| Image search results - "363," |
Denarius Serratus 64 or 62 BC. - Mint of Rome
L. ROSCIVS FABATVS - Gens Roscia
Obv.: Head of Juno Sospita in goat skin, L ROSCI below, symbol behind (Shield)
Rev.:Girl standing right feeding serpent before, symbol to left (helm), FABATI in ex.
gs. 3,9 mm. 18,2x17,4
Crawford 412/1; Sear RCV 363, Grueber I 3394.
Maxentius
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AE Pentanummium Justin II SB 363Obverse: Mongram 8
Reverse: Large E, Officina Letter "B" to r.
Date: 565-578 CE
Mint: Constantinople
Sear: 363, DO 60a-d
15mm 1.70gmwileyc
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First Revolt AE Prutah (2,76 g) - Jewish War 68/9 AD year 3. Obv. Amphora with broad rim, two handles, and decorated conical cover.
Rev. inscription (the freedom of Zion), vine leaf on small branch with tendril
Refernces: (Hendin 1363, AJC II 261,20) .
17mm, 2.8 grams.Canaan
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020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RIC² 0683, RIC II(1962) ---, Rome, AR-Denarius, PONT MAX TR P COS V, Vespasian seated right, #1020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RIC² 0683, RIC II(1962) ---, Rome, AR-Denarius, PONT MAX TR P COS V, Vespasian seated right, #1
avers: IMP CAESAR VESP AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: PONT MAX TR P COS V, Vespasian seated right on curule chair, holding scepter and branch.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 3,25g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 74 A.D., ref: RIC² 0683, RIC II(1962) ---, RSC-363, BMC 135,
Q-001quadrans
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027 Traianus (98-117 A.D.), Rome, RIC II 0363, AR-Denarius, PARTHICO P M TR P COS VI P P S P Q R, PRO/VID//--, Providentia standing left, #1027 Traianus (98-117 A.D.), Rome, RIC II 0363, AR-Denarius, PARTHICO P M TR P COS VI P P S P Q R, PRO/VID//--, Providentia standing left, #1
avers: IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC, Laureate, draped bust right.
reverse: PARTHICO P M TR P COS VI P P S P Q R, Providentia standing left, holding scepter and pointing with the wand to the globe at feet.
exergue: PRO/VID//--, diameter: 18,0-19,5mm, weight:3,02g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 114-117 A.D.,
ref: RIC II 363, RSC 314,
Q-001quadrans
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105b. Lucius VerusAequitas, also known as Aecetia, was the goddess of fair trade and honest merchants. Like Abundantia, she is depicted with a cornucopia, representing wealth from commerce. She is also shown holding a balance, representing equity and fairness. During the Roman Empire, Aequitas was sometimes worshipped as a quality or aspect of the emperor, under the name Aequitas Augusti.
Aequitas is the tattoo that one brother has on the film Boondock Saints. His brother has a tattoo of the word veritas. They represent, without surprise, justice/equality/balance/fairness and truth.
Aequitas is the source of the word equity, and also means "equality" or "justice".
Denarius. Rev. Aequitas stg. l. holding scales and cornucopiae. TR P VIII IMP V COS III. S-5363, RSC 32ecoli
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114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 363, Rome, -/-//KAS, PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Numerian standing left,114 Numerianus (283-284 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 363, Rome, -/-//KAS, PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Numerian standing left,
avers:- M-AVR-NVMERIANVS-NOB-C, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- PRINCIPI-IVVENTVT, Numerian standing left, holding Globe and sceptre.
exerg: -/-//KAS, diameter: 21,5mm, weight: 4,06g, axes: 1h,
mint: Rome, 2nd. officinae, date: 282 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 363, p-188,
Q-001quadrans
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1409a, Julian II "the Philosopher," February 360 - 26 June 363 A.D.Julian II, A.D. 360-363; RIC 167; VF; 2.7g, 20mm; Constantinople mint; Obverse: DN FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG, helmeted & cuirassed bust right, holding spear & shield; Reverse: VOT X MVLT XX in four lines within wreath; CONSPB in exergue; Attractive green patina. Ex Nemesis.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Julian the Apostate (360-363 A.D.)
Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Introduction
The emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus reigned from 360 to 26 June 363, when he was killed fighting against the Persians. Despite his short rule, his emperorship was pivotal in the development of the history of the later Roman empire. This essay is not meant to be a comprehensive look at the various issues central to the reign of Julian and the history of the later empire. Rather, this short work is meant to be a brief history and introduction for the general reader. Julian was the last direct descendent of the Constantinian line to ascend to the purple, and it is one of history's great ironies that he was the last non-Christian emperor. As such, he has been vilified by most Christian sources, beginning with John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus in the later fourth century. This tradition was picked up by the fifth century Eusebian continuators Sozomen, Socrates Scholasticus, and Theodoret and passed on to scholars down through the 20th century. Most contemporary sources, however, paint a much more balanced picture of Julian and his reign. The adoption of Christianity by emperors and society, while still a vital concern, was but one of several issues that concerned Julian.
It is fortunate that extensive writings from Julian himself exist, which help interpret his reign in the light of contemporary evidence. Still extant are some letters, several panegyrics, and a few satires. Other contemporary sources include the soldier Ammianus Marcellinus' history, correspondence between Julian and Libanius of Antioch, several panegyrics, laws from the Theodosian Code, inscriptions, and coinage. These sources show Julian's emphasis on restoration. He saw himself as the restorer of the traditional values of Roman society. Of course much of this was rhetoric, meant to defend Julian against charges that he was a usurper. At the same time this theme of restoration was central to all emperors of the fourth century. Julian thought that he was the one emperor who could regain what was viewed as the lost glory of the Roman empire. To achieve this goal he courted select groups of social elites to get across his message of restoration. This was the way that emperors functioned in the fourth century. By choosing whom to include in the sharing of power, they sought to shape society.
Early Life
Julian was born at Constantinople in 331. His father was Julius Constantius, half-brother of the emperor Constantine through Constantius Chlorus, and his mother was Basilina, Julius' second wife. Julian had two half-brothers via Julius' first marriage. One of these was Gallus, who played a major role in Julian's life. Julian appeared destined for a bright future via his father's connection to the Constantinian house. After many years of tense relations with his three half-brothers, Constantine seemed to have welcomed them into the fold of the imperial family. From 333 to 335, Constantine conferred a series of honors upon his three half-siblings, including appointing Julius Constantius as one of the consuls for 335. Julian's mother was equally distinguished. Ammianus related that she was from a noble family. This is supported by Libanius, who claimed that she was the daughter of Julius Julianus, a Praetorian Prefect under Licinius, who was such a model of administrative virtue that he was pardoned and honored by Constantine.
Despite the fact that his mother died shortly after giving birth to him, Julian experienced an idyllic early childhood. This ended when Constantius II conducted a purge of many of his relatives shortly after Constantine's death in 337, particularly targeting the families of Constantine's half-brothers. ulian and Gallus were spared, probably due to their young age. Julian was put under the care of Mardonius, a Scythian eunuch who had tutored his mother, in 339, and was raised in the Greek philosophical tradition, and probably lived in Nicomedia. Ammianus also supplied the fact that while in Nicomedia, Julian was cared for by the local bishop Eusebius, of whom the future emperor was a distant relation. Julian was educated by some of the most famous names in grammar and rhetoric in the Greek world at that time, including Nicocles and Hecebolius. In 344 Constantius II sent Julian and Gallus to Macellum in Cappadocia, where they remained for six years. In 351, Gallus was made Caesar by Constantius II and Julian was allowed to return to Nicomedia, where he studied under Aedesius, Eusebius, and Chrysanthius, all famed philosophers, and was exposed to the Neo-Platonism that would become such a prominent part of his life. But Julian was most proud of the time he spent studying under Maximus of Ephesus, a noted Neo-Platonic philospher and theurgist. It was Maximus who completed Julian's full-scale conversion to Neo-Platonism. Later, when he was Caesar, Julian told of how he put letters from this philosopher under his pillows so that he would continue to absorb wisdom while he slept, and while campaigning on the Rhine, he sent his speeches to Maximus for approval before letting others hear them. When Gallus was executed in 354 for treason by Constantius II, Julian was summoned to Italy and essentially kept under house arrest at Comum, near Milan, for seven months before Constantius' wife Eusebia convinced the emperor that Julian posed no threat. This allowed Julian to return to Greece and continue his life as a scholar where he studied under the Neo-Platonist Priscus. Julian's life of scholarly pursuit, however, ended abruptly when he was summoned to the imperial court and made Caesar by Constantius II on 6 November 355.
