Classical Numismatics Discussion Members' Coin Collection Photo Gallery

Image search results - "CONSER"

Maxentius - Follis - 308/312 - Mint of Rome
Ob.: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG; laureate head right
Rev.: CONSERV VRB SVAE; Rome holds sceptre & globe within hexastyle temple
gs. 7,1 mm. 25,4
Cohen 34, RIC 210Maxentius

Maxentius AE 28 Follis 308-310 AD.
IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG- Laureate head right.
CONSERV VRB SVAC-Roma seated left within hexastyle temple, holding globe & scepter, a shield to her right and wreath in pediment.
In ex: RBT Rome Mintnewone

Bronze antoninianus, RIC 608, aVF, 2.177g, 22.2mm, 180o, Antioch mint, 267 A.D.; obverse GALLIENVS AVG, radiate bust right; reverse IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter standing left, globe in right, scepter in left, PXV in exareich

sold Antonivs Protti

MOEDA - 500 Réis - 1938 - Regente Feijó
________________________________________
Série Ilustres
Excelente estado de conservação

ANVERSO
O busto do Regente do Império Diogo António Feijó circundado pela inscrição REGENTE FEIJÓ. Em baixo, monograma do gravador Calmon Barreto.

REVERSO
No centro, uma coluna coríntia encimada pela inscrição circular BRASIL entre dois filetes. À esquerda do campo, o valor 500 e, à direita, a palavra RÉIS em posição horizontal. No exergo, a data e, ao lado direito, a sigla do gravador Walter Toledo.

PADRÃO MONETÁRIO
MIL-RÉIS (de 08/10/1833 a 31/10/1942)

PERÍODO POLÍTICO
República, Era Vargas (1930-1945)

ORIGEM
Casa da Moeda, Rio de Janeiro

CARACTERÍSTICAS
Material: bronze alumínio
Diâmetro: 22,5 mm
Peso: 5,00 g
Espessura: 1,80 mm
Bordo: serrilhado
Titulagem: Cu 910, Al 90
Eixo: reverso medalha (EV)
_____________________Antonivs Protti

Obv: IMP CONSTANTINVSPFAVG
Rev: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG NN
B in R Field, Eagle at feet in L FieldTacitus

29Carausius 287-93 AD
AE antoninianus
Obv "IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVG"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev "CONSERVAT AVG"
Sol standing left, hand raised and holding globe
London mint
B/E//MLXXI
RIC 29mauseus

Aurelian, 270-275 CE.Aurelian Bronze Antoninianus
Obverse: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: IOVI CONSER, Emperor standing right, holding sceptre, receiving globe from Jupiter who is standing left and holding sceptre.
22.3 mm., 3.2 g.NORMAN K

Licinius I, AE follis. RIC 9a Cyzicus. Silvered Follis
Obverse: IMP LICINIVS AVG, laureate, draped, wearing royal mantle, bust left, holding globe, sceptre and map.
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and sceptre.
Wreath in left field, A in right field.
Mintmark dot SMK., 18.3 mm., 2.7 g.

RIC VII Cyzicus 9aNORMAN K

1 Gordian IIIGordian III
Ant 4.4g, Rome Mint
238-239 AD

O: IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG. Radiate and draped bust right.

R: IOVI CONSERVATORI. Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter, small figure of Gordian at feet.

RIC IV-3 2Sosius

1 Gordian IIIGordian III
AR Antonianus, Rome Mint
238-239 AD

O: IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing front, with head left, thunderbolt in right hand, over Emperor standing left

RIC IV-3 2; Sear (5) 8614 1 commentsSosius

245bisCarausius 287-93AD
Antoninianus
Obv "IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG"
Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
Rev "IOVI CONSERV"
Emperor standing left receiving globe from Jupiter
Camulodunum mint
-/-//SPC
RIC -1 commentsmauseus

7 MaxentiusMAXENTIUS
AE Follis (24-27 mm, 5.96 g)
Aquileia Mint, late Summer 307.

O: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.

R: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated l. on shield in tetrastyle temple, r. handing globe to Maxentius (in military dress, stading r.), l. hand holding sceptre; seated captive between;

Victories as acroteria; she-wolf and twins in pediment; AQP in ex.

RIC VI Aquileia 113.

Dark patina. Extremely fine.

Ex Auctiones GmbH
3 commentsSosius

7 MaxentiusMAXENTIUS
AE Follis, Rome Mint

IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, laureate bust of Maxentius right / CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated in temple, RET in ex.

RIC 258 Rome. aVF, very strong portrait in great style.2 commentsSosius

7 MaxentiusMAXENTIUS
AE Follis, Rome Mint, 306-308AD
(27mm, 6.9g)

IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, Lareate head right / CONSERV-VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing, head left, in hexastyle temple, right hand holding globe, left a sceptre, shield at left side; Victories as acroteria; wreath in pediment. RQ in exergue, H in left field.

