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Aelia Eudoxia, RIC X 104 AntiochAelia Eudoxia, AE3, 400-404 CE
Obverse: AEL EVDO_XIA AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped bust right, wearing pearl necklace and earrings, hair elaborately weaved with long plait up the back of head and tucked under diadem, hand of God holding wreath above head.
Reverse: SALVS REI_PVBLICAE, Victory seated right on cuirass, inscribing Christogram on shield set on a column
ANTG in exergue Antioch, Officina 3. 17.05mm., 1.4 g.
sold 2-2018NORMAN K

(0383) AELIA FLACCILLA(wife of Theodosius I)
383 - 388 AD
AE 2, 5.45 g
O: AEL FLACCILLA, DIAD DR BUST R, SEEN FROM FRONT
R: SALVS REIPVBLICAE, VICTORY SEATED R INSCRIBING CHI RHO ON SHIELD SUPPORTED BY COLUMN, "T" IN RIGHT FIELD
ANTE IN EXE
ANTIOCH RIC 61
(OFFICINA E = 5)
(ex HJBerk)laney

(0401) AELIA EUDOXIA(wife of Arcadius)
401 - 404 AD
STRUCK 401-4-3
AE 16X17.5 mm 2.96 g
O: AEL EVD[OXIA AVG], DRAPED BUST R, HAND OF GOD HOLDING WREATH ABOVE HEAD
R: VICTORY SEATED R INSCRIBING CHRISTOGRAM ON SHIELD SET ON COLUMN
ART GAMMA IN EXE
ANTIOCH, OFFICINA 3 RIC X 104laney

0088 Aelia Eudoxia - AE 4Cyzicus
401-403 AD
diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God
AEL EVDO_XIA AVG
Victory seated right, holding shield with (XP) inside on column
SALVS REI_PVBLICAE
SMKA?
RIC X 103, SRCV 4241?
1,78g 14mmJ. B.

0096 - Denarius Aelia 138 ACObv/ Head of Roma r. in winged helmet, X behind.
Rev/ Dioscuri galloping r., two stars above, P PAETVS below, ROMA in ex.

Ag, 21.0 mm, 3.84 g
Moneyer: P. Aelius Paetus.
Mint: Rome.
RRC 233/1 [dies o/r: 73/91] - Syd. 455 - RSC Aelia 3
ex-AENP Coin Convention Valencia, feb 2012dafnis

027a06. CaracallaBI Tetradrachm. 26mm, 13.70 g. JUDAEA. Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem).
Obv: AVT KAI ANTWNINOC CE, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: ΔHMAPX ЄΞ OYCIAC YΠA TO Δ. Eagle standing facing on thyrsos, wings open, head left; bunch of grapes between legs, vine below. Prieur 1623.lawrence c

052a. PostumusAugustus "Gallic Empire" 260 - 269

Of Batavian origin and Roman commander in Gaul. As pressures mounted on Roman rule in Gaul, he established an independent government in Gaul, Germania, Britannia and Hispania in 260. The emperors in Rome did not have the power to regain control over his territory. In 269, troops loyal to Laelianus (one of Postumus’s commanders) rose in revolt in Mogontiacum (Mainz). Postumus removed the threat, but as a result of his refusal to allow his troops to sack Mainz, some of his troops killed him.lawrence c

07 - Personalities of the EmpireVolusian, Corn. Supera, Valerian I, Mariniana, Gallienus, Salonina, Valerian II, Saloninus, Regalianus, Dryantilla, Macrianus, Quietus, Postumus and Laelianus.mdelvalle

075a. AmandusAmandus (Gnaeus Silvius Amandus) 285 A.D. - 286 A.D. Amandus, along with Quintus Valens Aelianus, were leaders of a revolt by the Bagaudae, oppressed peasants in Gaul. It took two years for Maximianus and his general, Carausius, to defeat them. They were defeated and slain c. 286, on the Marne.lawrence c

089 Laelianus. AE antoninianusobv: IMP C LAELIANVS PF AVG rad. cuir. bust r.
rev: VICTORIA AVG victory running r. holding wreath and palm1 commentshill132

0999 Hadrian Quadrans, Roma 128-29 AD Imperial mines coinReference.
RIC 999; Strack 455a; Woytek 2004

Bust A1

Obv. HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS P P
Laureate head

Rev. AELIANA / • / PINCEN / SIA
within wreath

4.17 gr
18 mm
6h

Note.
Translation:
Aeliana Princensia
Games in honour of Aelius Hadrianus (Aeliana) in Pincum.okidoki

104b. Aelia FlaccillaWife of Theodosius I and mother of Arcadius and Honorius.
lawrence c

104b01. Aelia FlaccillaAE4. 12mm, 0.75 g. Antioch mint. AD 383-388. Obv: AEL FLAC-CILLA AVG, diademed and draped bust right. Rev: SALVS REI-PVBLICAE, Victory seated right, inscribing Chi-Rho onto shield set on column. Mintmark AN Epsilon. RIC IX Antioch 64; Sear 20628.lawrence c

104b02. Aelia FlacillaAE2. 24mm, 4.19 g. Thessalonica mint. 383-388 AD. Obv: AEL FLAC-CILLA AVG, draped bust right with elaborate headdress, necklace and mantle. Rev: SALVS REI-PVBLICAE, Empress standing facing, head right, hands crossed on breast. Cross in right field. Star in left field. Mintmark dot SMHA. RIC IX Heraclea 25.2. A FORUM coin.lawrence c

107b. EudoxiaAelia Eudoxia. Wife of Arcadius. Daughter of Frankish general. She controlled Arcadius during much of his reign. Died 404. Very pious Christian who influenced Arcadius in his religious edicts.lawrence c

107b01. Aelia EudoxiaAE 3. Antioch mint, A.D. 402-4. 16.24 mm, 2.93 g, 5 h
Obv:AEL EVDO-XIA AVG, Diademed and draped bust of Eudoxia right, wearing necklace; above her head the Manus Dei (Hand of God) holds a diadem / [SA]LVS REI PVBLICAE. Rev: , Victory seated right, inscribing Chi-Rho Christogram on shield set on cippus; // [A]NTΓ.
RIC X 104 ; LRBC 2800.
lawrence c

107b02. Aelia EudoxiaAE3 18mm, 2.18g. Constantinople mint. Obv: AEL EVDO-XIA AVG, diademed draped bust right being crowned by hand of god.
Rev: Victory seated right, supporting shield on column inscribed with chi-rho; mintmark CONSA. RIC X Constantinople 101; Sear 20892.lawrence c

107b03. Aelia EudoxiaAE3/4. 16.5mm, 3.68 g. Constantinople mint. Obv: AEL EVDOXIA AVG, diademed draped bust right, crowned by Hand of God. Rev: GLORIA ROMANORVM, empress seated facing on throne, hands folded, being crowned by hand of god, cross to left. Mintmark CON[?]. RIC X Constantinople 78 or 79.lawrence c

107b04. Aelia EudoxiaAE3. 15 mm, 2.39 g. AEL EVDOXIA AVG, Diademed and draped bust right. Hand holding wreath over her head / GLORIA ROMANORVM, Empress enthroned facing, arms crossed over breast, crowned by hand of god. Cross in right field. Mintmark off flan. Similar to RIC X Constantinople 79; Sear 20887. Agora Auc 2 (2023), Lot 541.lawrence c

109 AD: Improvement of the water supply of Rome under TrajanOricalchum sestertius (24.4g, 33mm, 6h) Rome mint. Struck AD 110.
IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS V P P laureate head of Trajan right
AQVA / TRAIANA [in ex.] SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI [around edge] S C [left and right in ex.] River god reclining l. in arched grotto supported by two columns; left arm resting on urn; reed in right hand.
RIC 463 [S]; Cohen 20; Foss (Roman Historical Coins) 103:53

This type celebrates the construction of the Aqua Traiana which was dedicated on 20 June 109 constructed to improve the water supply of Rome. A branch of the Anio Novus was carried over the valley between the Caelian and the Aventine.
A lofty arcade was built upon the 'agger' of Servilius Tullius and passing over the Via Appia and the Porta Capena to the Piscina Publica. Terra-cotta water pipes with the name of Trajan and a leaden pipe inscribed AQVA TRAIANA have been found in excavations.Charles S

11 - Personalities of the Empire
Magnentius, Decentius, Vetranius, Constantius Gallo, Julian II, Jovian, Valentinianus I, Valens, Procopius, Gratianus, Valentinianus II, Theodosius I, Aelia Flacilla and Magnus Maximus mdelvalle

12 - Personalities of the EmpireFlavius Victor, Arcadius, Eudoxia, Honorius, Gala Placidia, Johannes, Theodosius II, Aelia Pulcheria, Valentinianus III, Marcian, Leon I, Severus III, Zenon I and Anastasius I (pre-reform)mdelvalle

149 Aelia Eudoxia. AE3/4 2.4gmobv: AEL EXDO_XIA AVG dia. drp. bust r. being crownd by manus Dei above
rev: GLORIA RO_MANORVM Eudoxia enthroned facing,arms folded over breast, manus Dia above, cross to r.
ex: SMNAhill132

1505b, Theodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D. (Antioch)Theodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D. Bronze AE 3, RIC 44(b), VF, Antioch, 2.17g, 18.1mm, 180o, 9 Aug 378 - 25 Aug 383 A.D. Obverse: D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG, rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis enthroned facing, r. foot on prow, globe in l., scepter in r., Q and F at sides, ANTG in ex; scarce.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

THEODOSIUS I (379-395 A.D.)
David Woods
University College of Cork

Origin and Early Career
Flavius Theodosius was born at Cauca in Spain in about 346 to Thermantia and Theodosius the Elder (so-called to distinguish him from his son). Theodosius the Elder was a senior military officer serving in the Western empire and rose to become the magister equitum praesentalis under the emperor Valentinian I from late 368 until his execution in early 375. As the son of a soldier, Theodosius was legally obliged to enter upon a military career. He seems to have served under his father during his expedition to Britain in 367/8, and was the dux Moesiae Primae by late 374. Unfortunately, great controversy surrounds the rest of his career until Gratian had him hailed as his imperial colleague in succession to the emperor Valens at Sirmium on 19 January 379. It is clear that he was forced to retire home to Spain only to be recalled to active service shortly thereafter, but the circumstances of his forced retirement are shrouded in mystery. His father was executed at roughly the same time, and much speculation has centred on the relationship between these events.

[For a very detailed and interesting discussion of the Foreign Policy of Theodosius and the Civil Wars that plagued his reign, please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm]

Family and Succession
Theodosius married twice. His first wife was the Spanish Aelia Flavia Flaccilla. She bore him Arcadius ca. 377, Honorius on 9 September 384, and Pulcheria ca. 385. Theodosius honoured her with the title of Augusta shortly after his accession, but she died in 386. In late 387 he married Galla, daughter of Valentinian I and full-sister of Valentinian II. She bore him Gratian ca. 388, Galla Placidia ca. 388/390, and died in childbirth in 394, together with her new-born son John. Of his two sons who survived infancy, he appointed Arcadius as Augustus on 19 January 383 and Honorius as Augustus on 23 January 393. His promotion of Arcadius as a full Augustus at an unusually young age points to his determination right from the start that one of his own sons should succeed him. He sought to strengthen Arcadius' position in particular by means of a series of strategic marriages whose purpose was to tie his leading "generals" irrevocably to his dynasty. Hence he married his niece and adoptive daughter Serena to his magister militum per Orientem Stilicho in 387, her elder sister Thermantia to a "general" whose name has not been preserved, and ca. 387 his nephew-in-law Nebridius to Salvina, daughter of the comes Africae Gildo. By the time of his death by illness on 17 January 395, Theodosius had promoted Stilicho from his position as one of the two comites domesticorum under his own eastern administration to that of magister peditum praesentalis in a western administration, in an entirely traditional manner, under his younger son Honorius. Although Stilicho managed to increase the power of the magister peditum praesentalis to the disadvantage of his colleague the magister equitum praesentalis and claimed that Theodosius had appointed him as guardian for both his sons, this tells us more about his cunning and ambition than it does about Theodosius' constitutional arrangements.

