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Image search results - "ANNIUS"
0015.jpg
0015 - Denarius Annia 82-1 BCObv/C ANNI T F T N PRO COS EX S C, draped bust of Anna Perenna r., hair in a knot, winged caduceus behind, scale before, dot below.
Rev/Victory in galloping quadriga r., Q above, L FABI L F HISP in ex.

Ag, 19.2mm, 3.82g
Moneyer: Annius Luscus, L Fabius Hispaniensis.
Mint: Hispania.
RRC 366/1b [dies o/r: 18/(20)] - Syd.748a - BMCRR 352 - - Cohen Annia 1 - Calicó 116 - RCV 289 - RSC Annia 2a
ex-Kuenker, auction 124, lot 8326
1 commentsdafnis
Cuadrante AUGUSTO RIC 420.jpg
01-38 - AUGUSTO (27 A.C. - 14 D.C.)AE Cuadrante (Serie de los Triunviros Monetales) 17 mm 2.7 gr.
Legados Monetarios LAMIA, SILIUS y ANNIUS.

Anv: "LAMIA SILIVS ANNIVS" - Dos manos tomadas (Apretón de manos) que rodeán un Caduceo.
Rev: "III VIR A A A F F" - Leyenda alrededor de gran "S C ".

Acuñada 9 A.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.1 #420 var Pag.74 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1693 Pag.332/3 - Cohen Vol.1 #338 Pag.108 - BMCRE #200 (=BMCRR #4617) - CBN #568
mdelvalle
RIC_I_420v_Cuadrante_Octavio_Augusto.jpg
01-38 - AUGUSTO (27 A.C. - 14 D.C.)AE Cuadrante (Serie de los Triunviros Monetales) 17 mm 2.7 gr.
Legados Monetarios LAMIA, SILIUS y ANNIUS.

Anv: "LAMIA SILIVS ANNIVS" - Dos manos tomadas (Apretón de manos) que rodeán un Caduceo.
Rev: "III VIR A A A F F" - Leyenda alrededor de gran "S C ".

Acuñada 9 A.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.1 #420 var Pag.74 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1693 Pag.332/3 - Cohen Vol.1 #338 Pag.108 - BMCRE #200 (=BMCRR #4617) - CBN #568
mdelvalle
normal_annius~0.jpg
019c. Annius VerusMarcus Annius Verus Caesar was born 162 or 163, a son of Marcus Aurelius and Empress Faustina the Younger. Annius was made caesar on 12 October 166 AD, along with his brother Commodus. Annius died on 10 September 169.

Coin: Annius Verus & Commodus. Caesars. CILICIA. Tarsus. Ae 17mm, 2.38 g. Obv: ΚΟΡΟΙ ϹƐΒΑϹΤΟΥ Bareheaded and draped busts of Annius Verus and Commodus facing one another; below, caduceus and cornucopia crossed in saltire over star. Rev: ΤΑΡϹΟΥ ΜΗΤΡΟΠ(ΟΛƐΩϹ), ΚΟΙΝΟϹ ΚΙΛΙΚΙΑϹ Decastyle temple, with eagle in pediment. RPC IV online 5035; SNG BN 1455-7. Naumann Auction 73, Lot 386.
lawrence c
annius.jpg
019c. Annius Verus & CommodusCaesars, 166-169 & 166-177, respectively. CILICIA. Tarsus. Ae 17mm, 2.38 g. Obv: Bareheaded and draped busts of Annius Verus and Commodus facing one another; below, caduceus and cornucopia crossed in saltire over star. Rev: Decastyle temple, with eagle in pediment. RPC IV online 5035; SNG BN 1455-7. Naumann Auction 73, Lot 386.

NOTE: Marcus Annius Verus Caesar was born 162 or 163, a son of Marcus Aurelius and Empress Faustina the Younger. Annius was made caesar on 12 October 166 AD, along with his brother Commodus. Annius died on 10 September 169,
lawrence c
37.jpg
037 Annius Verus & Commodus AE17 2.6gmobv: confronted busts of Verus l. and Commodus r. club and caduceus between
rev: facade of decastyle temple with eagle in pediment
"sons of M. Aurelius"
1 commentshill132
coin285.JPG
104a. Faustina Faustina I

Annia Galeria Faustina, "the Elder", was the wife of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, an aunt of Marcus Aurelius, and mother of Faustina the Younger. She was the daughter of the consul Marcus Annius Verus, and married Antoninus around 110 AD. They had two sons and two daughters. She became Augusta upon the accession of her husband. Although Augustan History impugned her character, criticizing her for "excessive frankness" and "levity", she and Antoninus seem to have been happily married until her death in 140 or 141

obv: DIVA FAVSTINA (diademed & draped bust right)
rev: AVGVSTA (Pietas standing left with raised hand, altar at foot left)
ref: RIC III 374 (Ant.Pius), RSC 124 (2frcs)

Corrected attribute...
ecoli
T-4184_111-Florianus_AE-Ant_IMP-M-ANNIVS-FLORIANVS-AVG_PROVIDEN_AVG_STI_Bust-B1,Prov-2b_RIC-V-I-87corr_p-357_Ticinum_iss-2_off-2_276-AD_Rare_Q-001_6h_22-23mm_4,09g-s.jpg
111 Florianus (276-282 A.D.), T-4184, RIC V-I 087corr., Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, PROVIDEN AVG, -/-//STI, Bust-B1, Providentia standing left, Rare!, #1111 Florianus (276-282 A.D.), T-4184, RIC V-I 087corr., Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, PROVIDEN AVG, -/-//STI, Bust-B1, Providentia standing left, Rare!, #1
avers:- IMP-M-ANNIUS-FLORIANVS-AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum, B1.
revers:- PROVIDEN AVG, Providentia standing left, holding baton in right hand and long sceptre in left hand, at feet to left, globe
exerg: -/-//STI, diameter: 22,0-23,0mm, weight: 4,09g, axes: 6h,
mint: Ticinum, 2nd.issue, 2nd.off., date: 276 A.D., ref: RIC-V-I-087corr, T-(Estiot)-4184,
Q-001
"2nd. known examlpe on the Estiot's Site"
1 commentsquadrans
Florianus_AE-Ant_IMP-M-ANNIVS-FLORIANVS-AVG_IOVI-CONSERVAT_TTI_Bust-B1_RIC-V-I-069_p-_T-4190_iss-2_off-3_Ticinum_276-AD_Scarce_Q-001_6h_22-23,5mm_3,39g-s.jpg
111 Florianus (276-282 A.D.), T-4190, RIC V-I 069, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, IOVI CONSERVAT, -/-//TTI, Bust-B1, Jupiter standing left, #1111 Florianus (276-282 A.D.), T-4190, RIC V-I 069, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, IOVI CONSERVAT, -/-//TTI, Bust-B1, Jupiter standing left, #1
avers:- IMP-M-ANNIUS-FLORIANVS-AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum, B1.
revers:- IOVI-CONSERVAT, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt in r. hand and long sceptre in l. hand. Jupiter-1.
exerg: -/-//TTI, diameter: 22-23,5mm, weight: 3,39g, axes: 6h,
mint: Ticinum, 2nd.issue, 3rd.off., date: 276 A.D., ref: RIC-V-I-069, T-(Estiot)-4190,
Q-001
quadrans
123_B_C_,_M_Fannius_C_f_,_AR-Denarius,_Crawford_275-1,_Rome,_Victory_in_quadriga_right,_M_FAN_CF_,_Q-001_7h_16-17mm_3,81g-s.jpg
123 B.C., M. Fannius C.f., Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 275/1, Rome, Victory in quadriga right, -/-//M•FAN•C•F, #1123 B.C., M. Fannius C.f., Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 275/1, Rome, Victory in quadriga right, -/-//M•FAN•C•F, #1
avers: Helmeted head of Roma right, X below the chin, ROMA behind.
reverse: Victory in quadriga right, holding reins in left hand and wreath in the right hand, line border, in exergue M•FAN•C•F (AN ligate).
exergue: -/-// M•FAN•C•F (AN ligate), diameter:16,0-17,0 mm, weight: 3,80g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 123 B.C., ref: Crawford 275/1, Sydenham 419, Fannia 1.,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
150_-_Florianus.jpg
150 - FLORIANVSMarcus Annius Florianus was Roman emperor in 276, from July to September.

for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi
Fannius_PanoramaBlack.jpg
275/1 M. Fannius C. f.M. Fannius C. f. AR Denarius. 123 BC. (3.88 gr) Obv: Helmeted bust of Roma right; X below chin, ROMA behind Rev: Victory in quadriga right; M. FAN. C. F. in ex.
Syd 419; Fannia 1; Crawford 275/1

Ex: Poinsignon Numismatique
2 commentsPaddy
coin259.JPG
318. FlorianAfter Tacitus died, the army chose Florian to succeed him. His full name as Emperor was Imperator Caesar Marcus Annius Florianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus. The Historia Augusta characterizes the succession as a dynastic coup in which the Senate was ignored, but since Florian like Tacitus issued coins inscribed SC, advertising the Senate's authority for minting them, the Historia Augusta's complaint may be factitious. Most of this biography is.