RIC VI 202a (4th worksop), RCV 3779, Van Meter 018 EF
3 commentsSosius

7 MaxentiusMAXENTIUS
AE Follis, Rome Mint, 308-310 AD
IM[P C] MAXENTIUS PF AVG, Laureate bust right / CONSERV-VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing, head left, holding globe and scepter, shield at side, in hexastyle temple, with victories in acrotera and wreath in pediment. H in left field. Mintmark R T
RIC 202a, third workshop

Thanks to FORVM members stinats and quadrans for helping attributing this coin!3 commentsSosius

72cfAllectus 293-6
Antoninianus
IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVG
Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
IOVI CONSERVAT
Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and vertical sceptre
Camulodunum mint
S/P//C
RIC - (cf72ff)mauseus

8.5 Licinius IILICINIUS II
AE Follis, Cyzicus Mint, 317-320 AD

DN VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C, Laureate, draped bust l., holding sceptre in left hand, mappa in right hand / IOVI CONSER-VATORI CAESS, Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and sceptre, wreath in l. field, B in r. field, SMK in ex.

RIC VII Cyzicus 11, VF. R3.1 commentsSosius

Constantine I, RIC VII 124 TicinumObverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: MARTI CONSERVATORI, Mars in military dress standing right with spear in hand with point on ground and his left hand on shield set on the ground, cloak across right shoulder. .
19. mm., 2.5 g. Mintmark: S dot T Ticinum mint.
NORMAN K

Licinius I 308-324 ADAE Follis
Mint: Alexandria, Date- 321-324 AD
Obv: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left,chlamys across left shoulder, holding Victory on a globe in right hand & leaning on scepter with eagle, at left on ground an eagle with wreath in beak, to rightcaptive.
In right field: XII gamma = 12 1/2 denarii communes
Exergue: SMALA
Size: 3.5 gms;19 mm.
Ref:RIC VII, 283 commentsBrian L

Maximianus - RIC V 506, Z type 1AE Antoninianus.
Rome, 285-6 AD

IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and sceptre,

Mintmark XXIZ. Nothing at foot.

RIC V-2 506; Cohen 355; Sear 13143.Tacitus

Time of Maximinus IIAnonymous
Antioch mint
IOVI CONSERVATORI
Jupiter seated left
VICTORIA AVGG
Victory walking left holding wreath
-/E//SMA
van Heesch 2mauseus

ROME
PB Tessera (23mm, 6.90 g, 12h
Rudder
Flaccid male genitals (or leaf?)
Rostovtsev –

The obverse type differs from the phallic imagery sometimes scene on Roman tesserae. This example depicts a flaccid, rather than engorged penis, often conservatively described in numismatics as a "pudenda virilia." The unusual shape of this piece, combined with the differing obverse type, makes me think this may be a fertility amulet.Ardatirion

"As de Nîmes" or "crocodile" Ӕ dupondius of Nemausus (9 - 3 BC), honoring Augustus and AgrippaIMP DIVI F , Heads of Agrippa (left) and Augustus (right) back to back, Agrippa wearing rostral crown and Augustus the oak-wreath / COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm-shoot with short dense fronds and tip right; two short palm offshoots left and right below, above on left a wreath with two long ties streaming right.

Ó”, 24.5 x 3+ mm, 13.23g, die axis 3h; on both sides there are remains of what appears to be gold plating, perhaps it was a votive offering? Rough edges and slight scrapes on flan typical for this kind of coin, due to primitive technology (filing) of flan preparation.

IMPerator DIVI Filius. Mint of COLonia NEMausus (currently Nîmes, France). Known as "As de Nîmes", it is actually a dupontius (lit. "two-pounder") = 2 ases (sometimes cut in halves to get change). Dupondii were often made out of a golden-colored copper alloy (type of brass) "orichalcum" and this appears to be such case.

Key ID points: oak-wreath (microphotography shows that at least one leaf has a complicated shape, although distinguishing oak from laurel is very difficult) – earlier versions have Augustus bareheaded, no PP on obverse as in later versions, no NE ligature, palm with short fronds with tip right (later versions have tip left and sometimes long fronds). Not typical: no clear laurel wreath together with the rostral crown, gold (?) plating (!), both features really baffling.

But still clearly a "middle" kind of the croc dupondius, known as "type III": RIC I 158, RPC I 524, Sear 1730. It is often conservatively dated to 10 BC - 10 AD, but these days it is usually narrowed to 9/8 - 3 BC.

It is a commemorative issue, honoring the victory over Mark Antony and conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The heads of Augustus and Agrippa were probably positioned to remind familiar obverses of Roman republican coins with two-faced Janus. Palm branch was a common symbol of victory, in this case grown into a tree, like the victories of Augustus and Agrippa grown into the empire. The two offshoots at the bottom may mean two sons of Agrippa, Gaius and Lucius, who were supposed to be Augustus' heirs and were patrons of the colony. Palm may also be a symbol of the local Nemausian deity, which was probably worshiped in a sacred grove. When these coins were minted, the colony was mostly populated by the settled veterans of Augustus' campaigns, hence the reminiscence of the most famous victory, but some of the original Celtic culture probably survived and was assimilated by Romans. The crocodile is not only the symbol of Egypt, like in the famous Octavian's coins AEGYPTO CAPTA. It is also a representation of Mark Antony, powerful and scary both in water and on land, but a bit slow and stupid. The shape of the crocodile with tail up was specifically chosen to remind of the shape of ship on very common "legionary" denarius series, which Mark Antony minted to pay his armies just before Actium. It is probably also related to the popular contemporary caricature of Cleopatra, riding on and simultaneously copulating with a crocodile, holding a palm branch in her hand as if in triumph. There the crocodile also symbolized Mark Antony.