Julian as Caesar
Constantius II realized an essential truth of the empire that had been evident since the time of the Tetrarchy--the empire was too big to be ruled effectively by one man. Julian was pressed into service as Caesar, or subordinate emperor, because an imperial presence was needed in the west, in particular in the Gallic provinces. Julian, due to the emperor's earlier purges, was the only viable candidate of the imperial family left who could act as Caesar. Constantius enjoined Julian with the task of restoring order along the Rhine frontier. A few days after he was made Caesar, Julian was married to Constantius' sister Helena in order to cement the alliance between the two men. On 1 December 355, Julian journeyed north, and in Augusta Taurinorum he learned that Alamannic raiders had destroyed Colonia Agrippina. He then proceeded to Vienne where he spent the winter. At Vienne, he learned that Augustudunum was also under siege, but was being held by a veteran garrison. He made this his first priority, and arrived there on 24 June 356. When he had assured himself that the city was in no immediate danger, he journeyed to Augusta Treverorum via Autessioduram, and from there to Durocortorum where he rendezvoused with his army. Julian had the army stage a series of punitive strikes around the Dieuse region, and then he moved them towards the Argentoratum/Mongontiacum region when word of barbarian incursions reached him.
From there, Julian moved on to Colonia Agrippina, and negotiated a peace with the local barbarian leaders who had assaulted the city. He then wintered at Senonae. He spent the early part of the campaigning season of 357 fighting off besiegers at Senonae, and then conducting operations around Lugdunum and Tres Tabernae. Later that summer, he encountered his watershed moment as a military general. Ammianus went into great detail about Julian's victory over seven rogue Alamannic chieftains near Argentoratum, and Julian himself bragged about it in his later writing. After this battle, the soldiers acclaimed Julian Augustus, but he rejected this title. After mounting a series of follow-up raids into Alamannic territory, he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia, and on the way defeated some Frankish raiders in the Mosa region. Julian considered this campaign one of the major events of his time as Caesar.
Julian began his 358 military campaigns early, hoping to catch the barbarians by surprise. His first target was the Franks in the northern Rhine region. He then proceeded to restore some forts in the Mosa region, but his soldiers threatened to mutiny because they were on short rations and had not been paid their donative since Julian had become Caesar. After he soothed his soldiers, Julian spent the rest of the summer negotiating a peace with various Alamannic leaders in the mid and lower Rhine areas, and retired to winter quarters at Lutetia. In 359, he prepared once again to carry out a series of punitive expeditions against the Alamanni in the Rhine region who were still hostile to the Roman presence. In preparation, the Caesar repopulated seven previously destroyed cities and set them up as supply bases and staging areas. This was done with the help of the people with whom Julian had negotiated a peace the year before. Julian then had a detachment of lightly armed soldiers cross the Rhine near Mogontiacum and conduct a guerilla strike against several chieftains. As a result of these campaigns, Julian was able to negotiate a peace with all but a handful of the Alamannic leaders, and he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia.
Of course, Julian did more than act as a general during his time as Caesar. According to Ammianus, Julian was an able administrator who took steps to correct the injustices of Constantius' appointees. Ammianus related the story of how Julian prevented Florentius, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, from raising taxes, and also how Julian actually took over as governor for the province of Belgica Secunda. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, supported Ammianus' basic assessment of Julian in this regard when he reported that Julian was an able representative of the emperor to the Gallic provincials. There is also epigraphic evidence to support Julian's popularity amongst the provincial elites. An inscription found near Beneventum in Apulia reads:
"To Flavius Claudius Julianus, most noble and sanctified Caesar, from the caring Tocius Maximus, vir clarissimus, for the care of the res publica from Beneventum".
Tocius Maximus, as a vir clarissimus, was at the highest point in the social spectrum and was a leader in his local community. This inscription shows that Julian was successful in establishing a positive image amongst provincial elites while he was Caesar.
Julian Augustus
In early 360, Constantius, driven by jealousy of Julian's success, stripped Julian of many troops and officers, ostensibly because the emperor needed them for his upcoming campaign against the Persians. One of the legions ordered east, the Petulantes, did not want to leave Gaul because the majority of the soldiers in the unit were from this region. As a result they mutinied and hailed Julian as Augustus at Lutetia. Julian refused this acclamation as he had done at Argentoratum earlier, but the soldiers would have none of his denial. They raised him on a shield and adorned him with a neck chain, which had formerly been the possession of the standard-bearer of the Petulantes and symbolized a royal diadem. Julian appeared reluctantly to acquiesce to their wishes, and promised a generous donative. The exact date of his acclamation is unknown, but most scholars put it in February or March. Julian himself supported Ammianus' picture of a jealous Constantius. In his Letter to the Athenians, a document constructed to answer charges that he was a usurper, Julian stated that from the start he, as Caesar, had been meant as a figurehead to the soldiers and provincials. The real power he claimed lay with the generals and officials already present in Gaul. In fact, according to Julian, the generals were charged with watching him as much as the enemy. His account of the actual acclamation closely followed what Ammianus told us, but he stressed even more his reluctance to take power. Julian claimed that he did so only after praying to Zeus for guidance.
Fearing the reaction of Constantius, Julian sent a letter to his fellow emperor justifying the events at Lutetia and trying to arrange a peaceful solution. This letter berated Constantius for forcing the troops in Gaul into an untenable situation. Ammianus stated that Julian's letter blamed Constantius' decision to transfer Gallic legions east as the reason for the soldiers' rebellion. Julian once again asserted that he was an unwilling participant who was only following the desire of the soldiers. In both of these basic accounts Ammianus and Julian are playing upon the theme of restoration. Implicit in their version of Julian's acclamation is the argument that Constantius was unfit to rule. The soldiers were the vehicle of the gods' will. The Letter to the Athenians is full of references to the fact that Julian was assuming the mantle of Augustus at the instigation of the gods. Ammianus summed up this position nicely when he related the story of how, when Julian was agonizing over whether to accept the soldiers' acclamation, he had a dream in which he was visited by the Genius (guardian spirit) of the Roman state. The Genius told Julian that it had often tried to bestow high honors upon Julian but had been rebuffed. Now, the Genius went on to say, was Julian's final chance to take the power that was rightfully his. If the Caesar refused this chance, the Genius would depart forever, and both Julian and the state would rue Julian's rejection. Julian himself wrote a letter to his friend Maximus of Ephesus in November of 361 detailing his thoughts on his proclamation. In this letter, Julian stated that the soldiers proclaimed him Augustus against his will. Julian, however, defended his accession, saying that the gods willed it and that he had treated his enemies with clemency and justice. He went on to say that he led the troops in propitiating the traditional deities, because the gods commanded him to return to the traditional rites, and would reward him if he fulfilled this duty.
During 360 an uneasy peace simmered between the two emperors. Julian spent the 360 campaigning season continuing his efforts to restore order along the Rhine, while Constantius continued operations against the Persians. Julian wintered in Vienne, and celebrated his Quinquennalia. It was at this time that his wife Helena died, and he sent her remains to Rome for a proper burial at his family villa on the Via Nomentana where the body of her sister was entombed. The uneasy peace held through the summer of 361, but Julian concentrated his military operations around harassing the Alamannic chieftain Vadomarius and his allies, who had concluded a peace treaty with Constantius some years earlier. By the end of the summer, Julian decided to put an end to the waiting and gathered his army to march east against Constantius. The empire teetered on the brink of another civil war. Constantius had spent the summer negotiating with the Persians and making preparations for possible military action against his cousin. When he was assured that the Persians would not attack, he summoned his army and sallied forth to meet Julian. As the armies drew inexorably closer to one another, the empire was saved from another bloody civil war when Constantius died unexpectedly of natural causes on 3 November near the town of Mopsucrenae in Cilicia, naming Julian -- the sources say-- as his legitimate successor.
Julian was in Dacia when he learned of his cousin's death. He made his way through Thrace and came to Constantinople on 11 December 361 where Julian honored the emperor with the funeral rites appropriate for a man of his station. Julian immediately set about putting his supporters in positions of power and trimming the imperial bureaucracy, which had become extremely overstaffed during Constantius' reign. Cooks and barbers had increased during the late emperor's reign and Julian expelled them from his court. Ammianus gave a mixed assessment of how the new emperor handled the followers of Constantius. Traditionally, emperors were supposed to show clemency to the supporters of a defeated enemy. Julian, however, gave some men over to death to appease the army. Ammianus used the case of Ursulus, Constantius' comes sacrum largitionum, to illustrate his point. Ursulus had actually tried to acquire money for the Gallic troops when Julian had first been appointed Caesar, but he had also made a disparaging remark about the ineffectiveness of the army after the battle of Amida. The soldiers remembered this, and when Julian became sole Augustus, they demanded Ursulus' head. Julian obliged, much to the disapproval of Ammianus. This seems to be a case of Julian courting the favor of the military leadership, and is indicative of a pattern in which Julian courted the goodwill of various societal elites to legitimize his position as emperor.