Florian had hardly assumed office when the armies and provinces of Phoenicia, Palestine, Syria and Egypt declared for Probus. Florian turned from pursuing the the Eruli north to return to Cilicia and confront Probus and his army. Florian appears to have had the larger army, but Probus, an experienced general, held back. After a few weeks of sporadic fighting, Florian was assassinated by his own troops near Tarsus. He had reigned about 88 days.

Florian's different nomen, Annius rather than Claudius, means that he cannot have been Tacitus's full brother as the Historia Augusta implies; but one passage identifies him as Tacitus's half brother by the same mother, which might be true. Some historians doubt, however, whether any blood connexion existed at all. Little can be said about Florian's reign. One inscription assigns him a consulate. Though neither reigned long, both Tacitus and Florian had a large and varied coinage, "lively with hope for a golden age neither emperor ever realized."



Florian, Antoninianus 276 AD 2.77g
Obv: Bust of Florian right 'IMP FLORIANVS AVG'
Rev: Victory presenting a wreath to Florian 'CONCORDIA MILITVM' 'T' in ex.
RIC 116
ecoli
Augustus_Quadrans.jpg
Augustus Quadrans RIC 422Augustus Quadrans
Obverse: III VIR A A A F F around alter
Reverse: LAMIA SILVAS ANNIUS around cornucopia flanked by letters S/C
Size:17mm Weight: 2.04gms
Id#'s: RIC422
Mint: Rome. Issued in 9BC by the moneyers Lamius, Silius, & Annius
Notes: 1. While ugly, this is one of my first coins. It emerged from my first batch of cul grade uncleaned coins in October 2009
ickster
Aurelius_Rufus.jpg
Aurelius RufusAurelius Rufus, denarius.
4.00 g, 21 mm.
Obv. Helmeted head of Roma right; X (mark of value) behind.
Rev. Jupiter in galloping quadriga right, holding thunderbolt in right hand, holding sceptre and reins in left hand; AN RVF below, ROMA in linear border in exergue.
Crawford 221/1 (T. Annius Rufus).


4 commentsMarsman
Inscription.jpg
Britain, Caerleon, Isca Silurum, Inscription to Gaius Valerius Victor - Standard BearerA plaque with inscription found at Caerleon. Caerleon, (known as Isca Sulla to the Romans) was founded by Vespasian and was the headquarters for Legio II Augusta from about A.D. 75 to A.D. 300.

D M
G VALERIVS G F
GALERIA VICTOR
LVGDVNI SIG LEG II AVG
STIP XVII ANNOR XLV CV
RAI AGENT ANNIO PERPETVO H

DIS MANIBVS
GAIVS VALERIVS GAI FILLVS
GALERIA (TRIBV) VICTOR
LVGDVNI SIGNIFER LEGIONIS II AVGVSTAE
STRIPENDIORVM XVII ANNORVM XLV CV-
RAIM AGENTE ANNIO PERPETVO HEREDE

"To the spirits of the departed; Gaius Valerius Victor, son of Gaius, of the Galerian voting tribe, from Lugdunum, standard-bearer of the Second Augustan Legion, of 17 years; service, Aged 45, set up under the charge of Annius Perpetuus, his heir."
maridvnvm
annius_Crawford366.1a.jpg
C. Annius Luscus, Crawford 366/1aC. Annius Luscus, gens Annia, and L. Fabius Hispaniensis
AR - denarius, 3.76g
mint in Northern Italy or Spain, 82-81 BC
obv. C.ANNI.T.F.T.N.PRO.COS.EX.S.[C.]
Bust of Anna Perenna(?), draped, wearing frontale, ear-rings and necklace, r.
caduceus behind, scales before, beneath T
rev. Victory, in long clothes, stg. in quadriga r., holding reigns in l. and long palmbranch in
r. hand
above Q
in ex. L.FABI.L.HIS[P]
Crawford 366/1a; Sydenham 748; Annia 2a; BMC Spain 1-12
nice VF

An imperatorial issue for the campaign against Sertorius in Spain. The questor Fabius, named on the reverse, later passed over to Sertorius and then perished with him.
For more information about Anna Perenna look at the thread 'Mythological interesting coins'
Jochen
sexropub.jpg
C. Annius T.f. T.n and L. Fabius L.f. Hispaniensis. (82 - 81 B.C.)AR Denarius
O: C ANNI T F T N PRO COS EX S C, Draped bust of Anna Perenna right, wearing stephane; S • below neck; all within bead and reel border.
R: L·FABI·L·F·HISP Victory driving galloping quadriga right, holding palm frond and reins; Q above horses.
20mm
3.6g
Crawford 366/2a; Sydenham 748c; Annia 3

3 commentsMat
803_Annius_Luscus_and_Fabius_Hispaniensis.jpg
C. Annius T.f. T.n. Luscus and L. Fabius L.f. Hispaniensis - AR denarius²Transalpine Gaul / ¹north Italy
¹²82-81 BC
diademed draped bust of Anna Parenna right; caduceus left, scales right, dagger below
C·ANNI·T·F·T·N_·_PRO·COS·EX·S·C·
Victory in quadriga right, holding palm branch and reins
Q .
L·FABI·L·F·HISP
¹Crawford 366/1a, SRCV I 289, Sydenham 748, RSC I Annia 2
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
3,7g 19,5mm
ex Gitbud and Naumann

Moneyer apparently used Anna Parenna as a pun to his name Annius. It is the only known depiction of Anna Parenna whose identity is very complicated.

"An older myth tells that Anna Perenna was an old woman from the city of Bollivae in Latium. The myth tells that Anna Perenna brought bread and cakes to the Plebeians who wanted to separate from Rome because of their unequal status as Plebeians in 494 BC and so she saved them from starving. This is why she was popular on the common people and considered as goddes after her death.

A later tradition from the time of the myth of Aeneas made Anna the sister of Dido. After Dido has committed suicide and Carthage was conquered she had to fly. A heavy storm throw her to the coast of Latium at Laurentum where Aeneas was the ruler. Aeneas and his companion went to the beach and he recognized her and took her to his palace. In a dream Anna was warned to be alarmed at the traps that Lavinia, Aeneas' wife, would set for her so she fled from the palace. While she was wandering she met Numicius, the god of a nearby stream who carried her off to his bed. The servants of Aeneas searched for Anna and followed her tracks to the river bank a shape rose from the water and revealed to them that Anna had become a water nymph, whose new name, Perenna, signified eternity. Aeneas' servants in their joy scattered among the fields and passed the day in feasting and festivities, which became established as an annual celebration of the festival of Anna Perenna. There is another opinion too that she committed suicide by drowning in the river Numicius because of her desperation.

In another myth she was an old woman again. Mars was fallen in love to Minerva, sworn virgin. Mars asked Anna Perenna for interceding on his behalf. But instead of this - knowing about the impossibility of his wishes - she dressed herself like Minerva and came to Mars veiled. When he tried to kiss her she lifted her veil, break out in laughter and mocked Mars. Minerva's main festival, the Quinquatrus, was celebrated 4 days after the festival of Anna Perenna so this could be reason of this story." from Jochen's coins of mythological interest.
J. B.
2044_C_Annius_Tf_Tn_Luscus_and_L_Fabius_Lf_Hispaniensis.jpg
C. Annius T.f. T.n. Luscus and L. Fabius L.f. Hispaniensis - AR denarius²Transalpine Gaul / ¹north Italy
¹²82-81 BC
diademed draped bust of Anna Parenna right; caduceus left, scales right
C·ANNIVS·T·F·T·_N·PRO·COS·EX·S·C·
I
Victory in quadriga right, holding palm branch and reins
HISP.Q
L·FABI·L·F
²Crawford 366/3a, SRCV I 289, Sydenham 748, RSC I Annia 2
¹Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
3,8g 18mm
ex Soler y Llach

Moneyer apparently used Anna Parenna as a pun to his name Annius. It is the only known depiction of Anna Parenna whose identity is very complicated.

"An older myth tells that Anna Perenna was an old woman from the city of Bollivae in Latium. The myth tells that Anna Perenna brought bread and cakes to the Plebeians who wanted to separate from Rome because of their unequal status as Plebeians in 494 BC and so she saved them from starving. This is why she was popular on the common people and considered as goddes after her death.

A later tradition from the time of the myth of Aeneas made Anna the sister of Dido. After Dido has committed suicide and Carthage was conquered she had to fly. A heavy storm throw her to the coast of Latium at Laurentum where Aeneas was the ruler. Aeneas and his companion went to the beach and he recognized her and took her to his palace. In a dream Anna was warned to be alarmed at the traps that Lavinia, Aeneas' wife, would set for her so she fled from the palace. While she was wandering she met Numicius, the god of a nearby stream who carried her off to his bed. The servants of Aeneas searched for Anna and followed her tracks to the river bank a shape rose from the water and revealed to them that Anna had become a water nymph, whose new name, Perenna, signified eternity. Aeneas' servants in their joy scattered among the fields and passed the day in feasting and festivities, which became established as an annual celebration of the festival of Anna Perenna. There is another opinion too that she committed suicide by drowning in the river Numicius because of her desperation.

