence, for an
unknown purpose. There is a very
faint impression of a second, as yet
unidentified coin, in one corner of the
sheet. (see photo #3). This object
remains a mystery.
Length: 34.5mm. Width: 26.25mm.
Thickness: 2.0mm. Weight: 2.11gm.
Diameter of impression: 19.0mm.
(for higher resolution, please click on picture)v-drome
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BCC LS16Lead Seal
Uncertain date, probably
Late Roman to Early Byzantine
with Latin inscriptions.
Obv: I[?]H / EAN / NU (John)
Rev: LEO / NTO / NA
Latin inscription.
20x18mm. 7.43gm. Axis:0
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome
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BCC LT73Egyptian Style Lead Tessera
Caesarea Maritima
Uncertain Date, early 1st century CE?
Obv: Bearded half-figure to right?,
Uncertain objects to right and left.
Rev: Galley? with several figures.
(perhaps "Barge of Sarapis"?).
The surface is heavily corroded.
18 x 17 x 1.5mm. 2.69gm. Axis:0
Lead or Lead/silver? alloy.
Rev. cf. Dattari #2859 (plate XXIII),
but smaller in diameter. Also cf.
BCC LT29, and Hamburger #50-56,
but with different designs.
(click for larger pic)v-drome
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BCC M123 Hadrian? Hemhem MinimaCaesarea Minima
Hadrian? 117-138CE
Caesarea or Alexandria Mint
AE Chalkon
Obv: Mis-struck, possible brockage.
Rev: Hemhem crown of Harpocrates.
Traces of date, blundered, below.
12.0mm. 0.76gm. Axis:?
cf. Hamburger #102; Imitation?
of BMC Alexandria 902
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1977
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome
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BCC M44Caesarea Minima
Uncertain Date, 2nd-3rd Cent. CE?
Obv: Imperial? bust right.
Rev: Parts of four heads facing right.
AE 8mm. 0.34g. Axis:0
Similar to Hamburger
#120 or 124 “Minute Coins from Caesarea
Maritima” Vol.1 Atiqot,1954.
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome
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BCC M71-75Caesarea Minimae
Five minute coins from Caesarea Maritima
Mint: Caesarea or Tyre?
Obv:Head of Tyche right, crudely
rendered on some specimens. The second
coin, (m72), has a palm branch to the left
of Tyche. Rev: Palm tree with fruits, traces
of inscription, or pseudo-date, very crudely
rendered on m74 and m75.
AE12.5mm.-8.5mm. 0.79gm.-0.29gm.
Axis:var. Similar to Hamburger #6-#26.
Apparently minted in imitation of the well
known 1st-2nd CE autonomous coins of Tyre.
Surface finds Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome
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BCC MA24, MA25, MA26, MA27Bronze Sewing Needles
Caesarea Maritima
Uncertain Date, Roman?
Bronze needles with semi-rectangular
eyes. I do not know the method or
date of manufacture. The third needle
from the left (MA26), has a distinct
groove on both sides where the eye
is located. Any ideas are welcome.
MA24: 8.5cm Weight: 5.1gm
MA25: 7.2cm Weight: 2.6gm
MA26: 4.4cm Weight: 0.4gm
MA27: 4.1cm Weight: 0.8gm
Surface finds from the beach
near Caesarea, 1971-1977
(click for larger pic)v-drome
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BCC MA28, MA29, MA30, MA31Bronze Fish Hooks
Caesarea Maritima
Uncertain Date, Roman?
MA28: 4.1cm Weight: 2.1gm
MA29: 3.5cm Weight: 2.15gm
MA30: 2.7cm Weight: 1.9gm
MA31: 2.5cm Weight: 1.2gm
Barbed hooks with flattened tying
end, and grooves for securing line.
Dating is difficult, as the form
remained the same for so many
years. Any ideas are welcome.
These are surface finds from the
beach near Caesarea, 1971-1976.
(click for larger pic)v-drome
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BUKHARA - Sayyid Alim KhanBUKHARA - Sayyid Alim Khan (1911-1920) 10 Tenga, AH 1337 (1918). Brass. Obv.: Inscription & date, "zarb Bukhara" Rev.: Inscription and date, "yakdah tangah". Reference: KM#53.
Sayyid Alim Khan was the last descendant of Ghengis Khan to rule a nation.dpaul7
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Cappadocia, Kings, 014 Ariobarzanes III. Eusebes Philoromaios (52-42 B.C.), AR-Drachm, SNG Cop. 162, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ...,Athena Nicephorus standing left, #1Cappadocia, Kings, 014 Ariobarzanes III. Eusebes Philoromaios (52-42 B.C.), AR-Drachm, SNG Cop. 162, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΟΒΑΡΖΑΝΟΥ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΙΛΟΡΩΜΑΙΟΥ, Athena Nicephorus standing left, #1
avers: Diademed, bearded head of king right.
reverse: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΟΒΑΡΖΑΝΟΥ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΙΛΟΡΩΜΑΙΟΥ, Athena Nikephoros standing left, star in a crescent to inner left, monogram to inner right, Θ (date, year=9) in exergue.
exergue: -/-//Θ, diameter:15,5-16,5mm, weight: 3,58g, axes: 0h,
mint: Cappadocia, Kings, Ariobarzanes III Eusebes Philoromaios, date: Θ (year-9), 44 B.C., ref: Simonetta 1b, SNG Copenhagen 162, SNG von Aulock 6327.
