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Image search results - "63."
coin163.jpg
RIC 1064, C 248 Sestertius Obv: MANTONINVSA
VGTRPXXVII - Laureate head right. Rev: IMPVIC
OSIII Exe: SC - Jupiter seated left, holding Victory
and scepter. 172-173 (Rome). Coin #163
cars100
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ecoli
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ecoli
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RIC 180 Gallienus Billon Antoninianus. 157-158 A.D. IMP GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right / DIANAE CONS AVG, antelope walking right. G, V or X in ex, or no mintmark. RSC 163.
1 commentsCastvlo
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Quant.Geek
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Quant.Geek
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ecoli
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Justin II AD 565-578. Constantinople
Pentanummium Æ

15mm., 2,68g.

Monogram of Justin and Sophia / Large E, B to right.

good very fine

Sear 363.
Quant.Geek
4080563.jpg
Constantius II. AD 337-361. (22mm, 4.27 g, 12h). Contemporary imitation. Uncertain mint, possibly in the Balkans. Struck circa AD 348-351 or later. Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right / Soldier left, spearing fallen horseman to lower left; shield to right; •ISNSI•. Cf. Sergeev 271-2; for prototype: cf. RIC VIII 81 (Constantinople mint). Good VF, dark brown patina with traces of green. Interesting contemporary imitation of the FEL TEMP REPARATIO type. 1 commentsQuant.Geek
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Quant.Geek
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Zoel S
926463.jpg
Obv: Head of Melqart/Herakles facing left wearing lion's skin headdress; club to left
Rev:

Ancient Hispania
Gades. Semis. 100-20 a.C. Cádiz. (Abh-1349). (Acip-691). Anv.: Cabeza de Hércules a izquierda delante clava. Rev.: Dos atunes a derecha, encima y debajo leyenda púnica, entre ambos creciente con punto y letra púnica. Ae. 2,81 g. Almost VF. Est...50,00.
Quant.Geek
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EGYPT. Alexandria. Domitian, 81-96. Diobol
(25 mm, 7.42 g, 11 h),
Obv: RY 10 = 90/1. [ΑΥΤ] ΚΑΙϹΑΡ ΔΟΜΙΤ [ϹЄΒ ΓЄΡΜ] Laureate head of Domitian to right, with aegis on his left shoulder.
Rev: L I Agathodaemon serpent riding horse to right.
Dattari (Savio) 563. Emmett 276.10. K&G 24.110. RPC II 2584A.
Extremely rare. Somewhat porous and with light deposits, otherwise, good fine.
From a European collection, formed before 2005.
Leu Numismatic Web auction 17 Lot 2103 Sunday August 15, 2021

I was first made aware of this coin a few years ago. Ever since, I have trying to grab one when they come up at auctions. The problem is 2-fold. First, it is a rare type. If the attribution of RPC 2854A is correct, it is even rarer than RPC 2854 which is on its own a rare coin. RPC online has my coin as RPC 2854 but I am not sure they are correct. The presence or absence of Aegis on the bust seems to be the key factor in differentiating these types.

I have found that I am attracted to the Alexandrian bronzes struck for Domitian. So many of the Egyptian themed coins are interesting and are a real departure from the reverses of the imperial coinage from the same time period.

Rarity aside it is the reverse of this coin that really shines. A coin that depicts a snake riding a horse? Yes, I will take one of those please. The reverse is so interesting that there is more demand for this type than the current supply. I consider myself lucky to add this fascinating type to my collection.

From the auction description: “According to Emmett, the reverse of this interesting issue is connected to the grain harvest. The horse represents the continuous cycle of the seasons, while Agathodaemon ensures that the grain will sprout, thus ensuring Egypt's prosperity.”

3 commentsorfew
Vishnukundin-Unknown.jpg
INDIA, Post-Gupta (Deccan). Uncertain. Circa 6th century. AE (Bronze, 14 mm, 2.00 g), Vishnukundin style, Vidarbha. PAKA (in Brahmi) Bull standing to right. Rev. Conch between two standards. Pieper 763. Very rare. Very fineQuant.Geek
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Quant.Geek
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3 Tiberius, Utica, Zeugitana, Ex John Quincy Adams CollectionBronze dupondius, RPC I 739, F, holed, 13.158g, 29.8mm, 90o, Zeugitana, Utica mint, 298 - 30 A.D.; obverse TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVG IMP VIII, bare head left; reverse C VIBIO MARSO PRCOS III C SALLVSTIVS IVSTVS II, Livia seated right, scepter in left, patera in extended right, M - M / I - V across fields; with John Quincy Adams Collection tag from the Stack's Sale; scarce
RI0001
Ex John Quincy Adams Collection, 6th President of the United States, and His Descendants, ex Massachusetts Historical Society Collection, ex Stack’s Sale , 5-6 March 1971, lot 763.

Purchased from FORVM
Sosius
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1 Gordian IIIGordian III
AE 31mm of Seleucia ad Calycadnum, Cilicia

O: Radiate, draped, & cuirassed bust right [c/m: annulet within D]

R: Athena Alcidemus advancing right, attacking anguipede Giant, raising hands in defense.

C/m: Howgego 670.

SNG Levante 763
Sosius
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76 Julian IIROMAN IMPERIAL
Julian II
AD 360-363. AR Siliqua (18mm, 1.87 g, 12h). Lugdunum (Lyon) mint. Struck AD 361.

O: Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right R: Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right / VOTIS/ V/ MVLTIS/ X in four lines within wreath; LVG.

RIC VIII 218; RSC 163a. Sear (2014) 19130. VF, toned, flan crack, graffiti on reverse.

Ex CNG
2 commentsSosius
sear_363.jpg
AE AE Pentanummium Justin II SB 363Obverse: Monogram 8
Reverse: Large E, officina delta to r.
Date: 565-548 CE
Sear 363 DO 60a-d
12mm 2.82gm
wileyc
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House of Tudor: Elizabeth I, Silver Sixpence 1575 A.D. 3rd/4th Issue, Bust 5A, Eglantine Mintmark.Tower Mint London 2.45g - 24.1mm, Axis 11h.

Obv: (Eglantine) ELIZABETH D G ANF FR ET HI REGINA - Crowned bust left, Tudor rose behind.

Rev: (Eglantine) POSVI DEV ADIVTOREM MEV : - Long cross over arms with date above.

Ref: Spink 2563.
Provenance: Chris Scarlioli Collection.
Christian Scarlioli
Larissa_Obol_Horse_R_Larissa_L_on_Hydra.jpg
0005 Horse Prancing Right, Larissa Seated Left on HydriaThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa

Obv: Ο𐌔 above, horse prancing r. on groundline. All within a border of dots.
Rev: ΛA above and l., PI𐌔A in front and down (retrograde), Larissa seated l. on overturned hydria with its mouth to the r. and one side handle facing viewer, l. hand on l. knee and r. hand extended, having kicked the ball to l. on ground.1 All within incuse square.
Denomination: silver obol; Mint: Larissa; Date: c. 460 - 400 BC2; ; Weight: .93g; Diameter: 12mm: Die axis: 90º; References, for example: Imhoof-Blummer p. 72, 200, pl. V, 30; Herrmann Group III F/G, IIIβ Obolen Reverse VII, pl. III, 11; SNG Cop 115; Liampi 1992, 8; SNG München 59; BCD Thessaly I 1115; BCD Thessaly II 164 and 363.1; HGC 4, 491.

Notes:
1Imhoof-Blumer and Herrmann both state that Larissa is binding her sandal while Liampi 1992 notes that she is either binding or loosening her sandal. There is no mention of kicking the ball. In my description I follow BCD Thessaly I, II, and HGC because I assume that Larissa would use two hands instead of one if she were either tightening or loosening her sandal.
2This date range encompases the dates expressed in my listed references.

Provenance: Ex. CNG Triton XXV January 11 - 12, 2022 Lot 177.

Photo Credits: CNG

CLICK FOR SOURCES




4 commentsTracy Aiello
Larissa_Obol_Horse_Prance_L_Larissa_w_Wreath___Ball.jpg
00093 Horse Prancing Right, Larissa Left with Wreath and BallThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa

Obv: Horse prancing r. on ground line. Ο[𐌔] above. All within border of dots.
Rev: Larissa standing on ground line facing the viewer, head turned r. [viewer's l.], wreath in raised r. hand and ball in lowered l. hand. On l. and below an A, on r. and downward ΛΑΡΙ𐌔. All within incuse square.
Denomination: silver obol; Mint: Larissa; Date: c. 420 - 400 BC1; Weight: 1.00g; Diameter: 13mm: Die axis: 0º; References, for example: BCD Thessaly II 363.3 and 364.1 [this coin]; HGC 4, 496.

Notes:
1This is the date given in HGC 4.

Provenance: Ex Dr. Martina Dieterle March 22, 2021; Ex BCD Thessaly, January 3, 2012.