In another myth she was an old woman again. Mars was fallen in love to Minerva, sworn virgin. Mars asked Anna Perenna for interceding on his behalf. But instead of this - knowing about the impossibility of his wishes - she dressed herself like Minerva and came to Mars veiled. When he tried to kiss her she lifted her veil, break out in laughter and mocked Mars. Minerva's main festival, the Quinquatrus, was celebrated 4 days after the festival of Anna Perenna so this could be reason of this story." from Jochen's coins of mythological interest.
J. B.
1703_Claudius_Ancyra.jpg
Claudius - Ankyra (Galatia)Annius Afrinus (legate)
c. 49 - 54 AD
laureate head right
KAICAP
legend within wreath
EΠΙ / ΑΦΡΙΝ / ΟΥ
RPC I, 3559; Devreker 191, no. 10
https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/1/3559
5,4g 19,5mm
ex Aurea
J. B.
Naville540.jpg
Cr 366/4 AR Denarius C. Annius North-Italy and Spain 82-81 BCE
(18mm., 3.63g.)
o: C·ANNIVS·T·F·T·N· PRO·COS·EX·S·C Diademed and draped female bust
r: Victory in quadriga r., holding reins and palm branch; above horses, XXXXVI and below, Q. In exergue, C·TARQVITI·P·F.
Annia 1; Crawford 366/4
An unusual issue as proconsul; also, bankers seemed to be somewhat dubious of this coin given all the marks.

Banker's marks on obv. and rev.,
PMah
image00015_Annia.jpg
Cr 366/4 AR Denarius C. Annius Cr 366/4C. Annius. Denarius North-Italy and Spain 82-81, AR 18mm., 3.63g.
C·ANNIVS·T·F·T·N· PRO·COS·EX·S·C Diademed and draped female bust r.
Rev. Victory in quadriga r., holding reins and palm branch; above horses, XXXXVI and below, Q. In exergue, C·TARQVITI·P·F. Babelon Annia 1. Sydenham 749. Crawford 366/4.
Banker's marks on obv. and rev.,
PMah
faustina_II~0.jpg
Denarius; SAECVLI FELICIT, 2 children (Commodus and Annius Verus) on canopied bed or throne. RIC 710Faustina Jr. AR Denarius. Two boys seated on draped throne. RSC 190. VF. Faustina Jr. denarius. FAVSTINA AVGVSTA, Diademed and draped bust right / SAECVLI FELICIT, 2 children (Commodus and Annius Verus) on canopied bed or throne. RIC 710, RSC 190, Sear 1988: 1500. Ex Vauctions1 commentsPodiceps
annius_verus.jpg
Fake Anonymous Æ Quadrans. Annius Verus Caesar.Obv: Head of Annius Verus right, wearing neck-band of flowers.
Rev: S C within wreath of flowers.
Fake from modern dies
ancientone
faustina_filia_677.jpg
Faustina Filia RIC III, 677Faustina Filia, died 175, wife of Marcus Aurelius
AR - Denar, 3.67g, 18mm
obv. FAVSTINA - AVGVSTA
draped, diademed bust r.
rev. FECVN - DITAS
Fecunditas standing frontal, head r., holding sceptre in r.
and little child in l. hand
RIC III, 677; C.99
nice EF

From Curtis Clay: The child could be Annius Verus or
another male child that died early.
3 commentsJochen
Faustina_Galerius.jpg
Faustina I and M. Annius Galerius Antoninus - Cyprus or RomeAE (as)
147-161 AD
draped bust of Faustina I right
ΘEA ΦAY_CTEINA
draped bust of M. Annius Galerius Antoninus right
M ΓAΛEPIOC ANTWNINOC AYTOKPATOPOC ANTWNINOY YIOC
Overbeck, Galerius 6; Parks 22; Vagi 1517; Lindgren III 940
11,7g 28mm
ex Aurea
J. B.
1000-18-110.jpg
Faustina II. RI8

Faustina II. Augusta, A.D. 147-175. AR denarius (17.8 mm, 3.25 g, 6 h). Rome mint, A.D. 154-157. FAVSTINA AVGVSTA, diademed and draped bust right, wearing stephane / SAECVLI FELICIT, two children (Commodus and Annius Verus) on draped throne. RIC 710; RSC 190. VF. f
ecoli
Rev1.PNG
Gaius Fannius (Apamea ad Maeandrum. Stumpf 57)Promagisterial Cistophori. Gaius Fannius as propraetor of Asia. Mantitheos, magistrate. AR Cistophoric tetradrachm. Apameia, 49/48 BC. Serpent emerging from cista mystica; all within wreath / C. FAN PONT PR. Two serpents flanking a tetrastyle temple, surmounted by a female cult statue holding patera and sceptre. MΑΝΤΙΘ[ΕΟΣ / MΑΝΤΙΘΕΟΥ]. Stumpf 57; Metcalf 473 (O24/R72)zadie
2726862_1649427322.jpg
Gaius Fannius (Ephesus. Stumpf 58)Promagisterial Cistophori. Gaius Fannius as propraetor of Asia. Aratos, magistrate. AR Cistophoric tetradrachm. Ephesus, dated year 86 (49/48 BC). Serpent emerging from cista mystica; all within wreath / [C]•FAN•PONT•[PR]. Two serpents flanking a tetrastyle temple, surmounted by a female cult statue holding patera and sceptre. In the left field, Πς (date), EΦE, Isis headdress below. Torch in the right field. ARATOC in exergue. Stumpf 58; Metcalf 78-87 (O-, R-. Dies not listed)zadie
1fannia_unita.jpg
Gens Fannia, denarius (123 a.C)Denario, coniato da M. Fannius C.F., a Roma, nel 123 a.C.
AR, 3.79 gr, 18 mm, MB
Al D/ Testa di Roma; davanti, X; dietro, ROMA.
Al R/ M FAN C F (legato); una Vittoria, su quadriga rivolta a destra, con una ghirlanda.
Crawford 275/1
Provenienza: collezione Berardengo (Roma, Italia, dal 3 aprile 2017, numero catalogo 273), ex collezione Alessandro Vanni, Tinia numismatica (Follonica, Grosseto Italia, fino all'aprile 2017)
paolo
sardeis_julia_domna_SNGleypold1221.jpg
Lydia, Sardeis, Julia Domna, SNG Leypold 1221Julia Domna, AD 194-217
AE 22, 5.71g
struck under archon Annius Rufus
obv. IOVLIA. - CEBACTH
Bust, draped, r.; hair in broad bun behind
rev. EPI ROVFOV CARDI - A - NWN B NEWKORWN
Demeter in double-chiton, stg. facing, head l., holding in outstretched r. hand two
grain-ears and with raised l. hand burning long torch; l. at her feet a snake
erecting l.
SNG Leypold 1221 (same dies); BMC 154
rare, about VF, dark green patina

Thanks Lars for attribution!
Jochen
M_Fannius.png
M Fannius 123 BCM Fannius, 123 BC
Silver Denarius, Rome Mint, 18mm, 3.85 grams
Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma right, X before, ROMA behind.
Reverse: Victory in quadriga right holding wreath, M FAN CF in exergue.
Crawford275/1 // Sydenham419 // Fannia1
Ajax
Fannia1.JPG
M Fannius denarius, 123 BCHelmeted head of Roma right, ROMA behind, X below chin.
Victory in quadriga right.
ex. M.FAN C.F
Fannia 1, Cr 275/1, Syd 419
whitetd49
fannia.jpg
M. Fannius 123 BC.M Fannius, AR denarius.
Obverse: Head of Roma right in winged helmet, ROMA behind, X below chin.
Reverse: Victory in a quadriga right, reins in left, wreath in right, M FAN•C•F (AN ligate) in exergue.
SRCV I 150, Crawford 275/1, Sydenham 419, RSC I Fannia 1. 3.977g, 18.8mm, 315o.
b70
Fannius.jpg
M. Fannius C.f. - AR denarius²Sardinia / ¹Rome
²121 BC / ¹123 BC
helmet head of Roma right
ROMA
X
Victory in quadriga right holding reins and palm branch
M·F(AN)·C·F
¹Crawford 275/1, SRCV I 150, Sydenham 419, RSC I Fannia 1
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
4,1g 17,5mm
ex London Coin Galleries
J. B.
Fannia_1a_img.jpg
M. Fannius C.f., denariusObv:– Head of Roma right in winged helmet, ROMA behind, X below chin.
Rev:– Victory in a quadriga right, reins in left, wreath in right, M FAN` C` F (AN ligate) in exergue.
Minted in Rome 123 B.C.
Reference:– RSC Fannia 1. RRC 275/1. Sydenham 419. SRCV I 150.

