| Image search results - "Carinus" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carinus
Alexandrian tetradrachm
A K M A KAPINOC CEB, Laureate and cuirassed bust right
Athena seated left on throne, with Nike on right hand and spear in left hand, shield beneath, LB across (year 2) 282-283AD
Emmett 4001, rated R3tjaart
|
|
|
8 CarinusCARINUS
AE Antoninianus, Rome mint
283-285 A.D.
M AVR CARINVS CAES, radiate and cuirassed bust r. / PRINCIPI IVVENT, Carinus standing left, standard in right hand, scepter in left hand, KA epsilon in ex.
RIC 160
Sosius
|
|
8 CarinusCARINUS
BI Antoninianus. Ticinum mint, 283 AD
IMP CARINVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right / FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left with cauduceus, leaning on column, TXXI in ex.
RIC 295c, Cohen 24. gVF
Ex Othilla Coins
Sosius
|
|
8 CarinusCARINUS
BI Antoninianus. Ticinum mint, 283-285 A.D.
IMP CARINVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right / FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left with cauduceus, leaning on column, TXXI in ex.
RIC 295, Cohen 24 Sosius
|
|
8 CarinusCARINUS
BI Antoninianus. Rome mint, 282 AD
M AVR CARINVS NOB C, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust r. / PIETAS AVGG, sacrificial implements (sprinkler, simpulum, jug, patera, knife and lituus), KAZ in ex.
RIC 157c. gVF. Ex Othilla Coins
Sosius
|
|
8 CarinusCARINUS
BI Antoninianus. Lugdunum mint, 282 AD
CARINVS NOBIL CAES Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right / SAECVLI FELICITAS Carinus standing right with globe and spear. Retrograde D in r. field
RIC 152c. aVF. Ex Othilla Coins
Sosius
|
|
CARINUS as CAESAR. Billon Tetradrachm struck AD 282 - 283 at AlexandriaObverse: A K M A KAPINOC K. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Carinus facing right.
Reverse: No legend. Tyche (Fortuna) standing facing left, holding rudder in her right hand and cornucopiae in her left; in left field, LA (Year one of Carus).
Diameter: 18mm | Weight: 7.5gms | Die Axis: 12
GICV : 4778*Alex
|
|
Carinus, RIC V 238 RomeCarinus AE Antoninianus .
Obverse: IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: AEQVITAS AVGG, Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopia.
KAZ in ex. Rome mint, 21.9 mm., 3.0 g.NORMAN K
|
|
Carinus, RIC V 251 RomeCarinus AE Antoninianus .
Obverse: IMP C M AVR CARINVS PF AVG, radiate, draped &cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: FIDES MILITVM, Fides standing left, flanked by a standard in each haand.
KAE in ex. Rome mint, 23 mm., 2.6 g.NORMAN K
|
|
CARUS. Posthumous commemorative AE Tetradrachm struck AD 283 - 284 under Carinus and Numerian at AlexandriaObverse: ΘEW KAPW CEB. Laureate head of Carus facing right.
Reverse: AΦIEPOCIC. Eagle standing facing on rod, head right, wings open.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 7.96gms | Die Axis: 12
GICV : 4776
This coin is an undated posthumous type bearing the legend AΦIEPOCIC, one of the most interesting features of the Alexandrian coinage of Marcus Aurelius Carus.
*Alex
|
|
CARUS. Posthumous commemorative AE Tetradrachm struck AD 283 - 284 under Carinus and Numerian at AlexandriaObverse: ΘEW KAPW CEB. Laureate head of Carus facing right.
Reverse: AΦIEPOCIC. Round, burning and garlanded altar on base, star in upper left field.
Diameter: 18mm | Weight: 7.1gms | Die Axis: 12
GICV : 4777 | Emmett 3995
This coin is an undated posthumous type bearing the legend AΦIEPOCIC, one of the most interesting features of the Alexandrian coinage of Marcus Aurelius Carus.
