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Denarius - 89 B.C. - Mint of Rome
L TITVRIVS L.f. SABINVS - Gens Tituria
Ob.: Bearded head of King Tatius right, SABIN behind
Rev.: Victory in biga right, bearing wreath, L TITVRI below, control mark in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 16,6
Craw. 344/3, Sear RCV 253

Maxentius

AR Denarius - 91 BC.
D. JVNIVS SILANVS - Gens Junia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right, control mark behind (T)
Rev.: Victory in biga right, holding reins in both hands, XIIII above. In ex. D SILANVS / ROMA
Gs. 3,6 mm. 19,4x18,2
Craw. 337/3, Sear RCV 225

Maxentius

Denarius - 115/114 B.C. - Mint of Rome
M. CIPIVS M. f. - Gens Cipia
Ob.: Helmeted head of Roma right.; before, [M. CIPI. M. F.]; behind, X
Rev.: Victory in biga right with palm-branch, rudder below, ROMA in ex.
Gs. 3,9, mm. 16,9
Craw. 289/1, Sear RCV 166 Maxentius

Serrate Denarius - 106 BC
L. MEMMIVS GALERIA - Gens Memmia
Obv.: Laureate head of Saturn left; ROMA and harpa behind
Rev,; Venus in biga right, Cupid flying above with laurel wreath, L MEMMI (ME in monogram) GAL in two lines in ex.
Gs. 3,82 mm. 17,2x17,8
Cr313/1a, Sear RCV 190.

Maxentius

Denarius - 88 BC.
CN. CORNELIVS LENTVLVS CLAVDIANVS - Gens Cornelia
Obv.: Helmeted bust of Mars right, seen from behind, with spear and parazonium Rev.: Victory in biga right. In ex. CN LENTVL
Gs. 3,7 mm. 16,7x18,3
Crawford 345/1; Sear RCV 254

Maxentius

Denarius serratus - 118 B.C. - Narbo
L. COSCONIVS, L. LICINIVS, CN. DOMITIVS - Gens Cosconia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Rome right; COSCO M.F.. X behind.
Rev.: Gallic warrior (Bituitus?) in biga right, with shield and carnix. L LIC CN DOM in ex.
Gs. 3,8 mm. 19,7
Craw. 282/2, Sear RCV 158Maxentius

Denarius - 155 BC.
PINARIVS NATTA - Gens PINARIA
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind
Rev.: / Victory in biga right holding whip and reins, NAT below, ROMA in ex.
Gs. 3,8 mm. 17,7
Craw. 200/1, Sear RCV 77.

Maxentius

Denarius - 123 BC (Grueber 150/125 BC) - Mint of Rome (Crawford). Uncertain mint in Italy (Grueber)
C. [PORCIVS] CATO - Gens Porcia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind
Rev.: Victory in biga right holding reins and whip; C CATO below, ROMA in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 18,9
Craw. 274/1, Sear RCV 149, BMRRC II 461.

Maxentius

Denarius - 152 BC (Grueber 172/151 BC) - Mint of Rome
L. SAVFEIVS - Gens Saufeia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind
Rev.: Victory in galloping biga right, holding reins and whip. L. SAVF below horses. In ex. ROMA in a tablet.
Gs. 3,4 mm. 16,8x17,3
Craw. 204/1, Sear RCV 83, BMRRC 834

1 commentsMaxentius

Denarius - 110-109 BC (Grueber 91/90 B.C.) - Mint of Rome
C. CLAVDIVS PVLCHER - Gens Claudia
Obv.: Head of helmeted Roma right
Rev.: Victory in biga galloping right. Below, C. PVLCHER.
Gs. 3,8 mm. 18
Crawf. 300/1, Sear RCV 177, Grueber 1288

Maxentius

Denarius - 101 BC. - Mint of Rome
M. LVCILIVS RVFVS - Gens Lucilia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right within laurel wreath; P V behind
Rev.: Victory in biga right holding reins and whip; RVF above, M LVCILI in exergue.
Gs. 4 mm 19,2x21,5
Craw. 324/1, Sear RCV 202, Grueber 1613

Maxentius

Denarius - 138 BC. - Rome mint
C. RENIVS - Gens Renia
Obv.:Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind
Rev.: Juno Caprotina in biga of goats right, C RENI below goats, ROMA in ex.
Crawf. 231/1, Sear RCV 108, Grueber I 885
Maxentius

Denarius - 109/108 BC. Rome mint.
MN. AQVILLIVS - Gens Aquillia
Obv.: Radiate head of Sol right. Before, X
Rev.: Luna (or Diana) in biga right; crescent moon and three stars above. Below, one star and MN (in monogram) AQVIL. In ex. ROMA
Gs. 3,7 mm. 18,81
Craw. 303/1, Sear RCV 180, Grueber II 645 1 commentsMaxentius

Denarius - 128 BC. - Rome mint
T. CLOVLIVS (or CLOELIVS) - Gens Cloulia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right, wreath behind. ROMA below
Rev.: Victory in biga right; grain ear below, T CLOVLI in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm 19,37
Crawf. 260/1; Sear RCV Grueber I 1079.

Maxentius

Denarius - 77 BC. - Rome mint
L. RVTILIVS FLACCVS - Gens Rutilia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right, FLAC behind
Rev.: Victory in biga right, L RVTILI in ex.
Gs. 4 mm. 17,8
Crawf. 387/1, Sear RCV 318, Grueber I 3242.

Maxentius

Denarius - 104 BC. - Rome mint
C. COELIVS CALDVS - Gens Coelia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma left
Rev.: Victory in biga left; CALD below horses, control letter (X•) in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 18,53x20,52
Crawf. 318/1b, Sear RCV 196, Grueber 14911 commentsMaxentius

Here is an example of a cabinet showing three different available styles of trays for storage. At the top is a standard round recess type tray....very traditional.

In the middle is an open format tray for displaying items "free form", or for items of unusual sizes/shapes such as large medals, military decorations or pocket watches.

On the bottom is a new offering; a drawer for slabs. Each drawer can hold 30 slabs from any of the three major slabbing firms; PCGS, NCG, or ANACS. Other commercial, or "DIY" slabs should also fit, provided they are no larger than any from the "big three" firms.

www.CabinetsByCraig.netcmcdon0923

M. Cipius M.f. 115-114 BC. AR Denarius (17mm, 3.98 g, 4h). Rome mint. Helmeted head of Roma right; X (mark of value) to left / Victory driving galloping biga right, holding reins and palm frond; rudder below. Crawford 289/1; Sydenham 546; Cipia 1; Type as RBW 1118.ecoli

L Rutilius Flaccus Denarius. 77 BC.
Helmeted head of Roma right, FLAC behind / Victory in biga right, L RVTILI in ex. Syd 780aBritanikus

Alexander the Great, 336 - 323 BC. AE Hemiobol (4 Chalkoi). Struck 336 - 320 BC, possibly under Philip III at Miletus in Macedonia.Obverse: No legend. Head of Alexander the Great as Herakles, wearing lion-skin knotted at base of neck, facing right.
Reverse: AΛEΞANΔ•POY. Bow in Gorytos (a case for bow and quiver) above, club below. ΠΥΡ monogram control mark below club
Diameter: 18mm | Weight: 5.79gms | Die Axis: 3
Price: 0335

Alexander the Great reigned from 336 to 323 BC. Price supposes this coin to be a lifetime issue and Sear concurs stating that the issues that are more likely to be posthumous are the ones bearing the title BAΣIΛEOΣ. Thompson however, has proposed a posthumous date of 321 - 320 BC (Thompson series IV) based on the compound ΠΥΡ monogram used as a control mark.

It is difficult to interpret the die orientation in these issues because not only is it unclear what the Ancient Greeks would have considered "up" with respect to the reverse design but modern scholars are ambiguous on the subject as well. I have, however, assumed that the modern conventional orientation is with the name reading horizontally, and therefore have described my example as having a 3 o'clock orientation, the "top" of the reverse being aligned with the back of Herakles' head on the obverse.
1 comments*Alex

1 Gordian IIIGordian III
AE of Nicea

O: M ANT GORDIANOC AVG, Radiate, draped bust r.

R: N-I-K-A-I, EWN in ex.; Two standards surmounted by capricorns between two standards

Rec. Gen 711

Rare. According to Dane Kurtz's list, copies include this coin, plus: "Geoff Hintze's collection, another sold on ebay in June 2006 by del550 (DRG Coins, England), another sold on ebay in Dec. 2008 by biggyg2"

Sosius

19 Lucius VerusLucius Verus
AE As, 161 AD
IMP CAES L AVREL VERVS AVG, laureate cuirassed bust right / CONCORDIA AVGVSTOR TR P COS II S-C, Verus and Marcus Aurelius clasping hands
RIC 1290, Sear5 #5408; aFine
One of my first "big" roman coins. Not pretty, but it was exciting to get and to attribute. I didn't even know who Lucius Verus was before I got the coin!
RI0099Sosius

L SaufeiusHelmeted head of Roma right X behind

Victory in biga right L SAVF VF in monogram
ROMA below

Rome, 152 BC
3.54g

Sear 83, Saufeia 1, Syd 384

SOLD! Forum Auction July 20202 commentsJay GT4

MUGHAL-OR-IPS-6-BIG-COPPER-COINS-LOT-LOT-WEIGHT-92-1gm Antonivs Protti

ROME. "Domitian"
PB Tessera (17mm, 2.14 g)
Figure driving biga right, holding whip in raised hand
DOMI
Rostovtsew 734; Ruggiero 1325-8

Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion

D.626 Charles II the Bald (denier, class 1d, Melle)Charles the Bald, king of the Franks (840-877)
Denier (Melle, class 1d, 840-864)

Silver, 1.73 g, 21 mm diameter, die axis 5h

O/ +CÎ›RLVS REX; cross pattée
R/ +METVLLO; carolingian monogram

This coinage with the shorter legend CÎ›RLVS REX is much rarer than the common one with the legend CÎ›RLVS REX FR. The composition of a hoard in Poitou suggests that this type can be unambiguously attributed to Charles the Bald. This coinage may have been minted at the beginning of Charles the Bald's reign, just before Pippin II took the control of Melle in 845.
Among the 12 known specimens, 5 have a deformed monogram, with the L and the S exchanging places, and on their sides. This feature, the shorter legend, as well as the unusual position of the legend opening cross on top of the monogram may suggest that there was some confusion in Melle at this time, when Charles gave back (temporarily) Aquitaine to Pippin.
The reverse is slightly double struck.