Theodosius' importance rests on the fact that he founded a dynasty which continued in power until the death of his grandson Theodosius II in 450. This ensured a continuity of policy which saw the emergence of Nicene Christianity as the orthodox belief of the vast majority of Christians throughout the middle ages. It also ensured the essential destruction of paganism and the emergence of Christianity as the religion of the state, even if the individual steps in this process can be difficult to identify. On the negative side, however, he allowed his dynastic interests and ambitions to lead him into two unnecessary and bloody civil wars which severely weakened the empire's ability to defend itself in the face of continued barbarian pressure upon its frontiers. In this manner, he put the interests of his family before those of the wider Roman population and was responsible, in many ways, for the phenomenon to which we now refer as the fall of the western Roman empire.

Copyright (C) 1998, David Woods.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

There is a nice segue here, as we pick-up John Julius Norwich's summation of the reign of Theodosius, "Readers of this brief account of his career may well find themselves wondering, not so much whether he deserved the title of 'the Great' as how he ever came to acquire it in the first place. If so, however, they may also like to ask themselves another question: what would have been the fate of the Empire if, at that critical moment in its history after the battle of Adrianople, young Gratian had not called him from his Spanish estates and put the future of the East into his hands? . . . the probability is that the whole Empire of the East would have been lost, swallowed up in a revived Gothic kingdom, with effects on world history that defy speculation.

In his civil legislation he showed, again and again, a consideration for the humblest of his subjects that was rare indeed among rulers of the fourth century. What other prince would have decreed that any criminal, sentenced to execution, imprisonment or exile, must first be allowed thirty days' grace to put his affairs in order? Or that a specified part of his worldly goods must go to his children, upon whom their father's crimes must on no account be visited? Or that no farmer should be obliged to sell his produce to the State at a price lower than he would receive on the open market?

Had he earned his title? Not, perhaps, in the way that Constantine had done or as Justinian was to do. But, if not ultimately great himself, he had surely come very close to greatness; and had he reigned as long as they did his achievements might well have equalled theirs. He might even have saved the Western Empire. One thing only is certain: it would be nearly a century and a half before the Romans would look upon his like again" (Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium, the Early Centuries. London: Penguin Group, 1990. 116-7;118).

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

1505c, Theodosius I, 379 - 395 A.D. (Constantinople)Theodosius I (379 - 395 AD) AE3. 388-394 AD, RIC IX 27(a)3, Third Officina. Seventh Period. 20.27 mm. 4.8gm. Near VF with black and earthen patina. Constantinople. Obverse: DN THEODO-SIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, & cuirassed bust right; Reverse: GLORIA-ROMANORVM, Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe, CONSB in exergue (scarcer reverse). A Spanish find.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

THEODOSIUS I (379-395 A.D.)
David Woods
University College of Cork

Origin and Early Career
Flavius Theodosius was born at Cauca in Spain in about 346 to Thermantia and Theodosius the Elder (so-called to distinguish him from his son). Theodosius the Elder was a senior military officer serving in the Western empire and rose to become the magister equitum praesentalis under the emperor Valentinian I from late 368 until his execution in early 375. As the son of a soldier, Theodosius was legally obliged to enter upon a military career. He seems to have served under his father during his expedition to Britain in 367/8, and was the dux Moesiae Primae by late 374. Unfortunately, great controversy surrounds the rest of his career until Gratian had him hailed as his imperial colleague in succession to the emperor Valens at Sirmium on 19 January 379. It is clear that he was forced to retire home to Spain only to be recalled to active service shortly thereafter, but the circumstances of his forced retirement are shrouded in mystery. His father was executed at roughly the same time, and much speculation has centred on the relationship between these events.

[For a very detailed and interesting discussion of the Foreign Policy of Theodosius and the Civil Wars that plagued his reign, please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm]

Family and Succession
Theodosius married twice. His first wife was the Spanish Aelia Flavia Flaccilla. She bore him Arcadius ca. 377, Honorius on 9 September 384, and Pulcheria ca. 385. Theodosius honoured her with the title of Augusta shortly after his accession, but she died in 386. In late 387 he married Galla, daughter of Valentinian I and full-sister of Valentinian II. She bore him Gratian ca. 388, Galla Placidia ca. 388/390, and died in childbirth in 394, together with her new-born son John. Of his two sons who survived infancy, he appointed Arcadius as Augustus on 19 January 383 and Honorius as Augustus on 23 January 393. His promotion of Arcadius as a full Augustus at an unusually young age points to his determination right from the start that one of his own sons should succeed him. He sought to strengthen Arcadius' position in particular by means of a series of strategic marriages whose purpose was to tie his leading "generals" irrevocably to his dynasty. Hence he married his niece and adoptive daughter Serena to his magister militum per Orientem Stilicho in 387, her elder sister Thermantia to a "general" whose name has not been preserved, and ca. 387 his nephew-in-law Nebridius to Salvina, daughter of the comes Africae Gildo. By the time of his death by illness on 17 January 395, Theodosius had promoted Stilicho from his position as one of the two comites domesticorum under his own eastern administration to that of magister peditum praesentalis in a western administration, in an entirely traditional manner, under his younger son Honorius. Although Stilicho managed to increase the power of the magister peditum praesentalis to the disadvantage of his colleague the magister equitum praesentalis and claimed that Theodosius had appointed him as guardian for both his sons, this tells us more about his cunning and ambition than it does about Theodosius' constitutional arrangements.

Theodosius' importance rests on the fact that he founded a dynasty which continued in power until the death of his grandson Theodosius II in 450. This ensured a continuity of policy which saw the emergence of Nicene Christianity as the orthodox belief of the vast majority of Christians throughout the middle ages. It also ensured the essential destruction of paganism and the emergence of Christianity as the religion of the state, even if the individual steps in this process can be difficult to identify. On the negative side, however, he allowed his dynastic interests and ambitions to lead him into two unnecessary and bloody civil wars which severely weakened the empire's ability to defend itself in the face of continued barbarian pressure upon its frontiers. In this manner, he put the interests of his family before those of the wider Roman population and was responsible, in many ways, for the phenomenon to which we now refer as the fall of the western Roman empire.

Copyright (C) 1998, David Woods.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

There is a nice segue here, as we pick-up John Julius Norwich's summation of the reign of Theodosius, "Readers of this brief account of his career may well find themselves wondering, not so much whether he deserved the title of 'the Great' as how he ever came to acquire it in the first place. If so, however, they may also like to ask themselves another question: what would have been the fate of the Empire if, at that critical moment in its history after the battle of Adrianople, young Gratian had not called him from his Spanish estates and put the future of the East into his hands? . . . the probability is that the whole Empire of the East would have been lost, swallowed up in a revived Gothic kingdom, with effects on world history that defy speculation.

In his civil legislation he showed, again and again, a consideration for the humblest of his subjects that was rare indeed among rulers of the fourth century. What other prince would have decreed that any criminal, sentenced to execution, imprisonment or exile, must first be allowed thirty days' grace to put his affairs in order? Or that a specified part of his worldly goods must go to his children, upon whom their father's crimes must on no account be visited? Or that no farmer should be obliged to sell his produce to the State at a price lower than he would receive on the open market?

Had he earned his title? Not, perhaps, in the way that Constantine had done or as Justinian was to do. But, if not ultimately great himself, he had surely come very close to greatness; and had he reigned as long as they did his achievements might well have equalled theirs. He might even have saved the Western Empire. One thing only is certain: it would be nearly a century and a half before the Romans would look upon his like again" (Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium, the Early Centuries. London: Penguin Group, 1990. 116-7;118).

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

161 Aelia Flaccilla (???- 386 A.D.), Constantinopolis, RIC IX 055-3, -/-//CONΓ, AE-1, SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, #1161 Aelia Flaccilla (???- 386 A.D.), Constantinopolis, RIC IX 055-3, -/-//CONΓ, AE-1, SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, #1
Wife of Theodosius I and mother of Honorius and Arcadius.
avers:- AEL FLAC CILLA AVG, Draped bust right, wearing elaborate headdress, necklace, and mantle.
revers:- SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated right on throne, inscribing a Christogram on a shield set on a column.
exe: -/-//CONΓ, diameter: 22mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Constantinopolis, date: 379-388 A.D., ref: RIC IX 55, p-229,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

161 Aelia Flaccilla (???- 386 A.D.), Constantinopolis, RIC IX 061-3, -/-//CONE, AE-4, SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, #1161 Aelia Flaccilla (???- 386 A.D.), Constantinopolis, RIC IX 061-3, -/-//CONE, AE-4, SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, #1
Wife of Theodosius I and mother of Honorius and Arcadius.
avers:- AEL FLACILLA AVG, Diademed, draped bust bust right.
revers:- SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, inscribing Chi-Rho on shield.
exe: -/-//CONE, diameter: 10-10,5mm, weight: 0,80g, axis: 6h,
mint: Constantinopolis, date: 379-388 A.D., ref: RIC IX 61-3, p-229,
Q-001quadrans

161 Aelia Flaccilla (???- 386 A.D.), Heraclea, RIC IX 017-1, -/-//SMHA, AE-4, SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, R!, #1161 Aelia Flaccilla (???- 386 A.D.), Heraclea, RIC IX 017-1, -/-//SMHA, AE-4, SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, R!, #1
Wife of Theodosius I and mother of Honorius and Arcadius.
avers:- AEL FLAC CILLA AVG, Draped bust right, wearing elaborate headdress, necklace, and mantle.
revers:- SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated right on throne, inscribing a Christogram on a shield set on a column.
exe: -/-//SMHA, diameter: 14-14,5mm, weight: 1,18g, axis: 11h, R!
mint: Heraclea, date: 379-388 A.D., ref: RIC IX 17-1, p-196,
Q-001quadrans

166 Aelia Eudoxia (?-404 A.D.), Antioch, RIC X 104, -/-//ANTΓ, AE-3, SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right on cuirass, Scarce! #1166 Aelia Eudoxia (?-404 A.D.), Antioch, RIC X 104, -/-//ANTΓ, AE-3, SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right on cuirass, Scarce! #1
avers: AEL EVDOXIA AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped bust right, wearing necklace and earrings, crowned by the hand of God. (Ex1/Fh3)
reverse: SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated right on cuirass, pointing to a shield inscribed Chi-Rho which rests on a low column.
exergue: -/-//ANTΓ, diameter: 15,0-15,5mm, weight: 2,85g, axis:5h,
mint: Antioch, date: 400-404 A.D., ref: RIC X 104, Sear 20895, Scarce!
Q-001quadrans

166 Aelia Eudoxia (?-404 A.D.), Constantinopolis, RIC X 079, -/†//CONA, AE-3, GLORIA ROMANORVM, Empress enthroned facing, Scarce! #1166 Aelia Eudoxia (?-404 A.D.), Constantinopolis, RIC X 079, -/†//CONA, AE-3, GLORIA ROMANORVM, Empress enthroned facing, Scarce! #1
avers: AEL EVDOXIA AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped bust right, wearing necklace and earrings, crowned by the hand of God. (Ex1/Fh3)
reverse: GLORIA ROMANORVM, Empress enthroned facing, arms crossed over the breast, crowned by the hand of god., † in the right field.
exergue: -/†//CONA, diameter: 14,5mm, weight: 2,28g, axis:11h,
mint: Constantinopolis, date: 395-401 A.D., ref: RIC X 079, p-247, Scarce!
Q-001quadrans

1769 Hadrian Sestertius Roma 130-38 AD Hadrian standing vis-à-vis JudaeaReference.
RIC 1769; Strack 755; Banti 37

Bust C2+

Obv. HADRIANVS COS III P P
Bare head draped bust, viewed from side

Rev. ADVENTUI AVG IVDAEAE; S C in ex.
Hadrian standing right, one hand raised in gesture of address and the other holding scroll: facing him is Italia standing left holding patera over altar placed in the centre, and also holding incense box. Two children stand by her feet. Victim bull at foot of altar

26.16 gr
31 mm
12h

Note.