Photo Credits: Dr. Martina Dieterle

CLICK FOR SOURCES
1 commentsTracy Aiello
Larissa_Obol_Horse_L_Larissa_L_Hydra_In_Front.jpg
000931 Horse Prancing Left, Larissa Left With Hydra In Front On GroundThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa

Obv:horse prancing l. on groundline. 𐌔Ο above. All within border of dots.
Rev: ΛΑΡ r. and down, Ι𐌔Α l. and up, Larissa standing facing l., r. hand raised, l. hand lowered downward behind her and holding wreath, hydria standing on ground in front on l. All within incuse square.
Denomination: silver obol; Mint: Larissa; Date: c. 420 - 400 BC1; Weight: .95g; Diameter: 14mm: Die axis: 160º; References, for example: Warren 694 var. legend and horse r.; Traité IV, 685 var. legend and horse r., pl. CCXCVII, 18; Boston MFA 883 var. legend and horse r., pl. 48, 883; Liampi 1992, 11 var. horse r.2; BCD Thessaly II 363.4 var. legend and horse r.; HGC 4 493 var. legend and horse r.

Notes:
1This is the date given in HGC 4.
2Liampi 1992 does not provide a legend with the reference.

Provenance: Ex. Numismatik Naumann Auction 106 Lot 148 August 1, 2021.

Photo Credits: Numismatik Naumann

CLICK FOR SOURCES
3 commentsTracy Aiello
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001n2. FulviaAR Quinarius. 43 BC. Lugdunum Mint. Obv: III VIR R P C, bust of Victory right with the probable likeness of Fulvia
Rev: Lion right between A and XLI; ANTONI above, IMP in ex. Cr489/6; Sy 1163.

NOTE: Although the portrait is not absolutely confirmed as being Fulvia, it is very similar to those of other provincial coins that are attributed to her.
1 commentslawrence c
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004c. Drusilla & Other SistersDrusilla was the sister of Caligula, with whom he was reported to have an incestuous relationship. She has some solo portraits on provincial coins. His other two sisters, Agrippina the Younger and Julia, were on coins as part of the trio of sisters. For a portrait coin of Agrippina, see 005c.

Coin: Gaius (Caligula). Æ Sestertius (33.5mm, 23.85 g, 7h). Rome mint. Struck AD 37-38. C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT, Laureate head left / AGRIPPINA DRVSILLA IVLIA Gaius' three sisters standing facing: Agrippina (as Securitas) leaning on column, holding cornucopia, and placing hand on Drusilla (as Concordia), holding patera and cornucopia; on right, Julia (as Fortuna) holding rudder and cornucopia. RIC I 33. Portrait defaced in antiquity. CNG Auction 553, Lot 463.
3 commentslawrence c
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012. C. Calpurnius Piso L.f. Frugi.Denarius (3.93 gm), ca 67-59 BC, Rome mint.

Obverse: Die O-229. Head of Apollo, in high relief, facing right;
his hair long and in ringlets, bound with taenia (fillet).
Sequence mark: IE (retrograde E), with bar above.

Reverse: Die R-2045. Horseman galloping to right; no hat; carrying palm branch.
Sequence mark below: dolphin facing right.
Legend: C PISO . L . F FRV

In Hersh’s die study of this issue, these 2 dies come together in #219.
Crawford #3/8.
Sydenham #851.
Sear #348.

The dating of the coins by this moneyer vary greatly:
67 BC: Crawford, Sear.
64 BC: BMCRR, Sydenham.
63 BC: Hersh (1976).
61 BC: Hersh & Walker (1984).
59 BC: Harlan RRM II.

Hersh, Charles A. “A Study of the Coinage of the Moneyer C. Calpurnius Piso L. F. Frugi.” The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-) 16 (136) (1976): pp. 7–63.

3 commentsCallimachus
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013a1. DomitianDenarius. 93-94 AD. Obv: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P XIII, laureate head right. Rev: IMP XXII COS XVI CENS P P P, Minerva standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear, shield on ground to right. RSC 283, RIC 763.lawrence c
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015. Faustina II AE SestertiusAE Sestertius. Rome mint.

Obv. Draped bust right FAVSTINA AVGVSTA

Rev. Cybele seated right, lion at her side MATRI MAGNAE.

RIC1663. aEF/gVF
2 commentsLordBest
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0163 - Denarius Clodius Albinus 194-5 ACObv/ D CLOD SEPT ALBIN CAES, head of C.A. r.
Rev/ MINER PACIF COS II, Minerva helmeted and draped, standing facing, head l., spear leaning on arm, holding branch and leaning on shield.

Ag, 18.8 mm, 3.28 g
Mint: Roma.
BMCRE V/96 – RIC IV.1/7 [R]
ex-CNG, auction e273, lot 432
dafnis
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019a03. Marcus AureliusDenarius. 178-179 AD. Obv: M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG, laureate head right. Rev: TR P XXXIII IMP VIIII COS III P P, Mars standing right, holding reversed spear and leaning right hand on shield. RIC 396, RSC 963.lawrence c
Tiberius-RIC-3.jpg
021. Tiberius.Denarius, ca 16 - 37 AD, Lugdunum mint.
Obverse: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS / Laureate bust of Tiberius.
Reverse: PONTIF MAXIM / Livia seated, as Pax, holding branch and sceptre.
3.56 gm., 18 mm.
RIC #3; Sear #1763.

Because this is the denarius that was in circulation at the time of Jesus, this coin is often called the "Tribute Penny" -- a name which is derived from the Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible where the word denarius was translated as penny.
Callimachus
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0263 - Semis Tiberius 17-18 ACObv/ (P) TVRVLL / VINK / III VIR / QVINQV, quadriga r.
Rev/ (M POSTV) ALBINVS II VIR QVINQ I(TER) R, around tetrastyle temple inscribed (AVGV)STO, and VI NK on the sides.

AE, 20.7 mm, 4.90 g
Mint: Carthago Nova.
RPC I/174a [7-10 dies] – ACIP/3144
ex-Tauler & Fau, auction e61, lot 1049
dafnis
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036. Vitellius (69 A.D.) Av.: A VITELLIVS IMP GERMAN
Rv.: CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM / S-C

AE As Ø25-27 / 7.4g
RIC I 40 Tarraco, Cohen 25
IMG_5163.JPG
036. Vitellius (69 A.D.)Av.: A VITELLIVS IMP GERMAN
Rv.: CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM / S-C

AE As Ø25-27 / 7.4g
RIC I 40 Tarraco, Cohen 25
1504_P_Hadrian_RPC463.jpg
0463 THRACE, Koinon of Thessaly, Pseudo-autonomous under Hadrian HorseReference.
RPC III, 463/5;

Obv. ΑΧΙΛΛΕΥϹ
Helmeted bust of Achilles, r. (Pegasos on helmet)

Rev. ΘΕϹϹΑΛⲰΝ
Horse walking, right

1.49 gr
14 mm
8h

Note.
ex CNG EA 299, BCD coll., 27 Mar. 2013, lot 40) = Burrer 141.1 (A35/R116: this coin illustrated on Pl. 19)
1 commentsokidoki
Sept-Severus-Prieur-2263.jpg
05. Septimius Severus.Tetradrachm, 209-211 AD, Laodiceia ad Mare.
Obverse: . AVT . KAI . CEOVHPOC . CE . / Laureate bust of Severus.
Reverse: . ΔHMAPX . EΞ . VΠATOCTO . Γ . / Eagle holding wreath in its beak, star between legs.
14.29 gm., 26 mm.
Bellinger #53; Prieur #1163
Callimachus
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052a18. PostumusAntonianus. Trier mint, 262 AD. Obv: IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: NEPTVNO REDVCI, Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident, prow left below. RIC 76, RSC 205a, Sear 10963.lawrence c
063.jpg
060 LICINIUS IEMPEROR: Licinius I
DENOMINATION: AE follis
OBVERSE: AD 317-320. IMP LICI-NIVS AVG, laureate bust left in consular robe, holding globe, sceptre and mappa
REVERSE: IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, holding Victory on globe and eagle-tipped sceptre. Palm branch angled, Z in right field
EXERGUE: SMN
DATE: 317-320 AD
MINT: Nicomedia
WEIGHT: 3.17 g
RIC: RIC VII Nicomedia 24
Barnaba6
63.jpg
063 Maximus. AR denariusobv: IVL VERVS MAXIMVS CAES drp. bust r.
rev: PIETAS AVG jug between lituus and knife to l. simpulum
and sprinkler to r.
hill132
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063. Lucilla (wife of Lucius Verus) Av.: LVCILLAE AVG ANTONINI AVG F
Rv.: PIETAS / S - C

Ae Sestertius Ø32 / 25.4g
RIC III 1756 Rome (Marcus Aurelius), Cohen 54
IMG_6711.JPG
063. Lucilla (wife of Lucius Verus)Av.: LVCILLAE AVG ANTONINI AVG F
Rv.: PIETAS / S - C

Ae Sestertius Ø32 / 25.4g
RIC III 1756 Rome (Marcus Aurelius), Cohen 54
L-Verus-RIC-462.jpg
063. Lucius Verus.Denarius, Dec. 161 - Dec. 162 AD, Rome mint.
Obverse: IMP L AVREL VERVS AVG / Bust of Lucius Verus.
Reverse: PROV DEOR TR P II COS II / Providentia standing, holding globe and cornucopiae.
3.24 gm., 18 mm.
RIC #482.