Another case in point is the officials who made up the imperial bureaucracy. Many of them were subjected to trial and punishment. To achieve this goal, during the last weeks of December 361 Julian assembled a military tribunal at Chalcedon, empanelling six judges to try the cases. The president of the tribunal was Salutius, just promoted to the rank of Praetorian Prefect; the five other members were Mamertinus, the orator, and four general officers: Jovinus, Agilo, Nevitta, and Arbetio. Relative to the proceedings of the tribunal, Ammianus noted that the judges, " . . . oversaw the cases more vehemently than was right or fair, with the exception of a few . . .." Ammianus' account of Julian's attempt at reform of the imperial bureaucracy is supported by legal evidence from the Theodosian Code. A series of laws sent to Mamertinus, Julian's appointee as Praetorian Prefect in Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, illustrate this point nicely. On 6 June 362, Mamertinus received a law that prohibited provincial governors from bypassing the Vicars when giving their reports to the Prefect. Traditionally, Vicars were given civil authority over a group of provinces, and were in theory meant to serve as a middle step between governors and Prefects. This law suggests that the Vicars were being left out, at least in Illyricum. Julian issued another edict to Mamertinus on 22 February 362 to stop abuse of the public post by governors. According to this law, only Mamertinus could issue post warrants, but the Vicars were given twelve blank warrants to be used as they saw fit, and each governor was given two. Continuing the trend of bureaucratic reform, Julian also imposed penalties on governors who purposefully delayed appeals in court cases they had heard. The emperor also established a new official to weigh solidi used in official government transactions to combat coin clipping.
For Julian, reigning in the abuses of imperial bureaucrats was one step in restoring the prestige of the office of emperor. Because he could not affect all elements of society personally, Julian, like other Neo-Flavian emperors, decided to concentrate on select groups of societal elites as intercessors between himself and the general populace. One of these groups was the imperial bureaucracy. Julian made it very clear that imperial officials were intercessors in a very real sense in a letter to Alypius, Vicar of Britain. In this letter, sent from Gaul sometime before 361, the emperor praises Alypius for his use of "mildness and moderation with courage and force" in his rule of the provincials. Such virtues were characteristic of the emperors, and it was good that Alypius is representing Julian in this way. Julian courted the army because it put him in power. Another group he sought to include in his rule was the traditional Senatorial aristocracy. One of his first appointments as consul was Claudius Mamertinus, a Gallic Senator and rhetorician. Mamertinus' speech in praise of Julian delivered at Constantinople in January of 362 is preserved. In this speech, Claudius presented his consular selection as inaugurating a new golden age and Julian as the restorer of the empire founded by Augustus. The image Mamertinus gave of his own consulate inaugurating a new golden age is not merely formulaic. The comparison of Julian to Augustus has very real, if implicit, relevance to Claudius' situation. Claudius emphasized the imperial period as the true age of renewal. Augustus ushered in a new era with his formation of a partnership between the emperor and the Senate based upon a series of honors and offices bestowed upon the Senate in return for their role as intercessor between emperor and populace. It was this system that Julian was restoring, and the consulate was one concrete example of this bond. To be chosen as a consul by the emperor, who himself had been divinely mandated, was a divine honor. In addition to being named consul, Mamertinus went on to hold several offices under Julian, including the Prefecture of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa. Similarly, inscriptional evidence illustrates a link between municipal elites and Julian during his time as Caesar, something which continued after he became emperor. One concrete example comes from the municipal senate of Aceruntia in Apulia, which established a monument on which Julian is styled as "Repairer of the World."
Julian seems to have given up actual Christian belief before his acclamation as emperor and was a practitioner of more traditional Greco-Roman religious beliefs, in particular, a follower of certain late antique Platonist philosophers who were especially adept at theurgy as was noted earlier. In fact Julian himself spoke of his conversion to Neo-Platonism in a letter to the Alexandrians written in 363. He stated that he had abandoned Christianity when he was twenty years old and been an adherent of the traditional Greco-Roman deities for the twelve years prior to writing this letter.
(For the complete text of this article see: http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm)
Julian’s Persian Campaign
The exact goals Julian had for his ill-fated Persian campaign were never clear. The Sassanid Persians, and before them the Parthians, had been a traditional enemy from the time of the Late Republic, and indeed Constantius had been conducting a war against them before Julian's accession forced the former to forge an uneasy peace. Julian, however, had no concrete reason to reopen hostilities in the east. Socrates Scholasticus attributed Julian's motives to imitation of Alexander the Great, but perhaps the real reason lay in his need to gather the support of the army. Despite his acclamation by the Gallic legions, relations between Julian and the top military officers was uneasy at best. A war against the Persians would have brought prestige and power both to Julian and the army.
Julian set out on his fateful campaign on 5 March 363. Using his trademark strategy of striking quickly and where least expected, he moved his army through Heirapolis and from there speedily across the Euphrates and into the province of Mesopotamia, where he stopped at the town of Batnae. His plan was to eventually return through Armenia and winter in Tarsus. Once in Mesopotamia, Julian was faced with the decision of whether to travel south through the province of Babylonia or cross the Tigris into Assyria, and he eventually decided to move south through Babylonia and turn west into Assyria at a later date. By 27 March, he had the bulk of his army across the Euphrates, and had also arranged a flotilla to guard his supply line along the mighty river. He then left his generals Procopius and Sebastianus to help Arsacius, the king of Armenia and a Roman client, to guard the northern Tigris line. It was also during this time that he received the surrender of many prominent local leaders who had nominally supported the Persians. These men supplied Julian with money and troops for further military action against their former masters. Julian decided to turn south into Babylonia and proceeded along the Euphrates, coming to the fortress of Cercusium at the junction of the Abora and Euphrates Rivers around the first of April, and from there he took his army west to a region called Zaitha near the abandoned town of Dura where they visited the tomb of the emperor Gordian which was in the area. On April 7 he set out from there into the heart of Babylonia and towards Assyria.
Ammianus then stated that Julian and his army crossed into Assyria, which on the face of things appears very confusing. Julian still seems to be operating within the province of Babylonia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The confusion is alleviated when one realizes that,for Ammianus, the region of Assyria encompassed the provinces of Babylonia and Assyria. On their march, Julian's forces took the fortress of Anatha, received the surrender and support of several more local princes, and ravaged the countryside of Assyria between the rivers. As the army continued south, they came across the fortresses Thilutha and Achaiachala, but these places were too well defended and Julian decided to leave them alone. Further south were the cities Diacira and Ozogardana, which the Roman forces sacked and burned. Soon, Julian came to Pirisabora and a brief siege ensued, but the city fell and was also looted and destroyed. It was also at this time that the Roman army met its first systematic resistance from the Persians. As the Romans penetrated further south and west, the local inhabitants began to flood their route. Nevertheless, the Roman forces pressed on and came to Maiozamalcha, a sizable city not far from Ctesiphon. After a short siege, this city too fell to Julian. Inexorably, Julian's forces zeroed in on Ctesiphon, but as they drew closer, the Persian resistance grew fiercer, with guerilla raids whittling at Julian's men and supplies. A sizable force of the army was lost and the emperor himself was almost killed taking a fort a few miles from the target city.
Finally, the army approached Ctesiphon following a canal that linked the Tigris and Euphrates. It soon became apparent after a few preliminary skirmishes that a protracted siege would be necessary to take this important city. Many of his generals, however, thought that pursuing this course of action would be foolish. Julian reluctantly agreed, but became enraged by this failure and ordered his fleet to be burned as he decided to march through the province of Assyria. Julian had planned for his army to live off the land, but the Persians employed a scorched-earth policy. When it became apparent that his army would perish (because his supplies were beginning to dwindle) from starvation and the heat if he continued his campaign, and also in the face of superior numbers of the enemy, Julian ordered a retreat on 16 June. As the Roman army retreated, they were constantly harassed by guerilla strikes. It was during one of these raids that Julian got caught up in the fighting and took a spear to his abdomen. Mortally wounded he was carried to his tent, where, after conferring with some of his officers, he died. The date was 26 June 363.
Conclusion
Thus an ignominious end for a man came about who had hoped to restore the glory of the Roman empire during his reign as emperor. Due to his intense hatred of Christianity, the opinion of posterity has not been kind to Julian. The contemporary opinion, however, was overall positive. The evidence shows that Julian was a complex ruler with a definite agenda to use traditional social institutions in order to revive what he saw as a collapsing empire. In the final assessment, he was not so different from any of the other emperors of the fourth century. He was a man grasping desperately to hang on to a Greco-Roman conception of leadership that was undergoing a subtle yet profound change.
Copyright (C) 2002, Walter E. Roberts and Michael DiMaio, Jr. Used by permission.
In reality, Julian worked to promote culture and philosophy in any manifestation. He tried to reduce taxes and the public debts of municipalities; he augmented administrative decentralisation; he promoted a campaign of austerity to reduce public expenditure (setting himself as the example). He reformed the postal service and eliminated the powerful secret police.
by Federico Morando; JULIAN II, The Apostate, See the Julian II Page on NumisWiki
Flavius Claudius Iulianus was born in 331 or maybe 332 A.D. in Constantinople. He ruled the Western Empire as Caesar from 355 to 360 and was hailed Augustus by his legions in Lutetia (Paris) in 360. Julian was a gifted administrator and military strategist. Famed as the last pagan emperor, his reinstatement of the pagan religion earned him the moniker "the Apostate." As evidenced by his brilliant writing, some of which has survived to the present day, the title "the Philosopher" may have been more appropriate. He died from wounds suffered during the Persian campaign of 363 A.D. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1410a, Jovian, 27 June 363 - 17 February 364 A.D.Bronze AE 3, RIC 179, aVF, Constantinople, 3.126g, 21.6mm, 180o. Obverse: D N IOVIANVS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left; Reverse: VOT V MVLT X within wreath, CONSPG in exergue; scarce.