Q-001quadrans
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Cilicia, Anazarbus, Commodus, SNG Leante Supp. 325Commodus AD 177-192
AE 26, 12.84g, 225°
struck (Theta)QP = 199 = AD 181/182
obv. AVTO K LO A - KOMODEW CEB
bust, draped and cuirassed, laureate, r.
rev. ANAZARBE - WN ETOVC (Theta)QP
bust of Zeus Olybrius, draped, diademed, wearing necklace, seen from front, head r.
SNG Levante 325 (this ex.); SNG Paris 2041 var. (date, legend)
rare, VF, dark green patina, obv. a bit rough, impressive portrait of Zeus
added to www.wildwinds.com
This coin is much better in hand, especially the rev. is very beautiful! Jochen
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CILICIAN ARMENIA - Levon IICILICIAN ARMENIA - Levon II (1270-1289) Sis mint no date, copper kardez. Obv.: Lion walks left. Rev.: Potent cross, four stars in four quadrants. Struck in the city of Sis. I believe it is HS037.
dpaul7
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Constantine the Great, Follis - *Nicomedia mint, 2nd officina, c. AD 311
IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG; Laureate head right
VIRTVTIE-XERCITVS Mars/Virtus advancing right in military dress, holding transverse spear and shield ; trophy over shoulder. B in right field. SMN in exergue.
4.88 gr, 22 mm
RIC-, C-, Roman coins -
RIC lists this type only for Licinius and Maximinus . "Iovi Conservatori and Virtuti Exercitus both appear for Licinius and Maximinus, emissions for the former being the more scarce: coinage for Constantine is extremely rare. Date, c. 311". Coin should be listed after NICOMEDIA 70c.
Please see Victor Clarks website for further information at :http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/unlisted/Potator II
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Convention - 2 sols - Limoges.2 sols à la table de loi non daté, cuivre, 25,44 g, 34 mm.
A/ REPUBLIQUE FRANCOISE // L'AN II, table des droits de l'Homme sous un oeil avec LES HOMMES SONT EGAUX DEVANT LA LOI, grappe de raisin à gauche, épi de blé à droite.
R/ LIBERTE EGALITE // 2 S // I, balance sommée d'un bonnet phrygien dans une couronne de feuillages.
Réfs : Révolution, R. 76-2.Gabalor
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Cr 469/1a AR Denarius Cn. Pompey Minorissued in name of M. Poblicius, legate pro praetore. Corduba, summer 46 - spring 45 b.c.e.
Obv: Helmeted head of Roma to right; M•POBLICI•LEG PRO•PR around
Rev: Female figure -- Hispania -- standing facing, head to right, with round shield slung on back, holding two spears in left hand and with right hand giving palm-branch to soldier, standing facing, head to left on prow of ship; on right CN•MAGNVS•IMP upwards.
Sear CRI 48; RSC 1 (Pompey the Great)
3.49gm, 20mm, 6h.
This coin and its variations and related types with different obverses all reflect hope / support of Further Spain for the Pompeian cause, which had a few setbacks by the time Pompey Junior arrived in Spain. "A few" includes complete defeat at Pharsalus, the murder of Pompey the Great in Egypt, complete defeat along with Scipio and Cato at Thapsus/Utica. But the Pompey lads were nothing if not "optimistic" -- pun intended -- and they seemed to have access to silver in Spain. Things won't get better for Junior.
This specimen is a bit worn but otherwise very well-centered for the type, with all of the key details distinct. I note that the palm-branch held by Hispania is quite a bit longer than other specimens I have seen to date, perhaps a single-die elaboration. The Pompeian soldier appears to hold his helmet at ready in a formal pose, somewhat ironically given Pompey's own final disposition, but clearer specimens show this is the military cloak bunched at the shoulder.
Note unusually tall palm branch, almost double length compared to CoinArchives specimens.PMah
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Crawford 405/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, M. Plaetorius Cestianus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
M. Plaetorius M.F. Cestianus, 57 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.00g; 20mm; 7h).
Rome Mint.
Obverse: Female (Fortuna?) bust, facing right.; Φ behind.
Reverse: M PLAETORI· CEST·S·C; Boy facing front, holding a tablet or wooden lot inscribed SORS.
References: Crawford 405/2; Sydenham 801(R5); BMCRR 3525; Plaetoria 10.
Provenance: Ex Naville 60 (27 Sep 2020) Lot 398; from a European Collection, purchased in 1986.