Hadrian’s arrival in Judaea is commemorated on a very rare ADVENTUS sestertius. On the reverse, the emperor greets the figure of Judaea sacrificing over a pagan altar, accompanied by two children. It would be hard to imagine an image more offensive to Jewish sensibilities.

Hadrian made a brief visit to Judaea circa AD 130, during his second great provincial tour of AD 129-132. Prior to his arrival, rumors spread among the Jews that he intended to rebuild Jerusalem and the great Temple, destroyed during the Jewish War of AD 66-73, so he was at first warmly welcomed. However, Hadrian decided to rebuild the city as the Roman veteran colony of Aelia Capitolina, with a temple to Jupiter replacing the one once dedicated to Jehovah. This ultimately sparked the bloody Bar Kokhba Revolt of AD 132-135, which devastated the province and darkened Hadrian's final years. The rare coinage issued to mark his visit, with the legend ADVENTVS AVG IVDAEA ("the Emperor Enters Judaea") depicts Hadrian being greeted by a female personification of the province and two children. Judaea was renamed Syria Palaestina in response to the Bar Kochba conflict, though precisely when this occurred is not known.

Judaea was the empire’s most troubled province during Hadrian’s reign. For Romans, offering ritual sacrifice to the imperial state cult was a normal civic obligation. Most ancient religions were broadly tolerant of each other’s deities, but the Jews’ fierce insistence that their one, invisible God forbade any form of idolatry in their land was a constant source of tension.2 commentsokidoki

193. Aelia Flaccilla (Wife of Theodosius I)Av.: AEL FLACCILLA AVG
Rv.: SALVS REIPVBLICAE
Ex.: CON ?

AE Maiorina Ø23 / 4.2g
RIC IX 55 Constantinople
Scarce!

198. Aelia Eudoxia (Wife of Arcadius)Av.: AEL EVDOXIA AVG
Rv.: SALVS REIPVBLICAE
Ex.: SMKA

AE Follis Ø16-18 / 2.8g
RIC X 103 Cyzicus1 comments

1ap_2 MessalinaThird wife of Claudius, married in 38 (?)

AE 20, Knossos mint

Bare head of Claudius left, CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS

Draped bust of Messalina right, VALERIA MESSALINA [CAPITONE CYTHERONTE IIVIR] or [CYTHERO CAPITONE] (end of legend off flan)

According to Suetonius: [Claudius] was betrothed twice at an early age: to Aemilia Lepida, great-granddaughter of Augustus, and to Livia Medullina, who also had the surname of Camilla and was descended from the ancient family of Camillus the dictator. He put away the former before their marriage, because her parents had offended Augustus; the latter was taken ill and died on the very day which had been set for the wedding. He then married Plautia Urgulanilla, whose father had been honoured with a triumph, and later Aelia Paetina, daughter of an ex-consul. He divorced both these, Paetina for trivial offences, but Urgulanilla because of scandalous lewdness and the suspicion of murder. Then he married Valeria Messalina, daughter of his cousin Messala Barbatus. But when he learned that besides other shameful and wicked deeds she had actually married Gaius Silius, and that a formal contract had been signed in the presence of witnesses, he put her to death and declared before the assembled praetorian guard that inasmuch as his marriages did not turn out well, he would remain a widower, and if he did not keep his word, he would not refuse death at their hands. . . . [He later married Agrippina Jr.]

He had children by three of his wives: by Urgulanilla, Drusus and Claudia; by Paetina, Antonia; by Messalina, Octavia and a son, at first called Germanicus and later Britannicus. . . .

But it is beyond all belief, that at the marriage which Messalina had contracted with her paramour Silius he signed the contract for the dowry with his own hand, being induced to do so on the ground that the marriage was a feigned one, designed to avert and turn upon another a danger which was inferred from certain portents to threaten the emperor himself. . . .

He was so terror-stricken by unfounded reports of conspiracies that he had tried to abdicate. When, as I have mentioned before, a man with a dagger was caught near him as he was sacrificing, he summoned the senate in haste by criers and loudly and tearfully bewailed his lot, saying that there was no safety for him anywhere; and for a long time he would not appear in public. His ardent love for Messalina too was cooled, not so much by her unseemly and insulting conduct, as through fear of danger, since he believed that her paramour Silius aspired to the throne. . . .

Appius Silanus met his downfall. When Messalina and Narcissus had put their heads together to destroy him, they agreed on their parts and the latter rushed into his patron's bed-chamber before daybreak in pretended consternation, declaring that he had dreamed that Appius had made an attack on the emperor. Then Messalina, with assumed surprise, declared that she had had the same dream for several successive nights. A little later, as had been arranged, Appius, who had received orders the day before to come at that time, was reported to be forcing his way in, and as if were proof positive of the truth of the dream, his immediate accusation and death were ordered. . . .

1 commentsBlindado

1de Postumus259-268

Antoninianus

Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust, right, IMP C POTVMVS PF AVG
Virtus standing right, holding spear & shield, VIRTVS AVG

RIC 93

Postumus rebelled against Gallienus and ruled Gaul, Spain, and Britain. Eutropius wrote: When affairs were in this desperate condition, and the Roman empire almost ruined, POSTUMUS, a man of very obscure birth, assumed the purple in Gaul, and held the government with such ability for ten years, that he recruited the provinces, which had been almost ruined, by his great energy and judgment; but he was killed in a mutiny of the army, because he would not deliver up Moguntiacum, which had rebelled against him, to be plundered by the soldiers, at the time when Lucius Aelianus was endeavouring to effect a change of government.

According to the Historia Augusta: This man, most valiant in war and most steadfast in peace, was so highly respected for his whole manner of life that he was even entrusted by Gallienus with the care of his son Saloninus (whom he had placed in command of Gaul), as the guardian of his life and conduct and his instructor in the duties of a ruler.- Nevertheless, as some writers assert though it does not accord with his character he afterwards broke faith and after slaying Saloninus seized the imperial power. As others, however, have related with greater truth, the Gauls themselves, hating Gallienus most bitterly and being unwilling to endure a boy as their emperor, hailed as their ruler the man who was holding the rule in trust for another, and despatching soldiers they slew the boy. When he was slain, Postumus was gladly accepted by the entire army and by all the Gauls, and for seven years he performed such exploits that he completely restored the provinces of Gaul. . . . Great, indeed, was the love felt for Postumus in the hearts of all the people of Gaul because he had thrust back all the German tribes and had restored the Roman Empire to its former security. But when he began to conduct himself with the greatest sternness, the Gauls, following their custom of always desiring a change of government, at the instigation of Lollianus put him to death.

Zonaras adds: Galienus, when he had learned of [his son's death], proceeded against Postumus, and, when he had engaged him, was initially beaten and then prevailed, with the result that Postumus fled. Then Auriolus was sent to chase him down. Though able to capture him, he was unwilling to pursue him for long, but, coming back, he said that he was unable to capture him. Thus Postumus, having escaped, next organized an army. Galienus again marched upon him and, after he had penned him in a certain city of Gaul, besieged the usurper. In the siege, the sovereign was struck in the back by an arrow and, having become ill as a result, broke off the siege.Blindado

1ds Diocletian284-305

AE antoninianus

Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust, right, IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG
Zeus and Diocletian, CONCORDIA MILITVM

RIC 284B

According to the Historia Augusta, after the death of Numerian: Then a huge assembly was held and a tribunal, too, was constructed. And when the question was asked who would be the most lawful avenger of Numerian and who could be given to the commonwealth as a good emperor, then all, with a heaven-sent unanimity, conferred the title of Augustus on Diocletian. . . . He was at this time in command of the household-troops, an outstanding man and wise, devoted to the commonwealth, devoted to his kindred, duly prepared to face whatever the occasion demanded, forming plans that were always deep though sometimes over-bold, and one who could by prudence and exceeding firmness hold in check the impulses of a restless spirit. This man, then, having ascended the tribunal was hailed as Augustus, and when someone asked how Numerian had been slain, he drew his sword and pointing to Aper, the prefect of the guard, he drove it through him, saying as he did so, "It is he who contrived Numerian's death.''

Eutropius summarized a long and important reign: DIOCLETIAN, a native of Dalmatia, [was] of such extremely obscure birth, that he is said by most writers to have been the son of a clerk, but by some to have been a freedman of a senator named Anulinus. . . . He soon after overthrew Carinus, who was living under the utmost hatred and detestation, in a great battle at Margum, Carinus being betrayed by his own troops, for though he had a greater number of men than the enemy, he was altogether abandoned by them between Viminacium and mount Aureus. He thus became master of the Roman empire; and when the peasants in Gaul made an insurrection, giving their faction the name of Bagaudae, and having for leaders Amandus and Aelianus, he despatched Maximian Herculius, with the authority of Caesar, to suppress them. Maximian, in a few battles of little importance, subdued the rustic multitude, and restored peace to Gaul. . . .

Diocletian promoted MAXIMIAN HERCULIUS from the dignity of Caesar to that of emperor, and created Constantius and Maximian Galerius Caesars, of whom Constantius is said to have been the grand-nephew of Claudius by a daughter, and Maximian Galerius to have been born in Dacia not far from Sardica. That he might also unite them by affinity, Constantius married Theodora the step-daughter of Herculius, by whom he had afterwards six children, brothers to Constantine; while Galerius married Valeria, the daughter of Diocletian; both being obliged to divorce the wives that they had before. . . .

Diocletian, meanwhile, besieging Achilleus in Alexandria, obliged him to surrender about eight months after, and put him to death. He used his victory, indeed, cruelly, and distressed all Egypt with severe proscriptions and massacres. Yet at the same time he made many judicious arrangements and regulations, which continue to our own days. . . .

Diocletian was of a crafty disposition, with much sagacity, and keen penetration. He was willing to gratify his own disposition to cruelty in such a way as to throw the odium upon others; he was however a very active and able prince. He was the first that introduced into the Roman empire a ceremony suited rather to royal usages than to Roman liberty, giving orders that he should be adored, whereas all emperors before him were only saluted. He put ornaments of precious stones on his dress and shoes, when the imperial distinction had previously been only in the purple robe, the rest of the habit being the same as that of other men. . . .