Providentia Deorum holding a globe and cornucopiae is intended to mark the power and wisdom of the Emperor (see Stevenson, p. 659). This emperor was not noted for these particular traits.
Callimachus
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 492Obv:– L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIIII, laureate head right
Rev:– P M TR P V COS II P P, Sol standing left, raising right hand, holding whip in left
Laodicea-ad-mare mint. A.D. 198
Reference:– BMCRE 463. RIC 492. RSC 433
maridvnvm
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 492Obv:– L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIIII, laureate head right
Rev:– P M TR P V COS II P P, Sol standing left, raising right hand, holding whip in left
Laodicea-ad-mare mint. A.D. 198
Reference:– BMCRE 463. RIC 492. RSC 433
maridvnvm
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068 - Geta denarius - RIC 076Obv:– P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG BRIT, Laureate head right
Rev:– FORT RED TR P III COS II P P, Fortuna seated left holding rudder and cornucopiae, wheel beneath chair
Minted in Rome. A.D. 209 - 211
Reference:– BMC 421. Hill 1263. RIC 76. RSC 59.

Weight 3.46g. 20.28mm.
maridvnvm
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068 - Geta denarius - RIC 076Obv:– P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG BRIT, Laureate head right
Rev:– FORT RED TR P III COS II P P, Fortuna seated left holding rudder and cornucopiae, wheel beneath chair
Minted in Rome. A.D. 209 - 211
Reference:– BMC 421. Hill 1263. RIC 76. RSC 59. 5 examples in RD.
maridvnvm
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068 - Geta denarius - RIC 076Obv:- P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG BRIT, Laureate bust right
Rev:- FORT RED TR P III COS II P P, Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopiae, wheel under throne
Minted in Rome. A.D. 209 - 211
Reference:– BMC 421. Hill 1263. RIC 76. RSC 59. 5 examples in RD.

Weight 2.515g. 19.06mm. 180 degrees
maridvnvm
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07. Constantius II / 2 Victories.AE 4, 341 - 348, Siscia mint.
Obverse: CONSTANTIVS P F AVG / Diademed bust of Constantius II.
Reverse: VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN / Two Victories facing, each holding palm banch and wreath.
Mint mark: ΔSIS; HR monogram between the two Victories.
1.12 gm., 15 mm.
RIC #191; LRBC #798; Sear #18063.
Callimachus
407Hadrian_RIC163.jpg
0861 Hadrian Denarius Roma 124-27 AD VirtusReference.
Strack 181; RIC II, 163; C.339; RIC 861

Bust A1

Obv. HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
Laureate head

Rev. COS III
Virtus seated right on cuirass and shield, holding spear and parazonium; globe in exergue.

3.51 gr
18 mm
6h
okidoki
090_B_C_2C_Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi2C_Rep__AR-Denarius2C_Crawford_340-12C_Syd_6632C_Rome2C_Warrior_riding_horse_right2C_Q-0012C_3h2C_18mm2C_32C74g-s.jpg
090 B.C., Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 340/1, Rome, Warrior riding horse right, #1090 B.C., Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 340/1, Rome, Warrior riding horse right, #1
avers: Laureate head of Apollo right; control-number to left XXXXV (right to left).
reverse: L•PISO FRVGI, Warrior riding horse right, holding reins and palm frond; control-number above ↓XV, Roma monogram below (PMA).
exergue: -/-//L•PISO FRVGI, diameter: 18,0mm, weight: 3,74g, axis: 3h,
mint: Rome, date: 90 B.C.,
ref: Crawford 340/1, Sydenham 663., Calpurnia 12,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
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0959 Hadrian Denarius 128-29 AD Liberalitas Reference.
RIC II 363; C. 917; Strack 200; RIC 959

Bust A1

Obv. HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS P P
Laureate head

Rev. LIBERALITAS AVG / COS III
Liberalitas, standing right, emptying cornucopia held in both her hands.

3.27 gr
18 mm
6h
1 commentsokidoki
normal_juliand~0.jpg
097a. Julian II The ApostateAugustus 361-363.

Half-nephew of Constantine I. Somewhat accidently spared in the massacre of relatives by the sons of Constantine due to his youth. Caesar under Constantius II November 355-February 360. He rose up against Constantius in 360. Constantius moved forces to confront him, but Constantius died on the way. On his death bed, he named Julian as his successor. Julian tried to reinstate the pagan gods, but failed in his efforts. He was killed in wars with the Persians. Last of the Constantinian line.

Coin: AE1. 27mm. AD 361-363. Cyzicus mint. Obv: DN FL CL IVLI-ANVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: SECVRITAS REIPVB, bull standing right, two stars above. Mintmark CVZICB. RIC VIII Cyzicus 126; Sear 19161.
1 commentslawrence c
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097a04. Julian II The ApostateAE3. 20mm, 2.88 g. Heraclea. AD 361-363. Obv: DN FL CL IVLI-ANVS PF AVG, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield. Rev: VOT X MVLT XX, legend in four lines within wreath. Mintmark SMHA.
RIC VIII Heraclea 105-16 var (mintmark, obv break). This mintmark reportedly not listed in RIC.
lawrence c
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097a06. Julian II The ApostateAE1. 27mm. AD 361-363. Cyzicus mint. Obv: DN FL CL IVLI-ANVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: SECVRITAS REIPVB, bull standing right, two stars above. Mintmark CVZICB. RIC VIII Cyzicus 126; Sear 19161.lawrence c
Constantine-Ale-RIC-63.jpg
1.05 Constantine as Caesar: Alexandria follis.Follis, late 306 - early 307, Alexandria mint.
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: PERPETVITAS AVGG / Roma, helmeted, seatedon throne with shield underneath, holding small Victory on globe, and leaning on sceptre. S in left field; Δ and P in right field.
Mint mark: ALE
9.70 gm., 25 mm.
RIC #63; PBCC #1164; Sear #15545.

Reference: Dharmadhikari, Jay. “L’atelier tétrarchique d’Alexandrie de 304 à 307,” Revue Numismatique, Année 2016, pp. 303-358.
This coin is listed as #39 on page 346 of this article. A coin of the same dies is pictured on page 358. It is listed as 39 (3) – Paris 9139.
2 commentsCallimachus
RI 108a img.jpg
108 - Salonina Antoninianus RIC 063Obv:– CORN SALONINA AVG, Diademed draped bust right on crescent
Rev:– CONCORDIA AVGG, Empress and emperor clasping hands
Reference:– RIC 63. RSC 31. Gobl 1691p
1 commentsmaridvnvm
Kalman_(1095-1116)_U-033_C1-040_H-032_Q-002_3h_11,6mm_0,38g-s.jpg
11.02. Kálmán., (Koloman the Bibliophile) King of Hungary, (1095-1116 A.D.), AR-Denarius, CÁC I. 11.02./a1c2.01./after 62 before 63. (New Sigla!), H-032, CNH I.-040, U-033, #0111.02. Kálmán., (Koloman the Bibliophile) King of Hungary, (1095-1116 A.D.), AR-Denarius, CÁC I. 11.02./a1c2.01./after 62 before 63. (New Sigla!), H-032, CNH I.-040, U-033, #01
avers: +CALMAN RE, Crowned head facing, the border of dots.
reverse: +LADISLAVS RE or illegible legend, cross in a circle with wedges in the angles, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,6 mm, weight: 0,38 g, axis: 3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Huszár-032, CNH I.-040, Unger-033,
Tóth-Kiss-Fekete: CÁC I.(Catalog of Árpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 11.02./a1c2.01./after 62 before 63. (New Sigla!),
Q-001
quadrans
T-3290,_Tacitus,_AE-Ant_,_IMP_CL_TACITVS_AVG_(C1),_SPES_PVBLICA_(S1),_CA,_RIC_V-I_61,_Lugdunum,_3rd__em_,_3rd__off_,_276_AD,_Q-001,_6h,_21-22mm,_4,48g-s.jpg
110 Tacitus (275-276 A.D.), T-3290, RIC V-I 061, Lugdunum, AE-Antoninianus, SPES PVBLICA, -/-//CA, Bust-D1, Spes walking left, Rare variant! #1110 Tacitus (275-276 A.D.), T-3290, RIC V-I 061, Lugdunum, AE-Antoninianus, SPES PVBLICA, -/-//CA, Bust-D1, Spes walking left, Rare variant! #1
avers: IMP•CL•TACITVS•AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum. (D1).
reverse: SPES PVBLICA, Spes walking left, holding a flower in the right hand and raising skirt with the left hand. (Spes 1).
exergue: -/-//CA, diameter: 21-22mm, weight: 3,65g, axes: 0h,
mint: Lugdunum, 3rd.issue, 3rd.off., date: 276 AD., ref: RIC V-I 61., T-(Estiot)-3290, Bastien 63.corr., C-,
Q-001
2 commentsquadrans
RI_125ab_img.jpg
125 - Aurelian, Antoninianus- RIC 063Obv:– IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Laureate, cuirassed  bust right
Rev:– ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, raising right hand, holding globe in left hand and palm, resting right foot on bound captive in front, with another bound captive seated behind.
Minted in Rome, (_ | VI //XXI*).
Reference:– Paris-144, LV 849-856. RIC 63.
maridvnvm
0010-063.jpg
1273 - L. Procilius L.F., DenariusRome mint, 80 BC
Laureate head of Jupiter right, S . C behind
Juno Sospita right holding spear and shield. A snake at her feet. L . PROC[ILI/F] behind
3.77 gr
Ref : RCV # 306, RSC, Procilia # 1
3 commentsPotator II
MaxentiusRIC163.jpg
1307a, Maxentius, February 307 - 28 October 312 A.D.Bronze follis, RIC 163, aEF, Rome mint, 5.712g, 25.6mm, 0o, summer 307 A.D.; obverse MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse CONSERVATO-RES VRB SVAE, Roma holding globe and scepter, seated in hexastyle temple, RT in ex; rare. Ex FORVM; Ex Maridvnvm