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was born c. 64-62 BC somewhere in rural Italy. His family was of humble and plebeian origins, but rich, of equestrian rank. Agrippa was about the same age as Octavian, and the two were educated together and became close friends. He probably first served in Caesar's Spanish campaign of 46–45 BC. Caesar regarded him highly enough to send him with Octavius in 45 BC to train in Illyria. When Octavian returned to Rome after Caesar's assassination, Agrippa became his close lieutenant, performing many tasks. He probably started his political career in 43 BC as a tribune of the people and then a member of the Senate. Then he was one of the leading Octavian's generals, finally becoming THE leading general and admiral in the civil wars of the subsequent years.

In 38 as a governor of Transalpine Gaul Agrippa undertook an expedition to Germania, thus becoming the first Roman general since Julius Caesar to cross the Rhine. During this foray he helped the Germanic tribe of Ubii (who previously allied themselves with Caesar in 55 BC) to resettle on the west bank of the Rhine. A shrine was dedicated there, possibly to Divus Caesar whom Ubii fondly remembered, and the village became known as Ara Ubiorum, "Altar of Ubians". This quickly would become an important Roman settlement. Agrippina the Younger, Agrippa's granddaughter, wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero, would be born there in 15 AD. In 50 AD she would sponsor this village to be upgraded to a colonia, and it would be renamed Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (colony of Claudius [at] the Altar of Agrippinians – Ubii renamed themselves as Agrippinians to honor the augusta!), abbreviated as CCAA, later to become the capital of new Roman province, Germania Inferior.

In 37 BC Octavian recalled Agrippa back to Rome and arranged for him to win the consular elections, he desperately needed help in naval warfare with Sextus Pompey, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who styled himself as the last supporter of the republican cause, but in reality became a pirate king, an irony since his father was the one who virtually exterminated piracy in all the Roman waters. He forced humiliating armistice on the triumvirs in 39 BC and when Octavian renewed the hostilities a year later, defeated him in a decisive naval battle of Messina. New fleet had to be built and trained, and Agrippa was the man for the job. Agrippa's solution was creating a huge secret naval base he called Portus Iulius by connecting together lakes Avernus, Avernus and the natural inner and outer harbors behind Cape Misenum at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. He also created a larger type of ship and developed a new naval weapon: harpax – a ballista-launched grapnel shot with mechanisms that allowed pulling enemy ships close for easy boarding. It replaced the previous boarding device that Romans used since the First Punic War, corvus – effective, but extremely cumbersome. A later defence against it were scythe blades on long poles for cutting ropes, but since this invention was developed in secret, the enemy had no chance to prepare anything like it. It all has proved extremely effective: in a series of naval engagements Agrippa annihilated the fleet of Sextus, forced him to abandon his bases and run away. For this Agrippa was awarded an unprecedented honour that no Roman before or after him received: a rostral crown, "corona rostrata", a wreath decorated in front by a prow and beak of a ship.

That's why Virgil (Aeneid VIII, 683-684), describing Agrippa at Actium, says: "…belli insigne superbum, tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona." "…the proud military decoration, gleams on his brow the naval rostral crown". Actium, the decisive battle between forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, may appear boring compared to the war with Sextus, but it probably turned out this way due to Agrippa's victories in preliminary naval engagements and taking over all the strategy from Octavian.

In between the wars Agrippa has shown an unusual talent in city planning, not only constructing many new public buildings etc., but also greatly improving Rome's sanitation by doing a complete overhaul of all the aqueducts and sewers. Typically, it was Augustus who later would boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble", forgetting that, just like in his naval successes, it was Agrippa who did most of the work. Agrippa had building programs in other Roman cities as well, a magnificent temple (currently known as Maison Carrée) survives in Nîmes itself, which was probably built by Agrippa.

Later relationship between Augustus and Agrippa seemed colder for a while, Agrippa seemed to even go into "exile", but modern historians agree that it was just a ploy: Augustus wanted others to think that Agrippa was his "rival" while in truth he was keeping a significant army far away from Rome, ready to come to the rescue in case Augustus' political machinations fail. It is confirmed by the fact that later Agrippa was recalled and given authority almost equal to Augustus himself, not to mention that he married Augustus' only biological child. The last years of Agrippa's life were spent governing the eastern provinces, were he won respect even of the Jews. He also restored Crimea to Roman Empire. His last service was starting the conquest of the upper Danube, were later the province of Pannonia would be. He suddenly died of illness in 12 BC, aged ~51.