But when Diocletian, as age bore heavily upon him, felt himself unable to sustain the government of the empire, he suggested to Herculius that they should both retire into private life, and commit the duty of upholding the state to more vigorous and youthful hands. With this suggestion his colleague reluctantly complied. Both of them, in the same day, exchanged the robe of empire for an ordinary dress, Diocletian at Nicomedia, Herculius at Milan, soon after a magnificent triumph which they celebrated at Rome over several nations, with a noble succession of pictures, and in which the wives, sisters, and children of Narseus were led before their chariots. The one then retired to Salonae, and the other into Lucania.

Diocletian lived to an old age in a private station, at a villa which is not far from Salonae, in honourable retirement, exercising extraordinary philosophy, inasmuch as he alone of all men, since the foundation of the Roman empire, voluntarily returned from so high a dignity to the condition of private life, and to an equality with the other citizens. That happened to him, therefore, which had happened to no one since men were created, that, though he died in a private condition, he was enrolled among the gods. Blindado

1dt Maximianus286-305, 306-308, 310

Quarter Follis

Laureate head, right, IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
Genius standing left, with modius on head, cornucopia & patera, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, SIS in exergue

RIC 146

Eutropius records: [Diocletian] thus became master of the Roman empire; and when the peasants in Gaul made an insurrection, giving their faction the name of Bagaudae, and having for leaders Amandus and Aelianus, he despatched Maximian Herculius, with the authority of Caesar, to suppress them. Maximian, in a few battles of little importance, subdued the rustic multitude, and restored peace to Gaul. . . . While disorder thus prevailed throughout the world, while Carausius was taking arms in Britain and Achilleus in Egypt, while the Quinquegentiani were harassing Africa, and Narseus was making war upon the east, Diocletian promoted MAXIMIAN HERCULIUS from the dignity of Caesar to that "of emperor, and created Constantius and Maximian Galerius Caesars. . . .

Maximian the emperor, brought the war to an end in Africa, by subduing the Quinquegentiani, and compelling them to make peace. . . .

Herculius was undisguisedly cruel, and of a violent temper, and showed his severity of disposition in the sternness of his looks. Gratifying his own inclination, he joined with Diocletian in even the most cruel of his proceedings. But when Diocletian, as age bore heavily upon him, felt himself unable to sustain the government of the empire, he suggested to Herculius that they should both retire into private life, and commit the duty of upholding the state to more vigorous and youthful hands. With this suggestion his colleague reluctantly complied. Both of them, in the same day, exchanged the robe of empire for an ordinary dress, Diocletian at Nicomedia, Herculius at Milan, soon after a magnificent triumph which they celebrated at Rome over several nations, with a noble succession of pictures, and in which the wives, sisters, and children of Narseus were led before their chariots. The one then retired to Salonae, and the other into Lucania.

But after the death of Constantius, CONSTANTINE, his son by a wife of obscure birth, was made emperor in Britain, and succeeded his father as a most desirable ruler. In the meantime the praetorian guards at Rome, having risen in insurrection, declared MAXENTIUS, the son of Maximian Herculius, who lived in the Villa Publica not far from the city, emperor. At the news of this proceeding, Maximian, filled with hopes of regaining the imperial dignity, which he had not willingly resigned, hurried to Rome from Lucania. . . , and stimulated Diocletian by letters to resume the authority that he had laid down, letters which Diocletian utterly disregarded. Severus Caesar, being despatched to Rome by Galerius to suppress the rising of the guards and Maxentius, arrived there with his army, but, as he was laying siege to the city, was deserted through the treachery of his soldiers.

The power of Maxentius was thus increased, and his government established. Severus, taking to flight, was killed at Ravenna. Maximian Herculius, attempting afterwards, in an assembly of the army, to divest his son Maxentius of his power, met with nothing but mutiny and reproaches from the soldiery. He then set out for Gaul, on a planned stratagem, as if he had been driven away by his son, that he might join his son-in-law Constantine, designing, however, if he could find an opportunity, to cut off Constantine, who was ruling in Gaul with great approbation both of the soldiers and the people of the province, having overthrown the Franks and Alemanni with great slaughter, and captured their kings, whom, on exhibiting a magnificent show of games, he exposed to wild beasts. But the plot being made known by Maximian's daughter Fausta, who communicated the design to her husband, Maximian was cut off at Marseilles, whence he was preparing to sail to join his son, and died a well-deserved death. . . .Blindado

1ev Aelia FlaccilaAE4, small module

Diademed, draped bust right t, AEL FLACCILLA AVG
Victory seated right, inscribing chi-rho on shield set on cippus, SALVS REIPVBLICAE

RIC 35
First wife of TheodisiusBlindado

201 - AELIA FLACILLAAelia Flavia Flaccilla was a Roman empress, first wife of the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, and mother of Aelia Pulcheria and the future emperors Arcadius and Honorius.

for obverse, reverse and coin details click hereshanxi

206 - EVDOXIAAelia Eudoxia was a Roman Empress consort by marriage to the Roman Emperor Arcadius.

for obverse, reverse and coin details click hereshanxi

311. PostumusPostumus was recognized as emperor in Gaul, Spain, Germany, and Britain. He set up the capital of his renegade empire at Cologne, complete with its own senate, consuls and praetorian guard. He represented himself as the restorer of Gaul on some of his coins, a title he earned after successfully defending Gaul against the Germans. The coins issued by Postumus were of better workmanship and higher precious metal content than coins issued by Gallienus.

In 263, Gallienus launched a campaign to defeat Postumus. After initial success against Postumus, Gallienus was seriously wounded and needed to return home. After his failed attempt at defeating Postumus, Gallienus was occupied with crises in the rest of his empire and never challenged Postumus again.

Aureolus, a general of Gallienus who was in command of Milan, openly changed sides and allied himself with Postumus. The city of Milan would have been critical to Postumus if he planned to march on Rome. For whatever reason, Postumus failed to support Aureolus, who was besieged by Gallienus.

Postumus, one of Gallienus usurpers, was himself challenged by a usurper in 268. Laelianus, one of Postumus' top military leaders, was declared emperor in Mainz by the local garrison and surrounding troops (Legio XXII Primigenia). Although Postumus was able to quickly capture Mainz and kill Laelianus, he was unable to control his own troops and they turned on him and killed him, since they were dissatisfied with him for not allowing them to sack the city of Mainz (Aur. Vict. 33.8; Eutrop. 9.9.1).

Following the death of Postumus, his empire lost control of Britain and Spain, and the shrunken remains of the Gallic Empire were inherited by Marius.

Postumus AR Antoninianus. IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right / MONETA AVG, Moneta standing left with scales & cornucopiae. RIC 75. RSC 199.ecoli

4) Antony: SosiusGAIUS SOSIUS
General to Antony
Æ 26mm (14.5 g). ~ 38 BC.
Cilicia, Uncertain Mint.

Bare head right / Fiscus, sella, quaestoria and hasta; Q below.

Coin has been attributed to multiple rulers, including Julius Caesar, Augustus and Brutus. Now believed to be Sosius, General to Antony and Governor of Syria.

RPC I 5409; Laffaille 324; Grant, FITA, pg. 13. aFine, brown patina, scratches. Rare.
0001SOS

Sosius was wily and accomplished man. A talented general, he received a triumph. However, he consistently picked the wrong side in Rome's Civil Wars (Senate vs. Caesar, then Antony vs. Octavian) yet somehow managed to keep his head.

According to Wikipedia:

Gaius Sosius was a Roman general and politician.

Gaius Sosius was elected quaestor in 66 BC and praetor in 49 BC. Upon the start of the civil war, he joined the party of the Senate and Pompey. Upon the flight of Pompey to Greece, Sosius returned to Rome and submitted to Julius Caesar.

After the assassination of Caesar, Sosius joined the party of Mark Antony, by whom in 38 BC he was appointed governor of Syria and Cilicia in the place of Publius Ventidius. As governor, Sosius was commanded by Antony to support Herod against Antigonus the Hasmonean, when the latter was in possession of Jerusalem. In 37 BC, he advanced against Jerusalem and after he became master of the city, Sosius placed Herod upon the throne. In return for this services, he was awarded a triumph in 34 BC, and he became consul along with Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus as his colleague in 32 BC.

When civil war broke out between Antony and Octavian, Sosius espoused the cause of Antony and violently attacked Octavian in the senate, for which he was forced to flee to the east. In 31 BC, Sosius commanded a squadron in Mark Antony's fleet with which he managed to defeat the squadron of Taurius Rufus – according to Dio 50.14 – and put it to flight, but when the latter was reinforced by Marcus Agrippa, Sosius's ally Tarcondimotus – the king of Cilicia – was killed and Sosius himself was forced to flee. At Actium, Sosius commanded the left wing of Antony's fleet. After the battle, from which he managed to escape, his hiding place was detected and Sosius was captured and brought before Octavian but, at the intercession of Lucius Arruntius, Octavian pardoned him. He returned to Rome and completed his building project on the temple of Apollo Medicus (begun in 34 BC), dedicating it in Octavian's name.

Unknown sons, but two daughters : Sosia and Sosia Galla, possibly by an Asinia,[1] a Nonia or an Aelia. However the name reappears with Q. Sosius Senecio, (consul in 99 and 107).[2] and Saint Sosius (275-305 AD).

Sosius attended the Ludi Saeculares in 17 according to an inscription CIL 6.32323 = ILS 5050 as a quindecimvir.
RM00024 commentsSosius

4.1 Aelia Capitolina (Roman Jerusalem)Antoninus Pius
Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem) city coin
Sear 1526, Meshorer 12

obv. IMP CAE ANTONINVS AVG P PP
laureate Antoninus PiusEcgþeow

4.2 Aelia Capitolina (Roman Jerusalem)Antoninus Pius
Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem) city coin

rev. M AVRELIVS CAESAR C A C
young Marcus Aurelius, bare head, Caesar Ecgþeow

515a. Aelia FlacillaEmpress, wife of Theodosius the Great, died c. A. D. 385 or 386. Like Theodosius himself, his first wife, Ælia Flaccilla, was of Spanish descent. She may have been the daughter of Claudius Antonius, Prefect of Gaul, who was consul in 382. Her marriage with Theodosius probably took place in the year 376, when his father, the comes Theodosius, fell into disfavour and he himself withdrew to Cauca in Gallæcia, for her eldest son, afterwards Emperor Arcadius, was born towards the end of the following year. In the succeeding years she presented two more children to her husband Honorius (384), who later became emperor, and Pulcheria, who died in early childhood, shortly before her mother. Gregory of Nyssa states expressly that she had three children; consequently the Gratian mentioned by St. Ambrose, together with Pulcheria, was probably not her son. Flaccilla was, like her husband, a zealous supporter of the Nicene Creed and prevented the conference between the emperor and the Arian Eunomius (Sozomen, Hist. eccl., VII, vi). On the throne she was a shining example of Christian virtue and ardent charity. St. Ambrose describes her as "a soul true to God" (Fidelis anima Deo. — "De obitu Theodosii", n. 40, in P. L., XVI, 1462). In his panegyric St. Gregory of Nyssa bestowed the highest praise on her virtuous life and pictured her as the helpmate of the emperor in all good works, an ornament of the empire, a leader of justice, an image of beneficence. He praises her as filled with zeal for the Faith, as a pillar of the Church, as a mother of the indigent. Theodoret in particular exalts her charity and benevolence (Hist. eccles., V, xix, ed. Valesius, III, 192 sq.). He tells us how she personally tended cripples, and quotes a saying of hers: "To distribute money belongs to the imperial dignity, but I offer up for the imperial dignity itself personal service to the Giver." Her humility also attracts a special meed of praise from the church historian. Flaccilla was buried in Constantinople, St. Gregory of Nyssa delivering her funeral oration. She is venerated in the Greek Church as a saint, and her feast is kept on 14 September. The Bollandists (Acta SS., Sept., IV, 142) are of the opinion that she is not regarded as a saint but only as venerable, but her name stands in the Greek Menæa and Synaxaria followed by words of eulogy, as is the case with the other saints

Wife of Theodosius. The reverse of the coin is very interesting; a nice bit of Pagan-Christian syncretism with winged victory inscribing a chi-rho on a shield. 1 commentsecoli

516. HonoriusFlavius Honorius (September 9, 384–August 15, 423) was Emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 395 until his death. He was the younger son of Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of the Eastern emperor Arcadius.