Weight 3.94g. 19.28mm. 270 degrees.
maridvnvm
AntPiusSestBetrothal.jpg
MAFJ1 The Betrothal of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina JuniorAntoninus Pius

Sestertius
ca 140

Laureate head of Antoninus Pius, right, ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TRP COS III
CONCORDIAE - Antoninus Pius standing right on left, holding Concordia, shaking hands with Faustina I to right; Marcus Aurelius and Faustina below in center, also shaking hands.

RIC 601

Marcus Annius Verus was born in Rome in 121. He was first betrothed to the daughter of Aelius Caesar, but after Aelius' death, Antoninus Pius adopted him. He took the name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus.

The Historia Augusta records: Marcus Antoninus was a man who devoted himself to philosophy throughout his life and he excels all the principles in purity of character. His father was Annius Verus, who died during his praetorship. . . . His mother was Domitia Lucilla, daughter of the consul Calvisius Tullus. . . .He was brought up partly in the place where he was born and partly in the house of his grandfather Verus, next to the Lateran Palace. He was to marry his first cousin, Annia Faustina. . . . He assumed the toga of manhood in his fifteenth year [134] and at once was betrothed, at Hadrian's wish, to the daughter of Lucius Commodus. . . . After Hadrian's death, Pius immediately got his wife to ask Marcus if he would break off his betrothal to the daughter of Lucius Commodus and marry their own daughter Faustina (whom Hadrian had wanted to marry Commodus' son, even though he was badly matched in age). After thinking the matter over, Marcus replied he was willing. When this was arranged, Pius designated Marcus to be consul with himself [139]. . . and gave him the name of Caesar.

Marcus, at least, was given a choice, and would already have known Faustina well. One can imagine that Faustina, if she was old enough to grasp the implications, was relieved at the prospect of marrying the studious young man rather than someone far older than her.
1 commentsBlindado
LVerusAsTrophies~0.jpg
MAFJ6 Brother and EmperorLucius Verus

As
166-167

Laureate head, right, L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX
3 trophies, TR P VII IMP III[I] COS III

RIC 1464

Son of Aelius Caesar and adopted son of Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius elevated his adoptive brother to co-ruler in 161. At that time, according to the Historia Augusta, "To Lucius, legally his brother, he betrothed his daughter Lucilla. In honor of this union, they gave orders that new institutions of boys and girls, named after them, should be added to the state child-welfare scheme."

The Parthians launched an attack against Roman Syria that it had planned before the death of Pius, and Marcus, with the agreement of the Senate, dispatched Lucius to deal with the crisis. According to the Historia Augusta, "Verus, of course, after he arrived in Syria, lived in luxury at Antioch and Daphne, although he was acclaimed imperator while waging the Parthian war through legates." This coin's reverse honors his military victory over the Parthians in 165.

When Lucius returned to Rome, according to the Historia Augusta, "Lucius requested that Marcus should triumph with him. Lucius requested further that the sons [Commodus and M. Annius Verus] of Marcus should be called Caesars. But Marcus had such great moderation that, although he triumphed together with Lucius, yet after Lucius' death he called himself Germanicus only, because he had won that name for himself in his own war. At the triumph, moreover, they let Marcus' children of both sexes ride with them, even the unmarried girls." A family affair!
Blindado
nikopolis_annius_verus_Phantasiemunze.jpg
Moesia inferior, Nikopolis ad Istrum, x Fantasy coin, Annius Verus(?), HrHJ (2023) 8.- Annius Verus(?), AD 160-161
AE 20, 7.36g, 20.12mm, 0°
Obv.: AV KAICAR – OVHROC
Bust, draped and cuirassed, laureate, r.
Rev.: NIKOPOLITWN PROC I
Bunch of grapes
Ref.: Fantasy coin of an "artist" in Plovdiv
SS, schwarzgrüne Patina
Jochen
348_Augustus_quadrans.JPG
Octavianus Augustus - AE quadransLamia, Silius and Annius moneyers
Rome
9 BC
altar
III•VIR•A•A•A•F•F•
cornucopiae
LAMIA SILIVS ANNIVS
S C
RIC I 422
2,75g 15mm
J. B.
FLORIAN_RIC7.jpg
ROMAN EMPIRE - FlorianROMAN EMPIRE - Florian (276 AD) Lugdunum mint, A.D. 276, Oficinae 3rd. ANTONINIANUS - Composition: Bronze, 3.7gr. · Size Ø: 22mm. Obverse: IMP C M AN FLORIANVS P F AVG. Radiate, draped, bust right. Reverse: PACATOR ORBIS Sol running left, right hand raised, left hand holding whip. Exergue: III. VF / VF- condition · Reference: RIC Vol V Part I #7.
FLORIAN, A.D. 276
M. Annius Florianus. After the death of Tacitus, his half-brother, Florianus, immediately assumed the purple, and his rule was recognized by the Senate and the western provinces. The eastern army, however, proclaimed Probus emperor, and Florianus immediately marched against him. The two armies met near Tarsus in Cicilia, but before any serious fighting took place Florianus was murder by his own soldiers after a reign of little more two months.

dpaul7
rrepde25-2.jpg
Roman Republic, 82 BC, AnniaAR Denarius (3.8g, 20mm, 7h). Rome mint. Struck 82-81 BC.
obv.: C·ANNIVS·T·F·T·N [-] PRO COS EX S C diademed head of Anna Perenna facing right, with caduceus (behind); scales (before) and scorpio (below)
rev.: L·FABI·L·F·HI(SP) [in ex.] [/] Q [above horses] Victory in galloping quadriga right
Seaby (RSC I.) Annia 2a. Monneyer: C. Annius T.f. T.n. Anna Perenna was the sister of Dido and was worshipped in Italy as a rustic deity.
1 commentsCharles S
MFannius-moeda1.jpg
ROMAN REPUBLIC, M. Fannius - 123 BC.AR Denarius of M. Fannius - 123 BC.
Weight: 6.3gr Ø: 18mm
Obv: Helmeted head of Roma right, X below chin, ROMA behind.
Rev: Victory in quadriga right, holding wreath, M FAN CF (AN in monogram) in ex.
Sear Mil #150 - RSC Fannia 1.
Screenshot_2019-05-17_13_01_04.png
Roman Republic: Gens: Fannia, Moneyer: M Fannius, AR Denarius Rome 123 B.C. 3.77g - 18.3mm, Axis 3h.

Obv: ROMA / X - Helmeted head of Roma right, ROMA behind, X value mark below chin.

Rev: M●FA●N●C●F - Victory in quadriga right, M●FA●N●C●F in exergue, FA are ligate.

Ref: Fannia 1; Syd 419; Cr275/1.
Provenance: Chris Scarlioli Collection.
Christian Scarlioli
T__Annius_Rufus.jpg
T. Annius Rufus - AR DenariusRome
²146 BC / ¹144 BC
head of Roma right wearing winged helmet
X
Jupiter in quadriga right, hurling thunderbolt and holding reins and scepter
(AN) R(VF)
ROMA
¹Crawford 221/1; Sydenham 413; Aurelia 19
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
3,9g 19,5mm
ex Aureo and Calico

Moneyer became consul 128 BC.
J. B.
AntoninusPiusAequitasSear4053.jpg
[904a] Antoninus Pius, August 138 - 7 March 161 A.D.Antoninus Pius, AD 138 to 161. Silver denarius. Sear-4053; gVF; Rome;16.4 x 17.9 mm, 3.61 g; issue of AD 138; Obverse : Head of Antoninus Pius right, with IMP T AEL CAES HADRI ANTONINVS around; Reverse : Aequitas standing left, holding scales and a cornucopiae, with AVG PIVS P M TR P COS DES II around. This is an interesting part of the Antoninus Pius series, struck in the first year of his reign, using his adoptive name of Hadrianus, and with the reverse inscription a continuation from the obverse.


De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161)


Richard D. Weigel
Western Kentucky University

Introduction
The long reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius is often described as a period of peace and quiet before the storm which followed and plagued his successor, Marcus Aurelius. In addition to the relative peacefulness, this emperor set the tone for a low-keyed imperial administration which differed markedly from those of his two immediate predecessors, Trajan and Hadrian. Antoninus managed to govern the empire capably and yet with such a gentle hand that he earned the respect, acclaim, and love of his subjects.

Early Life
The future emperor was born T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus on September 19, A.D. 86 at Lanuvium, an old Latin city southeast of Rome. His father's family had originally migrated to Rome from Nemausus (Nîmes) in Narbonese Gaul, but his paternal grandfather, T. Aurelius Fulvus, had served twice as Roman consul and also as city prefect and his father, Aurelius Fulvus, also held the consulship. The future emperor's mother was Arria Fadilla and her father, Arrius Antoninus, had also been consul twice. Young Antoninus was raised at Lorium, on the via Aurelia, where he later built a palace.