RIC.67 Postumus: antoninianus (Herc Pacifero)Postumus, Gallic emperor (usurper) (260-269)
Antoninianus: Herc Pacifero (2ond emission, 2ond phase, 262, Trèves)

Billon (200 ‰), 3.37 g, diameter 20 mm, die axis 7h

A/ IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG; radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
R/ HERC-PA-CIFERO; Hercules, standing left, holding olive branch, club and lion’s skin

Curious Postumus' big nose.

EG.27
2 comments

(501i) Roman Republic, D. Junius L.f. Silanus, 91 B.C.Silver denarius, Syd 646a, RSC Junia 16, S 225 var, Cr 337/3 var, VF, 3.718g, 18.6mm, 0o, Rome mint, 91 B.C.; obverse head of Roma right in winged helmet, X (control letter) behind; reverse Victory in a biga right holding reins in both hands, V (control numeral) above, D•SILANVS / ROMA in ex; mint luster in recesses. Ex FORVM.

Although the coin itself does not commemorate the event, the date this coin was struck is historically significant.

MARCUS Livius DRUSUS (his father was the colleague of Gaius Gracchus in the tribuneship, 122 B.C.), became tribune of the people in 91 B.C. He was a thoroughgoing conservative, wealthy and generous, and a man of high integrity. With some of the more intelligent members of his party (such as Marcus Scaurus and L. Licinius Crassus the orator) he recognized the need of reform. At that time an agitation was going on for the transfer of the judicial functions from the equites to the senate; Drusus proposed as a compromise a measure which restored to the senate the office of judices, while its numbers were doubled by the admission of 300 equites. Further, a special commission was to be appointed to try and sentence all judices guilty of taking bribes.

The senate was hesitant; and the equites, whose occupation was threatened, offered the most violent opposition. In order, therefore, to catch the popular votes, Drusus proposed the establishment of colonies in Italy and Sicily, and an increased distribution of corn at a reduced rate. By help of these riders the bill was carried.

Drusus now sought a closer alliance with the Italians, promising them the long coveted boon of the Roman franchise. The senate broke out into open opposition. His laws were abrogated as informal, and each party armed its adherents for the civil struggle which was now inevitable. Drusus was stabbed one evening as he was returning home. His assassin was never discovered (http://62.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DR/DRUSUS_MARCUS_LIVIUS.htm).

The ensuing "Social War" (91-88 B.C.) would set the stage for the "Civil Wars" (88-87 & 82-81 B.C.) featuring, notably, Marius & Sulla; two men who would make significant impressions on the mind of a young Julius Caesar. Caesar would cross the Rubicon not thirty years later.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

-R-07-01 â€“ P.SERVILIUS M.F. RULLUS (100 A.C.)FALSIFICACIÓN ANCIANA,
Denario Forrado 18 mm 3.1 gr

Anv: Busto de Minerva a izquierda, vistiendo yelmo corintio con penacho y aegis – ”RVLLI” detrás.
Rev: Victoria montada en una viga, encabritados sus caballos, a derecha, portando hoja de palma en mano izquierda, "P” debajo (esta P=público parece ser la última forma de abreviar EX ARGENTO PVBLICO y estaría marcando que esta moneda estaba acuñada en plata retirada de la Tesorería Pública y por consiguiente era una emisión especial). ”P SERVILI M F” en el exergo.

Ceca: No Oficial
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #207 Pag.112 - Craw RRC #328/1 - Syd CRR #601 - BMCRR #1672 - RSC Vol.1 Servilia 14 Pag.88
mdelvalle

0032 - Denarius Marcia 134 BCObv/Helmeted head of Roma r., behind modius, before crossed X.
Rev/Victory in biga r., holding reins in l. and whip in r. hand; below M MAR C, below RO MA divided by two grain ears.

Ag, 19.7mm, 3.79g
Moneyer: M.Marcius Mn.f.
Mint: Rome.
RRC 245/1 [dies o/r: 120/150] - BMCRR 1008 - Syd. 500.
ex-Valencia Coin Market 20 may 2007dafnis

005a. AntoniaAntonia

she exposed a plot between her daughter Livilla and Sejanus, Tiberius's Praetorian Prefect. This led to Sejanus's downfall and to the death of Livilla. Claudius, her biggest disappointment (she once called him a "monster") was the only one of her children to survive her.

She committed suicide in 37 AD on Caligula's orders after expressing unhappiness over the murder of her youngest grandson, Tiberius Gemellus. There is a passage in Suetonius's "Life of Gaius" that mentions how Caligula may have given her poison himself. Renowned for her beauty and virtue, Antonia spent her long life revered by the Roman people and enjoyed many honors conferred upon her by her relatives.

Æ Dupondius (10.61 gm). Struck by Claudius. Draped bust right / Claudius standing left, holding simpulum. RIC I 92 (Claudius); BMCRE 166 (same); Cohen 6. Ex-CNG

Checkecoli

0076 - Denarius Fabia 102 BCObv/Veiled and turreted bust of Cybele r., behind EX A PV.
Rev/Victory in biga r., symbol below, stork before; C FABI C F in ex.

Ag, 20.0mm, 3.96g
Moneyer: C. Fabius C.f. Hadrianus.
Mint: Rome.
RRC 322/1b [dies o/r: (64)/80] - Syd. 590.
ex-Künker, e-auction dec 2010, lot 7767561 commentsdafnis

0099 - Denarius Coelia 104 BCObv/ Head of Roma l.
Rev/ Victory in biga left, C COIL below horses: above, A with point below; CALD in ex.

Ag, 19.0 mm, 3.94 g
Moneyer: C. Coelius Caldus.
Mint: Rome.
RRC 318/1a [dies o/r: 72/90] - Syd. 582 - Bab. Coelia 2
ex-Jesús Vico, auction 125, lot 2081 commentsdafnis

0121 - Denarius Cipia 115-4 BCObv/ Helmeted head of Roma r.; before, M CIPI MF; behind, X.
Rev/ Victory in biga r., holding reins and palm-branch tied with fillet; below, rudder; in ex. ROMA.

Ag, 17.5 mm, 3.93 g
Moneyer: M. Cipius M.f.
Mint: Roma.
RRC 289/1 [dies o/r: 535/669] - Bab. Cipia 1 - Syd. 546
ex-Numismática Hinojosa, eBay june 2011 - art. #350470428453dafnis

0141 - Denarius Julia 103 BCObv/ Helmeted head of Mars r.; above, control mark C; behind, CAESAR.
Rev/ Venus in biga of Cupids l., holding sceptre and reins; above control mark C; below, lyre; L IVLI L F in ex.

Ag, 17.0 mm, 4.09 g
Mint: Roma.
Moneyer: L. Iulius Caesar.
RRC 320/1 [dies o/r: 92/92] - Syd. 593a - RSC Julia 4
ex-Artemide Aste, auction 9E, lot 9194dafnis

0229 - Denarius Memmia 106 BCObv/ Laureate head of Saturn l., harpa and ROMA behind; before, control mark.
Rev/ Venus on biga r., holding scepter and reins. Above, Cupid flying l. and holding wreath; below, L MEMMI GAL.

Ag, 18.9 mm, 3.93 g
Moneyer: father of L. and C. Memmii L.f. Gal.
Mint: Rome.
RRC 313/1b [dies o/r: 131/164 all var.]
ex-CNG, auction e436, lot 455 (ex-A McCabe, direct purchase to Künker am Dom, 2018)dafnis

031a03. Severus AlexanderÆ 31mm of Ninica Claudiopolis, Cilicia. AD 222-235. IMP CAЄS M AVR SЄV[…], laureate and cuirassed bust to right / COL IVL AVG FEL NINIC CLA[VΔI], Dionysos, holding kantharos and thyrsos, seated on biga drawn by panthers to left, being led by Silenus. RPC VI Online 6899 (temporary); SNG von Aulock 5770-1; SNG Levante 614 = SNG BnF 787. 12.80g, 31mm, 1h. Roma Numismatics Auc 102, Lot 748 (Nov 2022)lawrence c

051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Rome, RIC IV-I 170, AR-Denarius, VICTORIAE/AVG G, Victory in biga right, Scarce! #1051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Rome, RIC IV-I 170, AR-Denarius, VICTORIAE/AVG G, Victory in biga right, Scarce! #1
avers: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG, Laureate head right.
revers: VICTORIAE / AVG G, Victory in galloping biga right, AVGG in exergue.
exergue: -/-//AVG G, diameter: 17,0-19,0mm, weight: 3,34g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 206-210 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 170, p-, RSC 622, BMC 518, Scarce!
Q-001quadrans

052 - Faustina Junior Posthumous Denarius - RIC 747Obv:- DIVA AVG FAVSTINA, Draped bust right
Rev:- CONSECRATIO, Funeral pyre; Faustina II atop, riding biga towards
Minted in Rome. A.D. 176-180
References:- Cohen 77. BMC 698. RIC 747 (Rated scarce). maridvnvm

0560 EPIRUS, Nicopolis Hadrian, Nike in BigaReference.
RPC III 560/3; Oikonomidou Augustus —, Calomino 90

Obv. ΚΤΙϹΜΑ ϹΕΒΑϹΤΟΥ
Bare head of Augustus, right

Rev. ΝΕΙΚΟΠΟΛΕⲰϹ
Nike in biga r., holding whip and palm branch

5.22 gr
22 mm
6h

Note.
Commemorative issue for Augustus (died 14 AD)

This interesting issue was struck by Hadrian to commemorate the foundation of Nicopolis by Augustus on the site of the first emperor's greatest victory, the defeat of Marc Antony in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The legends KTICMA CЄBACTOY / NЄIKOΠΟΛЄωC literally translate as 'foundation of Augustus / Victory city'.okidoki

07-01 - M. CIPIUS M.f. (115-114 A.C.)AR Denario 16.0 mm 2.4 gr

Anv: Cabeza con yelmo de Roma viendo a derecha - "X = Marca de valor = 10 Ases" detrás del busto y "M CIPI M F" delante.
Rev: Victoria en biga a derecha, portando una hoja de palma - "Bastón" bajo los caballos y "ROMA" en exergo.