Agrippa had several children through his three marriages. Through some of his children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He has numerous other legacies.Yurii P

(0268) CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS268 - 270 AD
AE 21 mm 3.30 g
O: IMP CLAVDIVS PF AVG radiate draped cuirassed bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI Jupiter standing left holding spear and thunderbolt, eagle at feet left
(Third--final--Emission. A few (4) are recorded by Gyssen in CENB 1999: Not in RIC)
Cyzicus mint.laney

(0268) CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS268 - 270 AD
AE 20mm 3.13 g
O: IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG radiate draped cuirassed bust right
R: CONSER AVG Serapis standing left with right hand raised, scepter in left; G in exe
Antioc RIC 201laney

(0270) AURELIAN270 - 275 AD
AE 21.5 mm, 3.94 g
O: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiate and cuirassed bust right
R: CONSERVAT AVG , Sol walking left, right hand raised, globe in left, treading on seated captive, A in ex
Antioch mint, RIC 384
laney

(0270) AURELIAN270 - 275 AD
AE 22X26 mm 2.94 g
O: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG radiate cuirassed bust right
R: IOVI CONSER emperor standing right with scepter receiving globe from Jupiter; S in exe
Siscia mintlaney

(0270) AURELIAN270 - 275 AD
AE 21 mm, 3.07 g
O: IMIP AVRELIANVS AVT radiate bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter on right presenting globe to Aurelian, P in exe.
Siscia mint; RIC 227claney

(0270) AURELIAN270-275 A.D.
AE 23 mm; 3.0 g
Obverse: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG Radiate cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: IOVI CONSER Aurelian standing right, receiving globe from Jupiter standing left, holding scepter; star Q in exe
Siscia mint; RIC V 225laney

(0284) DIOCLETIAN284 - 305 AD
AE Ant. 21 mm 3.48 g
Obverse: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter presenting Victory on globe to Diocletian, Epsilon below
XII in exe
Antioch
(J.Ryan)
laney

(0284) DIOCLETIAN284 - 305 AD
AE 21.5 mm 3.25 g
Obverse: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter presenting Victory on globe to Diocletian, ED below
XII in exelaney

(0284) DIOCLETIAN284 - 305 AD
Struck 285 AD
AE Antoninianus 22 mm max., 2.88 g
O: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
R: IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG - Jupiter standing right holding sceptre and globe, facing Hercules, standing left, with lionskin and club, and holding victory on globe; crescent over G in lower center, XXI in ex
Antioch mint

laney

(0284) DIOCLETIAN284 - 305 AD
Silvered AD Ant. 20 X 23 mm 3.54 g
O: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG radiate draped bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG Emperor standing receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter; crescent over Z between; XXI in exe.
Antioch mintlaney

(0284) DIOCLETIAN (0284) DIOCLETIAN
284 - 305 AD
struck 289-290 AD
AE 21.5 X 24.5 mm, 3.49 g
O: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG Emperor and Jupiter standing facing, each holding scepter, sacrificing over tripod;laney

(0284) DIOCLETIAN284 - 305 AD
AE 22.5 >> 3.88 g
O: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIAVS P F AVG radiate bust right
R: IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG Jupiter holding globe and Hercules holding Victory facing each other; crescent over E in field between; XXI pellet in exe
Antioch mintlaney

(0284) Diocletian / Iovi Hercu ConserSilvered Ant. 22mm 3.45 g
284 - 305 AD
Obv: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG
Rad Dr Cuir Bust R
Rev: IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG
Jupiter stg R hldg globe and scepter; Hercules stg L hldg Victory, club,& lionskin; crescent over H below
XXI in exe; Antioch RIC V 323
Nearly fully silvered
(J.Ryan)laney

(0286) MAXIMIANUS286-305, 307-308, and 310 AD
Struck 286 - 295 AD
AE SILVERED ANT. 22mm 2.66g
O: IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
RAD CUIR BUST R
R: IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVG
JUPITER R HOLDING GLOBE & SCEPTER FACING HERCULES HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE, CLUB, LIONSKIN CRESCENT/B BETWEEN
XII IN EXE
ANTIOCH
(J.Ryan)laney

(0286) MAXIMIANUS286 - 305, 306 - 308, and 310 A.D.
Struck 2nd reign; 307 - 308 AD
AE Follis 24 mm 5.14 g
O: IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right
R: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated within hexastyle temple, head turned left, holding globe in right hand, scepter in left; TT in exe
Ticinum mintlaney

(0286) MAXIMIANUS286-305, 307-308, and 310 AD
Silvered AE Ant. 22 mm, 4.74 g
O: IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG;radiate cuirassed bust right
R: IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG Jupiter right holding globe and scepter, facing Hercules left, holding Victory on globe, club, and lionskin; crescent over B between; XXI in exe.
Antioch mintlaney

(0306) MAXENTIUS306 - 312 AD
AE Follis 25 mm
O: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG laureate head right
R: CONSERV VRB SVAE Roma steated in hexastyle temple holding globe and scepter
Aquileia mintlaney

(0306) MAXENTIUS306 - 312 AD
AE Follis 24 mm, 4.05 g
O: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, laureate head right
R: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing, head left, in hexastyle temple, holding globe and sceptre, shield at side, dots in pediment
Romelaney

(0306) MAXENTIUS306-312 AD
AE Follis 25 mm max., 6.43 g
O: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right, bare right shoulder from behind.
R: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing in ornate hexastyle temple holding globe and spear, shield at feet, wreath in pediment, RBQ in exergue.
Rome mintlaney