Honorius was declared Augustus in 393 by his father and became western emperor at the age of 10, following his father's death in January 395. For the first part of his reign he depended on the military leadership of the Vandal general Stilicho. To strengthen his bonds to the young emperor, Stilicho married his daughter Maria to him.

At first Honorius based his capital in Milan, but when the Visigoths entered Italy in 402 he moved his capital to the coastal city of Ravenna, which was protected by a ring of marshes and strong fortifications. While the new capital was easier to defend, it was poorly situated to allow Roman forces to protect central Italy from the barbarian incursions.

The most notable event of his reign was the assault and sack of Rome on August 24, 410 by the Visigoths under Alaric.

The city had been under Visigothic siege since shortly after Stilicho's deposition and execution in the summer of 408. Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly barbarian Roman Army, Honorius could do little to attack Alaric's forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could do in the situation: wait passively to Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could. Unfortunately, this course of action appeared to be the product of Honorius' indecisive character and he suffered much criticism for it both from contemporaries and later historians.

Whether this plan could have worked is perhaps debatable, especially since he deprived himself of several skillful officers by only promoting Catholics to the top military positions. In any case it was overtaken by events. Stricken by starvation, somebody opened Rome's defenses to Alaric and the Goths poured in. The city had not been under the control of a foreign force since an invasion of Gallic Celts some seven centuries before. The victorious Visigoths did untold damage to the city and the shock of this event reverberated from Britain to Jerusalem, and inspired Augustine to write his magnum opus, The City of God.

The year 410 also saw Honorius reply to a British plea for assistance against local barbarian incursions. Preoccupied with the Visigoths and lacking any real capabilities to assist the distant province, Honorius told the Britons to defend themselves as best they could.

There is a story (which Gibbon disbelieved) that when he heard the news that Rome had "perished", Honorius was initially shocked; thinking the news was in reference to a favorite chicken he had named "Roma", he recalled in disbelief that the bird was just recently feeding out of his hand. It was then explained to him that the Rome in question was the city.

His reign of twenty-eight years was one of the most disastrous in the Roman annals. Honorius' supposed weakness and timidity in the face of internal dissension and the attacks of the Visigoths and Vandals is often said to have contributed to the rapid disintegration of the western half of the empire.

RIC X Antioch 153
ecoli

517. ArcadiusFlavius Arcadius (377/378–May 1, 408) was Roman Emperor in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire from 395 until his death.

Arcadius was the elder son of Theodosius I and Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of Honorius, who would become a Western Roman Emperor. His father declared him an Augustus in January, 383. His younger brother was also declared an Augustus in 393.

As Emperors, Honorius was under the control of the Romanized Vandal magister militum Flavius Stilicho while Arcadius was dominated by one of his ministers, Rufinus. Stilicho is alleged by some to have wanted control of both emperors, and is supposed to have had Rufinus assassinated by Gothic mercenaries in 395, but definite proof of these allegations is lacking. In any case, Arcadius' new advisor Eutropius simply took Rufinus' place as the power behind the Eastern imperial throne. Arcadius was also dominated by his wife Aelia Eudoxia, who convinced her husband to dismiss Eutropius in 399. Eudoxia was strongly opposed by John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, who felt that she had used her family's wealth to gain control over the emperor. Eudoxia used her influence to have Chrysostom deposed in 404, but she died later that year.

Arcadius was dominated for the rest of his rule by Anthemius, the Praetorian Prefect, who made peace with Stilicho in the West. Arcadius himself was more concerned with appearing to be a pious Christian than he was with political or military matters, and he died, only nominally in control of his empire, in 408.

Bronze AE 4, RIC 67d and 70a, choice aEF, 1.14g, 13.8mm, 180o, Antioch mint, 383-395 A.D.; obverse D N ARCADIVS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse SALVS REIPVBLICE, Victory advancing left holding trophy over right shoulder, dragging captive with left, staurogram left, ANTG in ex; Ex Aiello; Ex Forumecoli

601. EudoxiaAelia Eudoxia (d. 6 October 404) was the wife of the Eastern Roman emperor Arcadius.

The daughter of a certain Bauto, a Frankish magister militum serving in the Western Roman army during the 380s, Eudoxia owed her marriage to the youthful Emperor Arcadius on 27 April 395 to the intrigues of the eunuch of the palace, Eutropius. She had very considerable influence over her husband, who was of rather weak character and who was more interested in Christian piety than imperial politics.

In 399 she succeeded, with help from the leader of the Empire's Gothic mercenaries, in deposing her erstwhile benefactor Eutropius, who was later executed over the protests of John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople.

John Chrysostom was already becoming unpopular at court due to his efforts at reforming the Church, and in 403 Eudoxia and Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria, succeeded in having the outspoken Patriarch condemned by a synod and then deposed. He was exiled to Armenia the next year after a brief return to power resulting from popular disgust at his fall and an earthquake which reinforced those feelings.

Eudoxia had a total of seven pregnancies, five of which were successful. Her final pregnancy ended in a miscarriage which led to her death on October 6, 404. One of her children was the future emperor Theodosius II.

In 403, Simplicius, Prefect of Constantinople, erected a statue dedicated to her on a column of porphyry. Arcadius renamed the town of Selymbria (Silivri) Eudoxiopolis after her, though this name did not survive.

Bronze AE 4, RIC 102, S 4241, VM 6, VF, 2.14g, 17.0mm, 180o, Nikomedia mint, 401-403 A.D.; obverse AEL EVDOXIA AVG, diademed and draped bust right with hand of God holding wreath over her head; reverse SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated on cuirass inscribing Christogram on shield, SMNA in ex; softly struck reverse; rareecoli

602. Theodosius IIFlavius Theodosius II (April, 401 - July 28, 450 ). The eldest son of Eudoxia and Arcadius who at the age of 7 became the Roman Emperor of the East.

He was heavily influenced by his eldest sister Pulcheria who pushed him towards Eastern Christianity. Pulcheria was the primary driving power behind the emperor and many of her views became official policy. These included her anti-Semitic view which resulted in the destruction of synagogues.

On the death of his father Arcadius in 408, he became Emperor. In June 421 Theodosius married the poet Aelia Eudocia. They had a daughter, Licinia Eudoxia, whose marriage with the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III marked the re-unification of the two halves of the Empire, even if for a short time. Theodosius created the University of Constantinople, and died in 450 as the result of a riding accident.

Bronze AE4, S 4297, VG, .96g, 12.3mm, 0o, uncertain mint, 408-450 A.D.; obverse D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse no legend, cross in wreath, obscure mintmark in exergue; ex Forumecoli

604a. Leo I and VerinaAelia Verina (died 484) was the wife of Byzantine emperor Leo I, and the mother-in-law of Zeno, who was married to her daughter Ariadne.

Her origins are unknown. She originally supported Zeno while the young emperor Leo II was still alive, but after Leo II's death in 474 she turned against her son-in-law. She conspired against him with her lover Patricius, her brother Basiliscus, the Isaurian general Illus, and general Theodoric Strabo, forcing Zeno to flee Constantinople in 475. Basiliscus then briefly became the rival emperor, until 476 when Verina reconciled with Zeno.

Verina then conspired against Illus, who discovered the plot, and with Zeno's consent had her imprisoned. This led to another conspiracy led by Verina's son Marcian (a grandson of the emperor Marcian), but Marcian was defeated and exiled.

In 483 Zeno asked Illus to release Verina, but by now Illus was opposed to Zeno's Monophysite sympathies. Illus allied with Verina and declared a general named Leontius emperor, but Zeno defeated them as well. Illus and Verina fled to Isauria, where Verina died in 484.

Bronze AE4, RIC 713-718, obverse D N LE-O (or similar), Pearl diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse Empress Verina standing facing holding cross on globe and transverse scepter, b - E across fields, From uncleaned pile

ecoli

71. Aelia Flaccilla.AE 2, 383 - 386, Antioch mint.
Obverse: AEL FLACCILLA AVG / Diademed bust of Aelia Flaccilla.
Reverse: SALVS REIPVBLICAE / Empress standing, arms folded on breast.
Mint mark: ANTE
4.80 gm., 21.5 mm.
RIC #62; LRBC #2760; Sear #20621.1 commentsCallimachus

710a, Vespasian, 1 July 69 - 24 June 79 A.D.Silver denarius, RIC II, 10, aVF, 3.5 g, 18mm, Rome mint, 69-71 AD; Obverse: IMP CAESA[R] VESPASIANV[S AV]G - Laureate head right; Reverse: COS ITER [T]R POT - Pax seated left holding branch and caduceus. Ex Imperial Coins.

De Imperatoribus Romanis:
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 69-79)

John Donahue
College of William and Mary

Introduction

Titus Flavius Vespasianus (b. A.D. 9, d. A.D. 79, emperor A.D. 69-79) restored peace and stability to an empire in disarray following the death of Nero in A.D. 68. In the process he established the Flavian dynasty as the legitimate successor to the Imperial throne. Although we lack many details about the events and chronology of his reign, Vespasian provided practical leadership and a return to stable government - accomplishments which, when combined with his other achievements, make his emperorship particularly notable within the history of the Principate.

Early Life and Career

Vespasian was born at Falacrina near Sabine Reate on 17 November, A.D. 9, the son of T. Flavius Sabinus, a successful tax collector and banker, and Vespasia Polla. Both parents were of equestrian status. Few details of his first fifteen years survive, yet it appears that his father and mother were often away from home on business for long periods. As a result, Vespasian's early education became the responsibility of his paternal grandmother, Tertulla. [[1]] In about A.D. 25 Vespasian assumed the toga virilis and later accepted the wearing of the latus clavus, and with it the senatorial path that his older brother, T. Flavius Sabinus, had already chosen. [[2]] Although many of the particulars are lacking, the posts typically occupied by one intent upon a senatorial career soon followed: a military tribunate in Thrace, perhaps for three or four years; a quaestorship in Crete-Cyrene; and the offices of aedile and praetor, successively, under the emperor Gaius. [[3]]

It was during this period that Vespasian married Flavia Domitilla. Daughter of a treasury clerk and former mistress of an African knight, Flavia lacked the social standing and family connections that the politically ambitious usually sought through marriage. In any case, the couple produced three children, a daughter, also named Flavia Domitilla, and two sons, the future emperors Titus and Domitian . Flavia did not live to witness her husband's emperorship and after her death Vespasian returned to his former mistress Caenis, who had been secretary to Antonia (daughter of Marc Antony and mother of Claudius). Caenis apparently exerted considerable influence over Vespasian, prompting Suetonius to assert that she remained his wife in all but name, even after he became emperor. [[4]]

Following the assassination of Gaius on 24 January, A.D. 41, Vespasian advanced rapidly, thanks in large part to the new princeps Claudius, whose favor the Flavians had wisely secured with that of Antonia, the mother of Germanicus, and of Claudius' freedmen, especially Narcissus. [[5]] The emperor soon dispatched Vespasian to Argentoratum (Strasbourg) as legatus legionis II Augustae, apparently to prepare the legion for the invasion of Britain. Vespasian first appeared at the battle of Medway in A.D. 43, and soon thereafter led his legion across the south of England, where he engaged the enemy thirty times in battle, subdued two tribes, and conquered the Isle of Wight. According to Suetonius, these operations were conducted partly under Claudius and partly under Vespasian's commander, Aulus Plautius. Vespasian's contributions, however, did not go unnoticed; he received the ornamenta triumphalia and two priesthoods from Claudius for his exploits in Britain. [[6]]

By the end of A.D. 51 Vespasian had reached the consulship, the pinnacle of a political career at Rome. For reasons that remain obscure he withdrew from political life at this point, only to return when chosen proconsul of Africa about A.D. 63-64. His subsequent administration of the province was marked by severity and parsimony, earning him a reputation for being scrupulous but unpopular. [[7]] Upon completion of his term, Vespasian returned to Rome where, as a senior senator, he became a man of influence in the emperor Nero's court. [[8]] Important enough to be included on Nero's tour of Greece in A.D. 66-67, Vespasian soon found himself in the vicinity of increasing political turbulence in the East. The situation would prove pivotal in advancing his career.