De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Maxentius (306-312 A.D.)


Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, more commonly known as Maxentius, was the child of the Emperor Maximianus Herculius and the Syrian, Eutropia; he was born ca. 278 A.D. After Galerius' appointment to the rank of Caesar on 1 March 293, Maxentius married Galerius' daughter Valeria Maximilla, who bore him a son named Romulus and another son whose name is unknown. Due to his haughty nature and bad disposition, Maxentius could seldom agree with his father or his father-in-law; Galerius' and Maximianus Herculius' aversion to Maxentius prevented the young man from becoming a Caesar in 305. Little else is known of Maxentius' private life prior to his accession and, although there is some evidence that it was spent in idleness, he did become a Senator.

On 28 October 306 Maxentius was acclaimed emperor, although he was politically astute enough not to use the title Augustus; like the Emperor Augustus, he called himself princeps. It was not until the summer of 307 that he started using the title Augustus and started offending other claimants to the imperial throne. He was enthroned by the plebs and the Praetorians. At the time of his acclamation Maxentius was at a public villa on the Via Labicana. He strengthened his position with promises of riches for those who helped him obtain his objective. He forced his father Maximianus Herculius to affirm his son's acclamation in order to give his regime a facade of legitimacy. His realm included Italy, Africa, Sardinia, and Corsica. As soon as Galerius learned about the acclamation of Herculius' son, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to quell the rebellion. With the help of his father and Severus' own troops, Maxentius' took his enemy prisoner.

When Severus died, Galerius was determined to avenge his death. In the early summer of 307 the Augustus invaded Italy; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was not large enough to encompass the city's fortifications. Negotiations between Maxentius and Galerius broke down when the emperor discovered that the usurper was trying to win over his troops. Galerius' troops were open to Maxentius' promises because they were fighting a civil war between members of the same family; some of the soldiers went over to the enemy. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, Galerius' army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. If it was not enough that Maxentius had to deal with the havoc created by the ineffectual invasions of Severus and Galerius, he also had to deal with his father's attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310. When Maximianus Herculius was unable to regain power by pushing his son off his throne, he attempted to win over Constantine to his cause. When this plan failed, he tried to win Diocletian over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308. Frustrated at every turn, Herculius returned to his son-in-law Constantine's side in Gaul where he died in 310, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. Maxentius' control of the situation was weakened by the revolt of L. Domitius Alexander in 308. Although the revolt only lasted until the end of 309, it drastically cut the size of the grain supply availble for Rome. Maxentius' rule collapsed when he died on 27 October 312 in an engagement he had with the Emperor Constantine at the Milvian Bridge after the latter had invaded his realm.

Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
1 commentsCleisthenes
IMG_4763.jpg
14 Constantius IIDN CONSTAN-TIVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right, A behind/FEL TEMP RE-PARATIO soldier spearing Horseman, Phrygian helmet, sitting on ground, arm(s) up, A in left field, TS Delta in ex
Thessalonica 129 scarce.
3 commentsRandygeki(h2)
Julian2VotXConstantinople.jpg
1409a, Julian II "the Philosopher," February 360 - 26 June 363 A.D.Julian II, A.D. 360-363; RIC 167; VF; 2.7g, 20mm; Constantinople mint; Obverse: DN FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG, helmeted & cuirassed bust right, holding spear & shield; Reverse: VOT X MVLT XX in four lines within wreath; CONSPB in exergue; Attractive green patina. Ex Nemesis.


De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors


Julian the Apostate (360-363 A.D.)


Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University

Introduction

The emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus reigned from 360 to 26 June 363, when he was killed fighting against the Persians. Despite his short rule, his emperorship was pivotal in the development of the history of the later Roman empire. This essay is not meant to be a comprehensive look at the various issues central to the reign of Julian and the history of the later empire. Rather, this short work is meant to be a brief history and introduction for the general reader. Julian was the last direct descendent of the Constantinian line to ascend to the purple, and it is one of history's great ironies that he was the last non-Christian emperor. As such, he has been vilified by most Christian sources, beginning with John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus in the later fourth century. This tradition was picked up by the fifth century Eusebian continuators Sozomen, Socrates Scholasticus, and Theodoret and passed on to scholars down through the 20th century. Most contemporary sources, however, paint a much more balanced picture of Julian and his reign. The adoption of Christianity by emperors and society, while still a vital concern, was but one of several issues that concerned Julian.

It is fortunate that extensive writings from Julian himself exist, which help interpret his reign in the light of contemporary evidence. Still extant are some letters, several panegyrics, and a few satires. Other contemporary sources include the soldier Ammianus Marcellinus' history, correspondence between Julian and Libanius of Antioch, several panegyrics, laws from the Theodosian Code, inscriptions, and coinage. These sources show Julian's emphasis on restoration. He saw himself as the restorer of the traditional values of Roman society. Of course much of this was rhetoric, meant to defend Julian against charges that he was a usurper. At the same time this theme of restoration was central to all emperors of the fourth century. Julian thought that he was the one emperor who could regain what was viewed as the lost glory of the Roman empire. To achieve this goal he courted select groups of social elites to get across his message of restoration. This was the way that emperors functioned in the fourth century. By choosing whom to include in the sharing of power, they sought to shape society.

Early Life

Julian was born at Constantinople in 331. His father was Julius Constantius, half-brother of the emperor Constantine through Constantius Chlorus, and his mother was Basilina, Julius' second wife. Julian had two half-brothers via Julius' first marriage. One of these was Gallus, who played a major role in Julian's life. Julian appeared destined for a bright future via his father's connection to the Constantinian house. After many years of tense relations with his three half-brothers, Constantine seemed to have welcomed them into the fold of the imperial family. From 333 to 335, Constantine conferred a series of honors upon his three half-siblings, including appointing Julius Constantius as one of the consuls for 335. Julian's mother was equally distinguished. Ammianus related that she was from a noble family. This is supported by Libanius, who claimed that she was the daughter of Julius Julianus, a Praetorian Prefect under Licinius, who was such a model of administrative virtue that he was pardoned and honored by Constantine.

Despite the fact that his mother died shortly after giving birth to him, Julian experienced an idyllic early childhood. This ended when Constantius II conducted a purge of many of his relatives shortly after Constantine's death in 337, particularly targeting the families of Constantine's half-brothers. ulian and Gallus were spared, probably due to their young age. Julian was put under the care of Mardonius, a Scythian eunuch who had tutored his mother, in 339, and was raised in the Greek philosophical tradition, and probably lived in Nicomedia. Ammianus also supplied the fact that while in Nicomedia, Julian was cared for by the local bishop Eusebius, of whom the future emperor was a distant relation. Julian was educated by some of the most famous names in grammar and rhetoric in the Greek world at that time, including Nicocles and Hecebolius. In 344 Constantius II sent Julian and Gallus to Macellum in Cappadocia, where they remained for six years. In 351, Gallus was made Caesar by Constantius II and Julian was allowed to return to Nicomedia, where he studied under Aedesius, Eusebius, and Chrysanthius, all famed philosophers, and was exposed to the Neo-Platonism that would become such a prominent part of his life. But Julian was most proud of the time he spent studying under Maximus of Ephesus, a noted Neo-Platonic philospher and theurgist. It was Maximus who completed Julian's full-scale conversion to Neo-Platonism. Later, when he was Caesar, Julian told of how he put letters from this philosopher under his pillows so that he would continue to absorb wisdom while he slept, and while campaigning on the Rhine, he sent his speeches to Maximus for approval before letting others hear them. When Gallus was executed in 354 for treason by Constantius II, Julian was summoned to Italy and essentially kept under house arrest at Comum, near Milan, for seven months before Constantius' wife Eusebia convinced the emperor that Julian posed no threat. This allowed Julian to return to Greece and continue his life as a scholar where he studied under the Neo-Platonist Priscus. Julian's life of scholarly pursuit, however, ended abruptly when he was summoned to the imperial court and made Caesar by Constantius II on 6 November 355.