(0306) MAXENTIUS306-312 AD
Struck 307-308 AD
AE Follis. 26.6 mm max. 6.71 g
O: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, laureate head right
R: CONSERV-VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing, head left, in hexastyle temple, holding globe and sceptre, shield at side, Victories as acroteria, wreath in pediment above row of dots, H in left field. Mintmark RQ.
Rome; RIC 202a; Sear 14986.1 commentslaney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 21.5 mm 3.48 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and Victory on globe, eagle with wreath in beak and bound captive at his feet, X/ IIGamma in right field
SMANTB in exe
Antioch, RIC 35 Rare.

laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 19 mm 2.94 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and Victory on globe, eagle with wreath in beak and bound captive at his feet, X/ IIGamma in right field
struck 321 - 324 AD
SMALA in exe
Alexandria 1 commentslaney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
(struck ca. 313 AD)
AE 22 mm 2.85 g
O: IIMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG
LAUR HEAD R
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, DELTA IN R FIELD
JUPITER STANDING L HOLDING SCEPTER & VICTORY ON GLOBE, EAGLE HOLDING WREATH AT FEET
SMHT IN EXE
HERACLEA
(4TH OFFICINA)
RIC VII (R3)laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 17.5 mm 3.2 g
O: IMP LICINIVS AVG, laur bust left
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, Jupiter atop eagle with spread wings, standing rightlaney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
Silvered AE 19 mm 3.25 g
O: IMP LICINIVS AVG, laur bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter and globe in left hand, mappa in right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe, wreath to left, Gamma to right
SMK in exe
Cyzicuslaney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 20.5 mm 2.85 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG, rad dr cuir bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe, seated captive at feet on right, eagle with wreath at left, X/IIGdamma in right field,
SMNA in exe
Nicomedia
RIC VII 44laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 24 mm 3.5 g
O: IMP C VAL LIC LICINIVS PF AVG, laur head right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, B in right field, Jupiter standing left holding globe and scepter, wreath at feet
SM Dot TS Dot in exe
Thessalonicalaney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 17.5 mm 2.91 g
O: IMP LICINIVS AVG, laur head left holding mappa and scepter on globe
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, S in right field, Jupiter standing left holding scepter and Victory on globe, captive to left
Antioch
laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 19.5 mm 3.43 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG, rad dr cuir bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe, seated captive on right, eagle with wreath on left, X/IIGamma in right field
SMHK in exe
Heraclea RIC VII 52laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 17.5 mm 2.91 g
O: IMP LICINIVS AVG, laur dr bust left, globe and scepter in left hand and mapp in right hand
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe; wreath in left field, "E" to right
SMK IN EXE CYZICUS
RIC VII 9e Rare (R3) laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
Struck 313 - 315
AE 22.5 mm 3.09 g
O: IMP LIC LICINIVS PF AVG, laureate head right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left with victory & scepter, eagle at foot with wreath in its beak, A to right, SIS in exergue
SISCIA MINT RIC VII Siscia 8

laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308-324 AD
Æ reduced follis 20 mm 2.87 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG - Radiate bust right, draped and cuirassed
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI - Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and Victory on globe;eagle to left and captive to right. / X / IIG in right field, SMHB in exe.
Heraclea RIC VII 52

laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 18.5 mm; 2.84 g
O: IMP LICINIVS AVG Laureate, draped bust left, globe, scepter in left hand, mappa in right.
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter, captive with hands tied at feet, E in r. field.
Antioch mint
laney

(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
(struck ca. 313 AD)
AE 21.5 mm, 3.11 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG
LAUR HEAD R
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, DELTA IN R FIELD
JUPITER STANDING L HOLDING SCEPTER & VICTORY ON GLOBE, EAGLE HOLDING WREATH AT FEETlaney

(0308) LICINIUS I308-324
AE 21.5 mm 3.08 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG
LAUR HEAD R
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, GAMMA IN R FIELD
JUPITER STANDING L HOLDING SCEPTER & VICTORY ON GLOBE, EAGLE HOLDING WREATH AT FEETlaney

(0309) MAXIMINUS II DAIACaesar 305-308; Filius Augustorum 308-309; Augustus 309-313
struck 313 AD
AE 12 X 24 mm 3.21 g
O: IMP MAXIMINVS P F AVG laureate cuirassed bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI; Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe, eagle to left; A to right; SIS in exe
Siscia mintlaney

(0317) CONSTANTINE II (as Caesar)317 - 337 AD (as Caesar)
337 - 340 AD (as Augustus)
STRUCK 321 - 324
AE 20 mm 2.64 g
O: DN FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB C; LAUR DR CUIR BUST R
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI; JUPITER STANDING L HOLDING VICTORY ON GLOBE AND EAGLE-TIPPED SCEPTER, EAGLE WITH WREATH AT FEET ON L, CAPTIVE ON R; X/IIG (DOT IN R FIELD?); SMHA IN EXE
HERACLEA RIC 55, R1laney

(0317) LICINIUS II317-320 AD
AE 20.5 mm 3.25 g
O: D N VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C around laureate, draped bust of Licinius II l., holding mappa, globe &sceptre;
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS around; Jupiter standing l. holding Victory in right hand and sceptre in left; wreath to l., A to right, SMK in exe.
Cyzicus RIC VII 11

laney

(0317) LICINIUS II317 - 324 AD (Caesar)
AE 19 mm 3.11 g
O: D N VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C cuirassed helmeted bust left, with shield, spear over shoulder
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle at top; eagle to left, captive to right. X/IIG in right field; SMHG in exe
Heraclea mintlaney