Ceca: Roma

Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #166 Pag.104 - Craw RRC #289/1 - Syd CRR #546 - BMCRR #522 - RSC Vol.1 Cipia #1 Pag.30mdelvalle

076-075 B.C., L. Farsuleius Mensor, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 392/1b, Rome, Warrior in quadriga, #1076-075 B.C., L. Farsuleius Mensor, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 392/1b, Rome, Warrior in quadriga, #1
avers: MENSOR S•C Bust of Libertas right.
reverse: Warrior in quadriga assisting togate male into biga right, control number XXCVT under horses.
exergue: -/-//L•FARSVLEI, diameter: 17-19mm, weight: 3,76g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date:, ref: Crawford-392-1b, Sydenham 789a, Farsuleia 2,
Q-001quadrans

079 B.C., Ti. Claudius Nero, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 383/1, Rome, Denarius serratus, A•CXXIIII// TI•CLAUD•TI•F/AP•N, Victory in biga right, #1 079 B.C., Ti. Claudius Nero, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 383/1, Rome, Denarius serratus, A•CXXIIII// TI•CLAUD•TI•F/AP•N, Victory in biga right, #1
avers: Bust of Diana r., draped, with bow and quiver over shoulder, before S•C, Border of dots.
reverse: Victory in biga right, holding wreath in right hand and reins and palm-branch in the left hand, below, control-letter "A" and dot on the right and numeral A•CXXIIII// TI•CLAUD•TI•F/AP•N (VD and AP are ligated).
exergue: A•CXXIIII// TI•CLAVD•TI•F/AP•N (VD and AP are ligated), diameter: 18mm, weight: 3,79g, axis: 4h,
mint: Rome, date 79 B.C., ref: Crawford 383/1, Sydenham 770a, Claudia 6,
Q-001 1 commentsquadrans

080 B.C., L. Procilius, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 379/2, Rome, Juno Sospita in biga right, Snake, L•PROCILI•F, #1080 B.C., L. Procilius, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 379/2, Rome, Juno Sospita in biga right, Snake, L•PROCILI•F, #1
avers: Head of Juno Sospita right, behind, S•C,
reverse: Juno Sospita in biga right, holding shield and spear, below, snake, below L•PROCILI•F,
exergue: -/-//L•PROCILI•F, diameter: 17,5-19,5mm, weight: 3,85g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 80 B.C., ref: Crawford 379/2, Syd-772, Procilia 2,
Q-001quadrans

087 B.C., L. Rubrius Dossenus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 348/3, Rome, L•RVBRI, Victory in quadriga right, Rubria 3, #1087 B.C., L. Rubrius Dossenus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 348/3, Rome, L•RVBRI, Victory in quadriga right, Rubria 3, #1
avers: Bust of Minerva right, wearing Corinthian helmet and aegis, behind, DOS.
reverse: Triumphal quadriga with side-panel decorated with thunderbolt right, above, Victory with outspread wings in biga, in exergue, L•RVBRI.
exergue: -/-//L•RVBRI, diameter: 15,5-16mm, weight: 3,67g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 87 B.C., ref: Crawford 348-3, Syd 707, Rubria 3,
Q-001quadrans

088 B.C., C.n. Cornelius Cn.f. Lentulus Clodianus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 345/1, Rome, C•N•LENTVL, Victory in biga right, #1088 B.C., C.n. Cornelius Cn.f. Lentulus Clodianus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 345/1, Rome, C•N•LENTVL, Victory in biga right, #1
avers: Helmeted bust of Mars right, seen from behind.
reverse: Victory in biga right, in exergue C•N•LENTVL.
exergue: -/-//C•N•LENTVL, diameter:17,5 mm, weight: 3,80g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 88 B.C., ref: Crawford 345/1, Sydenham 702, Cornelia 50,
Q-001quadrans

089 B.C. L.Titurius L.f. Sabinus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 344/3, Rome, Victory in Biga right, L•TITVRI below and Scorpion, #1089 B.C. L.Titurius L.f. Sabinus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 344/3, Rome, Victory in Biga right, L•TITVRI below and Scorpion, #1
avers: Bearded head of King Tatius right, SABIN behind.
reverse: Victory in Biga right, bearing wreath, L•TITVRI below, Scorpion as control mark in exergue, border of dots.
exergue: L•TITVRI//Scorpion, diameter: 18,0-18,5mm, weight: 3,70g, axis: 9h,
mint: Rome, date: 089 B.C., ref: Syd-700, Crawford-344/3, Tituria 6.,
Q-001quadrans

09-01 - P.SERVILIUS M.F. RULLUS (100 A.C.)FALSIFICACIÓN ANCIANA
Denario Forrado 18 mm 3.1 gr

Anv: Busto de Minerva a izquierda, vistiendo yelmo corintio con penacho y aegis – ”RVLLI” detrás.
Rev: Victoria montada en una viga, encabritados sus caballos, a derecha, portando hoja de palma en mano izquierda, "P” debajo (esta P=público parece ser la última forma de abreviar EX ARGENTO PVBLICO y estaría marcando que esta moneda estaba acuñada en plata retirada de la Tesorería Pública y por consiguiente era una emisión especial). ”P SERVILI M F” en el exergo.

Ceca: No Oficial

Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #207 Pag.112 - Craw RRC #328/1 - Syd CRR #601 - BMCRR #1672 - RSC Vol.1 Servilia 14 Pag.88mdelvalle

0b Italy Gets Roman CitizenshipL Farsuleius Mensor, moneyer
76-71 BC

Denarius

Diademed and draped head of Liberty, right, SC below, MENSOR before, cap of Liberty and number behind
Roma in biga helping togate figure mount, L FARSVLEI in ex.

Appears to allude to the Lex Julia of 90 BC, by which all of Italy gained Roman citizenship

Seaby, Farsuleia 1Blindado

1 Centavo Cowboy1989 CE

Obverse: Face value with big numeral, country name below; on background big circle resembling the center of Brazilian flag, on right one 5-pointed star, indicating face value in Braille code.
1
CENTAVO
BRASIL

Reverse: Cattle herder riding, in front silhouettes of cows, issuing year below. 1989 Pericles J2

102. Trajan. AD 98-117Trajan. AD 98-117. Æ Sestertius (34mm, 25.52 g, 6h). Rome mint. Struck circa AD 103-104. Laureate and draped bust right / Front of the Temple of Jupiter: monumental votive arch/gateway; on the sides, from top to bottom, are the following reliefs: biga driven by Victory, aegis, Gigantomachy, arms, and she-wolf suckling twins; the second tier surmounted by a trophy and giant to either side, gateway spandrels with Victories, pediment with Jupiter between two seated figures, panel above pediment inscribed IOM (= Iovi Optimo Maximo), the whole surmounted by six-horse chariot driven by Jupiter and flanked by Victories. RIC II 572-3 var. (bust type); Woytek 187f; Banti 280. Fair, brown patina, some green, areas of minor porosity and cleaning scratches. Rare. Banti cites only one example with this bust type.

EX-CNG eAuction 310 lot 378 190/150ecoli

103 B.C., L. Julius L.f. Caesar, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 320/1, Rome, Venus in biga of Cupids left, #1103 B.C., L. Julius L.f. Caesar, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 320/1, Rome, Venus in biga of Cupids left, #1
avers: Helmeted head of Mars left, behind, CAESAR, above, control mark. The control mark is retrograde Q which was heretofore unknown (by forarr).
reverse: Venus in biga of Cupids left, holding scepter and reins, above, control mark, below, lyre, in exergue: L•IVLI•L•F•.
exergue: -/-//L•IVLI•L•F•, diameter: 19mm, weight: 2,99g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 103 B.C., ref: Crawford 320/1, Sydenham 593a., Julia 4a.,
Q-0012 commentsquadrans

103 B.C., Q.Minucius-M.f.Thermus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 209/1, Rome, Q•THERM•MF, Roman soldier fighting, #1103 B.C., Q.Minucius-M.f.Thermus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 209/1, Rome, Q•THERM•MF, Roman soldier fighting, #1
avers: Helmeted Head of Mars left (helmet has long crest and plumbe on each side). The border of dots.
reverse: Roman soldier fighting barbarian soldier in the protection of fallen comrade, in exergue Q•THERM•MF (THE and MF are ligature). The border of dots.
exergue: -/-//Q•THERM•MF, diameter:18,5-20 mm, weight: 3,74g, axis: 4h,
mint: Rome, date: 103 B.C., ref: Crawford 319/1, Sydenham 592, Minucia 19,
Q-001quadrans

108-109 BC L. Flaminius CiloHelmeted head of Roma right
X below chin ROMA behind

Victory in Biga right holding wreath
L FLAMINI below
CILO in ex

Rome 109-108 BC
3.90g

Sear 179, RRC 302/1, RSC Flaminia 1

Wonderful toning on this example
ex-Arcade Coins

SOLD! Forum Auction July 2020
2 commentsJay GT4

109-108 B.C., L. Flaminius Chilo, Rebublic AR-Denarius, Crawford 302/1, Rome, Victory in biga right, #1109-108 B.C., L. Flaminius Chilo, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 302/1, Rome, Victory in biga right, #1
avers: Head of Roma right, wearing a winged helmet with griffin crest, the mark of value X under the chin, ROMA behind.
reverse: Victory in biga right, holding wreath, L•FLAMINI/CILO below.
exergue:-/-//CILO, diameter: 17,0-18,5mm, weight: 3,95g, axis: 4h,
mint: Rome, date: 109-108 B.C., ref: Crawford-302-1, Syd-540, Flaminia-1.,
Q-0012 commentsquadrans