Flavius Jovianuswas born in 331 at Singidunum, modern Belgrade. His distinguished father, Varronianus, had been a tribune of the legion Ioviani and a comes domesticorum, perhaps under Constantius II, who had retired to private life shortly before Jovian's elevation to the purple. Jovian married a daughter of Lucillianus, perhaps named Charito, and by her produced at least two children.
Jovian himself was a protector domesticus under Constantius II and Julian and, under Julian, primicerius domesticorum. Various Christian sources maintain that Jovian's Christianity led to his deposition by Julian, though most modern scholars dismiss this as ex post facto Christian apologetic. Jovian, recalled to the ranks if he had ever been dismissed, marched with Julian against Sapor in 363, and on 27 June, the day after that emperor's death, was acclaimed Augustus.
Ammianus and Zosimus, among others, detail the difficult straits of the Roman army during its withdrawal from Persian territory, Ammianus from the perspective of a proud soldier confident even in defeat of the superiority of Roman arms, Zosimus, in a much shorter and confused version, concentrating on the predicament of Jovian's troops and on the dire effects to the empire of the peace terms agreed to with Sapor. These terms entailed the cessation to Persia of Roman territory beyond the Tigris -- the cities of Singara and Nisibis, however, to be surrendered on the condition of the safe passage of their inhabitants -- and the guarantee of the neutrality of Rome's ally Arsaces, King of Armenia, in the event of future hostilities between Roman and Persia. Ammianus asserts that in agreeing to these terms Jovian misjudged his tactical strength and wasted an opportunity presented by negotiations with Sapor to move his forces closer to supplies at Corduena, and that Jovian acted on the advise of flatterers to preserve the fighting strength of his forces in the event of an attempt by Julian's relative Procopius to seize the throne. Others present the treaty terms as unavoidable given the Roman predicament.
Jovian appears to have treaded cautiously with regard to religious matters during the early months of his reign. Eunapius says that Jovian continued to honor Maximus and Priscus, the Neoplatonist advisors of Julian, and, upon reaching Tarsus, Jovian performed funeral rites for Julian. Nonetheless, various Christians, most notably Athanasius, took the initiative in an effort to gain Jovian's favor and support. An adherent of the Nicaean creed, Jovian did eventually recall various bishops of homoousian disposition and restore to their followers churches lost under earlier emperors. But in spite of such measures, unity among various Christian sects seems to have been the foremost concern of Jovian, whose ipsissima verba Socrates Scholasticus purports to give: "I abhor contentiousness, but love and honor those hurrying towards unanimity" (Hist. Eccl. 3.25).
Jovian died at the age of thirty-two on 17 February 364 at Dadastana on the boundary of Bithynia and Galatia. The cause of his death was most probably natural and is variously attributed to overeating, the consumption of poisonous mushrooms, or suffocation from fumes of charcoal or of the fresh paint on the room in which he was sleeping. Ammianus' comparison of the circumstances of Jovian's death to those of Scipio Aemilianus suggest the possibility of foul play, as does John of Antioch's reference to a poisoned rather than a poisonous mushroom, while John Chrysostom -- in a highly suspect literary context of consolatio-- asserts outright that the emperor was murdered. Eutropius records that he was enrolled among the gods, inter Divos relatus est. Zonaras says he was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles and that his wife, Charito, was eventually laid to rest beside him.
Ancient authors agree that Jovian was of modest intellect but imposing physique and disposed to excessive eating and drinking.
By Thomas Banchich, Canisius College
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited By J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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146 Constans (333-337 A.D. Caesar, 337-350 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VIII 195, -/-//ΓSIS, AE-4 Follis, VICTORIAE DD AVG G Q NN, Two Victories standing, facing each other, #1146 Constans (333-337 A.D. Caesar, 337-350 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VIII 195, -/-//ΓSIS, AE-4 Follis, VICTORIAE DD AVG G Q NN, Two Victories standing, facing each other, #1
avers:- CONSTAN-S-PF-AVG, Cn3, D4, Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VICTORIAE-DD-AVG-G-Q-NN, Two Victories standing, facing each other, each holding a wreath and palm.
exergo: -/-//ΓSIS, diamater: 17mm, weight: 1,35g, axis: h,
mint: Siscia, date: 347-48 A.D., ref: RIC-VIII-195-p363,
Q-001quadrans
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153 Julianus II. (360-363 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VIII 363, AE-3, -/-//ΔSIS(revers)Z, FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Fallen horseman, #1153 Julianus II. (360-363 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VIII 363, AE-3, -/-//ΔSIS(revers)Z, FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Fallen horseman, #1
avers: D N IVLIANVS NOB CAES, JC10,D1, Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Soldier spearing a fallen horseman.
exergue: -/-//ΔSIS(revers)Z, diameter: 18mm, weight: 1,91g, axis: 6h,
mint: Siscia, date: 355 A.D., ref: RIC VIII 363, p-377, Scarce !,
Q-001quadrans
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193 - IULIANVS IIFlavius Claudius Julianus was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher.
for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi
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200/2. Pinaria - as (155 BC)AE As (Rome, 155 BC)
O/ Laureate head of Janus; I above.
R/ Prow right; NAT above; I before; ROMA below.
26.59g; 33mm
Crawford 200/2 (13 specimens in Paris)
* Pinarius Natta:
This moneyer came from the old patrician gens Pinaria (Cicero, De Divinatione, ii. 21). Despite its ancestry, this gens produced very few noteworthy members, although some of them are recorded until the empire.
The cognomen Natta is old; the first known Pinarius to bear it was Lucius Pinarius Natta, Magister Equitum in 363, and Praetor in 349 BC. Then, nobody else of that name is recorded until our moneyer, and his probable brother (RRC 208, 150 BC), who are both completely unknown apart from their coins. Finally, the last Natta of the Republic was a Pontifex in 56, brother-in-law to Clodius Pulcher, the famous Tribune (Cicero, Pro Domo, 118). It seems that the Nattae had lost their political influence early, but retained some religious duties until the end of the Republic, as Cicero says that they learnt "their sacred ceremonies from Hercules himself" (Pro Domo, 134).
The Pinarii indeed claimed to descend from a mythical Pinarius, who had welcomed Hercules with a banquet when he came to Latium (Livy, i. 7). This myth was so deeply stuck in the Roman mythology that it was still used by Caracalla on an unique aureus (leu 93, lot 68).Joss
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218aElagabalus 218-22 AD
AE 29 mm
Tyre in Phoenicia
Hexastyle temple with curved arch containing a statue of Astarte left, palm tree and murex shell flanking an altar in the foreground
BMC 393, Rouvier 2363, countermark Howgego 359mauseus
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25.17. András III., (Andreas III.), King of Hungary, (1290-11301 A.D.), CÁC III. 25.17.1.1./0.1./01., H-413, CNH I.-363, U-321, AR-Denarius, #0125.17. András III., (Andreas III.), King of Hungary, (1290-11301 A.D.), CÁC III. 25.17.1.1./0.1./01., H-413, CNH I.-363, U-321, AR-Denarius, #01
avers: King standing facing, holding sword and shield, patriarchal cross on the shield, a border of dots.
reverse: The lion of Saint Mark, a border of dots.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5mm, weight: 0,44g, axis:0h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Huszár-413, CNH I.-363, Unger-321,
CÁC III. 25.17.1.1./0.1./01.,
Q-001quadrans
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52. Julian II.AE 1, 363, Nicomedia mint.
Obverse: DN FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG / Diademed bust of Julian II.
Reverse: SECVRITAS REIPVB / Bull standing, two stars above.
Mint mark: NIKΓ between two palm leaves.
8.79 gm., 28 mm.
RIC #121; LRBC #2319; Sear #19159.Callimachus
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AE Pentanummium Justin II SB 363Obverse: Mongram 8
Reverse: Large E, Officina Letter "gamma" to r.
Date: 565-578 CE
Mint: Constantinople
Sear: 363, DO 60a-d
14mm 1.79gmwileyc
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AE Pentanummium Justin II SB 363Obverse: Mongram 8
Reverse: Large E, Officina Letter "gamma" to r.
Date: 565-578 CE
Mint: Constantinople
Sear: 363, DO 60a-d
17mm 2.28gmwileyc
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Alexander III, AR drachm, 336-323 BCEAR drachm of Alexander III “The Great”, 17 mm, 4.13 grams, seemingly lifetime issue (336–323 BCE), however, dated 323 -317 BCE. Lampsacus mint.
Obverse: Head of Herakles wearing lion's skin headdress.
Reverse: Zeus seated left, legs parallel, on stool, holding eagle and scepter. Legend in Greek AΛEΞANΔPOY. Monograms in the left field an "A" with an "overhang" - below is a serpent.
Reference: Price 212, 1363, SNG Vol. VIII 441, Margaret Thompsons' "Alexander's Drachm Mints II" as 148 to 152.