*Alex
|
|
(0283) CARINUS283 - 285 AD
(Struck Year 3=284 AD)
AE Tetradrachm 18 mm 5.42 g
O: A K MA KA_PINOC CEB Laureate, cuirassed bust right
R: ETOVC Homonoia standing facing, head left, right hand raised, double cornucopiae in left
Gamma &G; in right field
Alexandria, Egypt
Emmett 4009; Milne 4737; Curtis 1522; BMC 2455 laney
|
|
(0283) CARINUS283 - 285 AD
AE SILVERED ANT. 20 mm 3.96 g
O: IMP C M R CARINVS PF AVG
RAD BUST R
R: VIRTVS AVGG
CARINUS RECEIVING VICTORY ON GLOBE FROM CARUS, STAR ABOVE, B BETWEEN
XXI IN EXE
ANTIOCH
(much silvering intact)
(J.Ryan)
laney
|
|
(0283) CARINUS283 - 285 AD
AE Antoninianus 20 mm 3.89 g
O: IMP C M AVR CARINVS P F AVG. radiate and cuirassed bust of Carinus right
R: Carinus standing right, receiving crowning Victory from Carus standing left, each holding scepter, Z in field below, * above, XXI in exergue
Antioch mint, (Antakya, Turkey), 6th officina RIC 325
laney
|
|
(0283) CARINUS283 - 285 AD
Billon AE Ant. 23 mm 3.42 g
O: IMP CARINVS AVG radiate bust right
R: AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas left holding scapes and cornucopia; KAZ in exe.
Rome mintlaney
|
|
(0283) CARINUS283 - 285 AD
struck 282/283 AD (reignal year 1)
Potin Tetradrachm 19 mm, 7.86 g.
O: A KMA KAPINOC K, laureate and cuirassed bust right
R: Eagle standing between two standards, LA above.
Alexandria
Köln 3170; Dattari 5578; Milne 4679; Curtis 1913laney
|
|
(0283) CARINUS(0283) CARINUS283-285.
Silvered Anton. 22mm, 3.09 g
O: IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, radiate cuirassed bust right
R: FIDES MILITVM/KAЄ, Fides standing left holding two standards. Mintmark KAE.
Rome; cf Cohen 31; RIC V-2, 252;
laney
|
|
(0283) CARINUS--ALEXANDRIA283 - 285 AD
BI POTIN TETRADRACHM 19 mm 6.70 g
O: A K M A KAPINOC CEB laureate and cuirassed bust right
R: L-B around Elpis standing left holding flower and hem of skirt
Alexandria, Roman Provincial Egypt
Emmett 4007
laney
|
|
021 - Carus (282-283 AD), Antoninianus - RIC 125Obv: IMP C M AVR CARVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: VIRTVS AVGGG, emperor standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory from person (Jupiter or maybe Carinus or Numerian) standing left, holding sceptre.
Minted in Antioch (* S in field, XXI in exe), officina six.pierre_p77
|
|
022 - Carinus (283-285 AD), Antoninianus - RIC 329Obv: IMP C M AVR CARINVS P F AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right.
Rev: VIRTVS AVGG, emperor standing right, holding sceptre, receiving globe from Jupiter (or Carus), standing left, holding sceptre.
Minted in Tripolis (* and TR in field, XXI in exe).pierre_p77
|
|
051. Carinus, 283-285AD. BI AntoninianusAE Antoninianus. Siscia.
Obv. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES
Rev. Fides standing left holding two standards, star P in right field FIDES MILITVM, XXI in ex.
CHEF. Rare, possibly unpublished variant.
LordBest
|
|
054 CarinusEMPEROR: Carinus
DENOMINATION: Antoninianus
OBVERSE: IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of Carinus to right, seen from front
REVERSE: AEQVITAS AVGG; Aequitas standing left, holding scales in her right hand and cornucopiae with her left; A in right field
DATE: 283-284 AD
MINT: Lugdunum
WEIGHT: 3.70 g
RIC: V-2.212
BASTIEN: 533 (58 EX.)Barnaba6
|
|
069a03. CarusAE Antoninianus. Obv: IMP CM AVR CARVS PF AVG, radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: VIRTVS AVGGG, Carus standing right, receiving Victory from Jupiter, Carinus or Numerian, standing left. officina letter A below. Star above. Mintmark XXI. RIC 125, Sear 12190.