Career Under Hadrian
Very little is known about Antoninus' life before he became emperor. The brief biography in the Scriptores Historiae Augustae credited to Julius Capitolinus refers to his services as quaestor, praetor, and consul and P. von Rohden's entry in Pauly-Wissowa dates his tenure of these offices to A.D. 112, 117, and 120 respectively. At some point between A.D. 110 and 115, Antoninus married Annia Galeria Faustina, the daughter of M. Annius Verus. Hadrian later appointed Antoninus as one of his consular administrators of Italy and between A.D. 130 and 135 Antoninus served as proconsul of Asia.
Antoninus had achieved a distinguished career under Hadrian. and could have retired from imperial service with great pride, but events in A.D. 138 changed Antoninus' future quite radically. Early in the year, the death of Aelius Verus, whom Hadrian had previously adopted and named Caesar, opened a new path. Hadrian met with the Senate and announced his decision to adopt Antoninus as his son and heir and to share both proconsular and tribunician power with him. After giving this offer careful thought, Antoninus accepted and agreed in return to adopt as his heirs his wife's nephew, M. Antoninus, the future Marcus Aurelius, and L. Verus, the son of Aelius Verus.

Imperial Reign
When Hadrian died in the following summer, Antoninus oversaw the conveyance of his body from Baiae to Rome for interment in the new imperial tomb (now Castel Sant' Angelo). To honor his adoptive father, Antoninus set up a magnificent shield, established a priesthood, and, against serious opposition in the Senate, requested and bargained for senatorial confirmation of Hadrian's deification. Antoninus' devotion to Hadrian's memory is one of the reasons cited for the Senate's bestowal upon the new emperor of the name "pius". After initially refusing the Senate's recognition of Antoninus as "pater patriae", the new emperor accepted the honor with thanks. He declined, however, the Senate's decree authorizing the renaming of the months of September and October after the new emperor and empress. The Senate did honor the new empress with the title of "Augusta". On her death only a few years later in A.D. 141, the Senate deified Faustina and voted her a temple and priestesses. In memory of his wife, Antoninus also instituted an alimentary program, similar to those of his immediate predecessors, which combined loans to Italian farmers with funds, generated by interest on those loans, set aside for the care of orphaned girls. On coins these orphans are designated as puellae Faustinianae.

Antoninus returned all of Italy's share of the aurum coronarium, the money raised in honor of his accession, and one-half of that contributed from the provinces. His economic policy in general was relatively conservative and avoided luxurious waste while supporting public works of practical application. His procurators were told to keep provincial tribute reasonable and they were held accountable for exceeding fixed bounds. The provinces in general prospered under his administration and the use of informers was ended. Julius Capitolinus summarizes the excellence of Antoninus' administration when he says: "With such care did he govern all peoples under him that he looked after all things and all men as if they were his own." In spite of his caution in raising imperial revenues, however, Antoninus provided regular gifts of money to the people and to the soldiers and produced spectacular public games with a great variety of animals on display. The emperor also used his own funds to distribute oil, grain, and wine free in a time of famine and helped relieve the devastation caused in Rome by fire, flood, and a collapse of stands in the Circus Maximus and by fires and earthquakes in the provinces.

Although the reigns of his two immediate predecessors, Trajan and Hadrian, had seen prolific building activity in Rome and throughout the empire, Antoninus chose to be less lavish in his public works projects. He felt an obligation to complete work begun or promised by Hadrian. Antoninus completed the Mausoleum of Hadrian along the Tiber and built the temples of the Divine Hadrian in the Campus Martius and of Faustina in the Forum. He also restored the oldest bridge in Rome, the Pons Sublicius, the Graecostadium, and the Colosseum. He may even have put some finishing touches on the Pantheon because Julius Capitolinus mentions restoration of a templum Agrippae, but the text may be corrupt and the temple of the Divine Augustus, the restoration of which is recorded on some of Antoninus' coins, may be the intended reference here. Outside Rome, Antoninus repaired several roads and renovated ports in Alexandria, Caieta, and Terracina, a bath at Ostia, an aqueduct at Antium, and the temples in his birthplace, Lanuvium.

Although some sources suggest that Antoninus went in person to Egypt and Syria to put down a revolt of peoples along the Red Sea, Julius Capitolinus says that Antoninus made his home in Rome where he could receive messages from all parts of the empire equally quickly . He also states that to avoid burdening the provinces with the expenses of housing an emperor and his associates Antoninus took expeditions out of Rome only to his estates in Campania. If correct, these actions marked a decided break with the visibility of his two predecessors in the provinces and recreated a more Rome- and Italy-centered empire. Wilhelm Weber commented on this policy: "As if, perhaps, in criticism of Hadrian's conception of his task, he sat like a beneficent spider at the centre of his web, power radiating steadily from him to the farthest bounds of the empire and as steadily returning to him again. For the last time in Imperial history the Emperor was wholly one with Rome and its centralization."

During his third consulship (A.D. 140-144), Antoninus issued a series of unusual coins and medallions which featured entirely new or modified religious/mythological images. Jocelyn Toynbee correctly pointed out that these types were issued to prepare for the celebration of Rome's nine hundredth birthday in A.D. 147/148 and she also discussed two images which represent the emperor's reaction against Hadrian's "cosmopolitanism" and his attempt to restore Rome and Italy to a superior position over the provinces. This unusual series, issued especially in bronze, commemorated Rome's connection to her distant roots from Trojans, Latins, and Sabines and honored gods who had protected the city in the past. Themes associated with Aeneas, Romulus, Numa Pompilius, and Augustus by implication tied in Antoninus as successor to these four model Roman leaders. Although the death of Faustina may have motivated Antoninus' display of public piety to some degree on these coins and medallions, the series also set the tone for the games and rituals of the birthday celebration in 147/148, renewed religious values, and restored Rome's proper relationship with protective gods who had brought the city past success both in war and in peace. Another series of coins, the "anonymous quadrantes", combines a portrait of a god or goddess on the obverse with a reverse symbol of an animal associated with the same deity. The absence of an imperial portrait or any inscription aside from the S.C. authorization of the Senate makes it especially difficult to date this series. However, the similarity of the Jupiter and Venus portraits to images of Antoninus and Faustina and other links to Antoninus' coin-types make it probable that several of these types were issued in Antoninus' reign, perhaps again in connection with Rome's birthday celebration in A.D. 147/148.

Although Antoninus' reign was generally peaceful, Capitolinus says that he fought wars, through legates, against the Britons, Moors, Germans, Dacians, and the Alans and suppressed revolts in Achaea, in Egypt, and among the Jews. The war in Britain was fought around A.D. 142 against the Brigantes and led to the construction of the Antonine Wall across the island as a second line of defense north of Hadrian's Wall. In foreign relations, the emperor's authority was respected among peoples bordering on the empire. Antoninus approved the appointment of kings for the Armenians, for the Lazi, and for the Quadi and he successfully prevented a Parthian attack on Armenia by sending the Parthian king a letter of warning.

Antoninus did continue his predecessor's interest in law and his imperial legislation is cited frequently in Justinian's Digest. Several lawyers served in the emperor's consilium and presumably advised him on legal matters. Antoninus' legislation included protections for slaves, freedmen, and for illegitimate children and further defined family and inheritance law, including consideration of a daughter's wishes in marriage arrangements.

In preparation for the succession, Antoninus' daughter Faustina married Marcus Aurelius in A.D. 145 and she soon became Augusta in place of her deceased mother. Marcus Aurelius was associated in imperial powers and he and L. Verus both held the consulship multiple times in preparation for their accession. Antoninus made sure that he would leave the Empire secure and in sound financial condition and his adopted sons inherited a large surplus (reportedly 675 million denarii) in the Treasury .

Antoninus Pius died in March of A.D. 161, after giving the appropriate imperial watchword which so typified his reign, "equanimity". He was soon afterward deified by the Senate. His adopted sons and successors, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, erected a column of red granite in his honor in the Campus Martius. The marble base for this column, which is preserved in the Vatican, includes a sculpted image of the apotheosis of Antoninus and Faustina. In his Meditations, Marcus Aurelius expressed his enduring love and respect for his adoptive father: "Do all things as a disciple of Antoninus. Think of his constancy in every act rationally undertaken, his invariable equability, his piety, his serenity of countenance, his sweetness of disposition, his contempt for the bubble of fame, and his zeal for getting a true grasp of affairs." In many ways Antoninus Pius was a model emperor who justifiably earned comparison with his own model, Numa Pompilius, and provided the Empire with a period of fortune, religious piety, and security perhaps unmatched in imperial annals.

Copyright (C) 1998, Richard D. Weigel.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.



Cleisthenes
AntoPiusDenar.jpg
[904z] Antoninus Pius, August 138 - 7 March 161 A.D.Antoninus Pius, August 138 - 7 March 161 A.D. Silver denarius, RIC 232, RSC 271, F, Rome, 1.699g, 17.3mm, 0o, 153 - 154 A.D. Obverse: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P XVII, laureate head right; Reverse: COS IIII, Fortuna standing right, cornucopia in left, long rudder on globe in right.


De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161)


Richard D. Weigel
Western Kentucky University

Introduction
The long reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius is often described as a period of peace and quiet before the storm which followed and plagued his successor, Marcus Aurelius. In addition to the relative peacefulness, this emperor set the tone for a low-keyed imperial administration which differed markedly from those of his two immediate predecessors, Trajan and Hadrian. Antoninus managed to govern the empire capably and yet with such a gentle hand that he earned the respect, acclaim, and love of his subjects.