Julian as Caesar

Constantius II realized an essential truth of the empire that had been evident since the time of the Tetrarchy--the empire was too big to be ruled effectively by one man. Julian was pressed into service as Caesar, or subordinate emperor, because an imperial presence was needed in the west, in particular in the Gallic provinces. Julian, due to the emperor's earlier purges, was the only viable candidate of the imperial family left who could act as Caesar. Constantius enjoined Julian with the task of restoring order along the Rhine frontier. A few days after he was made Caesar, Julian was married to Constantius' sister Helena in order to cement the alliance between the two men. On 1 December 355, Julian journeyed north, and in Augusta Taurinorum he learned that Alamannic raiders had destroyed Colonia Agrippina. He then proceeded to Vienne where he spent the winter. At Vienne, he learned that Augustudunum was also under siege, but was being held by a veteran garrison. He made this his first priority, and arrived there on 24 June 356. When he had assured himself that the city was in no immediate danger, he journeyed to Augusta Treverorum via Autessioduram, and from there to Durocortorum where he rendezvoused with his army. Julian had the army stage a series of punitive strikes around the Dieuse region, and then he moved them towards the Argentoratum/Mongontiacum region when word of barbarian incursions reached him.

From there, Julian moved on to Colonia Agrippina, and negotiated a peace with the local barbarian leaders who had assaulted the city. He then wintered at Senonae. He spent the early part of the campaigning season of 357 fighting off besiegers at Senonae, and then conducting operations around Lugdunum and Tres Tabernae. Later that summer, he encountered his watershed moment as a military general. Ammianus went into great detail about Julian's victory over seven rogue Alamannic chieftains near Argentoratum, and Julian himself bragged about it in his later writing. After this battle, the soldiers acclaimed Julian Augustus, but he rejected this title. After mounting a series of follow-up raids into Alamannic territory, he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia, and on the way defeated some Frankish raiders in the Mosa region. Julian considered this campaign one of the major events of his time as Caesar.

Julian began his 358 military campaigns early, hoping to catch the barbarians by surprise. His first target was the Franks in the northern Rhine region. He then proceeded to restore some forts in the Mosa region, but his soldiers threatened to mutiny because they were on short rations and had not been paid their donative since Julian had become Caesar. After he soothed his soldiers, Julian spent the rest of the summer negotiating a peace with various Alamannic leaders in the mid and lower Rhine areas, and retired to winter quarters at Lutetia. In 359, he prepared once again to carry out a series of punitive expeditions against the Alamanni in the Rhine region who were still hostile to the Roman presence. In preparation, the Caesar repopulated seven previously destroyed cities and set them up as supply bases and staging areas. This was done with the help of the people with whom Julian had negotiated a peace the year before. Julian then had a detachment of lightly armed soldiers cross the Rhine near Mogontiacum and conduct a guerilla strike against several chieftains. As a result of these campaigns, Julian was able to negotiate a peace with all but a handful of the Alamannic leaders, and he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia.

Of course, Julian did more than act as a general during his time as Caesar. According to Ammianus, Julian was an able administrator who took steps to correct the injustices of Constantius' appointees. Ammianus related the story of how Julian prevented Florentius, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, from raising taxes, and also how Julian actually took over as governor for the province of Belgica Secunda. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, supported Ammianus' basic assessment of Julian in this regard when he reported that Julian was an able representative of the emperor to the Gallic provincials. There is also epigraphic evidence to support Julian's popularity amongst the provincial elites. An inscription found near Beneventum in Apulia reads:
"To Flavius Claudius Julianus, most noble and sanctified Caesar, from the caring Tocius Maximus, vir clarissimus, for the care of the res publica from Beneventum".

Tocius Maximus, as a vir clarissimus, was at the highest point in the social spectrum and was a leader in his local community. This inscription shows that Julian was successful in establishing a positive image amongst provincial elites while he was Caesar.

Julian Augustus

In early 360, Constantius, driven by jealousy of Julian's success, stripped Julian of many troops and officers, ostensibly because the emperor needed them for his upcoming campaign against the Persians. One of the legions ordered east, the Petulantes, did not want to leave Gaul because the majority of the soldiers in the unit were from this region. As a result they mutinied and hailed Julian as Augustus at Lutetia. Julian refused this acclamation as he had done at Argentoratum earlier, but the soldiers would have none of his denial. They raised him on a shield and adorned him with a neck chain, which had formerly been the possession of the standard-bearer of the Petulantes and symbolized a royal diadem. Julian appeared reluctantly to acquiesce to their wishes, and promised a generous donative. The exact date of his acclamation is unknown, but most scholars put it in February or March. Julian himself supported Ammianus' picture of a jealous Constantius. In his Letter to the Athenians, a document constructed to answer charges that he was a usurper, Julian stated that from the start he, as Caesar, had been meant as a figurehead to the soldiers and provincials. The real power he claimed lay with the generals and officials already present in Gaul. In fact, according to Julian, the generals were charged with watching him as much as the enemy. His account of the actual acclamation closely followed what Ammianus told us, but he stressed even more his reluctance to take power. Julian claimed that he did so only after praying to Zeus for guidance.

Fearing the reaction of Constantius, Julian sent a letter to his fellow emperor justifying the events at Lutetia and trying to arrange a peaceful solution. This letter berated Constantius for forcing the troops in Gaul into an untenable situation. Ammianus stated that Julian's letter blamed Constantius' decision to transfer Gallic legions east as the reason for the soldiers' rebellion. Julian once again asserted that he was an unwilling participant who was only following the desire of the soldiers. In both of these basic accounts Ammianus and Julian are playing upon the theme of restoration. Implicit in their version of Julian's acclamation is the argument that Constantius was unfit to rule. The soldiers were the vehicle of the gods' will. The Letter to the Athenians is full of references to the fact that Julian was assuming the mantle of Augustus at the instigation of the gods. Ammianus summed up this position nicely when he related the story of how, when Julian was agonizing over whether to accept the soldiers' acclamation, he had a dream in which he was visited by the Genius (guardian spirit) of the Roman state. The Genius told Julian that it had often tried to bestow high honors upon Julian but had been rebuffed. Now, the Genius went on to say, was Julian's final chance to take the power that was rightfully his. If the Caesar refused this chance, the Genius would depart forever, and both Julian and the state would rue Julian's rejection. Julian himself wrote a letter to his friend Maximus of Ephesus in November of 361 detailing his thoughts on his proclamation. In this letter, Julian stated that the soldiers proclaimed him Augustus against his will. Julian, however, defended his accession, saying that the gods willed it and that he had treated his enemies with clemency and justice. He went on to say that he led the troops in propitiating the traditional deities, because the gods commanded him to return to the traditional rites, and would reward him if he fulfilled this duty.

During 360 an uneasy peace simmered between the two emperors. Julian spent the 360 campaigning season continuing his efforts to restore order along the Rhine, while Constantius continued operations against the Persians. Julian wintered in Vienne, and celebrated his Quinquennalia. It was at this time that his wife Helena died, and he sent her remains to Rome for a proper burial at his family villa on the Via Nomentana where the body of her sister was entombed. The uneasy peace held through the summer of 361, but Julian concentrated his military operations around harassing the Alamannic chieftain Vadomarius and his allies, who had concluded a peace treaty with Constantius some years earlier. By the end of the summer, Julian decided to put an end to the waiting and gathered his army to march east against Constantius. The empire teetered on the brink of another civil war. Constantius had spent the summer negotiating with the Persians and making preparations for possible military action against his cousin. When he was assured that the Persians would not attack, he summoned his army and sallied forth to meet Julian. As the armies drew inexorably closer to one another, the empire was saved from another bloody civil war when Constantius died unexpectedly of natural causes on 3 November near the town of Mopsucrenae in Cilicia, naming Julian -- the sources say-- as his legitimate successor.