Added to collection: June 5, 2005Daniel F
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Antoninus Pius AE SestertiusANTONINVS AVG PI VS P P TR P COS IIII Laureate head right. / FELICITAS AVG, Felicity standing left, holding capricorn and caduceus, S-C across fields.
24.4 grams 34 mm.
RIC 770, Cohen 363, BMC 1677Antonivs Protti
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ApisJulian II the philosopher 360 - 363, nephew of Constantin I
AE - Maiorina, 7.30g, 25mm
Thessalonica 1. officina, summer 361 - June 26. 363
obv. DN FL CL IVLI - ANVS PF AVG
bust draped and cuirassed, pearl-diademed head r.
rev. SECVRITA[S R]EI PVB
diademed bull r., head facing, two stars above
exergue: TESA between palmbranchs
RIC VIII, Thessalonica 225; C.38
Rare; good F
APIS, holy bull of Memphis/Egypt, herald of god Ptah, making oracles in the name of the god. Each new bull should have a white triangle on the forehead or a moon-like spot at the sides. After his death buried as Osiris-Apis, from which the Serapis cult developed. Julian II has renewed this cult. For a new interpretation of the bull see the remarks in 'Jochen's Folles' to Julian II RIC VIII, 163! Jochen
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B 005 Justin II. (565-578 A.D.), SB 0375, AE-Pentanummium, Constantinopolis, Monogram (Sear 8.), Big Є left and B right side, #1B 005 Justin II. (565-578 A.D.), SB 0375, AE-Pentanummium, Constantinopolis, Monogram (Sear 8.), Big Є left and B right side, #1
avers: Monogram (Sear 8.).
reverse: Big Є left and B right side.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 15mm, weight: 1,65g, axis: 6h,
mint: Constantinopolis, date: ref: SB-363, p- , DOC 60,
Q-001quadrans
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BYZANTINE EMPIRE - Constantine XConstantine X (1059-1067) and Eudocia AE follis Obv.: Christ standing facing on a footstool, wearing nimbus, pallium and colobium and holding book of Gospels with both hands. Monograms. Rev.: Constantine X and Eudocia standing facing and holding labarum between them. Legend in Greek. Ref.: D. Sear, Byzantine coins and their values. p. 363, 1853, 6.44 g.
dpaul7
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Cilician Armenia. Hetoum I (1226-1270)Nercessian 363, Bedoukian 1394 or 1411-1412
AE kardez. Sis (now Kozan, Turkey) mint, 2.62 g., 21.63 mm. max.,180°
Obv: King seated on bench-like throne, holding globus cruciger in left hand and fleur-de-lys scepter in right, star in field, [+ՀԵԹ]ՈՒՄ ԹԱԳԱ[ՒՈՐ ՀԱՅՈՅ] (=Hetoum, Takavor Hayots = Hetoum, King of the Armenians].
Rev. Cross potent with crescent in first (upper right) quadrant and lines in the other quadrants, [+]ՇԻՆԵԱԼ [Ի ՔԱՂԱՔՆ Ի ՍԻՍ] (=Shineal I Kaghakn I Sis = Struck in the City of Sis).Stkp
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Constance IISilique, Lugdunum (Lyon), 360/363, 2,47 g, 17 mm.
A/ D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG ;Tête diadémée à droite, grènetis.
R/ VOTIS // XXX // MVLTIS // XXXX // LVG, dans une couronne, grènetis.
Réfs : RIC 216 - RSC 343 Gabalor
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CONSTANCE II - LYON - RIC 214Silique réduite, 360-363, S
A/D N CONSTAN-TIVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Constantius Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Constance Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VICTORIA-DD NN AVG//LVG
Victoria Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum, La Victoire de nos seigneurs augustes
La victoire allant à gauche, tenant une couronne dans la main droite et une branche de palme dans la main gauche, une seule aile visible.
Argent - 2.1 gr - 17 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 214, RSC 259
Siliquae
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CONSTANCE II - LYON - RIC 216Silique réduite, 360-363, C5
A/D N CONSTAN-TIVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Constantius Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Constance Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/XXX/MVLTIS/XXXX//LVG
Votis tricennalibus/Multis quadracennalibus, Vœux pour le trentième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les quarante à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.85 gr - 16.54 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 216, RSC 343
Siliquae
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EB0805 Julian II / WreathJulian II 360-363, AE22,
Obverse: DN FL CL IVLI-ANVS PF AVG, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield.
Reverse: VOT X MVLT XX within wreath. Mintmark CVZICA.
References: Cyzicus RIC 129.
Diameter: 22mm, Weight: 2.598g.EB
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EB0960 Justin II Monogram / Large epsilonJustin II, AE Decanummium, Constantinople mint 569-570 AD .
Obverse: Justin II monogram (Sear type 8).
Reverse: Large epsilon, officina letter B to right. No mintmark.
References: SB 363, DOC 60.
Diameter: 16.5mm, Weight: 2.193g.EB
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EB0961 Justin II Monogram / Large epsilonJustin II, AE Pentanummium, Constantinople mint 569-570 AD .
Obverse: Justin II monogram (Sear type 8).
Reverse: Large epsilon, officina letter B to right. No mintmark.
References: SB 363, DOC 60.
Diameter: 12.5mm, Weight: 0.759g.EB
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Germanicus & Drusus AE18 of Carteia, Spain. GERMANICO ET DRVSO, turreted head of city goddess facing right / CART CAESARIBVS IIII VIR around rudder.
18 mm / 5.01 gr.
SGI 363, Lindgren II 82, RPC 123. _1600EAntonivs Protti
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GREEK, QUASI-AUTONOMOUS, PHRYGIA, Prymnessus, MIDAS PHRYGIA, Prymnessus.
Autonomous Issue, Time of Gallienus, 253-268 AD.
Æ 24mm (7.87 gm, 11h).
BACILEVC MIDAC
draped bust of King Midas right, wearing Phrygian cap
R/ ΠΡΥΜ- ΝΗCCЄΩΝ , Dikaiosyne standing left, holding scales in right hand, sceptre in left.
Von Aulock, Phrygiens II, 962 ; BMC Phrygia pg. 363, 16 same obverse die gb29400
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Hadrian*** AE 20.7g, 32 mm 125-128 AD
OBV :: Laureate head right
REV :: COS III, Roma seated left holding victory and cornucopia
EX :: SC
REF : Ric II 363, Cohen 343
From uncleaned lot 2014Johnny
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Jovian, 363-364 ADIn 363, the Council of Laodicea, which deals with constricting the conduct of church members, is held. The major canon approved by this council is Canon 29, which prohibits resting on the Sabbath (Saturday), restricting Christians to honoring the Lord on Sunday. While en route to Constantinople, Jovian was found dead in his tent at Dadastana, halfway between Ancyra and Nicaea, on 17 February 364. His death, which went uninvestigated, was possibly the result of suffocating on poisonous fumes seeping from the newly painted bedchamber walls by a brazier.Jeffrey D1
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Julian II RIC VIII, Arles 309Julian II the philosopher, 361 - 363, nephew of Constantin I
AR - Siliqua, 1.99g, 16mm
Constantia (Arles) 3. officina, 361 - 363
obv. DN FL CL IVLI - ANVS PF AVG
draped, cuirassed bust, pearl-diademed head r.
rev. VOT/X/MVLT/XX
in laurel-wreath, above medaillon with eagle r.
exergue: TCONST
RIC VIII, Arles 309; C.198
VF
Jochen
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Julian II, RIC VIII, Arles 318Julian II, Apostata, 361-363, nephew of Constantine I
AE 1 (Double Maiorina), 27.5mm, 8.8g
Constantia (Arles), 1st officina, spring 360-26. june 363, 2nd group
obv. DN FL CL JVLI - ANVS PF AV
Bust, bearded, draped and cuirassed, pearl-diademed, r.
rev. Bull, stg. r., head facing, 2 stars above; eagle stg. on wreath r., head l., another wreath in beak, before him
in ex. PCONST
RIC VIII, Arles 318; LRBC 468
R!, VF
Thanks to Salem!
Notify the one-eyed bull!Jochen
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Julian II, RIC VIII, Constantinopolis 163 var.Julian II the philosopher 360 - 363, nephew of Constantine I
AE - Maiorina, 7.86g, 23mm
Constantinopolis 4. officina, 1st half of 363 (?)
obv. DN FL CL IVLI - ANVS PF AVG
bust draped, cuirassed, laureate, perl-diademed head r., necklace
rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB
diademed bull, head facing, standing r., two stars above
exergue: CONS Delta between palmbranchs
RIC VIII, Constantinopolis cf. 163 unrecorded; C.38
Rare; about VF
RIC 163 has CONSP Delta between palmbranchs!
Curtis Clay: The mintmark is known in rare smaller pieces, but apparently new on the large bull coins
Added to www.wildwinds.com
The bull is probably not the Apis bull, but an allusion to the planetary constellation in April 360 when Julian became Augustus. On this date the planets Mars and Venus stood between the horns of Taurus at the western heaven.Jochen
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Julian II. Apostate, double maiorinaJulian II. Apostate,
Double maiorina, 361-363, HERACLA in ex., Heraclea, 1. Offizin, 8.52g, 30 mm.