A FORUM coin.lawrence c
|
|
070a. NumerianCaesar November/December 282 - February/March 283
Co-Augustus with brother Carinus and father Carus February/March 283 - July/August 283
Co-Augustus with brother Carinus July/August 283 - October/November 284
Numerian participated in the Persian campaign with his father, Carus. When Carus was killed, Numerian had to resolve the war and negotiated a peace with the Sasanids. On his return trip to the West, he was found dead in a closed litter. Arrius Aper was accused of the murder by Diocles, the head of the Emperor's bodyguard and was executed. It also has been argued that Diocles was in fact behind the murder. Diocles is better known by the name Diocletian, the future Augustus.lawrence c
|
|
071a. CarinusCaesar October 282 – February/March 283
Co-Augustus with Carus and Numerian February/March 283 – July/August 283
Co-Augustus with Numerian July/August 283 – October/November 284
Augustus October/November 284 – Spring 285
Son of Carus. Left in Rome while his father and brother launched the attack on the Sasanids. Carinus led several campaigns in the West. Faced forces of Diocletian at Battle of the Margus. Was killed, purportedly by one of his own officers whose wife he had seduced.
lawrence c
|
|
071a01. CarinusAE Tetradrachm of Alexandria. Year 1 = 283 AD. Obv: A K M A KAΡINOC CEB, laureate cuirassed bust right. Rev: LA to left, Tyche standing left holding rudder and cornucopia. Milne 4667, Emmett 4012.
A FORUM coin.lawrence c
|
|
071a02. CarinusAE Tetradrachm of Alexandria. Year 2 = 284 AD. Obv: A K M A KAΡINOC CEB, laureate cuirassed bust right. Rev: L-B, Elpis standing left holding flower and hem of skirt. Milne 4701-3, BMC 2454.
A FORUM coin.lawrence c
|
|
071a03. CarinusAE Antoninianus. Antioch mint. Obv: IMP C M AVR CARINVS PF AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right. Rev: VIRTVS AVGG, Carinus standing right, holding sceptre, receiving Victory on globe from Carus standing left. Star above. Z in lower center. Mintmark XXI. RIC V-2, 325; Sear 12362.lawrence c
|
|
071a04. CarinusAE Antoninianus. Ticinum mint. Obv: M AVR CARINVS NOB C, radiate draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, prince standing left holding globe and spear, captive at foot left. Mintmark TXXI. RIC 182, Cohen 97; RIC V-2, 182; Sear 12302.lawrence c
|
|
071a05. CarinusAntoninianus. Ticinum mint. Obv: IMP CARINVS PF AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus, leaning left elbow on column, mintmark QXXI.
Cohen 24; RIC V-2, 295; Sear 12343.lawrence c
|
|
071a06. CarinusAntoninianus. Rome mint. 282-283. Obv: M AVR CARINVS NOB C, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: PRINCIPI IVVENT, emperor in military dress standing left, holding standard and scepter. 21.83mm, 3.89 grams. RIC Vii 159.lawrence c
|
|
071b. Magnia UrbicaWife of Carinus and probable mother of Nigrinian. No details are known about her.lawrence c
|
|
071c. NigrinianNigrinian was the grandson of Carus and probable son of Carinus. He died about 284.lawrence c
|
|
071c01. NigrinianDivus Nigrinian. Died ca. A.D. 284. AE antoninianus (21 mm, 3.05 g, 6 h). Rome mint, 1st officina. 5th emission of Carinus, November A.D. 284. DIVO NIGRINIANO, radiate head right / CONSECRATIO, eagle standing facing, head left, with spread wings; KAA in exergue. RIC 472; Cohen 2; SRCV 12411. Ex Münzen und Medaillen GmbH 46 (15 February 2018), lot 1067; Ex Dr. K. Bech Collection (Peus 413, 29 October 2014), lot 534. Agora Auction 102, Lot 187.
lawrence c
|
|
072a. Julian of PannoniaUsurper November 284 - February 285
Julian was governor of Venetia when Numerian was killed. The soldiers in Pannonia raised Julian up to Augustus because of the unpopularity of Carinus. In February 285, the two armies fought near Verona. Julian was killed in the battle.lawrence c
|
|
073a. DiocletianAugustus/Co-Augustus 284-305
Dalmatian who rose to power by defeating Carinus. Established the Tetrarchy, a system of two emperors and two caesars. Although perhaps logical in theory, it faced problems relatively quickly. The machinations involving the power struggles among the augusti and caesars are much too complicated to give a thumbnail sketch, but began soon after the creation of the system and led to its collapse. Diocletian ruled the East with his capital at Nicomedia. He associated himself with Jupiter and tried to stamp out Christianity. He retired in 305 to his villa in what is now Split, Croatia, and lived until about 316.