109-108 B.C., Man.Aquillius, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 303/1, Rome, Luna in biga right, #1109-108 B.C., Man. Aquillius, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 303/1, Rome, Luna in biga right, #1
avers: Radiate head of Sol right, X below the chin. Border of dots.
reverse: Luna in biga right, crescent moon and three stars above, one star below. MN•AQVIL/ROMA below (MN ligate). Border of dots.
exergue: -/-//ROMA, diameter: 19,0-20,0mm, weight: 3,79g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 109-108 B.C., ref: Crawford 303-1, Syd 557, Aquillia 1.,
Q-0013 commentsquadrans

1093 - L. Flaminius Chilo, Denarius Rome mint, 109 or 108 BC
Helmeted head of Roma right, ROMA behind head and X below chin
L·FLAMINI/CILO in two lines at exergue. Victory in prancing biga right
19 mm, 3,83 gr
Ref : RCV # 179, RSC Flaminia # 1, Sydenham #540, RBW # 1144, Crawford # 302/1.
From the E.E. Clain-Stefanelli collection3 commentsPotator II

11-20 - Smyrna en Ionia - BRITANICO (50 - 54 D.C.)AE15 - 1/2 Assarión (Provincial)
15 mm 4,05 gr 0 hr.

Tiberio Claudio César Británico en latín Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus (12 de febrero de 41 - 11 de febrero de 55) fue un noble romano, nacido del matrimonio entre el emperador Claudio y su tercera esposa, Valeria Mesalina. En el momento de su nacimiento, sólo un mes después del inicio del reinado de Claudio, fue nombrado heredero del Imperio; no obstante hubo tres factores: la condena a muerte de su madre a causa de bigamia, el matrimonio de Claudio con Agripina y la adopción de Nerón, descendiente del recordado Germánico, que provocaron que los ciudadanos romanos no le consideraran como sucesor imperial. Fue asesinado el día anterior a su decimocuarto cumpleaños. (Fuente Wikipedia)

Anv: "ZMYP" debajo - Busto vestido a cabeza desnuda viendo a derecha.
Rev: "Î•Î Î™ Î¦Î™Î›Î™Î£ Î¤ÎŸÎ¥ Î•Î™ÎšÎ‘Î”Î™ÎŸ Î£", (Philistos y Eikadios Magistrados), Nike avanzando a derecha, portando un trofeo sobre su hombro.

Acuñada 50 - 54 D.C.
Ceca: Smyrna en Ionia

Referencias: Vagi #650 - Lingren #562 - KLDSE XXXI #37 pag.223 - SNG Cop #1351 - SNG Von Aulock #7995 - BMC Vol.16 #284 Pag.270 - RPC I #2476 Pag.419mdelvalle

110-109 B.C., C. Claudius Ap.f.C.n. Pulchner, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 300/1, Rome, Victory in biga, #1110-109 B.C., C. Claudius Ap.f.C.n. Pulchner, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 300/1, Rome, Victory in biga, #1
avers: Helmeted head of Rome right (helmet decorated with circular device). Border of dots.
reverse: Victory in biga right, holding both hands. Border of dots.
exergue: -/-/ C•PVLCHER, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date:110-109 B.C., ref: Crawford 300/1, Sydenham 569, Claudia 1.,
Q-001quadrans

112-109 B.C., L. Pomponius Cn. f., L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 282/4, Rome, Gallic warrior in biga right, -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, #1112-109 B.C., L. Pomponius Cn. f., L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 282/4, Rome, Gallic warrior in biga right, -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, #1
avers: L•POMPONI•CNF (NF ligate), Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind.
reverse: Gallic warrior (Bituitus?) driving galloping biga right, hurling spear and holding shield and carnyx, in ex. L•LIC•CN•DOM•,
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, diameter: 19,5mm, weight: 3,74g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/4, Syd 522a, Pomponia 7a,
Q-001quadrans

112-109 B.C., L. Pomponius Cn. f., L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 282/4, Rome, Gallic warrior in biga right, -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, #2112-109 B.C., L. Pomponius Cn. f., L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 282/4, Rome, Gallic warrior in biga right, -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, #2
avers: L•POMPONI•CNF (NF ligate), Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind.
reverse: Gallic warrior (Bituitus?) driving galloping biga right, hurling spear and holding shield and carnyx, in ex. L•LIC•CN•DOM•,
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM•, diameter: 19,0-19,5mm, weight: 3,73g, axis: 2h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/4, Syd 522a, Pomponia 7a,
Q-002quadrans

115-114 B.C., M. Cipius, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 289/1, Rome, Victory in biga right, #1,115-114 B.C., M. Cipius, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 289/1, Rome, Victory in biga right, #1,
avers: Helmeted head of Roma right, behind X, M•CIPI•M•F, border of dots.
reverse: Victory in biga right, holding palm branch; below, rudder.
exergue: -/-//ROMA, diameter: 16,5mm, weight: 3,84g, axis: 10h,
mint: Rome, date: 115-114 B.C., ref: Crawford 289/1, Sydenham 546, Cipia 1.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

115-114 B.C., M.Cipius (115-114 B.C.), Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 289/1, Rome, Victory in biga right, #2,115-114 B.C., M.Cipius (115-114 B.C.), Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 289/1, Rome, Victory in biga right, #2,
avers: Helmeted head of Roma right, behind X, M•CIPI•M•F, border of dots.
reverse: Victory in biga right, holding palm branch; below, rudder.
exergue: -/-//ROMA, diameter: 15,5-16,2mm, weight: 3,87g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 115-114 B.C., ref: Crawford 289/1, Sydenham 546, Cipia 1.,
Q-002quadrans

118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM, #1118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM, #1
(L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and associates, Narbo 118.)
avers: C•MA-L-LE-C•F Helmeted head of Roma right, behind, X.
reverse: Bearded warrior (Bituitus?) fast biga right, holding a shield, carnyx, and reins and hurling spear, in exergue, L•LIC•CN•DOM.
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM, diameter: 19,0-20,0mm, weight: 3,79g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/3, Syd-524, Licinia 13 and Domitia 17,
Q-0012 commentsquadrans

118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM, #2118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM., #2
(L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and associates, Narbo 118.)
avers: C•MA-L-LE-C•F Helmeted head of Roma right, behind, X.
reverse: Bearded warrior (Bituitus?) fast biga right, holding a shield, carnyx, and reins and hurling spear, in exergue, L•LIC•CN•DOM.
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM, diameter: 19,0mm, weight: 3,73g, axis: 3h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/3, Syd-524, Licinia 13 and Domitia 17,
Q-0023 commentsquadrans

118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM, #3118 B.C., L. Licinius Crassus, and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus with C. Malleolus C.f., Republic AR-Denarius Seratus, Crawford 282/3, Rome, Bearded warrior in biga right, L•LIC•CN•DOM., #3
(L. Licinius Crassus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and associates, Narbo 118.)
avers: C•MA-L-LE-C•F Helmeted head of Roma right, behind, X.
reverse: Bearded warrior (Bituitus?) fast biga right, holding a shield, carnyx, and reins and hurling spear, in exergue, L•LIC•CN•DOM.
exergue: -/-//L•LIC•CN•DOM, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 3,35g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 118 B.C., ref: Crawford 282/3, Syd-524, Licinia 13 and Domitia 17,
Q-003quadrans

12-01 - D. JUNIUS L. F. SILANUS (91 A.C.)AR Denarius 17 mm 3.6 gr
Anv: Cabeza con yelmo alado de Roma viendo a derecha - "A" letra de control detrás de la cabeza.
Rev: "D.SILANVS L.F." Victoria en biga cabalgando a derecha, sosteniendo las riendas con ambas manos. Número de control sobre los caballos. "ROMA" en Exergo.

Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #225 Pag.115 - Craw RRC #337/3 - Syd CRR #646 -BMCRR #1772-1839 - RSC Vol.1 Junia 15 Pag.54mdelvalle

12-01 - D. JUNIUS L. F. SILANUS (91 A.C.)AR Denarius 17 mm 3.6 gr

Anv: Cabeza con yelmo alado de Roma viendo a derecha - "A" letra de control detrás de la cabeza.
Rev: "D.SILANVS L.F." Victoria en biga cabalgando a derecha, sosteniendo las riendas con ambas manos. Número de control sobre los caballos. "ROMA" en Exergo.

Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #225 Pag.115 - Craw RRC #337/3 - Syd CRR #646 -BMCRR #1772-1839 - RSC Vol.1 Junia 15 Pag.54mdelvalle

12-01 - D. JUNIUS L. F. SILANUS (91 A.C.)AR Denarius 17x18 mm 3.6 gr

Anv: Cabeza con yelmo alado de Roma viendo a derecha - "A" letra de control detrás de la cabeza.
Rev: "D.SILANVS L.F." Victoria en biga cabalgando a derecha, sosteniendo las riendas con ambas manos. "II" Número de control sobre los caballos. "ROMA" en Exergo.

Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #225 Pag.115 - Craw RRC #337/3 - Syd CRR #646 -BMCRR #1772-1839 - RSC Vol.1 Junia 15 Pag.54mdelvalle

1274 - L. Procilius L.F., DenariusRome mint, 80 BC
Head of Juno Sospita right, clad in goat’s skin, S . C behind
Juno Sospita in biga right holding spear and shield. A snake below biga. [L. PROCILI. F] at exergue
19,5 mm - 3.89 gr
Ref : RCV # 307, RSC, Procilia # 21 commentsPotator II

128 B.C., T. Cloelius, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 260/1, Rome, Victory in biga right, #1128 B.C., T. Cloelius, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 260/1, Rome, Victory in biga right, #1
avers: ROMA, helmeted head of Roma right, wreath behind.
reverse: Victory in biga right, holding reins in both hands, below, corn-ears, in exergue, T•CLOVLI.
exergue: -/-//T•CLOVLI, diameter: 18,5mm, weight: 3,75g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 128 B.C., ref: Crawford 260-1, Sydenham 516, Cloulia 1,BMCRR Rome 1079.
Q-001quadrans

13.04. Béla II., (Béla II. the Blind), King of Hungary, (1131-1141 A.D.), AR-Denarius, CÁC I. 13.04./a4.26./058., H-050, CNH I.-059, U-043, #0113.04. Béla II., (Béla II. the Blind), King of Hungary, (1131-1141 A.D.), AR-Denarius, CÁC I. 13.04./a4.26./058., H-050, CNH I.-059, U-043, #01
avers: REX BELA, Crowned head facing, the border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of legend, cross in a circle with wedges in the angles, line border.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 11,4mm, weight: 0,31g, axis:6h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Huszár-050, CNH I.-059, Unger-043,
Tóth-Kiss-Fekete: CÁC I.(Catalog of Árpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 13.04./a4.26./058.,( four dot (a4) in the legends, two small after the letter E and one big after the letter L and another big after the letter A)
Q-001quadrans

13.04. Béla II., (Béla II. the Blind), King of Hungary, (1131-1141 A.D.), AR-Denarius, CÁC I. 13.04./a5.12./083., H-050, CNH I.-059, U-043, #0113.04. Béla II., (Béla II. the Blind), King of Hungary, (1131-1141 A.D.), AR-Denarius, CÁC I. 13.04./a5.12./083., H-050, CNH I.-059, U-043, #01
avers: REX BELA, Crowned head facing, the border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of legend cross in a circle with wedges in the angles, line border.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 11,3mm, weight: 0,42g, axis:8h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Huszár-050, CNH I.-059, Unger-043,
Tóth-Kiss-Fekete: CÁC I.(Catalog of Árpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 13.04./a5.12./083., Five dots (a5) in the legends, three small after the letter "b" on the top, and one big after the letter "L" and another big after the letter "A", the small black arrows show that.
Q-001

A sigla is a sign or set of signs that do not belong close to the image of the coins avers, unique, may refer to emission or officina.1 commentsquadrans

13.04. Béla II., (Béla II. the Blind), King of Hungary, (1131-1141 A.D.), AR-Denarius, CÁC I. 13.04./a5.32./103., H-050, CNH I.-059, U-043, #0113.04. Béla II., (Béla II. the Blind), King of Hungary, (1131-1141 A.D.), AR-Denarius, CÁC I. 13.04./a5.32./103., H-050, CNH I.-059, U-043, #01
avers: REX BELA, Crowned head facing, the border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of legend, cross in a circle with wedges in the angles, line border.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 11,0-11,4mm, weight: 0,30g, axis:2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Huszár-050, CNH I.-059, Unger-043,
Tóth-Kiss-Fekete: CÁC I.(Catalog of Árpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 13.04./a5.32./103., (five dots (a5) in the legends, two small between the letter b and E on the top, one big after the letter E, another one big after the letter L, and another the letter A)
Q-001quadrans

1409a, Julian II "the Philosopher," February 360 - 26 June 363 A.D.Julian II, A.D. 360-363; RIC 167; VF; 2.7g, 20mm; Constantinople mint; Obverse: DN FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG, helmeted & cuirassed bust right, holding spear & shield; Reverse: VOT X MVLT XX in four lines within wreath; CONSPB in exergue; Attractive green patina. Ex Nemesis.

De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors

Julian the Apostate (360-363 A.D.)

Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University

Introduction

The emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus reigned from 360 to 26 June 363, when he was killed fighting against the Persians. Despite his short rule, his emperorship was pivotal in the development of the history of the later Roman empire. This essay is not meant to be a comprehensive look at the various issues central to the reign of Julian and the history of the later empire. Rather, this short work is meant to be a brief history and introduction for the general reader. Julian was the last direct descendent of the Constantinian line to ascend to the purple, and it is one of history's great ironies that he was the last non-Christian emperor. As such, he has been vilified by most Christian sources, beginning with John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus in the later fourth century. This tradition was picked up by the fifth century Eusebian continuators Sozomen, Socrates Scholasticus, and Theodoret and passed on to scholars down through the 20th century. Most contemporary sources, however, paint a much more balanced picture of Julian and his reign. The adoption of Christianity by emperors and society, while still a vital concern, was but one of several issues that concerned Julian.

It is fortunate that extensive writings from Julian himself exist, which help interpret his reign in the light of contemporary evidence. Still extant are some letters, several panegyrics, and a few satires. Other contemporary sources include the soldier Ammianus Marcellinus' history, correspondence between Julian and Libanius of Antioch, several panegyrics, laws from the Theodosian Code, inscriptions, and coinage. These sources show Julian's emphasis on restoration. He saw himself as the restorer of the traditional values of Roman society. Of course much of this was rhetoric, meant to defend Julian against charges that he was a usurper. At the same time this theme of restoration was central to all emperors of the fourth century. Julian thought that he was the one emperor who could regain what was viewed as the lost glory of the Roman empire. To achieve this goal he courted select groups of social elites to get across his message of restoration. This was the way that emperors functioned in the fourth century. By choosing whom to include in the sharing of power, they sought to shape society.

Early Life

Julian was born at Constantinople in 331. His father was Julius Constantius, half-brother of the emperor Constantine through Constantius Chlorus, and his mother was Basilina, Julius' second wife. Julian had two half-brothers via Julius' first marriage. One of these was Gallus, who played a major role in Julian's life. Julian appeared destined for a bright future via his father's connection to the Constantinian house. After many years of tense relations with his three half-brothers, Constantine seemed to have welcomed them into the fold of the imperial family. From 333 to 335, Constantine conferred a series of honors upon his three half-siblings, including appointing Julius Constantius as one of the consuls for 335. Julian's mother was equally distinguished. Ammianus related that she was from a noble family. This is supported by Libanius, who claimed that she was the daughter of Julius Julianus, a Praetorian Prefect under Licinius, who was such a model of administrative virtue that he was pardoned and honored by Constantine.

Despite the fact that his mother died shortly after giving birth to him, Julian experienced an idyllic early childhood. This ended when Constantius II conducted a purge of many of his relatives shortly after Constantine's death in 337, particularly targeting the families of Constantine's half-brothers. ulian and Gallus were spared, probably due to their young age. Julian was put under the care of Mardonius, a Scythian eunuch who had tutored his mother, in 339, and was raised in the Greek philosophical tradition, and probably lived in Nicomedia. Ammianus also supplied the fact that while in Nicomedia, Julian was cared for by the local bishop Eusebius, of whom the future emperor was a distant relation. Julian was educated by some of the most famous names in grammar and rhetoric in the Greek world at that time, including Nicocles and Hecebolius. In 344 Constantius II sent Julian and Gallus to Macellum in Cappadocia, where they remained for six years. In 351, Gallus was made Caesar by Constantius II and Julian was allowed to return to Nicomedia, where he studied under Aedesius, Eusebius, and Chrysanthius, all famed philosophers, and was exposed to the Neo-Platonism that would become such a prominent part of his life. But Julian was most proud of the time he spent studying under Maximus of Ephesus, a noted Neo-Platonic philospher and theurgist. It was Maximus who completed Julian's full-scale conversion to Neo-Platonism. Later, when he was Caesar, Julian told of how he put letters from this philosopher under his pillows so that he would continue to absorb wisdom while he slept, and while campaigning on the Rhine, he sent his speeches to Maximus for approval before letting others hear them. When Gallus was executed in 354 for treason by Constantius II, Julian was summoned to Italy and essentially kept under house arrest at Comum, near Milan, for seven months before Constantius' wife Eusebia convinced the emperor that Julian posed no threat. This allowed Julian to return to Greece and continue his life as a scholar where he studied under the Neo-Platonist Priscus. Julian's life of scholarly pursuit, however, ended abruptly when he was summoned to the imperial court and made Caesar by Constantius II on 6 November 355.

Julian as Caesar

Constantius II realized an essential truth of the empire that had been evident since the time of the Tetrarchy--the empire was too big to be ruled effectively by one man. Julian was pressed into service as Caesar, or subordinate emperor, because an imperial presence was needed in the west, in particular in the Gallic provinces. Julian, due to the emperor's earlier purges, was the only viable candidate of the imperial family left who could act as Caesar. Constantius enjoined Julian with the task of restoring order along the Rhine frontier. A few days after he was made Caesar, Julian was married to Constantius' sister Helena in order to cement the alliance between the two men. On 1 December 355, Julian journeyed north, and in Augusta Taurinorum he learned that Alamannic raiders had destroyed Colonia Agrippina. He then proceeded to Vienne where he spent the winter. At Vienne, he learned that Augustudunum was also under siege, but was being held by a veteran garrison. He made this his first priority, and arrived there on 24 June 356. When he had assured himself that the city was in no immediate danger, he journeyed to Augusta Treverorum via Autessioduram, and from there to Durocortorum where he rendezvoused with his army. Julian had the army stage a series of punitive strikes around the Dieuse region, and then he moved them towards the Argentoratum/Mongontiacum region when word of barbarian incursions reached him.

From there, Julian moved on to Colonia Agrippina, and negotiated a peace with the local barbarian leaders who had assaulted the city. He then wintered at Senonae. He spent the early part of the campaigning season of 357 fighting off besiegers at Senonae, and then conducting operations around Lugdunum and Tres Tabernae. Later that summer, he encountered his watershed moment as a military general. Ammianus went into great detail about Julian's victory over seven rogue Alamannic chieftains near Argentoratum, and Julian himself bragged about it in his later writing. After this battle, the soldiers acclaimed Julian Augustus, but he rejected this title. After mounting a series of follow-up raids into Alamannic territory, he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia, and on the way defeated some Frankish raiders in the Mosa region. Julian considered this campaign one of the major events of his time as Caesar.