Early Life
The future emperor was born T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus on September 19, A.D. 86 at Lanuvium, an old Latin city southeast of Rome. His father's family had originally migrated to Rome from Nemausus (Nîmes) in Narbonese Gaul, but his paternal grandfather, T. Aurelius Fulvus, had served twice as Roman consul and also as city prefect and his father, Aurelius Fulvus, also held the consulship. The future emperor's mother was Arria Fadilla and her father, Arrius Antoninus, had also been consul twice. Young Antoninus was raised at Lorium, on the via Aurelia, where he later built a palace.

Career Under Hadrian
Very little is known about Antoninus' life before he became emperor. The brief biography in the Scriptores Historiae Augustae credited to Julius Capitolinus refers to his services as quaestor, praetor, and consul and P. von Rohden's entry in Pauly-Wissowa dates his tenure of these offices to A.D. 112, 117, and 120 respectively. At some point between A.D. 110 and 115, Antoninus married Annia Galeria Faustina, the daughter of M. Annius Verus. Hadrian later appointed Antoninus as one of his consular administrators of Italy and between A.D. 130 and 135 Antoninus served as proconsul of Asia.
Antoninus had achieved a distinguished career under Hadrian. and could have retired from imperial service with great pride, but events in A.D. 138 changed Antoninus' future quite radically. Early in the year, the death of Aelius Verus, whom Hadrian had previously adopted and named Caesar, opened a new path. Hadrian met with the Senate and announced his decision to adopt Antoninus as his son and heir and to share both proconsular and tribunician power with him. After giving this offer careful thought, Antoninus accepted and agreed in return to adopt as his heirs his wife's nephew, M. Antoninus, the future Marcus Aurelius, and L. Verus, the son of Aelius Verus.

Imperial Reign
When Hadrian died in the following summer, Antoninus oversaw the conveyance of his body from Baiae to Rome for interment in the new imperial tomb (now Castel Sant' Angelo). To honor his adoptive father, Antoninus set up a magnificent shield, established a priesthood, and, against serious opposition in the Senate, requested and bargained for senatorial confirmation of Hadrian's deification. Antoninus' devotion to Hadrian's memory is one of the reasons cited for the Senate's bestowal upon the new emperor of the name "pius". After initially refusing the Senate's recognition of Antoninus as "pater patriae", the new emperor accepted the honor with thanks. He declined, however, the Senate's decree authorizing the renaming of the months of September and October after the new emperor and empress. The Senate did honor the new empress with the title of "Augusta". On her death only a few years later in A.D. 141, the Senate deified Faustina and voted her a temple and priestesses. In memory of his wife, Antoninus also instituted an alimentary program, similar to those of his immediate predecessors, which combined loans to Italian farmers with funds, generated by interest on those loans, set aside for the care of orphaned girls. On coins these orphans are designated as puellae Faustinianae.

Antoninus returned all of Italy's share of the aurum coronarium, the money raised in honor of his accession, and one-half of that contributed from the provinces. His economic policy in general was relatively conservative and avoided luxurious waste while supporting public works of practical application. His procurators were told to keep provincial tribute reasonable and they were held accountable for exceeding fixed bounds. The provinces in general prospered under his administration and the use of informers was ended. Julius Capitolinus summarizes the excellence of Antoninus' administration when he says: "With such care did he govern all peoples under him that he looked after all things and all men as if they were his own." In spite of his caution in raising imperial revenues, however, Antoninus provided regular gifts of money to the people and to the soldiers and produced spectacular public games with a great variety of animals on display. The emperor also used his own funds to distribute oil, grain, and wine free in a time of famine and helped relieve the devastation caused in Rome by fire, flood, and a collapse of stands in the Circus Maximus and by fires and earthquakes in the provinces.

Although the reigns of his two immediate predecessors, Trajan and Hadrian, had seen prolific building activity in Rome and throughout the empire, Antoninus chose to be less lavish in his public works projects. He felt an obligation to complete work begun or promised by Hadrian. Antoninus completed the Mausoleum of Hadrian along the Tiber and built the temples of the Divine Hadrian in the Campus Martius and of Faustina in the Forum. He also restored the oldest bridge in Rome, the Pons Sublicius, the Graecostadium, and the Colosseum. He may even have put some finishing touches on the Pantheon because Julius Capitolinus mentions restoration of a templum Agrippae, but the text may be corrupt and the temple of the Divine Augustus, the restoration of which is recorded on some of Antoninus' coins, may be the intended reference here. Outside Rome, Antoninus repaired several roads and renovated ports in Alexandria, Caieta, and Terracina, a bath at Ostia, an aqueduct at Antium, and the temples in his birthplace, Lanuvium.

Although some sources suggest that Antoninus went in person to Egypt and Syria to put down a revolt of peoples along the Red Sea, Julius Capitolinus says that Antoninus made his home in Rome where he could receive messages from all parts of the empire equally quickly . He also states that to avoid burdening the provinces with the expenses of housing an emperor and his associates Antoninus took expeditions out of Rome only to his estates in Campania. If correct, these actions marked a decided break with the visibility of his two predecessors in the provinces and recreated a more Rome- and Italy-centered empire. Wilhelm Weber commented on this policy: "As if, perhaps, in criticism of Hadrian's conception of his task, he sat like a beneficent spider at the centre of his web, power radiating steadily from him to the farthest bounds of the empire and as steadily returning to him again. For the last time in Imperial history the Emperor was wholly one with Rome and its centralization."

During his third consulship (A.D. 140-144), Antoninus issued a series of unusual coins and medallions which featured entirely new or modified religious/mythological images. Jocelyn Toynbee correctly pointed out that these types were issued to prepare for the celebration of Rome's nine hundredth birthday in A.D. 147/148 and she also discussed two images which represent the emperor's reaction against Hadrian's "cosmopolitanism" and his attempt to restore Rome and Italy to a superior position over the provinces. This unusual series, issued especially in bronze, commemorated Rome's connection to her distant roots from Trojans, Latins, and Sabines and honored gods who had protected the city in the past. Themes associated with Aeneas, Romulus, Numa Pompilius, and Augustus by implication tied in Antoninus as successor to these four model Roman leaders. Although the death of Faustina may have motivated Antoninus' display of public piety to some degree on these coins and medallions, the series also set the tone for the games and rituals of the birthday celebration in 147/148, renewed religious values, and restored Rome's proper relationship with protective gods who had brought the city past success both in war and in peace. Another series of coins, the "anonymous quadrantes", combines a portrait of a god or goddess on the obverse with a reverse symbol of an animal associated with the same deity. The absence of an imperial portrait or any inscription aside from the S.C. authorization of the Senate makes it especially difficult to date this series. However, the similarity of the Jupiter and Venus portraits to images of Antoninus and Faustina and other links to Antoninus' coin-types make it probable that several of these types were issued in Antoninus' reign, perhaps again in connection with Rome's birthday celebration in A.D. 147/148.

Although Antoninus' reign was generally peaceful, Capitolinus says that he fought wars, through legates, against the Britons, Moors, Germans, Dacians, and the Alans and suppressed revolts in Achaea, in Egypt, and among the Jews. The war in Britain was fought around A.D. 142 against the Brigantes and led to the construction of the Antonine Wall across the island as a second line of defense north of Hadrian's Wall. In foreign relations, the emperor's authority was respected among peoples bordering on the empire. Antoninus approved the appointment of kings for the Armenians, for the Lazi, and for the Quadi and he successfully prevented a Parthian attack on Armenia by sending the Parthian king a letter of warning.

Antoninus did continue his predecessor's interest in law and his imperial legislation is cited frequently in Justinian's Digest. Several lawyers served in the emperor's consilium and presumably advised him on legal matters. Antoninus' legislation included protections for slaves, freedmen, and for illegitimate children and further defined family and inheritance law, including consideration of a daughter's wishes in marriage arrangements.

In preparation for the succession, Antoninus' daughter Faustina married Marcus Aurelius in A.D. 145 and she soon became Augusta in place of her deceased mother. Marcus Aurelius was associated in imperial powers and he and L. Verus both held the consulship multiple times in preparation for their accession. Antoninus made sure that he would leave the Empire secure and in sound financial condition and his adopted sons inherited a large surplus (reportedly 675 million denarii) in the Treasury .

Antoninus Pius died in March of A.D. 161, after giving the appropriate imperial watchword which so typified his reign, "equanimity". He was soon afterward deified by the Senate. His adopted sons and successors, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, erected a column of red granite in his honor in the Campus Martius. The marble base for this column, which is preserved in the Vatican, includes a sculpted image of the apotheosis of Antoninus and Faustina. In his Meditations, Marcus Aurelius expressed his enduring love and respect for his adoptive father: "Do all things as a disciple of Antoninus. Think of his constancy in every act rationally undertaken, his invariable equability, his piety, his serenity of countenance, his sweetness of disposition, his contempt for the bubble of fame, and his zeal for getting a true grasp of affairs." In many ways Antoninus Pius was a model emperor who justifiably earned comparison with his own model, Numa Pompilius, and provided the Empire with a period of fortune, religious piety, and security perhaps unmatched in imperial annals.