A difficult type, often off-center and with a high-relief reverse design that is prone to heavy wear of the face and tablet. On this example, while not apparent from the photo, the boy’s head is practically three-dimensional in its relief. The unusual, full-frontal reverse design and generally pleasing style make this a very-popular type among Roman Republican collectors.
The moneyer is Marcus Plaetorius Cestianus, who was Curule Aedile in 67 BCE and Praetor in 64 BCE.
Cestianus issued coins in two different years – once as Curule Aedile (those coins with AED CVR also in their inscriptions) and a second time in a non-aedile capacity, but in both cases by order of the Senate. The presence of S·C in the reverse inscription of this coin identifies it as special coinage produced by Senatorial decree. Crawford arranged Cestianus’ non-aedile coins in 69 BCE, ahead of his Curule Aedile issue in 67 BCE; however, hoard evidence strongly supports flipping this order around. In their analysis of the Messagne hoard, Hersh and Walker redated the non-aedile coins to 57 BCE. They note that Cestianus’ non-aedile issues do not appear in hoards until long after his Curule Aedile issues of 67 BCE, and they postulate that he issued the non-aedile coins in 57 BCE as pro-praetor (having been praetor in 64 BCE). In Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, Michael Harlan disagreed with this late date, suggesting instead a date within a year of the AED CVR coins, and explaining their different workmanship and absence from hoards on Cestianus striking the coins overseas for Pompey during his pirate war.
The imagery refers to the worship/oracle of Fortuna at Praeneste, where lots were used for divination. There is some disagreement on the identity of the obverse bust but it seems very likely to be Fortuna, even if inconsistent with other depictions of that deity. Sors were lots, and it is a tablet or wooden lot that the boy holds on the reverse. The moneyer was descended from a Cestia gens member who had been adopted into the Plaetoria gens. The Cestia had ties to Praeneste.
Carausius
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Crawford 512/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, C. Clodius VestalisRome, Moneyer Issues of the Imperatorial Period.
C. Clodius C.f. Vestalis. 41 BCE
AR Denarius (3.99g; 20mm; 12h).
Rome mint, 41 BCE.
Obverse: C•CLODIVS - C• F•; Draped, laureate bust of Flora, facing right; flower behind.
Reverse: VESTALIS; Veiled female seated to left, extending culullus in right hand.
References: Crawford 512/2; HCRI 317; Sydenham 1135 (R3); BMCRR 4196; Clodia 13
Provenance: Ex Nomisma 65 (17 Jun 2022) Lot 40; Aretusa Auction 1 (18 Sep 1993) Lot 265; De Nicola FPL (Sep 1968) Lot 248.
Flora was the Roman goddess of flowers and springtime, with an association to fertility, and her festival began at Rome circa 240-238 BCE. Crawford prefers the later date, which would eliminate the Flora connection to the moneyer’s kinsman, C. Claudius Cento, consul in 240 BCE; David Sear thinks the 240 BCE date of the festival is correct and that the connection to C. Claudius Cento is the reason for the obverse type. The reverse depiction of a seated Vestal Virgin might be a punning allusion to the moneyer’s cognomen, Vestalis, or it may depict one of the Vestal Virgins who were members of the Claudia gens (Claudia Quinta ca. 200 BCE, or Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 143 BCE). Grueber argues that the coin depicts Claudia Quinta who was instrumental in bringing the cult of Cybele to Rome, and from whom the Claudians assumed the cognomen “Vestalis.”Carausius
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CT 8.10.002; RIC -Constantine I BI Nummus. London, AD 317. CONSTANTINVS P AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust right / CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE, Sol standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, right hand raised, globe in left; S above star in left field, P in right, PLN in exergue. 2.69g, 21mm, 7h.
Ex Paul DiMarzio Collection (CNG eAuction 516, 18th May 2022, Lot 614). Previously acquired from CGB, 24th April 2020.
Ex Chitry Hoard (2007); Coin 944.
CT Rarity: R (Several known examples).