Julian began his 358 military campaigns early, hoping to catch the barbarians by surprise. His first target was the Franks in the northern Rhine region. He then proceeded to restore some forts in the Mosa region, but his soldiers threatened to mutiny because they were on short rations and had not been paid their donative since Julian had become Caesar. After he soothed his soldiers, Julian spent the rest of the summer negotiating a peace with various Alamannic leaders in the mid and lower Rhine areas, and retired to winter quarters at Lutetia. In 359, he prepared once again to carry out a series of punitive expeditions against the Alamanni in the Rhine region who were still hostile to the Roman presence. In preparation, the Caesar repopulated seven previously destroyed cities and set them up as supply bases and staging areas. This was done with the help of the people with whom Julian had negotiated a peace the year before. Julian then had a detachment of lightly armed soldiers cross the Rhine near Mogontiacum and conduct a guerilla strike against several chieftains. As a result of these campaigns, Julian was able to negotiate a peace with all but a handful of the Alamannic leaders, and he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia.

Of course, Julian did more than act as a general during his time as Caesar. According to Ammianus, Julian was an able administrator who took steps to correct the injustices of Constantius' appointees. Ammianus related the story of how Julian prevented Florentius, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, from raising taxes, and also how Julian actually took over as governor for the province of Belgica Secunda. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, supported Ammianus' basic assessment of Julian in this regard when he reported that Julian was an able representative of the emperor to the Gallic provincials. There is also epigraphic evidence to support Julian's popularity amongst the provincial elites. An inscription found near Beneventum in Apulia reads:
"To Flavius Claudius Julianus, most noble and sanctified Caesar, from the caring Tocius Maximus, vir clarissimus, for the care of the res publica from Beneventum".

Tocius Maximus, as a vir clarissimus, was at the highest point in the social spectrum and was a leader in his local community. This inscription shows that Julian was successful in establishing a positive image amongst provincial elites while he was Caesar.

Julian Augustus

In early 360, Constantius, driven by jealousy of Julian's success, stripped Julian of many troops and officers, ostensibly because the emperor needed them for his upcoming campaign against the Persians. One of the legions ordered east, the Petulantes, did not want to leave Gaul because the majority of the soldiers in the unit were from this region. As a result they mutinied and hailed Julian as Augustus at Lutetia. Julian refused this acclamation as he had done at Argentoratum earlier, but the soldiers would have none of his denial. They raised him on a shield and adorned him with a neck chain, which had formerly been the possession of the standard-bearer of the Petulantes and symbolized a royal diadem. Julian appeared reluctantly to acquiesce to their wishes, and promised a generous donative. The exact date of his acclamation is unknown, but most scholars put it in February or March. Julian himself supported Ammianus' picture of a jealous Constantius. In his Letter to the Athenians, a document constructed to answer charges that he was a usurper, Julian stated that from the start he, as Caesar, had been meant as a figurehead to the soldiers and provincials. The real power he claimed lay with the generals and officials already present in Gaul. In fact, according to Julian, the generals were charged with watching him as much as the enemy. His account of the actual acclamation closely followed what Ammianus told us, but he stressed even more his reluctance to take power. Julian claimed that he did so only after praying to Zeus for guidance.

Fearing the reaction of Constantius, Julian sent a letter to his fellow emperor justifying the events at Lutetia and trying to arrange a peaceful solution. This letter berated Constantius for forcing the troops in Gaul into an untenable situation. Ammianus stated that Julian's letter blamed Constantius' decision to transfer Gallic legions east as the reason for the soldiers' rebellion. Julian once again asserted that he was an unwilling participant who was only following the desire of the soldiers. In both of these basic accounts Ammianus and Julian are playing upon the theme of restoration. Implicit in their version of Julian's acclamation is the argument that Constantius was unfit to rule. The soldiers were the vehicle of the gods' will. The Letter to the Athenians is full of references to the fact that Julian was assuming the mantle of Augustus at the instigation of the gods. Ammianus summed up this position nicely when he related the story of how, when Julian was agonizing over whether to accept the soldiers' acclamation, he had a dream in which he was visited by the Genius (guardian spirit) of the Roman state. The Genius told Julian that it had often tried to bestow high honors upon Julian but had been rebuffed. Now, the Genius went on to say, was Julian's final chance to take the power that was rightfully his. If the Caesar refused this chance, the Genius would depart forever, and both Julian and the state would rue Julian's rejection. Julian himself wrote a letter to his friend Maximus of Ephesus in November of 361 detailing his thoughts on his proclamation. In this letter, Julian stated that the soldiers proclaimed him Augustus against his will. Julian, however, defended his accession, saying that the gods willed it and that he had treated his enemies with clemency and justice. He went on to say that he led the troops in propitiating the traditional deities, because the gods commanded him to return to the traditional rites, and would reward him if he fulfilled this duty.

During 360 an uneasy peace simmered between the two emperors. Julian spent the 360 campaigning season continuing his efforts to restore order along the Rhine, while Constantius continued operations against the Persians. Julian wintered in Vienne, and celebrated his Quinquennalia. It was at this time that his wife Helena died, and he sent her remains to Rome for a proper burial at his family villa on the Via Nomentana where the body of her sister was entombed. The uneasy peace held through the summer of 361, but Julian concentrated his military operations around harassing the Alamannic chieftain Vadomarius and his allies, who had concluded a peace treaty with Constantius some years earlier. By the end of the summer, Julian decided to put an end to the waiting and gathered his army to march east against Constantius. The empire teetered on the brink of another civil war. Constantius had spent the summer negotiating with the Persians and making preparations for possible military action against his cousin. When he was assured that the Persians would not attack, he summoned his army and sallied forth to meet Julian. As the armies drew inexorably closer to one another, the empire was saved from another bloody civil war when Constantius died unexpectedly of natural causes on 3 November near the town of Mopsucrenae in Cilicia, naming Julian -- the sources say-- as his legitimate successor.

Julian was in Dacia when he learned of his cousin's death. He made his way through Thrace and came to Constantinople on 11 December 361 where Julian honored the emperor with the funeral rites appropriate for a man of his station. Julian immediately set about putting his supporters in positions of power and trimming the imperial bureaucracy, which had become extremely overstaffed during Constantius' reign. Cooks and barbers had increased during the late emperor's reign and Julian expelled them from his court. Ammianus gave a mixed assessment of how the new emperor handled the followers of Constantius. Traditionally, emperors were supposed to show clemency to the supporters of a defeated enemy. Julian, however, gave some men over to death to appease the army. Ammianus used the case of Ursulus, Constantius' comes sacrum largitionum, to illustrate his point. Ursulus had actually tried to acquire money for the Gallic troops when Julian had first been appointed Caesar, but he had also made a disparaging remark about the ineffectiveness of the army after the battle of Amida. The soldiers remembered this, and when Julian became sole Augustus, they demanded Ursulus' head. Julian obliged, much to the disapproval of Ammianus. This seems to be a case of Julian courting the favor of the military leadership, and is indicative of a pattern in which Julian courted the goodwill of various societal elites to legitimize his position as emperor.

Another case in point is the officials who made up the imperial bureaucracy. Many of them were subjected to trial and punishment. To achieve this goal, during the last weeks of December 361 Julian assembled a military tribunal at Chalcedon, empanelling six judges to try the cases. The president of the tribunal was Salutius, just promoted to the rank of Praetorian Prefect; the five other members were Mamertinus, the orator, and four general officers: Jovinus, Agilo, Nevitta, and Arbetio. Relative to the proceedings of the tribunal, Ammianus noted that the judges, " . . . oversaw the cases more vehemently than was right or fair, with the exception of a few . . .." Ammianus' account of Julian's attempt at reform of the imperial bureaucracy is supported by legal evidence from the Theodosian Code. A series of laws sent to Mamertinus, Julian's appointee as Praetorian Prefect in Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, illustrate this point nicely. On 6 June 362, Mamertinus received a law that prohibited provincial governors from bypassing the Vicars when giving their reports to the Prefect. Traditionally, Vicars were given civil authority over a group of provinces, and were in theory meant to serve as a middle step between governors and Prefects. This law suggests that the Vicars were being left out, at least in Illyricum. Julian issued another edict to Mamertinus on 22 February 362 to stop abuse of the public post by governors. According to this law, only Mamertinus could issue post warrants, but the Vicars were given twelve blank warrants to be used as they saw fit, and each governor was given two. Continuing the trend of bureaucratic reform, Julian also imposed penalties on governors who purposefully delayed appeals in court cases they had heard. The emperor also established a new official to weigh solidi used in official government transactions to combat coin clipping.

For Julian, reigning in the abuses of imperial bureaucrats was one step in restoring the prestige of the office of emperor. Because he could not affect all elements of society personally, Julian, like other Neo-Flavian emperors, decided to concentrate on select groups of societal elites as intercessors between himself and the general populace. One of these groups was the imperial bureaucracy. Julian made it very clear that imperial officials were intercessors in a very real sense in a letter to Alypius, Vicar of Britain. In this letter, sent from Gaul sometime before 361, the emperor praises Alypius for his use of "mildness and moderation with courage and force" in his rule of the provincials. Such virtues were characteristic of the emperors, and it was good that Alypius is representing Julian in this way. Julian courted the army because it put him in power. Another group he sought to include in his rule was the traditional Senatorial aristocracy. One of his first appointments as consul was Claudius Mamertinus, a Gallic Senator and rhetorician. Mamertinus' speech in praise of Julian delivered at Constantinople in January of 362 is preserved. In this speech, Claudius presented his consular selection as inaugurating a new golden age and Julian as the restorer of the empire founded by Augustus. The image Mamertinus gave of his own consulate inaugurating a new golden age is not merely formulaic. The comparison of Julian to Augustus has very real, if implicit, relevance to Claudius' situation. Claudius emphasized the imperial period as the true age of renewal. Augustus ushered in a new era with his formation of a partnership between the emperor and the Senate based upon a series of honors and offices bestowed upon the Senate in return for their role as intercessor between emperor and populace. It was this system that Julian was restoring, and the consulate was one concrete example of this bond. To be chosen as a consul by the emperor, who himself had been divinely mandated, was a divine honor. In addition to being named consul, Mamertinus went on to hold several offices under Julian, including the Prefecture of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa. Similarly, inscriptional evidence illustrates a link between municipal elites and Julian during his time as Caesar, something which continued after he became emperor. One concrete example comes from the municipal senate of Aceruntia in Apulia, which established a monument on which Julian is styled as "Repairer of the World."