(0317) LICINIUS II317 - 324 AD (Caesar)
AE 18.5 mm 2.48 g
O: D N VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C cuirassed helmeted bust left, with shield, spear over shoulder
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle at top; eagle to left, captive to right. X/IIG in right fieldlaney

(317) LICINIUS II317 - 324 AD (Caesar)
AE 19.5 mm 2.48 g
O: D N VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C cuirassed helmeted bust left, with shield, spear over shoulder
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle at top; eagle to left, captive to right. X/IIG in right fieldlaney

(500a) Roman Republic, 119 BC, M. Furius Philius - Furia 18Roman Republic, 119 BC, M. Furius Philius - Furia 18. Crawford 281/1, Sydenham 529; 19mm, 3.23 grams. aVF, Rome; Obverse: laureate head of Janus, M FORVRI L F around; Reverse: Roma standing left erecting trophy, Galic arms around, PHLI in exergue. Ex Ephesus Numismatics.

Gauis Marius
As a novus homo, or new man, Marius found the rise in the Roman cursus honorum ( "course of honours"-- the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic) a daunting challenge. It is certain that he used his old family client contacts and his military relations as a source of support. Among these contacts were the powerful Metelli family, and their early support was to prove to be a disaster for them. Just a few short years after his service as Quaestor, Marius was elected Tribune of the Plebes in 119 BC. In this position so soon after the political turmoil and murder of the Gracchi brothers (Gaius murdered 123 BC), Marius chose to follow the populares path, making a name for himself under similar auspices. As Tribune, he would ensure the animosity of the conservative faction of the Senate, and the Metelli, by passing popular laws forbidding the inspection of ballot boxes. In do doing, he directly opposed the powerful elite, who used ballot inspection as a way to intimidate voters in the citizen assembly elections.

Marius would go on to be elected Consul seven times and figure prominantly in the civil unrest of the early eighties as Lucius Cornelius Sulla's opponent. In 88 BC, Sulla had been elected Consul. There was now a choice before the Senate about which general to send to Asia (a potentially lucrative command): either Marius or Sulla. The Senate chose Sulla, but soon the Assembly appointed Marius. In this unsavory episode of low politics, Marius had been helped by the unscrupulous actions of Publius Sulpicius Rufus, whose debts Marius had promised to erase. Sulla refused to acknowledge the validity of the Assembly's action.

Sulla left Rome and traveled to "his"army waiting in Nola, the army the Senate had asked him to lead to Asia. Sulla urged his legions to defy the Assembly's orders and accept him as their rightful leader. Sulla was successful, and the legions murdered the representatives from the Assembly. Sulla then commanded six legions to march with him opon Rome and institute a civil war.

This was a momentous event, and was unforeseen by Marius, as no Roman army had ever marched upon Rome—it was forbidden by law and ancient tradition.

Sulla was to eventually rule Rome as Dictator. In his book Rubicon, historian Tom Holland argues that Sulla's actions had no lasting negative effect upon the health of the Republic, that Sulla was at heart a Republican. However, once a Roman general has defied Republican tradition, once a Roman general has used his command to combat fellow Romans, once a Roman general has set-up himself as Dictator--it follows that the decision to replicate these decsions (think: Caesar and Rubicon) is that much more easiely taken.

J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

(501i) Roman Republic, D. Junius L.f. Silanus, 91 B.C.Silver denarius, Syd 646a, RSC Junia 16, S 225 var, Cr 337/3 var, VF, 3.718g, 18.6mm, 0o, Rome mint, 91 B.C.; obverse head of Roma right in winged helmet, X (control letter) behind; reverse Victory in a biga right holding reins in both hands, V (control numeral) above, D•SILANVS / ROMA in ex; mint luster in recesses. Ex FORVM.

Although the coin itself does not commemorate the event, the date this coin was struck is historically significant.

MARCUS Livius DRUSUS (his father was the colleague of Gaius Gracchus in the tribuneship, 122 B.C.), became tribune of the people in 91 B.C. He was a thoroughgoing conservative, wealthy and generous, and a man of high integrity. With some of the more intelligent members of his party (such as Marcus Scaurus and L. Licinius Crassus the orator) he recognized the need of reform. At that time an agitation was going on for the transfer of the judicial functions from the equites to the senate; Drusus proposed as a compromise a measure which restored to the senate the office of judices, while its numbers were doubled by the admission of 300 equites. Further, a special commission was to be appointed to try and sentence all judices guilty of taking bribes.

The senate was hesitant; and the equites, whose occupation was threatened, offered the most violent opposition. In order, therefore, to catch the popular votes, Drusus proposed the establishment of colonies in Italy and Sicily, and an increased distribution of corn at a reduced rate. By help of these riders the bill was carried.

Drusus now sought a closer alliance with the Italians, promising them the long coveted boon of the Roman franchise. The senate broke out into open opposition. His laws were abrogated as informal, and each party armed its adherents for the civil struggle which was now inevitable. Drusus was stabbed one evening as he was returning home. His assassin was never discovered (http://62.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DR/DRUSUS_MARCUS_LIVIUS.htm).