Obv.: D N FL C L IVLIANVS P F AVG; bareheaded beardes bust right.
Rev.: SECVRITAS REI PVB; bull right, two stars above.
RIC 104; Sear 4072
good VF
nice black patina, some roughness in fields.
The bull on the reverse cannot be, as often assumed, the one of apis, as it is always depicted with the sun betwenn its horns and the crescent moon above. Probably the picture shows us Julians horoscope, but not as in Augustus' capricorn coins the horoscope of his birth, but his conception. The idea came probably from his religious advisor Maximus of Ephesus. It was interpreted as a fortunate sign for the upcoming war against the Persians. After his military debacle and his death Christian theologists and historians used this as an argument against fortune-telling and astrology.
helcaraxe
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Julian the Apostate (A.D. 360-363)AE Follis AE1, A.D. 361-363, Nicomedia, 29.5mm, 8.41g, 180°, RIC VIII 121.
Obv: D N FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: SECVRITAS REIPVB. Bull standing right, two stars above; NIKB in ex.Marti Vltori
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Julian, 360-363, RIC VIII Arles 318/320Emperor: Julian Augustus.
Obverse legend: D N FL CL IVLI - ANVS P F AVG.
Reverse legend: SECVRITAS REIPVB.
Exergue: PCON...
Mint: Constantina (Arles), 1st officina, 360-363.
Diameter: 29x27 mm.
Weight: 7,65 g.
Axis: 0º.
Reference: RIC VIII Arles 318 or 320.
Provenance: ex-tascio1 (Ebay), sold in February 2014.Manuel
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Julien IISilique, Arles, 362/363, 2,21 g, 18 mm.
A/ D N FL CL IVLIANVS PF AVG ;Tête diadémée à droite.
R/ VOT // X // MVLT // XX dans une couronne, PCONST dessous.
Réfs : RIC312 - RSC148c Gabalor
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Julien IISilique, Arles, 360/363, 2,06 g, 19 mm.
A/ D N IVLIANVS PP AVG ;Tête diadémée à droite.
R/ VOTIS // V // MVLTIS // X dans une couronne, TCON dessous.
Réfs : RIC295 - RSC261 Gabalor
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 295Silique réduite, 360-363, S
A/D N IVLIAN-VS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//SCON
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.82 gr - 17 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 295, RSC 161, FERRANDO II 1376
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 295Silique réduite, 360-363, S
A/D N IVLIAN-VS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//PCON
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.94 gr - 18.3 mm - 8h
RIC VIII 295, RSC 161, FERRANDO II 1375
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 295Silique réduite, 360-363, C2
A/D N IVLIAN-VS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//TCON
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.7 gr - 17 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 295, RSC 161, FERRANDO II 1219
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 296Silique réduite, 361-363, R3
A/D N CL IVLIA-NVS AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Iulianus Augustus, Notre Seigneur Claude Julien Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//SCON
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.85 gr - 17 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 296, RSC 158, FERRANDO II 1372Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 297Silique réduite, 360-363, S
A/D N CL IVLI-ANVS AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Iulianus Augustus, Notre Seigneur Claude Julien Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//TCON
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.7 gr - 17.9 mm - 6h
RIC VIII 297, RSC 158, FERRANDO II 1222
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 297-FAUXSilique réduite, 360-363, R2
A/D N CL IVLI-ANVS [AVG]
Dominus Noster Claudius Iulianus Augustus, Notre Seigneur Claude Julien Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//CONT
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée. Un aigle dans le médaillon. Atelier irrégulier. Imitation.
Argent - 2.2 gr - 17.2 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 297var, RSC 158, FERRANDO II MANQUE
Imitation d'époqueSiliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 309Silique réduite, 362-363, C1
A/D N FL CL IVLI-ANVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Flavius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Flavius Claude Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOT/X/MVLT/XX//PCONST
Votis decennalibus/Multis vicennalibus, Vœux pour le dixième anniversaire de règne et pour le vingtième à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée. Un aigle dans le médaillon.
Argent - 2.16 gr - 16.7 mm - 0h
RIC VIII 309, RSC 148e, FERRANDO II 1230
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 309Silique réduite, 362-363, C1
A/[D N F] L CL IVLI-ANVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Flavius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Flavius Claude Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOT/X/MVLT/XX//PCONST
Votis decennalibus/Multis vicennalibus, Vœux pour le dixième anniversaire de règne et pour le vingtième à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée. Un aigle dans le médaillon.
Argent - 2.2 gr - 16.2 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 309, RSC 148e, FERRANDO II 1230
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 309Silique réduite, 362-363, C1
A/D N FL CL IVLI-ANVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Flavius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Flavius Claude Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOT/X/MVLT/XX//TCONST
Votis decennalibus/Multis vicennalibus, Vœux pour le dixième anniversaire de règne et pour le vingtième à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée. Un aigle dans le médaillon.
Argent - 1.99 gr - 18 mm - 5h
RIC VIII 309, RSC 148e
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 309Silique réduite, 362-363, C1
A/D N FL CL IVLI-ANVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Flavius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Flavius Claude Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOT/X/MVLT/XX//SCONST
Votis decennalibus/Multis vicennalibus, Vœux pour le dixième anniversaire de règne et pour le vingtième à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée. Un aigle dans le médaillon.
Argent - 1.89 gr - 16.95 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 309, RSC 148e, FERRANDO II 1231
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 311Silique réduite, 360-363, R2
A/D N FL CL IVLIA-NVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Flavius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Flavius Claude Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOT/X/MVLT/XX//TCONST
Votis decennalibus/Multis vicennalibus, Vœux pour le dixième anniversaire de règne et pour le vingtième à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée. Un aigle dans le médaillon.
Argent - 2.15 gr - 16.3 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 311, RSC 148e, FERRANDO II 1229
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - ARLES - RIC 311Silique réduite, 360-363, R2
A/D N FL CL IVLIA-NVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Flavius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Flavius Claude Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOT/X/MVLT/XX//PCONST
Votis decennalibus/Multis vicennalibus, Vœux pour le dixième anniversaire de règne et pour le vingtième à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée. Un aigle dans le médaillon.
Argent - 1.93 gr - 17 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 311, RSC 148e, FERRANDO II 1228
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - LYON - RIC 215ASilique réduite, 360-363, S
A/FL CL IVLIA-NVS PP AVG
Claudius Flavius Iulianus Perpetuus Augustus, Flavius Claude Julien Perpétuel Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VICTORIA-DD NN AVG//LVG
Victoria Dominorum Nostrorum Augustorum, La Victoire de nos seigneurs augustes
La victoire debout de face, tournée à gauche, tenant une couronne de la main droite et une branche de palme de la main gauche. Une seule aile visible.
Argent - 1.93 gr - 18 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 215A, RSC 58a
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - LYON - RIC 218Silique réduite, 360-363, C5
A/FL CL IVLIA-NVS PP AVG
Claudius Flavius Iulianus Perpetuus Augustus, Flavius Claude Julien Perpétuel Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//LVG
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 2.02 gr - 1.7 mm - 7h
RIC VIII 218, RSC 163a
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - LYON - RIC 219Silique réduite, 360-363, C3
A/FL CL IVLIA-NVS PP AVG
Claudius Flavius Iulianus Perpetuus Augustus, Flavius Claude Julien Perpétuel Auguste
Buste à droite, lauré et diadémé (Rosettes), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//LVG
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.67 gr - 16.1 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 219, RSC 163c
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - LYON - RIC 227Silique réduite, 361-363, R2
A/FL CL IVLIA-NVS PP AVG
Claudius Flavius Iulianus Augustus, Flavius Claude Julien Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//SLVG
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.73 gr - 16.5 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 227, RSC 163b
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - LYON - RIC 227Silique réduite, 361-363, C3
A/FL CL IVLIA-NVS PP AVG
Claudius Flavius Iulianus Perpetuus Augustus, Flavius Claude Julien Perpétuel Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//PLVG
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 2.51 gr - 16.7 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 227, RSC 163b
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - LYON - RIC 234Silique, 360-363, S
A/D N FL CL IVLI-ANVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Flavius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Flavius Claude Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOT/X/MVLT/XX//PLVG
Votis decennalibus/Multis vicennalibus, Vœux pour le dixième anniversaire de règne et pour le vingtième à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 1.1 gr - 15.94 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 234, RSC 148a
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - LYON - RIC 234Silique, 360-363, S
A/D N FL CL IVLI-ANVS P F AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Flavius Iulianus Pius Felix Augustus, Notre Seigneur Flavius Claude Julien Pieux et Heureux Auguste
Buste à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOT/X/MVLT/XX//PLVG
Votis decennalibus/Multis vicennalibus, Vœux pour le dixième anniversaire de règne et pour le vingtième à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 2.05 gr - 17.1 mm - 11h
RIC VIII 234, RSC 148a
Siliquae
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JULIEN II - TREVES - RIC 365Silique réduite, 361-363, C2
A/D N CL IVLI-ANVS AVG
Dominus Noster Claudius Iulianus Augustus, Notre Seigneur Claude Julien Auguste
Buste barbu à droite, diadémé (Perles), drapé et cuirassé.