Julian seems to have given up actual Christian belief before his acclamation as emperor and was a practitioner of more traditional Greco-Roman religious beliefs, in particular, a follower of certain late antique Platonist philosophers who were especially adept at theurgy as was noted earlier. In fact Julian himself spoke of his conversion to Neo-Platonism in a letter to the Alexandrians written in 363. He stated that he had abandoned Christianity when he was twenty years old and been an adherent of the traditional Greco-Roman deities for the twelve years prior to writing this letter.

(For the complete text of this article see: http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm)

Julian’s Persian Campaign

The exact goals Julian had for his ill-fated Persian campaign were never clear. The Sassanid Persians, and before them the Parthians, had been a traditional enemy from the time of the Late Republic, and indeed Constantius had been conducting a war against them before Julian's accession forced the former to forge an uneasy peace. Julian, however, had no concrete reason to reopen hostilities in the east. Socrates Scholasticus attributed Julian's motives to imitation of Alexander the Great, but perhaps the real reason lay in his need to gather the support of the army. Despite his acclamation by the Gallic legions, relations between Julian and the top military officers was uneasy at best. A war against the Persians would have brought prestige and power both to Julian and the army.

Julian set out on his fateful campaign on 5 March 363. Using his trademark strategy of striking quickly and where least expected, he moved his army through Heirapolis and from there speedily across the Euphrates and into the province of Mesopotamia, where he stopped at the town of Batnae. His plan was to eventually return through Armenia and winter in Tarsus. Once in Mesopotamia, Julian was faced with the decision of whether to travel south through the province of Babylonia or cross the Tigris into Assyria, and he eventually decided to move south through Babylonia and turn west into Assyria at a later date. By 27 March, he had the bulk of his army across the Euphrates, and had also arranged a flotilla to guard his supply line along the mighty river. He then left his generals Procopius and Sebastianus to help Arsacius, the king of Armenia and a Roman client, to guard the northern Tigris line. It was also during this time that he received the surrender of many prominent local leaders who had nominally supported the Persians. These men supplied Julian with money and troops for further military action against their former masters. Julian decided to turn south into Babylonia and proceeded along the Euphrates, coming to the fortress of Cercusium at the junction of the Abora and Euphrates Rivers around the first of April, and from there he took his army west to a region called Zaitha near the abandoned town of Dura where they visited the tomb of the emperor Gordian which was in the area. On April 7 he set out from there into the heart of Babylonia and towards Assyria.

Ammianus then stated that Julian and his army crossed into Assyria, which on the face of things appears very confusing. Julian still seems to be operating within the province of Babylonia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The confusion is alleviated when one realizes that,for Ammianus, the region of Assyria encompassed the provinces of Babylonia and Assyria. On their march, Julian's forces took the fortress of Anatha, received the surrender and support of several more local princes, and ravaged the countryside of Assyria between the rivers. As the army continued south, they came across the fortresses Thilutha and Achaiachala, but these places were too well defended and Julian decided to leave them alone. Further south were the cities Diacira and Ozogardana, which the Roman forces sacked and burned. Soon, Julian came to Pirisabora and a brief siege ensued, but the city fell and was also looted and destroyed. It was also at this time that the Roman army met its first systematic resistance from the Persians. As the Romans penetrated further south and west, the local inhabitants began to flood their route. Nevertheless, the Roman forces pressed on and came to Maiozamalcha, a sizable city not far from Ctesiphon. After a short siege, this city too fell to Julian. Inexorably, Julian's forces zeroed in on Ctesiphon, but as they drew closer, the Persian resistance grew fiercer, with guerilla raids whittling at Julian's men and supplies. A sizable force of the army was lost and the emperor himself was almost killed taking a fort a few miles from the target city.
Finally, the army approached Ctesiphon following a canal that linked the Tigris and Euphrates. It soon became apparent after a few preliminary skirmishes that a protracted siege would be necessary to take this important city. Many of his generals, however, thought that pursuing this course of action would be foolish. Julian reluctantly agreed, but became enraged by this failure and ordered his fleet to be burned as he decided to march through the province of Assyria. Julian had planned for his army to live off the land, but the Persians employed a scorched-earth policy. When it became apparent that his army would perish (because his supplies were beginning to dwindle) from starvation and the heat if he continued his campaign, and also in the face of superior numbers of the enemy, Julian ordered a retreat on 16 June. As the Roman army retreated, they were constantly harassed by guerilla strikes. It was during one of these raids that Julian got caught up in the fighting and took a spear to his abdomen. Mortally wounded he was carried to his tent, where, after conferring with some of his officers, he died. The date was 26 June 363.

Conclusion

Thus an ignominious end for a man came about who had hoped to restore the glory of the Roman empire during his reign as emperor. Due to his intense hatred of Christianity, the opinion of posterity has not been kind to Julian. The contemporary opinion, however, was overall positive. The evidence shows that Julian was a complex ruler with a definite agenda to use traditional social institutions in order to revive what he saw as a collapsing empire. In the final assessment, he was not so different from any of the other emperors of the fourth century. He was a man grasping desperately to hang on to a Greco-Roman conception of leadership that was undergoing a subtle yet profound change.
Copyright (C) 2002, Walter E. Roberts and Michael DiMaio, Jr. Used by permission.

In reality, Julian worked to promote culture and philosophy in any manifestation. He tried to reduce taxes and the public debts of municipalities; he augmented administrative decentralisation; he promoted a campaign of austerity to reduce public expenditure (setting himself as the example). He reformed the postal service and eliminated the powerful secret police.
by Federico Morando; JULIAN II, The Apostate, See the Julian II Page on NumisWiki

Flavius Claudius Iulianus was born in 331 or maybe 332 A.D. in Constantinople. He ruled the Western Empire as Caesar from 355 to 360 and was hailed Augustus by his legions in Lutetia (Paris) in 360. Julian was a gifted administrator and military strategist. Famed as the last pagan emperor, his reinstatement of the pagan religion earned him the moniker "the Apostate." As evidenced by his brilliant writing, some of which has survived to the present day, the title "the Philosopher" may have been more appropriate. He died from wounds suffered during the Persian campaign of 363 A.D. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

2 commentsCleisthenes

143 B.C., Anonymous, Repulic AR-Denarius, Crawford 222/1, Rome, Biga of stags galloping right, #1143 B.C., Anonymous, Repulic AR-Denarius, Crawford 222/1, Rome, Biga of stags galloping right, #1
avers: Helmeted head of Roma right, behind X, border of dots.
reverse: Biga of stags galloping right, crescent below, in exergue ROMA.
exergue: -/-//ROMA, diameter: 16,0-17,5mm, weight: 3,80g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 143 B.C., ref: Crawford 222/1, Syd 438,
Q-001quadrans

150 - Severus II - Follis - RIC VI Cyzicus 20aObv:– FL VAL SEVERVS NOB CAES, laureate head right
Rev:– GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM N N, Genius standing left holding patera & cornucopia
Minted in Cyzicus (//KA). A.D. 305-306
Reference:– RIC VI Cyzicus 20a

A nice big fully silvered follis.maridvnvm

17-01 - LUCIUS FARSULEIUS MENSOR (75 A.C.)AR Denarius 18 mm 2.6 gr ?
Anv: Busto con vestido, diadema, aro y collar de Libertas (Libertad) viendo a derecha - "S C" sobre "Pileus" (Gorro usado por los esclavos) detrás del busto.
Rev: Roma en biga avanzando a derecha, ayudando a un ciudadano con toga a subir al carruaje. Marca de control bajo los caballos. "L•FARSVLEI" en Exergo.
Esta moneda presumiblemente alude a la Lex Julia (90 A.C), que confería derechos de ciudadano a todos los italianos.

Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #329 Pag.134 - Craw RRC #392/1b - Syd CRR #789 -BMCRR #3293-3305 - RSC Vol.1 Farsuleia 2 Pag.47mdelvalle

17-01 - LUCIUS FARSULEIUS MENSOR (75 A.C.)AR Denarius 18 mm 2.6 gr ?

Anv: Busto con vestido, diadema, aro y collar de Libertas (Libertad) viendo a derecha - "S C" sobre "Pileus" (Gorro usado por los esclavos) detrás del busto.
Rev: Roma en biga avanzando a derecha, ayudando a un ciudadano con toga a subir al carruaje. Marca de control bajo los caballos. "L•FARSVLEI" en Exergo.
Esta moneda presumiblemente alude a la Lex Julia (90 A.C), que confería derechos de ciudadano a todos los italianos.

Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #329 Pag.134 - Craw RRC #392/1b - Syd CRR #789 -BMCRR #3293-3305 - RSC Vol.1 Farsuleia 2 Pag.47mdelvalle

1797 GEORGE III AE "CARTWHEEL" TWOPENCEObverse: GEORGIUS III • D : G • REX. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of George III facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA. 1797. Britannia seated facing left, holding olive branch and trident. Small ship in left background; mint-mark SOHO below shield.
Diameter: 41mm. Weight: 56.7gms.
SPINK: 3776

This portrait of George III was designed by Conrad Heinrich Kuchler (c.1740 - 1810), this is marked by a small "K." in the drapery at the base of the King's bust. Kuchler moved to Birmingham in 1795 and designed many of the coins and medals which were struck at Matthew Boulton's SOHO mint.