The Chitry Hoard (Yonne) was discovered in 2007. It is made up of about 2,500 coins of the late Third and the early Fourth Century. Except for a single coin struck at the London mint in 323/4 which determines its terminal date, the Chitry Hoard belongs to a group of treasures coming up against the monetary reform of 318. This short term accumulation had been carried out between 310 and 318. The nummi struck at 1/72 to the pound represent a quarter of the hoard whereas the ones struck at 1/96 to the pound represent three quarters. The Chitry Hoard is the first treasure of its kind from Central Gaul to be thoroughly published. It provides essential data regarding the monetary circulation in this area during the 310's. It also brings previously unpublished types and contributes to a better understanding of some aspects of the Constantinian coinage struck in Gaul and Britain. (CNG)Paulus J
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Danish India, Tranquebar: Christian VII (1766-1808) AE 1 Kas (UBJ-359; Gray-151; KM#150)Obv: Crowned C7 monogram
Rev: Crowned DAC monogram between date, 1 below
Quant.Geek
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Danish India, Tranquebar: Christian VII (1766-1808) AE 1 Kas (UBJ-359; Gray-151; KM#150)Obv: Crowned C7 monogram
Rev: Crowned DAC monogram between date, 1 belowQuant.Geek
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Danish India, Tranquebar: Christian VII (1766-1808) AE 1 Kas (UBJ-359; Gray-151; KM#150)Obv: Crowned C7 monogram
Rev: Crowned DAC monogram between date, 1 below
Quant.Geek
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Danish India, Tranquebar: Christian VII (1766-1808) AE 1 Kas (UBJ-359; Gray-151; KM#150)Obv: Crowned C7 monogram
Rev: Crowned DAC monogram between date, 1 belowQuant.Geek
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Danish India, Tranquebar: Christian VII (1766-1808) AR 1 Royalin (UBJ-299; Gray-145; KM#168)Obv: Crowned C7 monogram
Rev: Arms divides date, value above
Quant.Geek
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Danish India, Tranquebar: Christian VII (1766-1808) AR 2 Royaliner (UBJ-271; KM#171)Obv: Crowned C7 monogram
Rev: Arms divides date, value aboveQuant.Geek
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Danish India, Tranquebar: Frederik V (1746-1766) AR Royaliner (UBJ-236; Gray-138; KM#147)Obv: Crowned F5 monogram
Rev: Arms divides date, value above
Quant.Geek
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Elymais, van't Haaff 21.1-1, Unknown ruler, uncertain date, AE-Hemidrachm, Anchor, #1Elymais, van't Haaff 21.1-1, Unknown ruler, uncertain date, AE-Hemidrachm, Anchor, #1
avers: No legend, primitive head/bust, left, w/diadem, large fish-eye, long beard.
reverse: No legend, anchor w/single bottom cross-bar, pelleted border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5-12,5mm, weight: 2,12g, axes: 0h,
mint: Elymais, (Under Parthian Authority), date: c.120 A.D. (undated),
ref: van't Haaff 21.1-1, Alram --,
Q-001quadrans
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FH-G-034Syria, Seleukid Kingdom; Antiochus (?); AR Drachm
- Draped bust right.
- ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ / ANTIOXOY
- BASILEWS / ANTIOXOY
- Apollo Delphios seated left on omphalos, holding arrow & resting on bow.
3.40gm / 15.52mm / Axis: 315
Notes: Dec 8, 15 - The reverse legend of this crude little silver points to any one of the Antiochos', kings of the Seleukid Kingdom. Yet, to date, I can not find an example of such coin with a similar Obv. Bust (which I am assuming to be bust of Apollo or Artemis).
Jonathan P
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GADARA - Decápolis - ArabiaAmonedación autónoma de la Ciudad (Biblia - San Lucas 8 - El endemoniado Gadareno).
AE 18 x 17 mm 3.0 gr.
Anv: Busto vestido con corona mural o torreada de tyche (Diosa de la Ciudad) viendo a derecha.
Rev: "ΓAΔA / PEΩN / LEI" (GADARA Fecha LEI = año 15 - 50/49 A.C. Gadara se inicia en el 64 A.C.), Leyenda a los lados de una cornucopia.
Mr. Curtis says: “Yours seems to be a new date, LEI = year 15 = 50/49 BC. The dates listed by Spijkerman for this type are LIH = 18, LK = 20, KA = 21, LEK = 25.”
Acuñada: 50 – 49 A.C.
Ceca: Gadara - Decápolis – Arabia
Referencias: Lindgren & Kovacs #2205 – Spijkerman #7 - SNG.ANS.6.1287/88/89/90mdelvalle
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Georgia: Giorgi IV Lasha (1208-1223) AE unit (Kap-66; Bennett-179)Obv: Design of six knots surrounding two-line central Mtavruli legend: ႢႨႻႤ / ႧႫႰႱႠ(Giorgi son of Tamar). Outside of knot design, circular Mtavruli legend: † ႱႾႤႪႨႧႠႶႧႠႨႵႬ ႽႤႣႠႥႺႾႪႱ ႠႫႱ ႵႩႱ ჃႪ († In the name of God, this coin was struck in the year 430 of the koronikon)
Rev: Central four-line Arabic inscription:
ملك الملوك (The King of kings,)
جلال الدنيا و الدين (Glory of the world and faith,)
كيوركى بن تامار (Giorgi, son of Tamar,)
Øسام Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø³ÙŠØ (sword of the Messiah)
Marginal Persian legend: بنام خداى پاك اين سيمرا زده اند Ø¨ØªØ§Ø±ÙŠØ Ú†Ù‡Ø§Ø± صی وسی سال (In the name of God most pure, this coin was struck in the year 430)
The Georgian year is encoded using the "Paschal cycle". This dating system is based on the creation date being March 22, 5604 BC. From this date, they ran through a 532-year cycle. So, Year 1 was March 22, 5604 BC for the 1st cycle. And the 13th cycle's Year 1 was March 22, 781 AD. For years 346 to 532, add 780 to obtain the corresponding year in AD. The year starts off at March 22nd for each AD year. So, 430 + 780 = March 22, 1210 AD. For more information, please see Sweeny...