R/VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X//TR(PALME)
Votis quinquennalibus/Multis decennalibus, Vœux pour le cinquième anniversaire de règne et plus pour les dix ans à venir
Légende en 4 lignes dans une couronne de lauriers fermée.
Argent - 2.01 gr - 17.24 mm - 12h
RIC VIII 365, RSC 157b
Siliquae
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L. Roscius Fabatus - AR serratus denariusRome
²60 BC / ¹64 BC
head of Juno Sospita right wearing goat skin; controlmark
L ROSCI
maiden standing right, feeding erect serpent; controlmark
FABATI
¹Crawford 412/1, Sydenham 915, SRCV I 363, RSC I Roscia 3;BM 2002,0102.4227
²Mark Passehl - Roman moneyer & coin type chronology, 150 – 50 BC
3,8g 17mm
ex AureaJ. B.
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L. Roscius Fabatus: snake feedingDenarius serratus. L. Roscius Fabatus, 64 BC. Head of Juno Sospita right, clad in goat's skin, control-symbol behind, L ROSCI below. Rev: maiden standing right, feeding snake erect before her, control-symbol behind, FABATI in ex. RRC 412/1. CRR 915. Sear RCV I: 363, RSC Roscia 3.1-2, partly corroded.Podiceps
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 461, Plate XVII, No. 461; SNAT Hamah 581-584; Album 958
AE fals; Ḥamāh mint, undated; 2.67 g., 19.69 mm. max., 90°
Obv.: Circular line in border of dots. In it, oblong cartouche, lateral ends pointed inwards, on upper and lower sides, convexity; الملك (= al-Malik) / الاشرف (= al-Ashraf) in two rows in center.
Rev.: No border. Double circular line, connected with 12 spokes; on the external circle, 24 short radiating rods, crowned with a pellet; بحماة (= Hamah) in center.
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377. Stkp
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 462 Plate XVII 462 var. (orientation of bendy); SNAT Hamah 615-616; Album 958
AE fals; Hamah mint, undated 776-778 A.H. = 1374-1377 A.D.; 1.62 g., 17.81 mm. max., 90°
Obv.: Solid border, circular border within; الملك الاشرف (= al-Malik al-Ashraf) between arabesque ornaments in center.
Rev.: Field divided into three horizontal segments, the central fesse segment bendy with seven pieces to left; بحما (= bi-Hamah) in upper segment, ضرب (= duriba/struck) in lower.
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377. Stkp
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 480 Plate XVIII 480; Album 958
AE fals, Trablus/Tripoli (Lebanon), undated: 2.51 g., 18.15 mm. max., 180°
Obv.: Circular line with border of dots. Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots into three segments: ضرب طر (duriba/struck) / الملك الاشرف (al-Malik al-Ashraf) / ا طرابلس [?] (Trablus)
Rev.: Circular line with border of dots. Lion passant to left, with tail curled back. The lion's body is adapted to the circular field.
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377. Stkp
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 464 Plate XVII 464a-b; SNAT Hamah 595-604; SICA v. VI 1319; Album 958
AE fals, Hamah mint, struck 773 A.H. = 1371/2 A.D.: 1.40 g., 18.28 mm. max., 180°
Obv.: Circular line in border of dots. In it, linear square. الملك (= al-Malik) / الاشرف (= al-Ashraf) in two rows in center; بحماة (= bi Hamah) in upper segment, ضرب (= duriba/struck) in lower segments.
Rev.: Border comprised of circular rigid cable to left between two linear circles. Lion passant to left, with tail curled back, knot in the middle of the tail.
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377. Stkp
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 467 Plate XVII 467; SNAT Hamah 605-607; Album 958
AE fals, Hamah mint, dated (7)75 A.H. = 1373/74 A.D.: 2.16 g., 18.71 mm. max., 90°
Obv.: Circular line with border of dots. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments: بحماة / الملك الاشرف / ضرب (= Hamah / al-Malik al-Ashraf / duriba = struck)
Rev.: Circular line with border of dots. Field divided by a triple horizontal lines into two segments: و ستين / سنة خمس (= and seventy / five years).
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377. Stkp
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 466 Plate XVII 466; SNAT Hamah 574-580; Album 958
AE fals, Hamah mint, dated (76)4 A.H. = 1363 A.D.: 2.58 g., 20.55 mm. max., 180°
Obv.: Rigid cable to left border between two circular lines. In center: الاشرف (al-Ashraf) / سنة بحماة (sanat bi-Hamah) / ضرب (duriba) / أربعة (arbe/four)
Rev.: Fleur-de-lis with wide basis, between two small rings. Top flanked by two pellets.
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377. Stkp
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 471 Plate XVIII 471; Album 958
AE fals, Halab/Aleppo mint, undated: 1.96 g., 19.26 mm. max., 270°
Obv.: Circular line border. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments: ضرب / الملك الاشرف / بحلب (= duriba = struck / al-Malik al-Ashraf = the King al-Ashraf / bi-Halab = in Halab)
Rev.: Circular line border. Linear dodekalobe with flowerets looking inwards. In it, linear hexagram with central crescent.
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377. Stkp
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 458, Plate XVII, Nos. 458a-458b; Album 958
AE fals; Dimashq/Damascus mint, undated; 2.89 g., 19.43 mm. max., 0°
Obv.: Circular line border. Clockwise circular legend, السلطان الملك الا شرف شعبان (= al-Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Sha`ban), in the center, spindle-shaped cartouche with fleur-de-lis edges; in it حسن بن (= bin Hasayn).
Rev.: Circular line border. Concave-sided linear octolobe with floweret on the edges. Pellets between the flowerets. In the center: ضرب / مشق بد (= darab=struck / in Dimashq).
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.Stkp
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Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)Balog 465, Plate XVII, No. 465; SNAT Hamah 608-611; Album 958
AE fals; Hamah mint, undated; 1.35 g., 18.54 mm. max.
Obv.: Thick circular line border. Clockwise circular legend, السلطان الملك الاشرف (= al-Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf), arabesque ornament in the center.
Rev.: Thick circular line border. Shark facing right with body bent downwards.
Above: : بحماة (= bi Hamah), below: ضرب (= duriba/struck).
Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own Mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.Stkp
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MARCUS AURELIUSAE As. 154-155 AD. 12,57 grs. Draped bust right. Head bare. AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG PII FIL / Minerva, helmeted, draped, standing left, holding owl on extended right hand and vertical spear in left, round shield at feet right. TR POT VIIII COS II . In fields SC .
Refs. by Curtis Clay.
" This coin is one of the types that is preferentially found in Britain, so may have been struck there from dies cut by Roman engravers, or struck in Rome and shipped in bulk to Britain. On these issues see David Walker, Roman Coins from the Sacred Spring at Bath, 1988, and my own review-article of Walker, The Supply of Bronze Coins to Britain in the Second Century AD, Num. Chron. 149, 1989.On p. 212, note 7, I specifically discuss this TR P VIIII Minerva standing middle bronze of Marcus: Strack 1108 records three specimens, the BM acquired two specimens in 1937, and even before that there had been four specimens in the Croydon Hoard, Num. Chron. 1907, p. 371, pl. 12, 3-4. Walker found only one specimen among the Bath coins, but also 11 of the same type dated TR P VIII, many of which were probably in fact illegible and actually TR P VIIII, though Walker reconstructed VIII since VIIII is not in RIC and therefore (he assumed) rare! In fact Walker pl. 37, 363, read as VIII, is from the same dies as the Croydon coin Num. Chron. 1907, pl. 12.4, which clearly reads TR P VIIII.
All of the "British-association" bronzes in the Croydon Hoard were in extremely fine condition. Since I know Benito wants top condition, it wouldn't surprise me if his new acquistion is in fact identical with one of the four coins of that type contained in that hoard!"
benito
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NUMERIAN Antoninianus RIC 363, PrinceOBV: M AVR NVMERIANVS NOB C, Radiate, draped, & cuirassed bust right
REV: PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Numerian standing left, holding globe & sceptre, KAS in ex.
3.2g, 22mm
Minted at Rome, February 283 ADLegatus
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Pakoros II., 77/78 - 105 ADAR dr., 3,72gr, 17,5mm; Sellwood -, Shore -, Sunrise -, Sinisi -;
mint: Persis ?; axis: 12h;
obv.: bust, left, w/tiara and 3-layer diadem, cross (knot or monogram?), double loop and 2 ribbons; over the crest of the tiara a row of 6 hooks, 1 double hook, and a row of dots (pearls?), 1 row of dots above the diadem; mustache, med.-long beard rounded on the sides, temple lock; earring, necklace;
rev.: archer, right, on throne, w/bow in one outstretched hand and monogram below bow; meaningless legend consisting mainly of the letters H and Λ;
in: Parthia.com under Pakoros II., Sellwood 𝘕𝑢𝑚 𝐶𝒉𝑟o𝒏 1989, type 6;
ex: CNG Triton XIII (01/10), #754 (ex: T. Ballen Coll.), ex: Peus Auktion 386, #438,
ex: Peus Auktion 363, # 5184.