lawrence c
|
|
09 - Personalities of the EmpireSaturninus, Carus, Carinus, Urbica, Nigrinianus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Maximian, Carausius, Allectus, Constantius I, Theodora, Galerius and Galeria Valeriamdelvalle
|
|
09 - Personalities of the EmpireCarinus, Magnia Urbica, Nigrinianus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Maximian, Carausius, Allectus, Constantius I, Theodora, Galerius, Galeria Valeria, Severus II and Maxentiusmdelvalle
|
|
104a Carinus. bill.antoninianusobv: IMP CM AVR CARINVS PF AVG rad.cuir. bust r.
rev: VIRTVS AVGG emp. std. r. holding scepter and receiving victory on globe
from Jupiter or Carus std. l. holding scepter
ex: r/XXIhill132
|
|
114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 377, Siscia, Γ//XXI, Bust-C, VIRTVS AVG G, Numerian and Carinus,114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 377, Siscia, Γ//XXI, Bust-C, VIRTVS AVG G, Numerian and Carinus,
avers: M-AVR-NVMERIANVS-NOB-C, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. (C)
revers: VIRTVS-A-VG-G, Numerian and Carinus holding Victory on Globe.
exerg: Γ//XXI, diameter: 21-22,5mm, weight: 4,59g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, 2nd-bemiss_3rd. off, date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 377C, p-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 461, Siscia, -/-//SMSXXIΓ, Bust-A, VOTA PVBLICA, Numerian and Carinus standing, Scarce!114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 461, Siscia, -/-//SMSXXIΓ, Bust-A, VOTA PVBLICA, Numerian and Carinus standing, Scarce!
avers:- IMP-C-NVMERIANVS-P-F-AVG, Radiate, draped, bust right, seen from behind. (A)
revers:- VOTA-PVBLICA, Numerian and Carinus standing, facing each other, each sacrificing over altar and holding a standard.
exerg: -/-//SMSXXIΓ, diameter: 22mm, weight: 3,39g, axes: 1h,
mint: Siscia, 6th emission,3rd. off, date: 284 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 461A, p-200, C-122, Scarce!
Q-001quadrans
|
|
114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 467var, Siscia, Γ//XXI, Bust-F, VIRTVS AVG G, Numerian and Carinus,114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 467var, Siscia, Γ//XXI, Bust-F, VIRTVS AVG G, Numerian and Carinus,
avers:- IMP C NVMERIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right. (F)
revers:- VIRTVS A VG G, Numerian and Carinus holding Victory on Globe.
exerg: Γ//XXI, diameter: 21-22,5mm, weight: 4,59g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, 3rd. off, date: 283 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 467var (F), p-202, (RIC described this coin in Antioch, and not in F bust!).
Q-001quadrans
|
|
114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), Antioch, RIC V-II 466C, AE-Antoninianus, A//XXI, Bust-C, VIRTVS AVG G, Numerian and Carinus, #1114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), Antioch, RIC V-II 466C, AE-Antoninianus, A//XXI, Bust-C, VIRTVS AVG G, Numerian and Carinus, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right. (C)
reverse: VIRTVS AV G G, Numerian and Carinus holding Victory on Globe.
exergue: A//XXI, diameter: 18,5-20,5mm, weight: 3,52g, axes: 7h,
mint: Antioch, 4th. em., date: 284 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 466 (C), p-202,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Antioch, RIC V-II 206F, AE-Antoninianus, Γ//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor and Jupiter, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Antioch, RIC V-II 206F, AE-Antoninianus, Γ//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor, and Jupiter, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C, Radiate and cuirassed bust right (F).
reverse: VIRT VS A VG G, Carinus standing left receiving Victory on a globe from Jupiter (or Carus). Γ in the lower center, XXI in ex.
exergue: Γ//XXI, diameter: 20,5-23,0mm, weight: 3,42g, axes: 7h,
mint: Antioch, em., date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 206F, p-164,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Antioch, RIC V-II 325F, AE-Antoninianus, *E//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor, and Jupiter, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Antioch, RIC V-II 325F, AE-Antoninianus, *E//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor, and Jupiter, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate and cuirassed bust right (F)
reverse: VIRTVS AVG G, Carinus standing left receiving Victory on a globe from Jupiter (or Carus). Star over victory, E in the lower center, XXI in ex.