Julian was in Dacia when he learned of his cousin's death. He made his way through Thrace and came to Constantinople on 11 December 361 where Julian honored the emperor with the funeral rites appropriate for a man of his station. Julian immediately set about putting his supporters in positions of power and trimming the imperial bureaucracy, which had become extremely overstaffed during Constantius' reign. Cooks and barbers had increased during the late emperor's reign and Julian expelled them from his court. Ammianus gave a mixed assessment of how the new emperor handled the followers of Constantius. Traditionally, emperors were supposed to show clemency to the supporters of a defeated enemy. Julian, however, gave some men over to death to appease the army. Ammianus used the case of Ursulus, Constantius' comes sacrum largitionum, to illustrate his point. Ursulus had actually tried to acquire money for the Gallic troops when Julian had first been appointed Caesar, but he had also made a disparaging remark about the ineffectiveness of the army after the battle of Amida. The soldiers remembered this, and when Julian became sole Augustus, they demanded Ursulus' head. Julian obliged, much to the disapproval of Ammianus. This seems to be a case of Julian courting the favor of the military leadership, and is indicative of a pattern in which Julian courted the goodwill of various societal elites to legitimize his position as emperor.

Another case in point is the officials who made up the imperial bureaucracy. Many of them were subjected to trial and punishment. To achieve this goal, during the last weeks of December 361 Julian assembled a military tribunal at Chalcedon, empanelling six judges to try the cases. The president of the tribunal was Salutius, just promoted to the rank of Praetorian Prefect; the five other members were Mamertinus, the orator, and four general officers: Jovinus, Agilo, Nevitta, and Arbetio. Relative to the proceedings of the tribunal, Ammianus noted that the judges, " . . . oversaw the cases more vehemently than was right or fair, with the exception of a few . . .." Ammianus' account of Julian's attempt at reform of the imperial bureaucracy is supported by legal evidence from the Theodosian Code. A series of laws sent to Mamertinus, Julian's appointee as Praetorian Prefect in Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, illustrate this point nicely. On 6 June 362, Mamertinus received a law that prohibited provincial governors from bypassing the Vicars when giving their reports to the Prefect. Traditionally, Vicars were given civil authority over a group of provinces, and were in theory meant to serve as a middle step between governors and Prefects. This law suggests that the Vicars were being left out, at least in Illyricum. Julian issued another edict to Mamertinus on 22 February 362 to stop abuse of the public post by governors. According to this law, only Mamertinus could issue post warrants, but the Vicars were given twelve blank warrants to be used as they saw fit, and each governor was given two. Continuing the trend of bureaucratic reform, Julian also imposed penalties on governors who purposefully delayed appeals in court cases they had heard. The emperor also established a new official to weigh solidi used in official government transactions to combat coin clipping.

For Julian, reigning in the abuses of imperial bureaucrats was one step in restoring the prestige of the office of emperor. Because he could not affect all elements of society personally, Julian, like other Neo-Flavian emperors, decided to concentrate on select groups of societal elites as intercessors between himself and the general populace. One of these groups was the imperial bureaucracy. Julian made it very clear that imperial officials were intercessors in a very real sense in a letter to Alypius, Vicar of Britain. In this letter, sent from Gaul sometime before 361, the emperor praises Alypius for his use of "mildness and moderation with courage and force" in his rule of the provincials. Such virtues were characteristic of the emperors, and it was good that Alypius is representing Julian in this way. Julian courted the army because it put him in power. Another group he sought to include in his rule was the traditional Senatorial aristocracy. One of his first appointments as consul was Claudius Mamertinus, a Gallic Senator and rhetorician. Mamertinus' speech in praise of Julian delivered at Constantinople in January of 362 is preserved. In this speech, Claudius presented his consular selection as inaugurating a new golden age and Julian as the restorer of the empire founded by Augustus. The image Mamertinus gave of his own consulate inaugurating a new golden age is not merely formulaic. The comparison of Julian to Augustus has very real, if implicit, relevance to Claudius' situation. Claudius emphasized the imperial period as the true age of renewal. Augustus ushered in a new era with his formation of a partnership between the emperor and the Senate based upon a series of honors and offices bestowed upon the Senate in return for their role as intercessor between emperor and populace. It was this system that Julian was restoring, and the consulate was one concrete example of this bond. To be chosen as a consul by the emperor, who himself had been divinely mandated, was a divine honor. In addition to being named consul, Mamertinus went on to hold several offices under Julian, including the Prefecture of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa. Similarly, inscriptional evidence illustrates a link between municipal elites and Julian during his time as Caesar, something which continued after he became emperor. One concrete example comes from the municipal senate of Aceruntia in Apulia, which established a monument on which Julian is styled as "Repairer of the World."

Julian seems to have given up actual Christian belief before his acclamation as emperor and was a practitioner of more traditional Greco-Roman religious beliefs, in particular, a follower of certain late antique Platonist philosophers who were especially adept at theurgy as was noted earlier. In fact Julian himself spoke of his conversion to Neo-Platonism in a letter to the Alexandrians written in 363. He stated that he had abandoned Christianity when he was twenty years old and been an adherent of the traditional Greco-Roman deities for the twelve years prior to writing this letter.

(For the complete text of this article see: http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm)

Julian’s Persian Campaign

The exact goals Julian had for his ill-fated Persian campaign were never clear. The Sassanid Persians, and before them the Parthians, had been a traditional enemy from the time of the Late Republic, and indeed Constantius had been conducting a war against them before Julian's accession forced the former to forge an uneasy peace. Julian, however, had no concrete reason to reopen hostilities in the east. Socrates Scholasticus attributed Julian's motives to imitation of Alexander the Great, but perhaps the real reason lay in his need to gather the support of the army. Despite his acclamation by the Gallic legions, relations between Julian and the top military officers was uneasy at best. A war against the Persians would have brought prestige and power both to Julian and the army.

Julian set out on his fateful campaign on 5 March 363. Using his trademark strategy of striking quickly and where least expected, he moved his army through Heirapolis and from there speedily across the Euphrates and into the province of Mesopotamia, where he stopped at the town of Batnae. His plan was to eventually return through Armenia and winter in Tarsus. Once in Mesopotamia, Julian was faced with the decision of whether to travel south through the province of Babylonia or cross the Tigris into Assyria, and he eventually decided to move south through Babylonia and turn west into Assyria at a later date. By 27 March, he had the bulk of his army across the Euphrates, and had also arranged a flotilla to guard his supply line along the mighty river. He then left his generals Procopius and Sebastianus to help Arsacius, the king of Armenia and a Roman client, to guard the northern Tigris line. It was also during this time that he received the surrender of many prominent local leaders who had nominally supported the Persians. These men supplied Julian with money and troops for further military action against their former masters. Julian decided to turn south into Babylonia and proceeded along the Euphrates, coming to the fortress of Cercusium at the junction of the Abora and Euphrates Rivers around the first of April, and from there he took his army west to a region called Zaitha near the abandoned town of Dura where they visited the tomb of the emperor Gordian which was in the area. On April 7 he set out from there into the heart of Babylonia and towards Assyria.

Ammianus then stated that Julian and his army crossed into Assyria, which on the face of things appears very confusing. Julian still seems to be operating within the province of Babylonia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The confusion is alleviated when one realizes that,for Ammianus, the region of Assyria encompassed the provinces of Babylonia and Assyria. On their march, Julian's forces took the fortress of Anatha, received the surrender and support of several more local princes, and ravaged the countryside of Assyria between the rivers. As the army continued south, they came across the fortresses Thilutha and Achaiachala, but these places were too well defended and Julian decided to leave them alone. Further south were the cities Diacira and Ozogardana, which the Roman forces sacked and burned. Soon, Julian came to Pirisabora and a brief siege ensued, but the city fell and was also looted and destroyed. It was also at this time that the Roman army met its first systematic resistance from the Persians. As the Romans penetrated further south and west, the local inhabitants began to flood their route. Nevertheless, the Roman forces pressed on and came to Maiozamalcha, a sizable city not far from Ctesiphon. After a short siege, this city too fell to Julian. Inexorably, Julian's forces zeroed in on Ctesiphon, but as they drew closer, the Persian resistance grew fiercer, with guerilla raids whittling at Julian's men and supplies. A sizable force of the army was lost and the emperor himself was almost killed taking a fort a few miles from the target city.
Finally, the army approached Ctesiphon following a canal that linked the Tigris and Euphrates. It soon became apparent after a few preliminary skirmishes that a protracted siege would be necessary to take this important city. Many of his generals, however, thought that pursuing this course of action would be foolish. Julian reluctantly agreed, but became enraged by this failure and ordered his fleet to be burned as he decided to march through the province of Assyria. Julian had planned for his army to live off the land, but the Persians employed a scorched-earth policy. When it became apparent that his army would perish (because his supplies were beginning to dwindle) from starvation and the heat if he continued his campaign, and also in the face of superior numbers of the enemy, Julian ordered a retreat on 16 June. As the Roman army retreated, they were constantly harassed by guerilla strikes. It was during one of these raids that Julian got caught up in the fighting and took a spear to his abdomen. Mortally wounded he was carried to his tent, where, after conferring with some of his officers, he died. The date was 26 June 363.