Copyright (C) 1998, Richard D. Weigel.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
MarcusAureliusLiberalitas_sestertius.jpg
[905a] Marcus Aurelius, 7 March 161 - 17 March 180 A.D.MARCUS AURELIUS AE [b[Sestertius. RIC 1222. 30mm, 24.5g. Struck at Rome, 177 AD. Obverse: M ANTONINUS AVG GERM SARM TR P XXXI, laureate head right; Reverse: LIBERALITAS AVG VII IMP VIIII COS III P P, Liberalitas standing left holding coin counter & cornucopia, SC in fields. Nice portrait. Ex Incitatus. Photo courtesy of Incitatus.


De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180)


Herbert W. Benario
Emory University


Introduction and Sources
The Vita of the emperor in the collection known as the Historia Augusta identifies him in its heading as Marcus Antoninus Philosophus, "Marcus Antoninus the Philosopher." Toward the end of the work, the following is reported about him, sententia Platonis semper in ore illius fuit, florere civitates si aut philosophi imperarent aut imperantes philosopharentur (27.7), "Plato's judgment was always on his lips, that states flourished if philosophers ruled or rulers were philosophers." It is this quality of Marcus' character which has made him a unique figure in Roman history, since he was the first emperor whose life was molded by, and devoted to, philosophy (Julian was the second and last). His reign was long and troubled, and in some ways showed the weaknesses of empire which ultimately led to the "Decline and Fall," yet his personal reputation, indeed his sanctity, have never failed of admirers. Contributing to his fame and reputation is a slender volume of Stoic philosophy which served as a kind of diary while he was involved in military campaigns, the Meditations, a book which can be described as an aureus libellus, a little golden book.

The sources for understanding Marcus and his reign are varied but generally disappointing. There is no major historian. The chief literary sources are the biography in the Historia Augusta, as well as those of Hadrian, Antoninus, Verus, and Avidius Cassius. Debate about this collection of imperial biographies has been heated and contentious for more than a century. In all likelihood, it is the work of a single author writing in the last years of the fourth-century. The information offered ranges from the precisely accurate to the wildly imaginative.

Cassius Dio, who wrote in the decade of the 230s, produced a long history of the empire which has survived, for our period, only in an abbreviated version. Fourth century historians, such as Aurelius Victor and Eutropius, occasionally furnish bits of information. Marcus' teacher, Fronto, a distinguished orator and rhetorician, is extremely useful. Papyri, inscriptions, coins, legal writings, and some of the church writers, such as Tertullian, Eusebius, and Orosius, are very important. Archaeology and art history, with their interpretation of monuments, make the history of Marcus' principate literally visible and offer important clues for understanding the context of his actions.

Early Life
He was born M. Annius Verus on April 26, 121, the scion of a distinguished family of Spanish origin (PIR2 A697). His father was Annius Verus (PIR2 A696), his mother Domitia Lucilla (PIR2 D183). His grandfather held his second consulate in that year and went on to reach a third in 126, a rare distinction in the entire history of the principate, and also served Hadrian as city prefect. The youth's education embraced both rhetoric and philosophy; his manner was serious, his intellectual pursuits deep and devoted, so that the emperor Hadrian took an interest in him and called him "Verissimus," "Most truthful," by punning on his name. He received public honors from an early age and seems to have long been in Hadrian's mind as a potential successor. When Hadrian's first choice as successor, L. Ceionius Commodus, died before his adoptive father, the second choice proved more fruitful. The distinguished senator T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus, from Cisalpine Gaul, did succeed Hadrian, whose arrangements for the succession planned for the next generation as well. He required Antoninus to adopt the young Verus, now to be known as M. Aelius Aurelius Verus, as well as Commodus' son, henceforth known as L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus (PIR2 C606). The former was a bit more than seventeen years old, the latter was eight.

Career under Antoninus Pius
The long tenure of Antoninus Pius proved one of the most peaceful and prosperous in Roman history. The emperor himself was disinclined to military undertakings and never left Italy during his reign. Disturbances to the pax Romana occurred on the fringes of empire. Responses were decisive and successful, with legates in charge in the provinces. As a consequence, neither Caesar gained military experience nor was shown to the armies, a failing which later could have proved decisive and disastrous. Marcus rose steadily through the cursus honorum, holding consulates in 140 and 145, combining magistracies with priesthoods. He received the tribunicia potestas in 147, and perhaps also imperium proconsulare. Yet he never neglected the artes liberals. His closest contacts were with Fronto (c.95-c.160), the distinguished rhetorician and orator. His acquaintance included many other distinguished thinkers, such as Herodes Atticus (c.95-177), the Athenian millionaire and sophist, and Aelius Aristides (117-c.181), two of whose great speeches have survived and which reveal much of the mood and beliefs of the age. Yet it was Epictetus (c.50-c.120) who had the greatest philosophical impact and made him a firm Stoic. In the year 161 Marcus celebrated his fortieth birthday, a figure of noble appearance and unblemished character. He was leading a life which gave him as much honor and glory as he could have desired, probably much more than his private nature enjoyed, yet his life, and that of the empire, was soon to change. The emperor died on March 7, but not before clearly indicating to magistrates and senate alike his desire that Marcus succeed him by having the statue of Fortuna, which had been in his bedroom, transferred to Marcus. There was no opposition, no contrary voice, to his succession. He immediately chose his brother as co-emperor, as Hadrian had planned. From the beginning of the year they were joint consuls and held office for the entire year. Their official titulature was now Imperator Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and Imperator Caesar L. Aurelius Verus Augustus. The military qualities adumbrated by the word Imperator were soon much in demand, for the empire was under pressure in the year 161 in Britain, in Raetia, and in the east, where Parthia once again posed a significant danger.

The Parthian War (161-166)
The incursion in northern Britain and the difficulties along the Danube were soon satisfactorily managed by legates. The danger in the East was of a different magnitude. Tensions between Rome and Parthia had intensified in the last years of Antoninus' reign over control of Armenia, the vast buffer state which had often aroused enmity between the two powers, since each wished to be able to impose a king favorable to its interests. With Antoninus' death and the uncertainty attendant upon a new emperor (in this case two, a dyarchy, for the first time in Rome's history), the Parthian monarch, Vologaeses III, struck rapidly, placed his own candidate upon the Armenian throne, and inflicted severe setbacks upon the Roman forces sent to oppose him. Marcus decided to send his colleague Lucius Verus, whose imperial prestige would underscore the seriousness of the empire's response. Verus lacked military experience and was sorely lacking in the attributes of leadership and command; further, he was notorious for being chiefly interested in amusements and luxury. But Marcus surrounded him with several of the best generals at the empire's disposal, chief among them Avidius Cassius (c.130-175) (PIR2 A1402). From 162 on, Rome's successes and conquests were extensive and decisive. Most of Parthia's significant cities and strongholds, such as Seleucia and Ctesiphon, were stormed and destroyed, and the army's movements eastward recalled the movements of Alexander the Great some five centuries earlier. By 166, Parthia had capitulated and a Roman nominee sat on the Armenian throne. The victory appeared to be the most decisive since Trajan's conquest of Dacia, but, when Verus returned to Italy with his triumphant army, there came also a devastating plague, which had enormous effect on all provinces.
As is the case with all ancient diseases, it is almost impossible to identify this one. In all likelihood, however, it was smallpox; how severe the toll was is debated. Clearly, it cast a pall over the triumph celebrated by the two emperors, who were honored with the titles Armeniacus and Parthicus. The last years of this decade were dominated by efforts to overcome the plague and provide succour to its victims. But already in 166, the German tribes smashed the Danubian limes, threatening the empire's stability and even existence, more than Parthia had ever done. The first campaigns were punctuated by the death of Verus in 169, leaving Marcus as sole emperor. And so began the most difficult period of his life.

The German Wars
Early in 169, the Marcomanni and Quadi crossed the Danube, penetrated the intervening provinces, and entered Italy. The culmination of their onslaught was a siege of Aquileia. The effect upon the inhabitants of the peninsula was frightful. This was the first invasion of Italy since the late second century B.C., when the Cimbri and Teutones had been separately crushed by Marius. Perhaps more vivid in the collective imagination was the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 387, when the city was saved only by the payment of ransom.
The two emperors hastened north, after a rapid mobilization of forces, which included the drafting of slaves, since the manpower potential of the empire had been so impaired by the consequences of the plague and the losses and troop commitments in the East. Verus died while in the north; Marcus returned to Rome with the body and gave his brother full honors. He then turned north again and began his counterattacks against the barbarians. He did not know it at the time, but he was destined to spend most of his remaining years on the northern frontier. The only interlude was caused by revolt in the east.