The ensuing "Social War" (91-88 B.C.) would set the stage for the "Civil Wars" (88-87 & 82-81 B.C.) featuring, notably, Marius & Sulla; two men who would make significant impressions on the mind of a young Julius Caesar. Caesar would cross the Rubicon not thirty years later.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

(VI) 91Maximianus I
DN MAXIMIANO PF S AVG
Laureate, cuirassed bust right
HERCVLI CONSERVATORI
Hercules standing facing, head left holding club and bow
-/-//PLN
RIC (VI) 91mauseus

*FAKE* Pegasos: Epirus, Ambrakia AR Stater, Unpublished die-combination(?) EDIT : NOW CONFIRMED MODERN FAKE

Greek (Classical). Epirus, Ambrakia. AR Stater (8.42g, 20mm). Mid-4th cent. BCE.
Obv: Peagasos flying right, A below. Rev: Head of Athena left, wearing crested helmet; spear to right.
Ref: Unpublished in Ravel Colts or refs consulted. Obv die: Ravel A58. Rev: Ravel P110.
Prov: Ex-VAuctions 353 / Pars Sale 9 (5 Oct 2020) Lot 31 (corr., Anaktorion?); VAuctions Pars Sale 6 (20 Apr 2020), Lot 56 (corr. same).
Notes: Struck with two later-state dies: The obv. was re-engraved after CNG 93, 217 was struck: [LINK-ACSearch]. The rev. die may be most interesting: Among various specimens, a die crack in the left field appears in multiple states. Here, it looks like a dolphin or hippocamp; comparing various coins, perhaps a die crack was quickly re-engraved to appear as field symbol (to stop it expanding?). One other example from both dies is listed in the Pars VCoins shop (item # PCW-G6511).1 commentsCurtis JJ

*SOLD*Licinius II AE

Attribution: RIC VII 30, Alexandria
Date: AD 321-324
Obverse: DN VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C, helmeted and cuirassed bust r., holding shield,
spear over shoulder
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l.; chlamys over l. shoulder, Victory in r. hand, staff in l., eagle w/ wreath in beak at feet, bound captive behind, X w/ 12 ½ denarii communes mark below, SMALA in exergue
Size: 18 mm1 commentsNoah

*SOLD*Maxentius Follis

Attribution: RIC VI 100, Ticinum, scarce
Date: AD 310-311
Obverse: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, laureate bust r.
Reverse: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing in hexastyle temple, TT in exergue
Size: 25 mmNoah

000c. Sextus PompeySextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey, was a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). He was the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate.

Sextus Pompeius was the youngest son of Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. His older brother was Gnaeus Pompeius, from the same mother. Both boys grew up in the shadow of their father, one of Rome's best generals and originally non-conservative politician who drifted to the more traditional faction when Julius Caesar became a threat.

When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Sextus' older brother Gnaeus followed their father in his escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Sextus stayed in Rome in the care of his stepmother, Cornelia Metella. Pompey's army lost the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and Pompey himself had to run for his life. Cornelia and Sextus met him in the island of Mytilene and together they fled to Egypt. On the arrival, Sextus watched his father being killed by treachery on September 29 of the same year. After the murder, Cornelia returned to Rome, but in the following years Sextus joined the resistance against Caesar in the African provinces. Together with Metellus Scipio, Cato the younger, his brother Gnaeus and other senators, they prepared to oppose Caesar and his army to the end.

Caesar won the first battle at Thapsus in 46 BC against Metellus Scipio and Cato, who committed suicide. In 45 BC, Caesar managed to defeat the Pompeius brothers in the battle of Munda. Gnaeus Pompeius was executed, but young Sextus escaped once more, this time to Sicily.

Back in Rome, Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 BC by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus. This incident did not lead to a return to normality, but provoked yet another civil war between Caesar's political heirs and his assassins. The second triumvirate was formed by Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus, with the intention of avenging Caesar and subduing all opposition. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was certainly a rebellious man, but the Cassius and Brutus faction was the second triumvirate's first priority. Thus, with the whole island as his base, Sextus had the time and resources to develop an army and, even more importantly, a strong navy operated by Sicilian marines.

Brutus and Cassius lost the twin battles of Philippi and committed suicide in 42 BC. After this, the triumvirs turned their attentions to Sicily and Sextus.

But by this time, Sextus was prepared for strong resistance. In the following years, military confrontations failed to return a conclusive victory for either side and in 39 BC, Sextus and the triumvirs signed for peace in the Pact of Misenum. The reason for this peace treaty was the anticipated campaign against the Parthian Empire. Antony, the leader, needed all the legions he could get so it was useful to secure an armistice in the Sicilian front. The peace did not last for long. Octavian and Antony's frequent quarrels were a strong political motivation for resuming the war against Sextus. Octavian tried again to conquer Sicily, but he was defeated in the naval battle of Messina (37 BC) and again in August 36 BC. But by then, Octavian had Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a very talented general, on his side. Only a month afterwards, Agrippa destroyed Sextus' navy off Naulochus cape. Sextus escaped to the East and, by abandoning Sicily, lost all his base of support.