exergue: *E//XXI, diameter: 19-20mm, weight: 4,02g, axes: 5h,
mint: Antioch, 3rd. emiss. date: 283 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 325F,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Lugdunum, RIC V-II 212C, AE-Antoninianus, -/A//--, AEQVITAS AVG, Equity standing left, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Lugdunum, RIC V-II 212C, AE-Antoninianus, -/A//--, AEQVITAS AVG, Equity standing left, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG (3F), Radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right.
reverse: AEQVITAS AVG, Equity standing left, holding scales, and cornucopia.
exergue: -/A//--, diameter: 19,5-23,0mm, weight: 3,48g, axes: 2h,
mint: Lugdunum, date: 282-3 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 212C, p-169,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 155C, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//ZKA, PIETAS AVG G, Sacrificial implements, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 155C, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//ZKA, PIETAS AVG G, Sacrificial implements, #1
avers: M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES, laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: PIETAS AVG G, Sacrificial implements.
exergue: -/-//ZKA, diameter: 21,5mm, weight: 6,62g, axes:5 h,
mint: Rome, 7th. officina, date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 155C, p-157,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 158C, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//EKA, PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Prince standing left, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 158C, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//EKA, PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Prince standing left, #1
avers: M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES, laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: PRINCIP I IVV ENTVT, Prince standing left holding ensign and scepter.
exergue: -/-//EKA, diameter: 20,0-21,0mm, weight: 3,08g, axes:11h,
mint: Rome, 2nd. emiss, date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 158C, p-158,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 158C, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//EKA, PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Prince standing left, #2115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 158C, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//EKA, PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Prince standing left, #2
avers: M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES, laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
revers: PRINCI PI IV VENTVT, Prince standing left holding ensign and scepter.
exerg: -/-//EKA, diameter: 21,5-22,5mm, weight: 3,52g, axes:6h,
mint: Rome, 2nd. emiss, date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 158C, p-158,
Q-002quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 236F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAЄ, FIDES MILITVM, Fides standing left, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 236F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAЄ, FIDES MILITVM, Fides standing left, #1
avers: IMP CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: FIDES MILITVM, Fides standing left with a standard in each hand.
exergue: -/-//KAЄ, diameter: 21,5-22mm, weight:3,15g, axes: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 283-285 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 253F, p-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 236F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAZ, AEQVITAS AVG, Equity standing left,115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 236F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAZ, AEQVITAS AVG, Equity standing left,
avers: IMP CARINVS P F AVG (3F), Radiate, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: AEQVITAS AVG, Equity standing left, holding scales, and cornucopia.
exergue: -/-//KAZ, diameter: 22,0mm, weight: 3,18g, axes: 0h,
mint: Rome, 5th officina, date: 284 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 236F, p-169,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 239F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAZ, AEQVITAS AVG G, Equity standing left,115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 239F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAZ, AEQVITAS AVG G, Equity standing left,
avers: IMP CARINVS P F AVG (3F), Radiate, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: AEQVITAS AVG G, Equity standing left, holding scales and cornucopia.
exergue: -/-//KAZ, diameter: 21,5-22,2mm, weight: 3,68g, axes: 6h,
mint: Rome, 4th emiss., date: 283 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 239F, p-169,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 261F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAΓ, LAETITIA FVND, Laetitia standing left,115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 261F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAΓ, LAETITIA FVND, Laetitia standing left,
avers: IMP CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: LAETITIA FVND, Laetitia standing left holding rudder.
exergue: -/-//KAΓ, diameter: 21,5-24,0mm, weight:4,27g, axes: 0h,
mint: Rome, 5th emission, date: 284 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 261F, p-,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 262F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAυς, ORIENS AVG, Sol advancing left,115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC V-II 262F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//KAυς, ORIENS AVG, Sol advancing left,
avers: IMP CARINVS P F AVG (3F), Radiate, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: ORIENS AVG, Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding a whip.
exerg: -/-//KAυς, diameter: 22-23mm, weight: 3,36g, axes:0 h,
mint: Rome, 7th officina, date: A.D., ref: RIC V-II 262F, p-171,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 197F, AE-Antoninianus, -/T//XXI, PRINCIPI IVVENT, Carinus standing left, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 197F, AE-Antoninianus, -/T//XXI, PRINCIPI IVVENT, Carinus standing left, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C, Radiate and cuirassed bust right (F).
reverse: PRINCIP I IVVENT, Carinus standing left with Baton and Spear. "T" in the right field.