We have no record of Marcus' ultimate intentions in these campaigns, yet the various stages were clear. First and foremost, the enemy had to be driven out of Italy and then into their own territory beyond the Danube. He strove to isolate the tribes and then defeat them individually, so that the ultimate manpower superiority of the empire and its greater skill in warfare and logistics could more easily be brought to bear. It was a successful strategy, as one tribe after another suffered defeat and reestablished ties with Rome. But it was a time-consuming and expensive operation, requiring the recruitment of two new legions, II Italica and III Italica, the construction of many new camps, such as the legionary fortress at Regensburg, with success accruing year by year. He intended to create two new provinces, Marcomannia and Sarmatia, thereby eliminating the Hungarian Plain and the headwaters of the Elbe as staging areas for invasion.

This steady, slow progress was interrupted in 175 by the action of the distinguished general Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, who claimed the empire for himself. Whether he responded to a rumor of Marcus' death or, as gossip had it, conspired with Marcus' wife, the emperor's response was quick and decisive. Leaving the northern wars, he traveled to the East, but Avidius was killed before Marcus arrived in the region. After spending time settling affairs and showing himself to some of the provinces, with particular attention shown to Athens, where he was initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries, as Hadrian and Verus had been. He returned to Italy and soon answered the call to duty once more on the northern frontier. He took with him as colleague his son Commodus, now merely sixteen years old but already long since marked out as his father's intended successor. The military campaigns proved successful, but in the spring of 180, when Marcus died, at least one more year of warfare was necessary for the attainment of the grand enterprise. Marcus recommended to Commodus continuation of the war, but the new emperor was eager to return to Rome and the ease and luxury of the imperial court and entered into a peace agreement. Never again was Rome to hold the upper hand in its dealings with the Germanic tribes beyond the now reestablished borders of the empire.

Administrative and Religious Policy
Marcus was a conscientious and careful administrator who devoted much attention to judicial matters. His appointments to major administrative positions were for the most part admirable. Difficult tasks were put in the charge of the most capable men; he was not afraid of comparison with his subordinates. Social mobility continued as it had been under his predecessors, with men from the provinces advancing into the upper echelons of the Roman aristocracy. Those of humble birth could make a good career; such a one was Pertinax (126-193), a gifted general, who in early 193 became emperor for a space of less than three months.

The judicial administration of Italy was put in the hands of iuridici, who represented the emperor and thus spoke with his authority. This was a practice which had been established by Hadrian but had been allowed to lapse by Antoninus. The centralization of government continued apace. The imperial finances were sorely stretched by the almost continuous wars. Trajan had brought great wealth, Decebalus' treasure, into the empire after his conquest of Dacia. No such profit awaited Marcus. When preparing for the northern wars, he auctioned off much of the imperial palace's valuables. In spite of the enormous expenses of war, Commodus found ample funds upon his accession as sole emperor for his expenditures and amusements.

Although Marcus was a devoted thinker and philosopher, he was deeply religious, at least outwardly. The state cult received full honor, and he recognized the validity of other people's beliefs, so that the variety of religions in the vast extent of the empire caused no difficulties for inhabitants or government, with one significant exception. The Christians were not hampered by any official policy; indeed the impact of the church spread enormously in the second century. Yet their availability as scapegoats for local crises made them subject to abuse or worse. There was violence against them in 167, and perhaps the worst stain on Marcus' principate stemmed from the pogrom of Christians in Lugdunum in southern France in 177. He did not cause it, nor, on the other hand, did he or his officials move to stop it. Indeed, Tertullian called him a friend of Christianity. Yet the events were a precursor of what would come in the century and a quarter which followed.

Building Programs and Monuments
Many of Marcus' predecessors transformed the face of the capital with their building programs, either by the vast range of their undertaking or by the extraordinary significance of individual monuments. Others did very little to leave a tangible mark. Marcus fell into the latter group. There is record of very few monuments for which he and his brother were responsible. Very early in their reign they honored the deceased Antoninus with a column in the Campus Martius, no longer in situ but largely surviving. The shaft, which seems not to have been sculpted, was used for the restoration of Augustus' obelisk, now in Piazza Montecitorio, in the eighteenth century. The base, which was sculpted on all four sides, is now on display in the Vatican Museum. The chief feature is the apotheosis of the emperor and his long deceased wife, the elder Faustina, as they are borne to heaven. Also presented on this relief are two eagles and personifications of the goddess Roma and of the Campus Martius, represented as a young male figure.

There were three arches which commemorated the military achievements of the two emperors. No trace has been found of an early monument to Verus. Two arches later honored Marcus, both of which have disappeared but have left significant sculptural remains. The eight rectangular reliefs preserved on the Arch of Constantine came from one arch. Similarly, the three reliefs displayed in the stairwell of the Conservatori Museum on the Capitoline Hill came from another. One relief has disappeared from the latter monument.

Certainly the best known monument of Marcus' principate is the column, which rises from Piazza Colonna. It is twin to Trajan's column in height and design, although the artistic craftsmanship of the reliefs which envelop the shaft is much inferior. The subject is Marcus' campaigns against the Marcomanni and Sarmati in the years 172-75. The most interesting panel represents the famous rainstorm, when the army, overwhelmed by drought, was suddenly saved by the divine intervention of rain. Although begun in the latter part of the decade, the column was not completed until 193, when Septimius Severus had become emperor.

The famous equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, which survived the centuries near San Giovanni in Laterano because the rider was identified as Constantine, no longer greets the visitor to the Capitoline, where Michelangelo had placed it in the sixteenth century. It was removed in the 1980s because pollution was destroying it. After careful treatment and restoration, it is now displayed within the museum, with a replica placed in the center of the piazza.

Although outside Rome, mention should be made of the monumental frieze commemorating Lucius Verus' victory over the Parthians in 165. It was an ornament of the city of Ephesus; the extensive sculptural remains are now in the Ephesus Museum in Vienna.

Family
As part of Hadrian's plans for his succession, when Ceionius Commodus was his choice, Marcus was betrothed to the latter's daughter. But when Ceionius died and Antoninus became Hadrian's successor, that arrangement was nullified and Marcus was chosen for the Emperor's daughter, the younger Faustina (PIR2 A716). She had been born in 129, was hence eight years younger than he. They were married in 145; the marriage endured for thirty years. She bore him thirteen children, of whom several died young; the most important were a daughter, Lucilla, and a son Commodus. Lucilla was deployed for political purposes, married first to Lucius Verus in 164, when she was seventeen, and then, after his death, to Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus of Antioch, a much older man who was an important associate of her father /ii]PIR2 C973). Commodus became joint-emperor with his father in 177 and three years later ruled alone.

Faustina's reputation suffered much abuse. She was accused of employing poison and of murdering people, as well as being free with her favors with gladiators, sailors, and also men of rank, particularly Avidius Cassius. Yet Marcus trusted her implicitly and defended her vigorously. She accompanied him on several campaigns and was honored with the title mater castrorum. She was with him in camp at Halala in southern Cappadocia in the winter of 175 when she died in an accident. Marcus dedicated a temple to her honor and had the name of the city changed to Faustinopolis.

Death and Succession
In early 180, while Marcus and Commodus were fighting in the north, Marcus became ill. Which disease carried him off we do not know, but for some days Marcus took no food or drink, being now eager to die. He died on March 17, in the city of Vindobona, although one source reports that it was in Sirmium. His ashes were brought to Rome and placed in Hadrian's mausoleum. Commodus succeeded to all power without opposition, and soon withdrew from the war, thereby stymieing his father's designs and ambitions. It was a change of rulers that proved disastrous for people and empire. Dio called the succession a change from a golden kingdom to one of iron and rust.

Reputation
Gibbon called Marcus "that philosophic monarch," a combination of adjective and noun which sets Marcus apart from all other Roman emperors. His renown has, in subsequent centuries, suffered little, although he was by no means a "perfect" person. He was perhaps too tolerant of other people's failings, he himself used opium. The abundance of children whom his wife bore him included, alas, a male who was to prove one of Rome's worst rulers. How much better it would have been if Marcus had had no son and had chosen a successor by adoption, so that the line of the five good emperors, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, Marcus, could have been extended. It was not to be, and for that Marcus must accept some responsibility.

Yet he was a man of ability and a sense of duty who sacrificed his own delights and interests to the well-being of the state. He was capax imperii, he did his best, and history has been kind to him. As Hamlet said to Horatio, when awaiting the appearance of the ghost of his father,

"He was a man! Take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again." (I 2, 187-88)

His memory remains vivid and tactile because of the famous column, the equestrian statue, and his slender volume of thoughts, written in Greek, the Meditations, from which I choose two quotations with which to conclude:

"If mind is common to us, then also the reason, whereby we are reasoning beings, is common. If this be so, then also the reason which enjoins what is to be done or left undone is common. If this be so, law also is common; if this be so, we are citizens; if this be so, we are partakers in one constitution; if this be so, the Universe is a kind of Commonwealth." (4.4)

"At dawn of day, when you dislike being called, have this thought ready: 'I am called to man's labour; why then do I make a difficulty if I am going out to do what I was born to do and what I was brought into the world for?'" (5.1; both in Farquharson's translation)

Copyright (C) 2001, Herbert W. Benario.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
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