References:
Langlois, Victor, Numismatique de la Géorgie au Moyen Âge, A. Leleux, 1852
Пахомов, Евгений, Монеты Грузии, Мецниреба, 1970 (Pakhomov, Evgeny, Coins of Georgia, Metsnireba, 1970)
Sweeny, James O., Tempus in Nummis, Volume 1, Numismatics International, 1992
Paghava, Irakli, Georgian Coins in the Collection of the National Museum-Náprstek Museum in Prague, 2013
Quant.Geek
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Georgia: Queen Rusudan (1223-1245) AE fals (Lang-13; Langlois-30)Obv: In center; Asomtavruli ႰႱႬ (RSN), standing for RuSudaNi, surmounted by the queen’s monogram being a part of the ornamental device. Surrounded by a linear border. Asomtavruli characters ႵႩႬჃႫႦ (K’KNUMZ, standing for the date formula K’oroniKoN UMZ, i.e. 447, which corresponds to 1227, the frozen date) are placed into the right, bottom and left compartments between the ornamental device and the linear border
Rev: name and titles of Rusudan in Arabic in four lines across field surrounded by a beaded or a linear border;
الملكة الملوك والملكات; Queen of Kings and Queens
جلال الدنيا والدين; Glory of the World, Kingdom and Faith
روسدان بنت تامار ظهير المسØ; Rusudan, daughter of Tamar, Champion of the Messiah
عزالله انصاره; May God increase [her] victories
The Georgian year is encoded using the "Paschal cycle". This dating system is based on the creation date being March 22, 5604 BC. From this date, they ran through a 532-year cycle. So, Year 1 was March 22, 5604 BC for the 1st cycle. And the 13th cycle's Year 1 was March 22, 781 AD. For years 346 to 532, add 780 to obtain the corresponding year in AD. The year starts off at March 22nd for each AD year. So, 420 + 780 = March 22, 1200 AD. For more information, please see Sweeny...
References:
Langlois, Victor, Numismatique de la Géorgie au Moyen Âge, A. Leleux, 1852
Пахомов, Евгений, Монеты Грузии, Мецниреба, 1970 (Pakhomov, Evgeny, Coins of Georgia, Metsnireba, 1970)
Sweeny, James O., Tempus in Nummis, Volume 1, Numismatics International, 1992
Paghava, Irakli, Georgian Coins in the Collection of the National Museum-Náprstek Museum in Prague, 2013
Quant.Geek
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German states. Prussia. Friedrich Wilhelm III 1797 - 1840. .5210 silver 1/6 thaler 1816-A.German states. Prussia. Friedrich Wilhelm III 1797 - 1840. .5210 silver 1/6 thaler 1816-A. FRIED.WILHELM III KOENIG VON PRUESSEN, head right / VIERUND ACHTZIG EINE FEINE MARK, value, date, and mint-mark within wreath.
KM 385
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German States. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. KArl Alexander 1853 - 1901. Copper 2-Pfennige 1826.German States. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. KArl Alexander 1853 - 1901. Copper 2-Pfennige 1826. S.W.E. above arms / Value and Date, rosette below.
KM c63
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German States. Saxony. Friedrich August I 1806 - 1827. Copper 4 Pfennige 1808-H.German States. Saxony. Friedrich August I 1806 - 1827. Copper 4 Pfennige 1808-H. Crowned arms within wreath / Value, date, and mint-mark.
KM 1064
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German states. Saxony. Johann 1854 - 1873. Copper 5-pfennig 1864-B.German states. Saxony. Johann 1854 - 1873. Copper 5-pfennig 1864-B. KOENIGREICH SACHEN, Crowned arms within inner circle, beaded border / SCHEIDE MUNZE, denomination, date, and mint-mark within inner circle, beaded border.
KM 1218
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German, German States, City of Emden, Ferdinand III. No Date, (1637-1657 A.D.), KM 10.1, AR-2/3Thaler/Gulden/28 Stuiver, Two-headed eagle stamped with a cartridge bearing the number 28, #1German, German States, City of Emden, Ferdinand III. No Date, (1637-1657 A.D.), KM 10.1, AR-2/3Thaler/Gulden/28 Stuiver, Two-headed eagle stamped with a cartridge bearing the number 28, #1
avers: •FLOR•ARGEN 28 CIVITAT•FMB:, Crowned and garnished arms flanked by angel wings.
reverse: •FERDINAN•III•ROM•IMP•SEM•AVG•, Two-headed eagle stamped with a cartridge bearing the number 28, surmounted by a crown cutting the legend at 12 o'clock.
exergue: -/-//28, diameter: 40,5mm, weight: 19,93g, axis: 5h,
mint: City of Emden, date: No Date, (1637-1657 A.D.), but the time of Ferdinand III., ref: KM 10.1, AR-2/3Thaler/Gulden/28 Stuiver,
Q-001
"Emden, a seaport on the Ems River adjoining the North Sea was founded in the 9th century."quadrans
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Germany, Third Reich: 1934D 5 Reichsmark (KM#82)Obv: Potsdam Garrison Church divides date
Rev: Eagle divides date, denomination below
Issued for the celebration of the 1st Anniversary of Nazi Rule. Graded MS64 by PCGS.Quant.Geek
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Germany, Third Reich: 1935A 5 Reichsmark (KM#83)Obv: Potsdam Garrison Church, date 21 MARZ 1933 dropped
Rev: Eagle divides date, denomination below
Issued for the celebration of the 1st Anniversary of Nazi Rule. Graded MS63 by PCGS.