The figure of Britannia was portrayed seated amid the waves and holding a trident instead of a spear for the first time on the Cartwheel twopences and pennies of this year. This mighty coin was struck in Birmingham by Matthew Boulton at his Soho Mint, but, since it weighed a full two ounces (56.7gms) and measured 5mm thick with a diameter of 41mm, it was a bit heavy for the pocket and was soon discontinued. Many have survived though, battered and worn, having been used as weights for kitchen scales. Some of these twopence coins, because they were so big, were even turned into patch boxes.*Alex

1811 AE HALFPENNY, Norwich, Norfolk.Obverse: NORWICH MDCCCXI. The arms of Norwich consisting of a heraldic shield containing a three towered castle above a lion passant.
Reverse: NEWTON SILVERSMTH AND JEWELLER. Britannia standing facing right, holding spear and shield, behind her, at her side, lion walking right.
Edge: Centre grained.
Diameter: 27mm
Davis 26 | Withers 923

Issued by Francis Newton, a silversmith and Jeweller in Norwich. This is possibly the same Francis Newton (or a close relative) who, in a circular to bankers, was declared bankrupt by solicitors Messrs Bignold, Pulley and Mawe of New Bridge Street, at a meeting in the Rampant Horse Inn, Norwich on 5th August, 1835.

Norwich is situated on the River Wensum and is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom. Until the Industrial Revolution, Norwich was the capital of the most populous county in the country and vied with Bristol as England's second city.*Alex

1969C MANUEL METROPOLITIAN TETARTERON S-1969 DOC 16 CLBC 4.4.3 Imitation?OBV Full length figure of Christ standing on a dais, bearded and nimbate, wearing tunic and kolobion; right hand raised high in benediction holds Gospels in l. hand. Pellets in each limb of nimbus cross.

REV Full length figure of emperor, bearded, wearing stemma, divitision, collar piece, jeweled loros of a simplified type and Saigon; holds in right a labrum on a long shaft. On which X and in l. globus cruciger

Size 19.84

Weight 1.8gm

Not certain but I now believe this to be an imitation, the biggest reason for this is the low weight and thin flan. Does not have the look of a Constantinople minted coin. This coin was found in Cyprus.
1 commentsSimon

198Caracalla 198-217 AD
AR antoninianus
Obv "ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev "PM TRP XVIII COS IIII PP"
Luna in a biga pulled by bulls left
Rome mint
RIC 256c1 commentsmauseus

1ap Claudius41-54

As
Bare head, left, TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TR P IMP
Libertas, LIBERTAS AVGVSTA SC

RIC 97

According to Suetonius: Claudius was born at Lugdunum (Lyon) on the 1st of August 10BC in the consulship of Iullus Antonius and Fabius Africanus, on the day when the very first altar to Augustus was dedicated there, the child being given the name Tiberius Claudius Drusus. When his elder brother Germanicus was adopted into the Julian family (in 4 AD), he added the name Germanicus also. He lost his father when still an infant (in 9 BC), and throughout his childhood and youth was severely afflicted by various stubborn ailments so that his mind and body lacked vigour, and even when he attained his majority he was not considered capable of a public or private career.

Nevertheless, he applied himself to liberal studies from his earliest youth, and often published examples of his proficiency in each area, though even so he was excluded from public office and failed to inspire any brighter hopes for his future. His mother Antonia the Younger often condemned him as an unfinished freak of Nature, and when accusing someone of stupidity would say: ‘He’s a bigger fool than my son Claudius.’ His grandmother Augusta (Livia) always treated him with utter contempt, and rarely even spoke to him, admonishing him, when she chose to do so, in brief harsh missives, or via her messengers. When his sister Livilla heard the prophecy that he would be Emperor some day, she prayed openly and loudly that Rome might be spared so cruel and unmerited a fate.

Having spent the larger part of his life in such circumstances, he became emperor at the age of fifty (in AD41) by a remarkable stroke of fate. Caligula’s assassins had dispersed the crowd on the pretext that the Emperor wished for solitude, and Claudius, shut out with the rest, retired to a room called the Hermaeum, but shortly afterwards, terrified by news of the murder, crept off to a nearby balcony and hid behind the door-curtains. A Guard, who was wandering about the Palace at random, spotting a pair of feet beneath the curtain where Claudius was cowering, dragged the man out to identify him, and as Claudius fell to the ground in fear, recognised him, and acclaimed him Emperor.

Eutropius summarizes: His reign was of no striking character; he acted, in many respects, with gentleness and moderation, in some with cruelty and folly. He made war upon Britain, which no Roman since Julius Caesar had visited; and, having reduced it through the agency of Cnaeus Sentius and Aulus Plautius, illustrious and noble men, he celebrated a magnificent triumph. Certain islands also, called the Orcades, situated in the ocean, beyond Britain, he added to the Roman empire, and gave his son the name of Britannicus. . . . He lived to the age of sixty-four, and reigned fourteen years; and after his death was consecrated3 and deified.

This was the first "good" coin I ever bought and therefore marks the begiining of an addiction.Blindado

200/1 Pinarius NattaPinarius Natta. AR Denarius. Rome Mint. 149 BC. (4.01g, 18mm, 12h) Obv: Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind. Rev: Victory driving biga right, NAT below, ROMA in linear frame.
Crawford 200/1; Sydenham 382; BMC 756

Ex: Roma Numismatics; From the Andrew Mccabe Collection

A most excellent coin. Nice crisp strike and really appealing tone. Paddy

201a. JULIA DOMNALuna

In Greek mythology, Selene was an ancient lunar deity and the daughter of the titans Hyperion and Theia. She was identified with the Roman moon goddess, Luna.

Like most moon deities, Selene plays a fairly large role in her pantheon. However, Selene was eventually largely supplanted by Artemis, and Luna by Diana. In the collection known as the Homeric hymns, there is a Hymn to Selene (xxxii), paired with the hymn to Helios. Selene is described in Apollodorus 1.2.2; Hesiod's Theogony 371; Nonnius 48.581; Pausanias 5.1.4; and Strabo 14.1.6, among others.

The Roman goddess of the moon, Luna, had a temple on the Aventine Hill. It was built in the 6th century BC, but was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome during Nero's reign. There was also a temple dedicated to Luna Noctiluca ("Luna that shines by night") on the Palatine Hill. There were festivals in honor of Luna on March 31, August 24 and August 28

JULIA DOMNA, - 217 AD. Antoninianus, Rome, 215 - 217 AD Bust, no crescent, right / Luna Lucifera in biga left. Rare. RIC 379.1 commentsecoli

2021 South African 1oz Silver ElephantSouth Africa, 1oz Silver Elephant, 5 Rand, 2021, The Big Five Series II: Elephant commemorative, SCWC KM 746, first coin in series, BU, edge milled, weight 31.21g (ASW 1oz), composition 0.999 Ag, diameter 38.725mm, thickness 2.84mm, die axis 0°, South African mint, 2021; obverse head of elephant facing half-right, SOUTH AFRICA-BIG FIVE 2021 arcing below, divided by small shield of Arms of South Africa inscribed with tiny Khoisan motto !KE E: /XARRA //KE (Diverse People Unite) on ribbon in circle, engraved by Paul Botes and designed by JA Geldenhuys/RC Stone, raised border surrounding; reverse 1OZ across centre, FIVE RAND arcing above and Ag 999 arcing below around inner annulus, two halves of elephant's head facing, PB (Paul Botes) monogram at bottom, designed by JA Geldenhuys/RC Stone, raised border surrounding; from the Roger Belmar Collection; ex EMK Coins & Precious Metals (19 Feb 2024); £50.85.1 commentsSerendipity

2022 South African 1oz Silver LionSouth Africa, 1oz Silver Lion, 5 Rand, 2022, The Big Five Series II: Lion commemorative, SCWC KM 759, second coin in series, BU, edge milled, weight 31.21g (ASW 1oz), composition 0.999 Ag, diameter 38.725mm, thickness 2.84mm, die axis 0°, South African mint, 2022; obverse head of lion facing half-right, SOUTH AFRICA-BIG FIVE 2022 arcing below, divided by small shield of Arms of South Africa inscribed with tiny Khoisan motto !KE E: /XARRA //KE (Diverse People Unite) on ribbon in circle, engraved by Paul Botes and designed by JA Geldenhuys/RC Stone, raised border surrounding; reverse 1OZ across centre, FIVE RAND arcing above and Ag 999 arcing below around inner annulus, two halves of lion's head facing, PB (Paul Botes) monogram below left, designed by JA Geldenhuys/RC Stone, raised border surrounding; from the Roger Belmar Collection; ex EMK Coins & Precious Metals (19 Feb 2024); £50.85.Serendipity

2022 South African 1oz Silver RhinoSouth Africa, 1oz Silver Rhino, 5 Rand, 2022, The Big Five Series II: Rhino commemorative, SCWC KM 758, third coin in series, BU, edge milled, weight 31.21g (ASW 1oz), composition 0.999 Ag, diameter 38.725mm, thickness 2.84mm, die axis 0°, South African mint, 2022; obverse head of rhino facing right, SOUTH AFRICA-BIG FIVE 2022 arcing below, divided by small shield of Arms of South Africa inscribed with tiny Khoisan motto !KE E: /XARRA //KE (Diverse People Unite) on ribbon in circle, engraved by Paul Botes and designed by JA Geldenhuys/RC Stone, raised border surrounding; reverse 1OZ across centre, FIVE RAND arcing above and Ag 999 arcing below around inner annulus, two halves of rhino's head facing, PB (Paul Botes) monogram below left, designed by JA Geldenhuys/RC Stone, raised border surrounding; from the Roger Belmar Collection; ex EMK Coins & Precious Metals (19 Feb 2024); £49.91.Serendipity

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