Conclusion

Thus an ignominious end for a man came about who had hoped to restore the glory of the Roman empire during his reign as emperor. Due to his intense hatred of Christianity, the opinion of posterity has not been kind to Julian. The contemporary opinion, however, was overall positive. The evidence shows that Julian was a complex ruler with a definite agenda to use traditional social institutions in order to revive what he saw as a collapsing empire. In the final assessment, he was not so different from any of the other emperors of the fourth century. He was a man grasping desperately to hang on to a Greco-Roman conception of leadership that was undergoing a subtle yet profound change.
Copyright (C) 2002, Walter E. Roberts and Michael DiMaio, Jr. Used by permission.

In reality, Julian worked to promote culture and philosophy in any manifestation. He tried to reduce taxes and the public debts of municipalities; he augmented administrative decentralisation; he promoted a campaign of austerity to reduce public expenditure (setting himself as the example). He reformed the postal service and eliminated the powerful secret police.
by Federico Morando; JULIAN II, The Apostate, See the Julian II Page on NumisWiki

Flavius Claudius Iulianus was born in 331 or maybe 332 A.D. in Constantinople. He ruled the Western Empire as Caesar from 355 to 360 and was hailed Augustus by his legions in Lutetia (Paris) in 360. Julian was a gifted administrator and military strategist. Famed as the last pagan emperor, his reinstatement of the pagan religion earned him the moniker "the Apostate." As evidenced by his brilliant writing, some of which has survived to the present day, the title "the Philosopher" may have been more appropriate. He died from wounds suffered during the Persian campaign of 363 A.D. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.




2 commentsCleisthenes
rjb_2010_01_63.jpg
161Marcus Aurelius 161-80 AD
AR denarius
Obv "M ANTONINVS AVG"
Laureate head right
Rev "TRP XXXI IMP VIIII COS III PP"
Salus seated left holding branch with rising serpent at feet
Rome mint
RIC -
A mule combining an obverse of the unmarked coins with short legend of the period with a dated reverse type
mauseus
IMG_4160~0.jpg
163. Maximinus Daia (305-313 A.D.)Av.: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG
Rv.: GENIO AVGVSTI
Left: star / Right: gamma I
Ex.: ANT

AE Follis Ø20 / 4.8g
RIC VI 164b Antioch
1663_Lion__Daalder_Deventer.jpg
1663 Lion Daalder - DaventerNetherlands: Daventer
1663 Lion Daalder
Obv: Knight facing, looking to his left, above shield w/rampant lion; MO. ARG.CIVIT.IMP.IMPER.DAVENT.
Rev: Rampant lion facing left; CONFIDENS.DNO.NON.MOVETVR.1663.; mintmark: moor’s head, dividing date
xx.xx grams; xx.xx mm
Davenport: 4875
Delmonte: 858
cmcdon0923
678_P_Hadrian_RPC1663.jpg
1663 MYSIA, Pionia Hadrian. Heracles standingReference.
RPC III, 1663; BMC 4; SNG BN Paris 2335

Magistrate Neikomachos (strategos)

Obv. [ ]ΝΟΝ [ΑΔ]ΡΙΑΝΟ[ ]
Laureate head of Hadrian, r.

Rev. ΕΠΙ ΝΙΚΟ ΠΙΟΝΙΤΩΝ
Heracles standing facing, resting on club with his r. hand, holding lion skin in l.

2.20 gr
14 mm
6h
okidoki
Louis XIV 1672 Prise de douze villes en Hollande.JPG
1672, Prise de douze villes en HollandeObv. Draped and cuirassed bust right LVD MAG FRA ET NAV REX PP, CHERON on bust truncation.
Rev. The King in the guise of Sol, radiating light, seated right in a heavenly chariot pulled by three horses, surrounded by clouds. Around are aerlia views of twelve towns and forts captured in Holland SOLIS QVE LABORES on scroll above central design, the names of all twelve towns/forts around.

AE63. Engraved by Charles Jean Francois Cheron. ORIGINAL STRIKE, very rare.

Charles Jean Francois Cheron (1635-1698), one of the most distinguished artists of the school of Jean Warin, was born at Nancy and was trained by his father, Jean-Charles Cheron, engraver to Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine. Cheron went to Rome and became engraver of medals for Clement IX and Innocent X. Cheron's style in his Roman medals is of remarkable boldness, and his medals of Pope Clement IX and of Bernini are grandiloquent and among the finest Italian medals of the period. He returned to France in 1675 and was employed by Louis XIV at the Medal Mint at Paris for about twelve years, where he contributed several medals to the medallic series of the monarch, the Histoire Metallique. His medals are considered to be in an international baroque style.
11 commentsLordBest
1797_Halfpenny_Token_Middlesex_(Mule).JPG
1797 AE Halfpenny, Middlesex County.Obverse: FREDk. DUKE OF YORK. Bare headed bust of Frederick Augustus, Duke of York, facing right; HALFPENNY 1795 in two lines below.
Reverse: RULE BRITANNIA. Britannia seated on globe facing left, left arm resting on shield and holding laurel-branch, right hand holding spear, ship's masts in front of her in background; 1797 in exergue.
Edge: Plain.
Diameter: 27mm | Die Axis: 6h | Obverse die flaw.
Dalton & Hamer: 990. Cobwright No: F.0010/R.0010. Not in Atkins.

Manufactured by William Lutwyche, Birmingham.
In the 18th century, token manufacturers often used their dies to their own advantage by striking “mules”, solely with the object of creating rare varieties which were sold to the collectors of the day.


Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, was born on16th August 1763. He was the second eldest child, and second son, of King George III. Thrust into the British army at a very young age he was appointed a colonel by his father on 4th November 1780 when he was only 17 years old. He was created Duke of York and Albany on 27th November 1784.
On 26th May 1789 he took part a duel with Colonel Charles Lennox, who had insulted him; Lennox missed and Prince Frederick honourably refused to return fire.
On 12th April 1793 he was promoted to a full general and sent to Flanders in command of the British contingent destined for the invasion of France. Frederick's command fought under extremely trying conditions and though he won several notable engagements, he was defeated at the Battle of Hondschoote in September 1793. Then, in the 1794 campaign, he was successful at the battle of Willems in May but was defeated at the Battle of Tourcoing later that month.
Promoted to the rank of field marshal, on 3rd April 1795 he became effective Commander-in-Chief in succession to Lord Amherst and went with the army sent for the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in August 1799. A number of disasters befell the allied forces however and, on 17th October, the Duke signed the Convention of Alkmaar, by which the allied expedition withdrew after giving up its prisoners.
These military setbacks led to Frederick being mocked in the rhyme "The Grand Old Duke of York":
The grand old Duke of York,
He had ten thousand men.
He marched them up to the top of the hill
And he marched them down again.
And when they were up, they were up.
And when they were down, they were down.
And when they were only halfway up,
They were neither up nor down.

However, Frederick's experience in the Dutch campaign had demonstrated the numerous weaknesses of the British army after years of neglect so he carried through a massive programme of reform and he was the person most responsible for creating the force which served in the Peninsular War.
Frederick died of dropsy and apparent cardioid-vascular disease at the home of the Duke of Rutland on Arlington Street, London, on 5th January, 1827. After lying in state in London, his remains were interred in St. George's Chapel, at Windsor.
*Alex
IMG_7263.JPG
182. Magnentius (350-353 A.D.)Av.: DN MAGNENTIVS PF AVG
Rv.: SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES
Ex.: TRS

AE Maiorina Ø25-27 / 7.6g
RIC VIII 318 Trier
500_reis_1863.jpg
1853 500 reis KM# 464
Features
Country Brazil
Years 1853-1867
Value 500 Réis (500)
Metal Silver (.917)
Weight 6.37 g
Diameter 25 mm
xokleng
1000_reis_1863.jpg
1863 1000 reis KM# 465
Country Brazil
Metal Silver (.917)
Weight 12.75 g
Diameter 30 mm
xokleng
882_P_Hadrian_RPC1863.jpg
1863 LYDIA, Hierocaesaraea, Pseudo-autonomous under Hadrian StagReference.
RPC III, 1863; COP 178; L BMC 10; SNG von Aulock 2955

Obv.
Draped bust of Artemis Persica r., with quiver at l. shoulder, bow and arrow at breast

Rev. ΙΕΡΟΚΑΙСΑΡΕΩΝ
Forepart of stag kneeling right.

3.04 gr
17 mm
12h
okidoki
5cl1.jpg
1863: Five centimes of Leopold IKing Leopold I. 5 Centimes. 1863.