Quant.Geek
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GIRAY KHANS - 'Adil GirayGIRAY KHANS - 'Adil Giray (1666-1671) AR beshlik, Baghcha-Saray MINT, AH[10]76 (1666 AD). Obv.: , A-2084, clear date, typical coarse strike, Fine, RR.dpaul7
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GORIZIA - MAXIMILIAN IGORIZIA - MAXIMILIAN I - 1493-1519 AR Kreuzer, no date, (1504/1506), Lienz; obv: COMES GORICIE, Görzer arms; rev.: ILLVSTRIS-ARCH-DVX, around double cross. Reference: Egg:B3.dpaul7
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Hendin-553 HEROD AGRIPPA I 37-44 AD
Mint:Jerusalem;AE prutah, Date:41-42 AD
Obv- AGRIPA BACILEWC -Surrounding umbrella canopy with fringes.
Rev-Three heads of barley growing between two leaves flanked by date,L-V:year 6.
Size: 1.88gms; 16.8 mm
Meshorer:TJC-120Brian L
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Holed Coin - e - Islamic Ottoman - Mahmud IICOIN
“State”: Islamic, Ottoman Empire
Issuer: Mahmud II, 6 kurush coin
Mint: Constantinople / Qustantiniya
Date: 1808 (AH 1223)
Obverse: Tughra surrounded by four flowers.
Reverse: Name of Sultan over date, surrounded by 5 flowers.
Weight/Diameter/Die Axis: 6.0 g; 33 mm; 12h.
Ref: MCIW: 1308
HOLE(S)
#: two
Location (obverse): 4h
Type: small round, punched
From: obverse
Dimensions: 2 mm and 1.2 mm
NOTES
This large but thin (0.9 mm) silver coin is pierced with two holes. It is unclear if they were done at the same time or if the larger replaced the smaller which has a partially torn edge. The coin is quite worn. Such coins were worn by women in the idle East until quite recently. This coin was purchased in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
SC
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Hungary. Austro-Hungarian Empire. Franz Joseph 1848 - 1916. .5000 silver 20-krajczar 1869.Hungary. Austro-Hungarian Empire. Franz Joseph 1848 - 1916. .5000 silver 20-krajczar 1869. FERENZ JOZSEF I.K.A. GS. ES. M. H. S. D. O. AV. KAR, laureate head right / MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ, crown over value and date, leaves below.
KM 446.1
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Hungary. Austro-Hungarian Empire. Franz Joseph 1848 - 1916. .5000 silver 20-krajczar 1870.Hungary. Austro-Hungarian Empire. Franz Joseph 1848 - 1916. .5000 silver 20-krajczar 1870. FERENZ JOZSEF I.K.A. GS. ES. M. H. S. D. O. AV. KAR, laureate head right / VALTO PENZ, crown over value and date, leaves below.
KM 452.2
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Huszár 846, Pohl 258-2, Unger 675e, Réthy II 308A, dated 1523 Hungary. Louis II (Lajos II in Hun.) (1516-1526). AR denar, 16 mm.
Obv: 1523, with rosettes on either side of date, above four-part shield with Hungarian arms (Árpádian stripes, patriarchal cross, Dalmatian leopard heads, Bohemian lion), Polish eagle in escutcheon, rosette between two pellets on sides of shield.
Rev: Crowned Madonna with infant Jesus to her right, L—K (privy mark) in fields.
The type was struck 1521-1525 (per Huszár & Unger) or 1521-1526 (per Pohl). This privy mark was struck in Kremnitz (formerly Körmöcbánya, Hungary, now Kremnica, Slovakia) (per Pohl).
This type was an inflationary currency that was referred to by contemporaries as “moneta nova.” On average, 400 denars, each weighing 0.49 g., were struck form Ofner mark of silver with a fineness of 0,250 (per Huszár). They were officially valued at ½ a denar, but the public did not accept them at this overvalued rate (per Huszár & Pohl).
Huszár/Pohl rarity rating 4. Stkp
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Huszár 846, Pohl 258-11, Unger 675t, Réthy II 308A, dated 1525 Hungary. Louis II (Lajos II in Hun.) (1516-1526). AR denar, 16 mm.
Obv: 1525, with annulets on either side of date, above four-part shield with Hungarian arms (Árpádian stripes, patriarchal cross, Dalmatian leopard heads, Bohemian lion), Polish eagle in escutcheon, rosette between two annulets on sides of shield.