Sextus Pompeius was caught in Miletus in 35 BC and executed without trial (an illegal act since Sextus was a Roman citizen) by order of Marcus Titius, Antony's minion. His violent death would be one of the weapons used by Octavian against Antony several years later, when the situation between the two became unbearable.

Sicilian Mint
Magn above laureate Janiform head
PIVS above, IMP below, prow of galley right
Sear RCV 348, RPC 671, Sydenham 1044a, Cohen 16
43-36 BC

Check ecoli

001 - Licinius I (308-324 AD), Follis - RIC 60Obv: IMP LIC LICINIVS P F AVG, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter standing left, chlamys over shoulder, leaning on sceptre and holding Victory on globe. Eagle with wreath in beak below left.
Minted in Thessalonica (.TS.A. in exe), officina 1, 312-313 AD.3 commentspierre_p77

005 - Gordian III (338-344 AD), Antoninianus - RIC 2Obv: IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt over Gordian who stands left at his feet and sceptre in left hand.
Minted in Rome 238 AD.pierre_p77

0075 Gallienus - AE antoninianusRome
265-267 AD
radiate head right
GALLIENVS AVG
Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
IOVI CONSERVAT
N
RIC V-1 (S)Rome 210
1,84g 18,5mmJ. B.

0155 - Nummus Maxentius 308-10 ACObv/ IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head of M. r.
Rev/ CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing, head l., holding globe in r.h., scepter in l., within hexastyle temple of Roma; wreath in pediment; RBQ in ex.

AE, 22.8 mm, 6.80 g
Mint: Roma.
RIC VI/210 [C2]
ex-A.Juliá Salas (denarios.org), aug 2011dafnis

027 - Diocletian (284-305 AD), pre-reform Antoninianus - RIC 323Obv. IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev. IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG, Jupiter standing right, holding globe and sceptre, facing Hercules standing left, holding Victory, club and lion´s skin.
Minted in Antioch (* and B in field, XXI in exe), second officina, 285 AD.1 commentspierre_p77

028 - Diocletian (284-305 AD), pre-reform Antoninianus - RIC 323Obv. IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev. IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG, Jupiter standing right, holding globe and sceptre, facing Hercules standing left, holding Victory, club and lion´s skin.
Minted in Antioch (crescent delta in field, XXI in exe), fourth officina, 285 AD.pierre_p77

029 - Diocletian (284-305 AD), pre-reform Antoninianus - RIC 323Obv. IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev. IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG, Jupiter standing right, holding globe and sceptre, facing Hercules standing left, holding Victory, club and lion´s skin.
Minted in Antioch (delta in field, XXI. in exe), fourth officina, 293 AD.pierre_p77

030 - Diocletian (284-305 AD), pre-reform Antoninianus - RIC 324Obv. IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, emperor standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter standing left, holding sceptre.
Minted in Antioch (Edelta in field, XXI in exe), nineth officina, 284 AD.pierre_p77

0316 Constantine I - AE follisHeraclea
early 313 AD
laureate head right
IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG
Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left
IOVI CONSER_VATORI AVGG
B
SMHT
RIC VI Heraclea 75
2,9g 21,5mmJ. B.

031b02. Julia MamaeaDenarius. Early 222 AD. Obv: IVLIA MAMAEA AVG, draped bust right. Rev: IVNO CONSERVATRIX, Juno standing left, holding patera and sceptre, peacock at foot left. RIC IV-2, 343; BMC 43-48; RSC 35.lawrence c

0388 Diocletian - AE antoninianusRome
285-286 AD
radiate and cuirassed bust right
IMP DIOCLE_TIANVS AVG
Jupiter standing half left, wearing chalmys, holding thunderbolt and long scepter
IOVI CONSER_VAT AVGG
XXIΓ
RIC V-2 162 Rome
3,6g 21mmJ. B.

049 Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 130, AR-Denarius, IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter seated left, #1049 Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 130, AR-Denarius, IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter seated left, #1
avers: L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX, Laureate bust right.
reverse: IOVI CONSE RVATORI, Jupiter seated left holding scepter and Victory.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17mm, weight: 3,48g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 198-200 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 130, p-, RSC 237,
Q-001quadrans

054 Macrinus (217-218 A.D.), RIC IV-II 076, Rome, AR-Denarius, IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left,054 Macrinus (217-218 A.D.), RIC IV-II 076, Rome, AR-Denarius, IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left,
avers:- IMP-C-M-OPEL-SEV-MACRINVS-AVG, laureate cuirassed bust right with short, trimmed beard.
revers:- IOVI-CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left with thunderbolt and sceptre, before him small figure of Macrinus.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 18mm, weight:g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 217-18 A.D., ref: RIC-IV-II-76, RSC 37, BMC 20,
Q-001quadrans

056 DIOCLETIANEMPEROR: Diocletian
DENOMINATION: Antoninianus
OBVERSE: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right, seen from back
REVERSE: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, chlamys hanging from left shoulder, holding thunderbolt and leaning on sceptre; D in left field.
DATE: 286 AD
MINT: Lugdunum
WEIGHT: 3.74 g
RIC: RIC V-2, 47 Barnaba6

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