exergue: -/T//XXI, diameter: 20,5-22mm, weight: 3,49g, axes: 5h,
mint: Siscia, 2nd.em., date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 197F, p-162,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 206F, AE-Antoninianus, B//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor and Jupiter, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 206F, AE-Antoninianus, B//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor and Jupiter, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C, Radiate, and cuirassed bust right (F).
reverse: VIRT VS A VG G, Carinus standing left receiving Victory on a globe from Jupiter (or Carus). B in the lower center, XXI in ex.
exergue: B//XXI, diameter: 22mm, weight: 3,58g, axes: 5h,
mint: Siscia, em., date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II-206F, p-164,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 206F, AE-Antoninianus, B//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor and Jupiter, #2115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 206F, AE-Antoninianus, B//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor and Jupiter, #2
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C, Radiate, and cuirassed bust right (F).
reverse: VIRT VS A VG G, Carinus standing left receiving Victory on a globe from Jupiter (or Carus). B in the lower center, XXI in ex.
exergue: B//XXI, diameter: 21mm, weight: 3,24g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, em., date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 206F, p-164,
Q-002quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 314F, AE-Antoninianus, A//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor, and Jupiter, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 314F, AE-Antoninianus, A//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor, and Jupiter, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate and cuirassed bust right (F)
reverse: VIRTVS AVG G, Carinus standing left receiving Victory on a globe from Jupiter (or Carus). A lower in the center, XXI in ex.
exergue: A//XXI, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Siscia, 5th. em., date: 285 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 314F,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 314F, AE-Antoninianus, B//SMSXXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor, and Jupiter, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 314F, AE-Antoninianus, B//SMSXXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor, and Jupiter, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate and cuirassed bust right (F)
reverse: IOVI CONSER, Carinus standing right receiving Globe from Jupiter standing left.
exergue: B//SMSXXI, diameter: 21,0-23,0mm, weight: 3,57g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, 6th. em., date: 284 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 314F,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 315F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//SMSXXIB, VOTA PVBLICA, Carinus, and Numerian, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II 315F, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//SMSXXIB, VOTA PVBLICA, Carinus, and Numerian, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate and cuirassed bust right (F)
reverse: VOTA PVBLICA, Carinus, and Numerian standing left and right, holding standards, sacrificing over tripod.
exergue: -/-//SMSXXIB, diameter: 20,5-21,5mm, weight: 3,29g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, date: 284 A.D., ref: RIC V-II-315F, p-177,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II not in, AE-Antoninianus, -/II//XXI, PROVIDENTIA AVG, Providentia standing left, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC V-II not in, AE-Antoninianus, -/II//XXI, PROVIDENTIA AVG, Providentia standing left, #1
avers: M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: PROVIDENTIA AVG, -/II/XXI, Providentia standing left, holding globe, and scepter (transverse), II in right field.
exergue: -/II//XXI, diameter: 23-24mm, weight: 4,21g, axes: h,
mint: Siscia, 1st issue, 2nd officina, date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II Not in RIC, ,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC V-II 295c, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//TXXI, FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC V-II 295c, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//TXXI, FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, #1
avers: IMP CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right (C)
reverse: FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, legs crossed, leaning on column, holding caduceus.
exergue: -/-//TXXI, diameter: 21-23,5mm, weight: 3,14g, axes: 6h,
mint: Ticinum, date: A.D., ref: RIC V-II-295c, p-175,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC V-II 295c, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//TXXI, FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, #2115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC V-II 295c, AE-Antoninianus, Ticinum, -/-//TXXI, FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, #2
avers: IMP CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right (C)
reverse: FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing left, legs crossed, leaning on column, holding caduceus.
exergue: -/-//TXXI, diameter: 22,0mm, weight: 3,55g, axes: 6h,
mint: Ticinum, date: A.D., ref: RIC V-II-295c, p-175,
Q-002quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Tripolis, RIC V-II 209F, AE-Antoninianus, TR//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G •, Emperor and Jupiter, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Tripolis, RIC V-II 209F, AE-Antoninianus, TR//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G •, Emperor and Jupiter, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C, Radiate and cuirassed bust right (F).
reverse: VIRTVS AV G G •, Carinus standing right, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter (or Carus) standing left, holding scepter, no star above(!), TR in the lower the centre.