Judaea and the Accession to Power

In response to rioting in Caesarea and Jerusalem that had led to the slaughter in the latter city of Jewish leaders and Roman soldiers, Nero granted to Vespasian in A.D. 66 a special command in the East with the objective of settling the revolt in Judaea. By spring A.D. 67, with 60,000 legionaries, auxiliaries, and allies under his control, Vespasian set out to subdue Galilee and then to cut off Jerusalem. Success was quick and decisive. By October all of Galilee had been pacified and plans for the strategic encirclement of Jerusalem were soon formed. [[9]] Meanwhile, at the other end of the empire, the revolts of Gaius Iulius Vindex, governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, and Servius Sulpicius Galba , governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, had brought Nero's reign to the brink of collapse. The emperor committed suicide in June, A.D. 68, thereby ensuring chaos for the next eighteen months, as first Galba and then Marcus Salvius Otho and Aulus Vitellius acceded to power. Each lacked broad-based military and senatorial support; each would be violently deposed in turn. [[10]]

Still occupied with plans against Jerusalem, Vespasian swore allegiance to each emperor. Shortly after Vitellius assumed power in spring, A.D. 69, however, Vespasian met on the border of Judaea and Syria with Gaius Licinius Mucianus, governor of Syria, and after a series of private and public consultations, the two decided to revolt. [[11]] On July 1, at the urging of Tiberius Alexander, prefect of Egypt, the legions of Alexandria declared for Vespasian, as did the legions of Judaea two days later. By August all of Syria and the Danube legions had done likewise. Vespasian next dispatched Mucianus to Italy with 20,000 troops, while he set out from Syria to Alexandria in order to control grain shipments for the purpose of starving Italy into submission. [[12]] The siege of Jerusalem he placed in the hands of his son Titus.

Meanwhile, the Danubian legions, unwilling to wait for Mucianus' arrival, began their march against Vitellius ' forces. The latter army, suffering from a lack of discipline and training, and unaccustomed to the heat of Rome, was defeated at Cremona in late October. [[13]] By mid-December the Flavian forces had reached Carsulae, 95 kilometers north of Rome on the Flaminian Road, where the Vitellians, with no further hope of reinforcements, soon surrendered. At Rome, unable to persuade his followers to accept terms for his abdication, Vitellius was in peril. On the morning of December 20 the Flavian army entered Rome. By that afternoon, the emperor was dead. [[14]]

Tacitus records that by December 22, A.D. 69, Vespasian had been given all the honors and privileges usually granted to emperors. Even so, the issue remains unclear, owing largely to a surviving fragment of an enabling law, the lex de imperio Vespasiani, which conferred powers, privileges, and exemptions, most with Julio-Claudian precedents, on the new emperor. Whether the fragment represents a typical granting of imperial powers that has uniquely survived in Vespasian's case, or is an attempt to limit or expand such powers, remains difficult to know. In any case, the lex sanctioned all that Vespasian had done up to its passing and gave him authority to act as he saw fit on behalf of the Roman people. [[15]]

What does seem clear is that Vespasian felt the need to legitimize his new reign with vigor. He zealously publicized the number of divine omens that predicted his accession and at every opportunity he accumulated multiple consulships and imperial salutations. He also actively promoted the principle of dynastic succession, insisting that the emperorship would fall to his son. The initiative was fulfilled when Titus succeeded his father in A.D. 79.[[16]]

Emperorship

Upon his arrival in Rome in late summer, A.D. 70, Vespasian faced the daunting task of restoring a city and a government ravaged by the recent civil wars. Although many particulars are missing, a portrait nevertheles emerges of a ruler conscientiously committed to the methodical renewal of both city and empire. Concerning Rome itself, the emperor encouraged rebuilding on vacated lots, restored the Capitol (burned in A.D. 69), and also began work on several new buildings: a temple to the deified Claudius on the Caelian Hill, a project designed to identify Vespasian as a legitimate heir to the Julio-Claudians, while distancing himself from Nero ; a temple of Peace near the Forum; and the magnificent Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), located on the site of the lake of Nero 's Golden House. [[17]]

Claiming that he needed forty thousand million sesterces for these projects and for others aimed at putting the state on more secure footing, Vespasian is said to have revoked various imperial immunities, manipulated the supply of certain commodities to inflate their price, and increased provincial taxation. [[18]] The measures are consistent with his characterization in the sources as both obdurate and avaricious. There were occasional political problems as well: Helvidius Priscus, an advocate of senatorial independence and a critic of the Flavian regime from the start, was exiled after A.D. 75 and later executed; Marcellus Eprius and A. Alienus Caecina were condemned by Titus for conspiracy, the former committing suicide, the latter executed in A.D. 79.
As Suetonius claims, however, in financial matters Vespasian always put revenues to the best possible advantage, regardless of their source. Tacitus, too, offers a generally favorable assessment, citing Vespasian as the first man to improve after becoming emperor. [[19]] Thus do we find the princeps offering subventions to senators not possessing the property qualifications of their rank, restoring many cities throughout the empire, and granting state salaries for the first time to teachers of Latin and Greek rhetoric. To enhance Roman economic and social life even further, he encouraged theatrical productions by building a new stage for the Theatre of Marcellus, and he also put on lavish state dinners to assist the food trades. [[20]]

In other matters the emperor displayed similar concern. He restored the depleted ranks of the senatorial and equestrian orders with eligible Italian and provincial candidates and reduced the backlog of pending court cases at Rome. Vespasian also re-established discipline in the army, while punishing or dismissing large numbers of Vitellius ' men. [[21]]
Beyond Rome, the emperor increased the number of legions in the East and continued the process of imperial expansion by the annexation of northern England, the pacification of Wales, and by advances into Scotland and southwest Germany between the Rhine and the Danube. Vespasian also conferred rights on communities abroad, especially in Spain, where the granting of Latin rights to all native communities contributed to the rapid Romanization of that province during the Imperial period. [[22]]

Death and Assessment

In contrast to his immediate imperial predecessors, Vespasian died peacefully - at Aquae Cutiliae near his birthplace in Sabine country on 23 June, A.D. 79, after contracting a brief illness. The occasion is said to have inspired his deathbed quip: "Oh my, I must be turning into a god!" [[23]] In fact, public deification did follow his death, as did his internment in the Mausoleum of Augustus alongside the Julio-Claudians.

A man of strict military discipline and simple tastes, Vespasian proved to be a conscientious and generally tolerant administrator. More importantly, following the upheavals of A.D. 68-69, his reign was welcome for its general tranquility and restoration of peace. In Vespasian Rome found a leader who made no great breaks with tradition, yet his ability ro rebuild the empire and especially his willingness to expand the composition of the governing class helped to establish a positive working model for the "good emperors" of the second century.

Bibliography

Since the scholarship on Vespasian is more comprehensive than can be treated here, the works listed below are main accounts or bear directly upon issues discussed in the entry above. A comprehensive modern anglophone study of this emperor is yet to be produced.

Atti congresso internazionale di studi Flaviani, 2 vols. Rieti, 1983.

Atti congresso internazionale di studi Vespasianei, 2 vols. Rieti, 1981.

Bosworth, A.B. "Vespasian and the Provinces: Some Problems of the Early 70s A.D." Athenaeum 51 (1973): 49-78.

Brunt, P. A. "Lex de imperio Vespasiani." JRS (67) 1977: 95-116.

D'Espèrey, S. Franchet. "Vespasien, Titus et la littérature." ANRW II.32.5: 3048-3086.

Dudley, D. and Webster, G. The Roman Conquest of Britain. London, 1965.

Gonzalez, J. "The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law." JRS 76 (1986): 147-243.

Grant, M. The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Rome, 31 B.C. - A.D. 476. New York, 1985.

Homo, L. Vespasien, l'Empereur du bons sens (69-79 ap. J.-C.). Paris, 1949.

Levi, M.A. "I Flavi." ANRW II.2: 177-207.

McCrum, M. and Woodhead, A. G. Select Documents of the Principates of the Flavian Emperors Including the Year of the Revolution. Cambridge, 1966.

Nicols, John. Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae. Wiesbaden, 1978.

Scarre, C. Chronicle of the Roman Emperors. The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. London, 1995.

Suddington, D. B. The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian, 49 B.C. - A.D. 79. Harare: U. of Zimbabwe, 1982.

Syme, R. Tacitus. Oxford, 1958.

Wardel, David. "Vespasian, Helvidius Priscus and the Restoration of the Capitol." Historia 45 (1996): 208-222.

Wellesley, K. The Long Year: A.D. 69. Bristol, 1989, 2nd ed.

Notes

[[1]] Suet. Vesp. 2.1. Suetonius remains the major source but see also Tac. Hist. 2-5; Cass. Dio 65; Joseph. BJ 3-4.

[[2]] Suetonius (Vesp. 2.1) claims that Vespasian did not accept the latus clavus, the broad striped toga worn by one aspiring to a senatorial career, immediately. The delay, however, was perhaps no more than three years. See J. Nicols, Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae (Wiesbaden, 1978), 2.

[[3]] Military tribunate and quaestorship: Suet. Vesp. 2.3; aedileship: ibid., 5.3, in which Gaius, furious that Vespasian had not kept the streets clean, as was his duty, ordered some soldiers to load him with filth;,they complied by stuffing his toga with as much as it could hold. See also Dio 59.12.2-3; praetorship: Suet. Vesp. 2.3, in which Vespasian is depicted as one of Gaius' leading adulators, an account consistent with Tacitus' portrayal (Hist 1.50.4; 2.5.1) of his early career. For a more complete discussion of these posts and attendant problems of dating, see Nicols, Vespasian, 2-7.

[[4]] Marriage and Caenis: Suet. Vesp. 3; Cass. Dio 65.14.

[[5]] Nicols, Vespasian, 12-39.

[[6]] Suet. Vesp. 4.1 For additional details on Vespasian's exploits in Britain, see D. Dudley and G. Webster, The Roman Conquest of Britain (London, 1965), 55 ff., 98.

[[7]] Concerning Vespasian's years between his consulship and proconsulship, see Suet. Vesp. 4.2 and Nicols, Vespasian, 9. On his unpopularity in Africa, see Suet. Vesp. 4.3, an account of a riot at Hadrumentum, where he was once pelted with turnips. In recording that Africa supported Vitellius in A.D. 69, Tacitus too suggests popular dissatisfaction with Vespasian's proconsulship. See Hist. 2.97.2.