Rev: Crowned Madonna with infant Jesus to her right, L—S (privy mark) in fields.
The type was struck 1521-1525 (per Huszár & Unger) or 1521-1526 (per Pohl).
This type was an inflationary currency that was referred to by contemporaries as “moneta nova.” On average, 400 denars, each weighing 0.49 g., were struck form Ofner mark of silver with a fineness of 0,250 (per Huszár). They were officially valued at ½ a denar, but the public did not accept them at this overvalued rate (per Huszár & Pohl).
Huszár/Pohl rarity rating 4.
Stkp
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Huszár 846, Pohl 258-2, Unger 675e, Réthy II 308A, dated 1522 Hungary. Louis II (Lajos II in Hun.) (1516-1526). AR denar, 16 mm.
Obv: 1522, with rosettes on either side of date, above four-part shield with Hungarian arms (Árpádian stripes, patriarchal cross, Dalmatian leopard heads, Bohemian lion), Polish eagle in escutcheon, rosette between two pellets on sides of shield.
Rev: Crowned Madonna with infant Jesus to her right, L—K (privy mark) in fields.
The type was struck 1521-1525 (per Huszár & Unger) or 1521-1526 (per Pohl). This privy mark was struck in Kremnitz (formerly Körmöcbánya, Hungary, now Kremnica, Slovakia) (per Pohl).
This type was an inflationary currency that was referred to by contemporaries as “moneta nova.” On average, 400 denars, each weighing 0.49 g., were struck form Ofner mark of silver with a fineness of 0,250 (per Huszár). They were officially valued at ½ a denar, but the public did not accept them at this overvalued rate (per Huszár & Pohl).
Huszár/Pohl rarity rating 4.
Stkp
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Huszár 846, Pohl 258-2, Unger 675e, Réthy II 308A, dated 1524 Hungary. Louis II (Lajos II in Hun.) (1516-1526). AR denar, 16 mm.
Obv: 1524, with rosettes on either side of date, above four-part shield with Hungarian arms (Árpádian stripes, patriarchal cross, Dalmatian leopard heads, Bohemian lion), Polish eagle in escutcheon, rosette between two annulets on sides of shield.
Rev: Crowned Madonna with infant Jesus to her right, L—K (privy mark) in fields.
The type was struck 1521-1525 (per Huszár) or 1521-1526 (per Pohl & Unger). This privy mark was struck in Kremnitz (formerly Körmöcbánya, Hungary, now Kremnica, Slovakia) (per Pohl).
This type was an inflationary currency that was referred to by contemporaries as “moneta nova.” On average, 400 denars, each weighing 0.49 g., were struck form Ofner mark of silver with a fineness of 0,250 (per Huszár). They were officially valued at ½ a denar, but the public did not accept them at this overvalued rate (per Huszár & Pohl).
Huszár/Pohl rarity rating 4. Stkp
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Huszár 846, Pohl 258-24 var, Unger 675n var., Réthy II 308A, dated 1525 ?Hungary. Louis II (Lajos II in Hun.) (1516-1526). AR denar, 16 mm.
Obv: 1525 [?], with annulets on either side of date, above four-part shield with Hungarian arms (Árpádian stripes, patriarchal cross, Dalmatian leopard heads, Bohemian lion), Polish eagle in escutcheon, R—D with rosettes above and below on sides of shield.
Rev: Crowned Madonna with infant Jesus to her right, L—R (privy mark) in fields.
The type was struck 1521-1525 (per Huszár & Unger) or 1521-1526 (per Pohl). This privy mark was struck in Kremnitz (formerly Körmöcbánya, Hungary, now Kremnica, Slovakia) under a collective municipal moneyer-mark.
This type was an inflationary currency that was referred to by contemporaries as “moneta nova.” On average, 400 denars, each weighing 0.49 g., were struck form Ofner mark of silver with a fineness of 0,250 (per Huszár). They were officially valued at ½ a denar, but the public did not accept them at this overvalued rate (per Huszár & Pohl).