exerg: TR//XXI, diameter: 21,8-22,5mm, weight: 3,50g, axes: 5h,
mint: Tripolis, 1em., date: 283 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 209F,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Tripolis, RIC V-II 329F, AE-Antoninianus, */TR//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor and Jupiter, #1115 Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Tripolis, RIC V-II 329F, AE-Antoninianus, */TR//XXI, VIRTVS AVG G, Emperor, and Jupiter, #1
avers: IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C, Radiate and cuirassed bust right (F).
reverse: VIRTVS AV G G, Carinus standing right, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter (or Carus) standing left, holding scepter, star above, TR in the lower the center.
exerg: */TR//XXI, diameter: 21,0-21,5mm, weight: 3,50g, axes: 5h,
mint: Tripolis, 1em., date: 283-284 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 329F,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115p Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Egypt, Alexandria, Bi-Tetradrachm, Emmett 4009-Γ, ЄTOYC/Γ//--, Homonoia standing front, #1115p Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Egypt, Alexandria, Bi-Tetradrachm, Emmett 4009-Γ, ЄTOYC/Γ//--, Homonoia standing front, #1
avers: A K M A KAΡINOC CЄB, Laureate and cuirassed bust right.
reverse: ЄTOYC, Γ, Homonoia standing front, head to left, raising her right hand and cornucopia in her left. Γ in the left field (year 3).
exergue: ЄTOYC/Γ//--, diameter: 18,5-19,5mm, weight:7,20g, axes:0h,
mint: Egypt, Alexandria, date: Γ year-3, 284-285 A.D.,
ref:
Emmett 4009-Γ,
Milne -,
Geissen 3185,
Dattari 5586,
Kampmann-Ganschow 115.14,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
115p Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Egypt, Alexandria, Bi-Tetradrachm, Emmett 4010-Γ, ЄTOYC/Γ//--, Nike walking right, #1115p Carinus (282-283 A.D. Caesar 283-285 A.D. Augustus), Egypt, Alexandria, Bi-Tetradrachm, Emmett 4010-Γ, ЄTOYC/Γ//--, Nike walking right, #1
avers: A K M A KAΡINOC CЄB, Laureate and cuirassed bust right.
reverse: ЄTOYC, Γ, Nike walking right, holding wreath and palm. Γ in the left field (year 3).
exergue: ЄTOYC/Γ//--, diameter: 16,5-19,5mm, weight:6,79g, axes:0h,
mint: Egypt, Alexandria, date: Γ year-3, 284-285 A.D.,
ref:
Emmett 4010-Γ,
Milne 4738,
Geissen 3186,
Dattari 5590,
Kampmann-Ganschow 115.15,
Sear 12383,
Q-001quadrans
|
|
1301a, Diocletian, 284-305 A.D. (Antioch)DIOCLETIAN (284 – 305 AD) AE Antoninianus, 293-95 AD, RIC V 322, Cohen 34. 20.70 mm/3.1 gm, aVF, Antioch. Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate bust right, draped & cuirassed; Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, I/XXI. Early Diocletian with dusty earthen green patina.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
|
|
1301b, Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 March 305 A.D.Diocletian. RIC V Part II Cyzicus 256 var. Not listed with pellet in exegrue
Item ref: RI141f. VF. Minted in Cyzicus (B in centre field, XXI dot in exegrue)Obverse:- IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Reverse:- CONCORDIA MILITVM, Diocletian standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left with scepter.