Lion surrounded by legend L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE 1863. / 5 Centimes surrounded by LEOPOLD PREMIER ROI DES BELGES. Cupro-nickel.
Belisarius
heraclea63.jpg
188 Constantius IIobv: FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C laur. drp. cuir. bust l.
rev: PROVIDEN_TIAE CAESS campgate with two turrents star above
ex: ./SMHr
hill132
Republican_Centennial_Medal_1954.JPG
1954 Official Republican Centennial MedalObv: REPUBLICAN CENTENNIAL 1854 - 1954, Conjoined busts of Abraham Lincoln and Dwight Eisenhower facing left.

Rev: Two lighted torches, quotes between: "WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE, WITH CHARITY FOR ALL, WITH FIRMNESS IN THE RIGHT, AS GOD GIVES US TO SEE THE RIGHT, LET US STRIVE ON TO FINISH THE WORK WE ARE IN" -Abraham Lincoln. "IN ALL THOSE THINGS WHICH DEAL WITH PEOPLE, BE LIBERAL, BE HUMAN. IN ALL THOSE THINGS WHICH DEAL WITH THE PEOPLE'S MONEY OR THEIR ECONOMY, OR THEIR FORM OF GOVERNMENT, BE CONSERVATIVE." Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Engraver: Gilroy Roberts

Mint: Medallic Art Company, Date: 1954, Bronze, Diameter: 63.6 mm

Note: Gilroy Roberts was already the chief engraver of the United States Mint when he designed this medal. He would go on to design the portrait on the John F. Kennedy half dollar.
Matt Inglima
eli1963.jpg
1963 Elizabeth II, One Penny9.6 g., 30.76 mm.NORMAN K
coin63.JPG
202. Caracalla; Antiochia ad Orontem, Seleucis and Pieria, Syria;Antiochia ad Orontem , Caracalla Æ 34, 17.2g

OBVERSE: Laureate bust right.
REVERSE: City-godess seated left on rock, holding ears of corn. River-god Orontes swimming at her feet
ecoli
21-Alex-Roman-Macedonia.jpg
21. Roman Macedon: Tetradrachm in the name of Alexander the Great.Tetradrachm, ca 90 - 75 BC, Thessalonika mint.
Obverse: ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ / Head of Alexander, wearing the Horn of Ammon.
Θ behind.
Reverse: AESILLAS Q / Club between money-chest and quaesteor's chair, all in olive-wreath.
16.23 gm., 29 mm.
S. #1463.

The dating of this series is far from certain. The traditional theory of ca 94 - 88 BC is supported by Athenian overstrikes. Others favor dates from the mid- 80s BC through the early 60s BC.
1 commentsCallimachus
SevAlex-Ant-RIC-263.jpg
215. Severus Alexander / RIC 263.Denarius, 222 AD, Antioch mint.
Obv: IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG / Laureate bust of Severus Alexander.
Rev: P M TR P COS / Fortuna holding rudder and cornucopiae; star in left field.
2.95 gm., 18 mm.
RIC #263.
Callimachus
766Hadrian_RIC763.JPG
2162 Hadrian Sestertius Roma 130-38 AD JupiterReference.
RIC II, 763; C. 861;BMC 1521; Strack 671: RIC III, 3163

Bust A1+

Obv. HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Laureate head

Rev. IOVI CVSTODI S C in ex.
Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre

25.05 gr
33 mm
6h

Note.
IOVI CVSTODI as Jupiter protector, protecting the health of Hadrian and Aelius
okidoki
1210Hadrian_RIC763.jpg
2163 Hadrian Sestertius Roma 130-38 AD JupiterReference.
RIC II, 763; C. 861;BMC 1521; Strack 671: RIC III, 3163

Bust A1+

Obv. HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Bare head

Rev. IOVI CVSTODI S C in ex.
Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre

21.96 gr
32.50 mm
6h

Note.
IOVI CVSTODI as Jupiter protector, protecting the health of Hadrian and Aelius
2 commentsokidoki
Bela-IV_(1235-1270_AD)_AR-Denar_U-242_C1-262_H-330_Q-001_5h_10mm_0,28ga-s.jpg
22.63. Béla IV., King of Hungary, (1235-1270 A.D.), CÁC III. 22.63.1.1., H-330, CNH I.-262, U-242, AR-Obulus, #0122.63. Béla IV., King of Hungary, (1235-1270 A.D.), CÁC III. 22.63.1.1., H-330, CNH I.-262, U-242, AR-Obulus, #01
avers: G Є, Crowned bust left, holding a cross, pellet both side of the crown, a border of dots.
reverse: Falcon swooping on a rabbit, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 10mm, weight: 0,28g, axis: 5h,
mint: , date: 1235-1270 A.D., ref: Huszár-330, CNH I.-262, Unger-242,
CÁC III. 22.63.1.1.,
Q-001
quadrans
Bela_IV__(1235-1270_AD),_H-330,_C1-262,_U-242,_AR-Obulus,_Q-001,_6h,_9,5mm,_0,16g-s.jpg
22.63. Béla IV., King of Hungary, (1235-1270 A.D.), CÁC III. 22.63.1.1., H-330, CNH I.-262, U-242, AR-Obulus, #0222.63. Béla IV., King of Hungary, (1235-1270 A.D.), CÁC III. 22.63.1.1., H-330, CNH I.-262, U-242, AR-Obulus, #02
avers: G Є, Crowned bust left, holding a cross, pellet both side of the crown, a border of dots.
reverse: Falcon swooping on a rabbit, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 9,5mm, weight: 0,16g, axis: 6h,
mint: , date: 1235-1270 A.D., ref: Huszár-330, CNH I.-262, Unger-242,
CÁC III. 22.63.1.1.,
Q-002
1 commentsquadrans
22063.jpg
22063 Trebonianus Gallus/MoesiaTrebonianus Gallus/Moesia
Obv:IMP C GALLVS P FELIX AVG
laureate, draped bust right
Rev:PMS C-OL-VIM
Moesia standing facing, head left, between bull to left and lion to right, date AN XIII in exergue

Mint: Viminacium 27.3mm 11.5g
rough off centre flan


Blayne W
22261.jpg
22261 Zeus/Zeus Seated22261 Zeus/Zeus Seated
Obv: Laureate head of Zeus right
Rev: ANAZAΡBEΩN,
Zeus seated left, holding Nike and sceptre, TAYK monogram before.
Mint: Cilicia, Anazarbus 21.6mm 8.1g
SNG Levante 1363.
Blayne W
22263.jpg
22263 Gorgon/Nike22263 Gorgon/Nike
Obv: Aegis with head of gorgoneion in centre
Rev: AMI-ΣOY monogram to right and left
Nike walking right, holding palm tied with fillet over left shoulder; monograms to lower left and right
Mint: Amisos, Pontus 22.1mm 7.0g
BMC 69-78
Blayne W
1444Hadrian_RICIII_2263.jpg
2263 Hadrian Sestertius, Roma 130-38 AD PaxReference.
RIC II, 770; Strack 679; Banti 565; RIC 2263

Bust A1+

Obv. HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Bare head

Rev. PAX AVG S C in ex.
Pax seated left, holding branch and sceptre

27.62 gr
32 mm
6h
okidoki
1165_P_Hadrian_RPC2329_5.jpg
2329 PHRYGIA, Laodicea Hadrian Medallion Zeus Reference.
RPC III, 2329/5; Von Aulock, Phrygiens -; SNG München -; SNG von Aulock-; SNG Copenhagen 575; BMC 195

Obv. ΑΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΡΑ ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС ΟΛΥΜΠΙΟС
Laureate head of Hadrian, r. with drapery on l. shoulder

Rev. ΛΑΟΔΙΚΕΩΝ
Zeus Laodiceus standing facing, head l., holding eagle in his extended r. hand, l. resting on sceptre

36.37 gr
39 mm
12h

Note.
From the Group CEM Collection, Classical Numismatic Group 90, 23 May 2012, 1058 and ex Waddell II, 12 September 1987, 363.

The epithet 'Olympios' was adopted by Hadrian in 128/9 following the dedication of the temple of Zeus Olympios in Athens. It emphasized the emperor's Panhellenic program and enthusiastic Philhellenism, for Zeus Olympios, chief god of the Greek peoples, was the Panhellenic god before all others. RPC suggests that the impressive Laodicean medallions bearing the new epithet were struck on the occasion of Hadrian's visit to the city in June 129.
6 commentsokidoki
566_P_Hadrian_RPC2763.jpg
2763 CILICIA, Syedra. Hadrian Demeter Reference.
RPC III, 2763; Ziegler 109; SNG Pfälzer 1162-4;

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС ΚΑΙСΑΡ
Laureate and cuirassed bust of Hadrian, right

Rev. СΥΕΔΡΕωΝ
Demeter seated left, holding ears of corn downwards in her right. hand and lighted torch in left

9.18 gr
23 mm
12h
okidoki
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