Huszár/Pohl rarity rating 4. This series of privy marks is not recorded, but is closest to Pohl 258-24, Unger 675n (K-D on obverse and L-R on reverse).Stkp
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Ilkhan:Uljaytu (1304-1316) AR 2 dirhams, AH710, Amul Mint (Album-2184B)Obv: In double circle, ﻻ ﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ (There is no God but Allah, Muhammad is the apostle of Allah) followed by ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ (Ali is the vicegerent of God), with ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ (In the name of God, the Holy) around; in the margin, the Twelve Imams, normally as follows, ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺻﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ()
Rev: Within a quatrelobe, ضرب في أيام دولة السلطان الأعظم مالك رقاب الأمم الجايتو سلطان غياث الدنيا والدين خدا بنده محمد خلد الله ملكه (); around, four segments; in upper left segment, لله الامر من قبل ومن بعد (God is before and after); in upper right, in Uighur, ᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢᠲᠦ ᠰᠤᠯᠲᠠᠨ (Uljaytu Sultan); in lower right and lower left segments, the mint and date, ﺿﺮﺏ أمل ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺳﺒﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ (Struck in Amul in the year ten and seven hundred)Quant.Geek
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Ilkhanid:Uljaytu (1304-1316) AR 2 dirhams, AH711, Arzan al-Rum Mint (Album 2184; ICV 2111; Diler 365) Obv: In double circle, ﻻ ﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ (There is no God but Allah, Muhammad is the apostle of Allah) followed by ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ (Ali is the vicegerent of God), with ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ (In the name of God, the Holy) around; in the margin, the Twelve Imams, normally as follows, ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺻﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ()
Rev: Within a quatrelobe, ضرب في أيام دولة السلطان الأعظم مالك رقاب الأمم الجايتو سلطان غياث الدنيا والدين خدا بنده محمد خلد الله ملكه (); around, four segments; in upper left segment, لله الامر من قبل ومن بعد (God is before and after); in upper right, in Uighur, ᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢᠲᠦ ᠰᠤᠯᠲᠠᠨ (Uljaytu Sultan); in lower right and lower left segments, the mint and date, ﺿﺮﺏ أمل ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺳﺒﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ (Struck in Amul in the year ten and seven hundred)Quant.Geek
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IN DEO - CONSILIUMIN DEO - CONSILIUM D. G. MAX. IOS. . B. & P. - S. D. C. P. R. S. R. I. A. & E. L. L. , Draped bust to right within laurel wreath / IN DEO - CONSILIUM, Crowned oval shield of 4-fold arms of Bavaria and Pfalz, with central shield of imperial orb, in baroque frame, 2 chains of orders around, on pedestal with value '10,' which divides date, laurel and palm branches at left and right.
H#295; JB-2193. Prev. KM#239.
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India. Princely States. Jaora. Muhammad Ismail AH 1282-1313 (AD 1865-1895) Copper Paisa 1895. H.H. THE NAWAB OF JAORA / Date, flag, and value in inner circle. KM 10.
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Italian States - 1799 - S - 2 SoldiItalian State of Gorizia - 1799 - S - 2 Soldi, Copper.
reverse: Denomination, date, mintmark.rexesq
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Jersey - 1/24th Shilling - 1877 (Victoria)Obv:- VICTORIA D.G. BRITANNIAR. REGINA F.D., Crowned head left, star below
Rev:- STATES OF JERSEY, ONE TWENTY-FOURTH OF A SHILLING, Pointed shield (with three lions facing left) divides date, 1877
Reference:- KM#7
Mintage:- 336,000
Part of a large, mixed world lot I bought on a whim.maridvnvm
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Judaea, Pontius Pilates, Prefect under Tiberius, 26-36 AD, Jerusalem mintObverse: IOYLIA KAICAPOC, three bound heads of barley, the outer two heads drooping.
Reverse: TIBEPIOY KAICAPOC (of Tiberius Caesar), no date, simpulum (libation ladle);
References:Hendin 1341, Meshorer TJC 331, RPC I 4967, SGICV 5622, Jerusalem mint,
17mm, 2.63 gramsCanaan
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Judaea, Pontius Pilates, Prefect under Tiberius, 26-36 AD, Jerusalem mintObverse: IOYLIA KAICAPOC, three bound heads of barley, the outer two heads drooping.
Reverse: TIBEPIOY KAICAPOC (of Tiberius Caesar), no date, simpulum (libation ladle);
References:Hendin 1341, Meshorer TJC 331, RPC I 4967, SGICV 5622, Jerusalem mint,
1.08, 16mmCanaan
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King George V One Schilling 1928King George V (1910 to 1936) 1 SCHILLING SILVER Date-1928
Obverse: Bare head of the King facing left; GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX
Obverse: Hollow Neck, I in GEORGIVS points between 2 beads
Reverse: Crowned lion to left head facing, standing on crown, the date, 1928, divided by the crown; around above, FID: DEF: IND: IMP:; around below, ONE SHILLING
Reverse: Narrow IMP P points towards a beadMacedonian Warrior
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King George V One Schilling 1932King George V (1910 to 1936) 1 SCHILLING SILVER Date-1928
Obverse: Bare head of the King facing left; GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX
Obverse: Hollow Neck, I in GEORGIVS points between 2 beads
Reverse: Crowned lion to left head facing, standing on crown, the date, 1928, divided by the crown; around above, FID: DEF: IND: IMP:; around below, ONE SHILLING
Reverse: Narrow IMP P points towards a beadMacedonian Warrior
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King George VI One Schilling 1947 ScottishKing George VI (1936 to 1952) One Shilling (English) Dated-1947
Obverse: Uncrowned portrait of King George VI left, legend around.
Lettering:
GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX
HP
Reverse: Crowned lion seated atop crown holding sword and sceptre dividing date, shields flank, legend above, denomination below.
Lettering:
K G
·FID·DEF·IND·IMP·
19 47
·ONE·SHILLING·
Reverse: I in IND points at a bead, I in SHILL points at a beadMacedonian Warrior
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