A post reform radiate of Diocletian. Ex Maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 150 Bust Type CObv:– CARINVS NOBIL CAES, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Prince standing left holding globe and inverted spear
Minted in Lugdunum (Retrograde C in left field). Emission 4, Officina 3. 1st Quarter A.D. 283
Reference:– Cohen 92. Bastien 516 (9 examples cited). RIC 150 Bust type Cmaridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 152 Bust Type CObv:– CARINVS NOBIL CAES, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– SAECVLI FELICITAS, Prince standing right holding spear and globe
Minted in Lugdunum (D in right field). Emission 4, Officina 4. 1st Quarter A.D. 283
Reference:– RIC 152 Bust type Cmaridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 152 Bust Type CObv:– CARINVS NOBIL CAES, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– SAECVLI FELICITAS, Prince standing right holding spear and globe
Minted in Lugdunum (D in right field). Emission 4, Officina 4. 1st Quarter A.D. 283
Reference:– RIC 152 Bust type C. Bastien x (x)
x.x gms, x.x mm. x degreesmaridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 212Obv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopiae
Minted in Lugdunum (A in right field)
Reference:– Cohen 8. Bastien 533. RIC 212 Bust type Cmaridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 212Obv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopiae
Minted in Lugdunum (A in right field)
Reference:– Cohen 8. Bastien 533. RIC 212 Bust type C
Weight 3.84g. 23.55mm.maridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 212Obv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopiae
Minted in Lugdunum (A in right field)
Reference:– Cohen 8. Bastien 533. RIC 212 Bust type C
2.97 gms, 22.08 mm. 180 degrees maridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 216 Bust Type CObv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– SALVS AVGG, Salus standing right, feeding snake
Minted in Lugdunum (_|D / LVG), Emission 7, Officina 4. early A.D. 284
Reference:– RIC 216 Bust Type C. Bastien 585
Ex. P. Gysenmaridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 216 varObv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, bust right in imperial mantle
Rev:– SALVS AVGG, Salus standing right, feeding snake
Minted in Lugdunum (_|D / LVG), Emission 7, Officina 4. early A.D. 284
Reference:– RIC 216 var (not listed with this bust type in RIC). Cohen -. Bastien 574 (1 example cited)
This would appear to be only the second example if this bust type for Carinus known.maridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 216 varObv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, bust right in imperial mantle
Rev:– SALVS AVGG, Salus standing right, feeding snake
Minted in Lugdunum (_|D / LVG), Emission 7, Officina 4. early A.D. 284
Reference:– RIC 216 var (not listed with this bust type in RIC). Cohen -. Bastien 574 (1 example cited)
This would appear to be only the second example of this bust type for Carinus known. maridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 220 Bust Type C Obv:– IMP CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– VICTORIA AVGG, Victory walking right, on globe, holding wreath and palm
Minted in Lugdunum (_|A), Emission 9, Officina 1. Summer A.D. 284
Reference:– RIC 220 Bust type C. Cohen 151. Bastien 612 (27 examples cited)
Ex-Forvmmaridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 222 Bust Type CObv:– IMP CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– VICTORIA AVGG, Victory walking right, on globe, holding wreath and palm
Minted in Lugdunum (_|A), Emission 5, Officina 1. April A.D. 283
Reference:– RIC 222 Bust type C. Cohen 143. Bastien 537 (2 examples cited)maridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 223 Bust Type CObv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– VIRTVS AVGG, Virtus standing right, holding staff and parazonium, foot on helmet
Minted in Lugdunum (_|A / LVG), Emission 7, Officina 1. early A.D. 284
Reference:– RIC 223 Bust type C. Cohen 173. Bastien 577 (9 examples cited)
Ex Vel Garnett Collectionmaridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus - RIC V part II Lugdunum 223 Bust Type CObv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– VIRTVS AVGG, Virtus standing right, holding staff and parazonium, foot on helmet
Minted in Lugdunum (_|A (clogged) / LVG), Emission 7, Officina 1. early A.D. 284
Reference:– RIC 223 Bust type C. Cohen 173. Bastien 577 (9 examples cited)maridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus Ant. - RIC 247 Bust Type CObv:– IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right, seen from the front
Rev:– AETERNIT AVGG, Aeternitas standing left, holding globe surmounted by pheonix
Minted in Rome (KAG in exe.) early Sept. A.D. 283-early Jan. A.D. 284
Reference:– Cohen 16, RIC 247 Bust type C. Gricourt, Venera Hoard, 2709-2771 (63 specimens) One of the specimens illustrated has a small Aeternitas like this example and may even be from the same reverse die.maridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus, Billon tetradrachm, Alexandria, Eagle with standards, Milne 4667Billon tetradrachm
Obv:– A K M A KAPINOC K, Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– None, Fortuna/ Tyche crowned with modius, wearing long chiton and peplios, standing left resting right hand on rudder and holding cornucopiae in left hand.
Minted in Alexandria (LA in upper left field). A.D. 283
Reference:– Curtis 1927, BMC 2448, Milne 4667maridvnvm
|
|
137 - Carinus, Billon tetradrachm, Alexandria, Eagle with standards, Milne 4679Billon tetradrachm
Obv:– A K M A KAPINOC K, Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– None, Eagle standing left between vexilla, wings open, head turned back, wreath in beak.
Minted in Alexandria (LA in upper field). A.D. 283
Reference:– Curtis 1913, BMC 2449, Milne 4679maridvnvm
|
|
| 311 files on 4 page(s) |
1 |
 |
|
|