Schatz
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Plautilla (198-212 AD) AR DenariusRoman Imperial, Plautilla (198-212 AD) AR Denarius, 3.3g, 18mm
Obverse: PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA, Draped bust right, hair in nearly vertical waves & drawn into bun at back.
Reverse: CONCORDIA AVGG Concordia, diademed, stg. half-left with patera & sceptre.
Reference: RIC 363, RSC 1, BMC 411, Sear RCV 2000 - 7065
Ex: Calgary Coins +photo
Gil-galad
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Plautilla, Denarius - bB3 - 0120Rome mint, AD 202
PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA, draped bust right
CONCORDIA AVGG, Concordia standing left, holding patera and sceptre
3.5 gr, 18.9 mm
Ref : RCV #7065, RIC IV #363, Cohen #1Potator II
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PROCOPIUS AE3. Reparatio Fel Temp. Cho-Rho in field, and on shield. Rare.PROCOPIUS, Usurper in the East, 365-366 AD. Heraclea mint. D N PROCOPIVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust left. Reverse - REPARATIO FEL TEMP, Procopius standing right, holding labarum and shield set on ground; Christogram in upper right field, • in lower right field; SMHG in exergue. RIC IX 7.5; LRBC 1930. 18mm, 3.0g. _51.90
*63-366 AD. After the death of Julian II in AD 363, it was rumoured that Procopius had been named successor but the army selected Jovian. Three years later, Procopius and his dwindling army tried to confront the new emperor Valens, but he was captured after the battle of Nacolia in Summer 366 and executed.
Antonivs Protti
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Rhodes, Hemidrachm, 408 -C. 390 BC. AR 11.8mm. 1.773g.Rhodes, Hemidrachm, 408 -C. 390 BC.
Obv. head of Helios facing slightly right.
Rev. RODION (above), rose, drooping bud right, all within incuse square.
Ref. Ashton Rhodes 18, SNG Keckman I 363, SNG Cop 724, SNG Kayhan 905.
Ex Forvm Ancient Coins.Lee S
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RIC 344 DomitianAR Denarius, 3.20g
Rome mint, 85 AD (fifth issue)
Obv: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P V; Head of Domitian, laureate, bearded, r.
Rev: IMP VIIII COS XI CENS POT P P; Minerva stg. l., with thunderbolt and spear; shield at her side (M3)
RIC 344 (R2). BMC -. RSC 186. BNC 87.
Ex CNG E363, 11 November 2015, lot 319.
An extremely rare denarius from the fifth issue of 85. Coined shortly after Domitian reduced the fineness of the denarius by 5% to the old Neronian level after having raised it in 82 to the Augustan standard. RIC cites Paris and Oxford with examples of this type.
Struck on a large flan (21 mm!) in superb fine style.
David Atherton
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ROMAN EMPIRE - Constantius IIROMAN EMPIRE - Constantius II (324-361 AD) AE4. Obv: CONSTANTIVS P F AVG - Diademed bust right, draped and cuirassed Rev: VICTORIAE DD AVGGG NN - Two Victories standing and facing each other, each holding wreath and palm. Exe: [dot][Epsilon]SIS[dot]; Siscia mint AD 340-348 = RIC VIII, p. 363, 184. , 1.14 g.
dpaul7
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Roman Empire, Julian II RIC VIII, Constantinopolis 163 var.Julian II the philosopher 360 - 363, nephew of Constantin I
AE - Maiorina, 7.86g, 23mm
Constantinopolis 4. officina, 1st half of 363 (?)
obv. DN FL CL IVLI - ANVS PF AVG
bust draped, cuirassed, laureate, perl-diademed head r., necklace
rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB
diademed bull, head facing, standing r., two stars above
exergue: CONS Delta between palmbranchs
RIC VIII, Constantinopolis cf. 163 unrecorded; C.38
Rare; about VF
RIC 163 has CONSP Delta between palmbranchs!
Curtis Clay: The mintmark is known in rare smaller pieces, but apparently new on the large bull coins
Added to www.wildwinds.com
Jochen
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Roman Empire: Septimius Severus, 193 - 211 ADAR denarius, 2,98gr, 17,42mm;
RIC IV, 62 (S), RSC III, 363, BMCRE V, p.40, 118, Hunter III, 14, SRCV II, 6322;
mint: Rome, year: 195 AD, axis: 18h;
obv.: laureate bust, right, w/bow and 2 ribbons; short curly hair, mustache, med.-log beard w/2 twirled ends; legend: SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMPV;
rev.: 2 Parthian captives sitting back to back on round shields, hands tied behind their backs; exergual line; legend: PART ARAB PART ADIAB, in exergue COS II PP;
ex: Forum Ancient Coins.
Schatz
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Septimius Severus, 193 - 211 ADObv: L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP V, laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.
Rev: PART ARAB PART ADIAB around, COS II PP in exergue, two captives seated back to back, each one on a shield.
Note: Refers to the punitive victories won over the Parthians, Arabs and Adiabenians, who had supported [Pescennius] Niger. Thus this type also cleverly rationalizes Severus' civil war against Niger as a battle to suppress an agent of [foreign powers].
- David Van Meter
Silver Denarius, Rome mint, 195 AD
2.9 grams, 17.69 mm, 180°
RIC IVi 62, RSC 363, S6322, VM 93/1Matt Inglima
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Siscia, RIC VIII 195, 146 Constans (333-337 A.D. Caesar, 337-350 A.D. Augustus), AE-4 Follis, -/-//ΓSIS, VICTORIAE DD AVG G Q NN, Two Victories standing, facing each other,Siscia, RIC VIII 195, 146 Constans (333-337 A.D. Caesar, 337-350 A.D. Augustus), AE-4 Follis, -/-//ΓSIS, VICTORIAE DD AVG G Q NN, Two Victories standing, facing each other,
avers:- CONSTAN-S-PF-AVG, Cn3, D4, Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VICTORIAE-DD-AVG-G-Q-NN, Two Victories standing, facing each other, each holding a wreath and palm.
exergo: -/-//ΓSIS, diamater: 17mm, weight: 1,35g, axis: h,
mint: Siscia, date: 347-48 A.D., ref: RIC-VIII-195-p363,
Q-001quadrans
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Siscia, RIC VIII 363, 153 Julianus II. (360-363 A.D.), AE-3, -/-//ΔSIS(revers)Z, FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Fallen horseman, #1Siscia, RIC VIII 363, 153 Julianus II. (360-363 A.D.), AE-3, -/-//ΔSIS(reverse)Z, FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Fallen horseman, #1
avers: D N IVLIANVS NOB CAES, JC10,D1, Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO - Soldier spearing fallen horseman.
exergue: -/-//ΔSIS(reverse)Z, diameter: 18mm, weight: 1,91g, axis: 6h,
mint: Siscia, date: 355 A.D., ref: RIC VIII 363, p-377, Scarce !,
Q-001quadrans
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TrajanBronze as, Woytek 478b, RIC II 639 (S), BMCRE III 986a, BnF IV 723, Hunter II 363, Strack I 426, Cohen II 651, SRCV II -, aF, 12.149g, 26.7mm, 180o, Rome mint, 112 - 114 A.D.; obverse IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI P P, laureate bust right, drapery on left shoulder; reverse SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI, female personification of the Via Traiana reclining left, wheel on right knee balanced with right hand, branch cradled in left arm, left elbow resting on rocks, VIA TRAIANA over S C in exergue; ex Morton & Eden auction 59 (13 - 14 Nov 2012), part of lot 954; ex Kenneth Edwin Day Collection; scarce.Todd R
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Vologases VI., 208 - 228 ADAR dr., 3,28gr, 22,9mm; Sellwood 88.19, Shore 460, Sunrise 459;
mint: Ekbatana; axis: 12h;
obv.: bust, left, w/tiara and 2-layer diadem, double loop and 2 ribbons; over the crest of the tiara a row of 19 pellets on stalks, 4 pellets on stalks on the side, long ear flap w/ 5 pellets; mustache, long triangular beard composed of vertical lines, molded cheek, large eye; double necklace; in upper right field l⊃ (abbreviation of the king’s name); complete dotted border;
rev.: archer, right, on throne, w/bow in one outstretched hand and monogram Ā below bow, throne seat and legs as ⊼ 5 visible lines of legend, the top of which in Aramaic/Pahlavi, the others in 'Greek'; struck w/an uncleaned die;
ex: D. Grotjohann, GER., ex: Peus 363, # 5200 as S.88.18(sic!), ex: Robert Göbl collection
Schatz
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Zoilos II (ca. 55-35 BCE) drachm (AR)Obv.: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΖΟΙΛΟΥ (Diademed and draped bust right) Rev. Maharajasa tratarasa Jhoilasa (Athena Promachos advancing left, hurling thunderbolt and holding shield) Field: Monogram(s) Weight: 2.28 g. Diameter: 16.5 mm. Reference: Bopearachchi 363, HGCS 12/465Nick.vdw
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