[[8]] This despite the fact that the sources record two rebukes of Vespasian, one for extorting money from a young man seeking career advancement (Suet. Vesp. 4.3), the other for either leaving the room or dozing off during one of the emperor's recitals (Suet. Vesp. 4.4 and 14, which places the transgression in Greece; Tac. (Ann. 16.5.3), who makes Rome and the Quinquennial Games of A.D. 65 the setting; A. Braithwaite, C. Suetoni Tranquilli Divus Vespasianus, Oxford, 1927, 30, who argues for both Greece and Rome).

[[9]] Subjugation of Galilee: Joseph. BJ 3.65-4.106; siege of Jerusalem: ibid., 4.366-376, 414.

[[10]] Revolt of Vindex: Suet. Nero 40; Tac. Ann. 14.4; revolt of Galba: Suet. Galba 10; Plut. Galba, 4-5; suicide of Nero: Suet. Nero 49; Cass. Dio 63.29.2. For the most complete account of the period between Nero's death and the accession of Vespasian, see K. Wellesley, The Long Year: A.D. 69, 2nd. ed. (Bristol, 1989).

[[11]] Tac. Hist. 2.76.

[[12]] Troops in support of Vespasian: Suet. Vit. 15; Mucianus and his forces: Tac. Hist. 2.83; Vespasian and grain shipments: Joseph. BJ 4.605 ff.; see also Tac. Hist. 3.48, on Vespasian's possible plan to shut off grain shipments to Italy from Carthage as well.

[[13]] On Vitellius' army and its lack of discipline, see Tac. Hist. 2.93-94; illness of army: ibid., 2.99.1; Cremona: ibid., 3.32-33.

[[14]] On Vitellius' last days, see Tac. Hist. 3.68-81. On the complicated issue of Vitellius' death date, see L. Holzapfel, "Römische Kaiserdaten," Klio 13 (1913): 301.

[[15]] Honors, etc. Tac. Hist. 4.3. For more on the lex de imperio Vespasiani, see P. A. Brunt, "Lex de imperio Vespasiani," JRS (67) 1977: 95-116.

[[16]] Omens: Suet. Vesp. 5; consulships and honors: ibid., 8; succession of sons: ibid., 25.

[[17]] On Vespasian's restoration of Rome, see Suet. Vesp. 9; Cass. Dio 65.10; D. Wardel, "Vespasian, Helvidius Priscus and the Restoration of the Capitol," Historia 45 (1996): 208-222.

[[18]] Suet. Vesp. 16.

[[19]] Ibid.; Tac. Hist. 1.50.

[[20]] Suet. Vesp. 17-19.

[[21]] Ibid., 8-10.

[[22]] On Vespasian's exploits in Britain, see esp. Tac., Agricola, eds. R. M. Ogilvie and I. A. Richmond (1967), and W. S. Hanson, Agricola and the Conquest of the North (1987); on the granting of Latin rights in Spain, see, e.g., J. Gonzalez, "The Lex Irnitana: a New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law." JRS 76 (1986): 147-243.

[[23]] For this witticism and other anecdotes concerning Vespasian's sense of humor, see Suet. Vesp. 23.

Copyright (C) 1998, John Donahue. Published on De Imperatoribus Romanis, an Online Encyplopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families.
http://www.roman-emperors.org/vespasia.htm
Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

A143-02 - Aelia Flaccilla (383 - 386 D.C.)AE4 Medio Centenional 13 x 12 mm 0.9 gr.
Esposa de Teodosio I y madre de Arcadio y Honorio.

Anv: "[AEL FL]AC-CILLA AVG" - Busto con elaborado peinado con varias diademas de perlas, Collar de 1 hilo de perlas y manto sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "SALVS REI-[PVB]LICAE" - Victoria sentada a derecha, dibujando el signo Chi-Ro en un escudo apoyado en una pequeña columna. "SMHA" en exergo.

Acuñada 383 - 386 D.C.
Ceca: Heraclea (Off.1ra.)
Rareza: R

Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Heraclea) #17 Pag.196 - Cohen Vol.VIII #5 Pag.165 - DVM #6 Pag.313 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9245.c. Pag.290mdelvalle

A143-03 - Aelia Flaccilla (383 - 386 D.C.)AE4 Medio Centenional 14 mm 1.3 gr.
Esposa de Teodosio I y madre de Arcadio y Honorio.

Anv: "AEL FLAC-CILLA[ AVG]" - Busto con elaborado peinado con varias diademas de perlas, Collar de 1 hilo de perlas y manto sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "SALVS REI-[PVBLI]CAE" - Victoria sentada a derecha, dibujando el signo Chi-Ro en un escudo apoyado en una pequeña columna. "•SMHA" en exergo.

Acuñada 383 - 386 D.C.
Ceca: Heraclea (Off.1ra.)
Rareza: R

Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Heraclea) #17 Pag.196 - Cohen Vol.VIII #5 Pag.165 - DVM #6 Pag.313 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9245.c. Pag.290mdelvalle

A143-06 - Aelia Flaccilla (383 - 386 D.C.)AE4 Medio Centenional 14x13 mm 1.3 gr.
Esposa de Teodosio I y madre de Arcadio y Honorio.

Anv: "AEL FLAC-CILLA AVG" - Busto con elaborado peinado con varias diademas de perlas, Collar de 1 hilo de perlas y manto sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "SALVS REI-PVBLICAE" - Victoria sentada a derecha, dibujando el signo Chi-Ro en un escudo apoyado en una pequeña columna. "CONÎ•" en exergo.

Acuñada 383 - 386 D.C.
Ceca: Constantinopla (Off.5ta.)
Rareza: S

Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Constantinopolis) #61 Pag.229 - Cohen Vol.VIII #5 Pag.165 - DVM #6 Pag.313 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9245.d. Pag.290mdelvalle

A143-15 - Aelia Flaccilla (383 - 386 D.C.)AE2 Maiorina 23 mm 4.3 gr.
Esposa de Teodosio I y madre de Arcadio y Honorio.

Anv: "AEL FLAC-CILLA AVG" - Busto con elaborado peinado con varias diademas de perlas, Collar de 1 hilo de perlas y manto sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "SALVS REI-PVBLICAE" – Emperatriz de pié de frente, viendo a su izquierda, sus brazos cruzados sobre su pecho. "CONSÎ•" en exergo y ”+” en el campo derecho.

Acuñada: Probablemente Emisión póstuma 386 - 388 D.C.
Ceca: Constantinopla (Off.5ta.)
Rareza: S

Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Constantinopolis) #82 Pag.233 tipo 2 - Cohen Vol.VIII #6 Pag.165 (6f) - DVM #5 Pag.313 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9246.b. Pag.290 – Sear RCTV (1988) #4193mdelvalle

A147-02 - Arcadio (383 - 408 D.C.)AE3 Centenional ó Decárgiro 16 x 17 mm 2.2 gr.
Hijo mayor de Teodosio I y Aelia Flaccila, Co-augusto de su padre y su sucesor al mando de las provincias orientales.

Anv: "DN ARCADI - VS PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "[VIRTVS] EXERCITI" - Emperador vestido militarmente de pié de frente, viendo a derecha, portando lanza en mano derecha y descansando la izquierda en un escudo. La victoria, de pié a su lado lo corona con una corona que ella sostiene con su mano derecha, en la izquierda porta una hoja de palma. "ALEA ó B" en exergo.

Acuñada 395 - 401 D.C.
Ceca: Alejandría (Off.Incierta)
Rareza: C2

Referencias: RIC Vol.X (Alexandria) #75 Pag.247 - DVM #35 Pag.325 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9331.f. Pag.297 - Sear RCTV (1988) #4233 - Carson #2917mdelvalle

A147-10 - Arcadio (383 - 408 D.C.)AE4 Medio Centenional 14 mm 1.4 gr.
Hijo mayor de Teodosio I y Aelia Flaccila, Co-augusto de su padre y su sucesor al mando de las provincias orientales.

Anv: "DN ARCADIVS PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "VOT V" - Leyenda en dos líneas dentro de una corona de laureles. "SMKA" en exergo.

Acuñada 383 D.C.
Ceca: Cízico (Off.1ra.)
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Cyzicus) #20d Pag.244 - DVM #35 Pag.325 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9316.d. Pag.296 - Sabatier #47mdelvalle

A147-15 - Arcadio (383 - 408 D.C.)AE2 Maiorina 23 x 22 mm 5.1 gr.
Hijo mayor de Teodosio I y Aelia Flaccila, Co-augusto de su padre y su sucesor al mando de las provincias orientales.

Anv: "DN ARCADI - VS PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, portando lanza y escudo, viendo a derecha. Sobre su cabeza una mano sostiene una corona de laureles.
Rev: "GLORIA RO - MANORVM" - Emperador vestido militarmente de pié de frente, viendo a izquierda, portando labarum (estandarte militar con signo Chi-Ro en su bandera) en mano derecha y descansando la izquierda en su escudo. A su izquierda un prisionero sentado a izquierda viendo a derecha. "SMHA" en exergo.

Acuñada 383 - 387 D.C.
Ceca: Heraclea (Off.1ra.)
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.X (Heraclea) #12 Pag.195 - DVM #24 Pag.325 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9313.c. Pag.295 - Sabatier #29mdelvalle

A147-17 - Arcadio (383 - 408 D.C.)AE2 Maiorina pecunia 19 x 20 mm 5.6 gr.
Hijo mayor de Teodosio I y Aelia Flaccila, Co-augusto de su padre y su sucesor al mando de las provincias orientales.

Anv: "[DN ARCADI] - VS PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de rosetones y perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella.
Rev: "GLORIA RO - MANORVM" - Emperador vestido militarmente de pié de frente, viendo a derecha, portando labarum (estandarte militar) en mano derecha y globo en izquierda. "ANTB" en exergo.

Acuñada 392 – 395 D.C.
Ceca: Antioquía – Hoy Antakya -Turquía (Off. 2da.)
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.IX (Antiochia) 68d Pag.294 - DVM #25 Pag.325 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9323.e. Pag.2971 commentsmdelvalle

A147-20 - Arcadio (383 - 408 D.C.)AE4 Nummus 10x12 mm 1.0 gr.
Hijo mayor de Teodosio I y Aelia Flaccila, Co-augusto de su padre y su sucesor al mando de las provincias orientales.

Anv: "DN ARCADI-VS PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "CONCOR-DIA AVGGG" – Cruz rodeada por la leyenda. "SMHA" en exergo.

Acuñada 404 - 406 D.C.
Ceca: Heraclea (Off.1ra.)
Rareza: S

Referencias: RIC Vol.X #123A Pag.250 - DVM #385 Pag.326 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9334.a. Pag.298 – Carson #1996mdelvalle

A148-02 - Aelia Eudoxia (383 - 408 D.C.)AE3/4 Decárgiro/centenional 16,7 mm 2,42 gr.
Esposa de Arcadio.

Anv: "AEL EVDOXIA AVG" - Busto con diadema de perlas y vestida, viendo a derecha. Sobre ella "La Mano de Dios" coronándola.
Rev: "SALVS REIPVBLICAE" – Victoria sedente en una coraza, inscribiendo un crismón en un escudo, apoyado sobre un cippo. "ANTÎ“" en exergo.

Acuñada: 401 - 403 D.C.
Ceca: Antioquía (Off.3ra.)

Referencias: RIC Vol.X #104 Pag.249 - DVM #6 Pag.326 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9357.d Pag.300 – LRBC II #2800 - DOCLR #288 - Sear RCTV (1988) #4241mdelvalle

A149-02 - Honorio (393 - 423 D.C.)AE3 Centenional ó Decárgiro 16 x 17 mm 2.2 gr.
Hijo menor de Teodosio I y Aelia Flaccila, Co-augusto de su padre y su sucesor al mando de las provincias occidentales.

Anv: "DN HONORI - VS PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "VIRTVS EXERCITI" - Emperador vestido militarmente de pié de frente, viendo a derecha, portando lanza en mano derecha y descansando la izquierda en un escudo. La victoria, de pié a su lado lo corona con una corona que ella sostiene con su mano derecha, en la izquierda porta una hoja de palma. "SMKB" en exergo.

Acuñada 395 - 401 D.C.
Ceca: Cízico (Off.2da.) Acuñación Oriental de su hermano Arcadio en su nombre.
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.X (Cyzicus) #68 Pag.247 - DVM #44 Pag.318 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9433.d. Pag.304 - Cohen Vol.VIII #56 Pag.186 - Sear RCTV (1988) #4256 - Carson #2581mdelvalle

A149-12 - Honorio (393 - 423 D.C.)AE3 Doble Nummi 14 mm 2.3 gr.
Hijo menor de Teodosio I y Aelia Flaccila, Co-augusto de su padre y su sucesor al mando de las provincias occidentales.

Anv: "DN H[ONORI - VS] PF AVG " - Busto con diadema de perlas, coraza y Paludamentum (capote militar) sobre ella, viendo a derecha. " * " detrás del busto.
Rev: "GLORIA - ROMA - NORUM" Leyenda tipo A - Los dos emperador vestidos militarmente de pié de frente, viendo cada uno al otro, el derecho (Teodosio II) es mas pequeño, ambos portando lanza y descansando sobre su escudo. "TESA ó B ó Î“" en exergo. Estimo la ceca en función de la división en la leyenda del reverso Tipo A, única Tessalonica con esta leyenda.

Acuñada 408 - 423 D.C.
Ceca: Tessalonica (Off.Incierta) Acuñación Oriental de su Sobrino Teodosio II en su nombre.
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.X (Thessalonica) #395 Pag.271 - DVM #39 Pag.318 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #9436.a. Pag.305 - Cohen Vol.VIII #26 Pag.181 - Carson #1876mdelvalle

AELIA 4C. Allius Bala (c. BC 92) - Simbol below revers: cricketRugser

AELIA 4C. Allius Bala (c. BC 92) - symbol below on reverse : griffonRugser

AELIA CAPITOLINA ANTONINUS PIUS, AD138-161AELIA CAPITOLINA ANTONINUS PIUS, AD138-161
O: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Antoninus Pius right.
R: turreted and draped bust of Tyche right. Maritima

Aelia Capitolina, Judaea. Antoninus Pius (138 - 161 AD). AE (22 mm, 9.65 gm, 12hObv. Draped bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate; IMP ANTONINVS AVG PPP
Rev. Dioscuri standing facing, looking at each other, one hand on spear, the other on hip, between them eagle standing facing, looking l.; CO AE CA (colonia Aelia Capitolina).
References: Sofaer pl. 72,24. Rosenberger -. Meshorer (Aelia) 28Canaan

Aelia Eudocia AE3. Constantinople mint O: AEL EVDOCIA AVG, head right
R: CONCORDIA AVG, empress enthroned, facing, arms crossed over breast, star in l. field (var. B)
13mm 1.79g RIC X 428
casata137ec

Aelia Eudocia, Wife of Theodosius II. Cross Pattée Tremissis of Constantinople.Roman Empire. Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II. 423-460 AD. AV Tremissis (1.49 gm, 14.8mm, 12h) of Constantinople, 423-440. Pearl-diademed and draped bust right. AEL EVDOCIA AVG. / Latin cross pattée within wreath; large central jewel above; ex: CON OB*. nEF. CNG Auction 103 #791. Korwin Collection. Ex Lanz 149 (24 June 2010) #540. RIC X p.264 #335; Depeyrot p.251 #72/2; MIRB 50; SRCV V #21245.Anaximander

AELIA EUDOXIAEudoxia AE3 20mm

Attribution-RIC X Cyzicus 103

OBV-AEL EVDO-XIA AVG, diademed draped bust right

REV-SALVS REI-PVBLICAE, Victory seated right on cuirass, pointing one hand at a shield inscribed with the Chi-Rho as she balances it atop a column with her other hand.

Ex- SMKA

3 comments

Aelia EudoxiaAelia Eudoxia AE3
16 mm 2.83 gm
O: AEL EVDOXIA AVG
Pearl-diademed, draped bust right, wearing pearl necklace and earrings, hair elaborately weaved with
R: SALVS REIPVBLICAE
Victory seated right on cuirass, inscribing Christogram on shield set on a columnKoffy

Aelia Eudoxia - Victory SeatedRoman Imperial, Aelia Eudoxia AE3, Antioch, (383-408 AD), 2.3g, 17mm

Obverse: AEL EVDO-XIA AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped bust right, wearing necklace and earrings, crowned by hand of God.

Reverse: SALVS REI-PVBLICAE, Victory seated right on cuirasse, pointing to a shield inscribed chi-rho which rests on a low column, Mintmark ANTΓ. "Health of the Republic"

Reference: RIC X 104

Ex: Holding History +photo
Gil-galad

Aelia Eudoxia AE 18mm.AEL EVDO-XIA AVG, diademed draped bust right being crowned by hand of god / Victory seated right, supporting shield on column.ancientone

Aelia Eudoxia AE3 folliswife of Arcadius
GLORIA ROMANORVM
scarceTibsi

AELIA EUDOXIA AE3/CentenionalisOBVERSE:AEL EVDOXIA AVG.
Diademed and draped bust right; crowning manus Dei above
REVERSE: GLORIA ROMANORVM / ALEA.
Aelia seated facing on throne, crossing arms over breast; crowning manus Dei above, cross to right
Struck at Alexandria, 400-404 AD
2.73g, 16mm
RIC 84
ex. JB (Edmonton) collectionLegatus

AELIA EUDOXIA wife of Arcadius. Circa 400 AD AE/R571Eudoxia wife of Arcadius AE15 -- draped bust right, crowned by hand of God / Empress enthroned facing, arms crossed over breast, crowned by hand of god. right field: +. .RIC 83Marjan E

Aelia Eudoxia, RIC X, (Arcadius) 104Aelia Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, Augusta AD 400-401
AE 3, 17mm
struck in Antiochia, 3rd officina, AD 401-403
obv. AEL EVDO - XIA AVG
Bust, draped and diademed, wearing neck-lace and ear-ring; above hand of
god crowning her with wreath
rev. SALVS REI - PVBLICAE
Victory std. r. on cuirass, supporting shield on small column which is inscribed
with christogramm, with r. hand pointing to it.
in ex. ANT Gamma
RIX X, Antiochia 104
Scarce, about VF, with reddish sandpatina

Eudoxia was the daughter of the Frank Bauto and in fact the ruler until her death AD 404. Jochen

Aelia Eudoxia, Wife of Arcadius. Empress Enthroned Follis of Antioch.Roman Empire. Aelia Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius. 400-404 AD. AE Follis (2.34 gm, 16.9mm, 10h) of Antioch, 400-402. Pearl-diademed and draped bust right, wearing necklace, AEL EVDOXIA AVG. / Empress enthroned, facing, hands clasped to breast, crowned by Manus Dei, cross to right, GLORIA ROMANORVM, ex: ANT Δ. gVF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction XV #593. RIC X p. 248 #83; LRBC II #2805; SRCV V #20890; Vagi 3732.Anaximander

Aelia FlaccillaAE4, 378-383 AD, Constantinople mint.
Obv-AEL FLACCILLA AVG, Diademmed , draped bust right.
Rev: SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated inscribing shield with Chi-Rho.
CONE in exergue
13mm.
RIC 61 , C3 commentsJerome Holderman

Aelia FlaccillaAelia Flaccilla AE4
13 mm 1.04 gm
O: AEL FLAC-CILLA AVG
Pearl-diademed and draped bust right
R: SALVS REIP-VBLICAE
Victory seated right, inscribing Christogram on shield;Koffy

Aelia FlaccillaAE4
Uncertain mint, 378-388 A.D.
13mm, 1.20g

Obverse:
AEL FLACCILLA AVG
Draped with elaborate head-dress, necklace, and mantle, bust right.

Reverse:
SALVS REIPVBLCAE
Victory seated right, writing Chi-Rho on shield resting on small column.Will J

Aelia FlaccillaRIC 62 (Antiochia), LRBC 2760 AE2 Obv: AELFLACCILLAAVG - Diademed, draped bust right.
Rev: SALVSREIPVBLICAE Exe: ANTE - Aelia Flaccilla standing facing, holding scroll with both hands. 383-388 (Antioch).James b4

Aelia FlaccillaAelia Flaccilla AE4.
SMHA Mint, 13mm, 1.04g
Obv: AEL FLAC-CILLA AVG, draped bust right with elaborate headdress,
necklace and mantle
Rev: SALVS REI-PVBLICAE, Victory seated right, writing chi-rho on shield
resting on small column.
RIC IX Heraclea 17

RARE
SRukke

Aelia FlaccillaAelia Flaccilla. Augusta, AD 379-386/8. Æ (22mm, 4.40 g, 6h). Constantinople mint. Diademed and draped bust right / Victory seated right, inscribing Christogram on shield set on column; CONÐ„. RIC IX 55.5; LRBC 2149.4 commentsTLP

Aelia Flaccilla Aelia Flaccilla AE2. Struck 383 AD, Constantinople mint.

AEL FLACCILLA AVG, mantled bust right in elaborate headdress & necklace / SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, inscribing a christogram on shield resting on small column. T in right field, mintmark CON Epsilon. RIC 81 var (RIC lists T in left field only).

FLACILLA (Aelia), the first wife of Theodosius the Great; born in Spain, daughter of Antonius, prefect of Gaul, she was celebrated for her piety, and for her benevolence to the poor. Arcadius and Honorius were her sons by the above named emperor, who married her before his accession to the imperial throne.

She died in Thrace, A. D. 388. Her brass coins are of the lowest degree of rarity, her gold and silver most rare.

A half aureus of this empress's, on which she is styled AEL FLACILLA AVG, bears her head crowned with a diadem enriched with precious stones. - SALVS REIPVBLICAE is the legend, and a victory inscribing on a shield the monogram of Christ, is the type of the reverse.2 comments

Aelia Flaccilla AD 379-386 Antioch (ANTE)Obv: AELFLAC-CILLAAVG
Rev: Empress Standing, Holding Scroll
SALVS REIPVBLICAE
RIC IX 62

Aelia Flaccilla (379 - 386 A.D.)Æ2
O: AEL FLACCILLA AVG, Diademed and draped bust right.
R: SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Empress standing with hands folded on her chest. SMKr" in exergue.
Cyzicus mint
5.5g
RIC IX 24; LRBC 25674 commentsMat

Aelia Flaccilla (RIC 61, Coin #579)Aelia Flaccilla, RIC 61, AE4, Constantinople, 378 - 383 AD.
Obv: AEL FLACCILLA AVG Draped bust right with elaborate head-dress, necklace and mantle.
Rev: SALVS REIPVBLICAE (CONЄ) Victory seated right inscribing Christogram on shield set on cippus.
Size: 13.3mm 1.40gMaynardGee

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