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69Otho 69 AD
AR tetradrachm
Alexandria in Egypt
Obv "AYTOK MAPK OΘΩNOΣ KAIΣ ΣEB, LA"
Laureate bust right
Rev "EΛEYΘEPIA"
Eleutheria standing left holding wreath and transverse sceptre, leaning on a column
RPC I 5359, Milne 365mauseus
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(503f) Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus Silver DenariusCn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus Silver Denarius, Sear-323, Cr-393/1a, Syd-752, RSC-Cornelia 54, struck 76-75 BC at Spanish Mint, 3.94 grams, 18 mm. EF. Obverse: GPR above Diademed, draped and bearded bust of the Genius of the Roman People facing right, sceptre over shoulder; Reverse: EX in left field, SC in right field; CN LEN Q in exergue, Sceptre with wreath, terrestrial globe and rudder. An exceptional example that is especially well centered and struck on a slightly larger flan than normally encountered with fully lustrous surfaces and a most attractive irridescent antique toning. Held back from the Superb EF/FDC by a small banker's mark in the right obverse field, but still worthy of the finest collection of Roman Republican denarii. Ex Glenn Woods.
Re: CORNELIA 54:
“Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus may be the same moneyer whose issues have been already described (no.s 702-704). Mommsen suggested that these coins were struck in 74 B.C. as a special issue, authorized by the Senate, to defray the cost of armaments against Mithridates of Pontus and the Mediterranean pirates. But Grueber’s view that they were struck in 76 B.C. by Cn. Cornelius Lentulus acting in the capacity of quaestor of Pompey, seems more in accordance with the evidence of finds" (see: G. ii, p. 359n and The Coinage of the Roman Republic, by Edward A. Sydenham, 1976, pgs. 1).
H. A. Seaby shows the coin with the smaller head (Roman Silver Coins Vol. I, Republic to Augustus pg. 33) while David R Sear shows a coin sporting a larger version (Roman Coins and Their Values, pg. 132).
“Cn. Lentulus strikes in Spain in his capacity as quaestor to the proconsul Pompey, who had been sent to the peninsula to assist Q. Caecillus Metellus Piusagainst sertorius”(Roman Coins and Their Values, by David Sear, Vol.1, 2000, pg. 132).
This is not an imperatorial minted coin for Pompey. At the time these coins were minted the Procounsel Pompey was sent to Spain to aid in the war against Sertorius. The moneyer Cn Lentulus served as his Quaestor where he continued to mint coins for Rome.
CN = Cneaus; LEN = Lentulus
Cneaus was his first name. His last, or family name is Lentulus and this clan is a lesser clan within the Cornelii, which is what his middle name of Cornelius implies.
Q = This tells us that he was a Quaestor, or Roman magistrate with judicial powers at the time when the coin was issued, with the responsibility for the treasury. Had this been a position that he once held it would be noted on the coin as PROQ or pro [past] Questor.
For Further Reading on the Cornelia 54 & 55:
Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, by H. A. Grueber. London, 1910, Vol. II, pgs. 358, 359, 52, 57
Roman Silver Coins Vol. I, Republic to Augustus, by H.A.Seaby 1952, pgs. 32-33
The Coinage of the Roman Republic, by Edward A. Sydenham, 1976, pgs. 122, 241
Roman Coins and Their Values, by David Sear, Vol.1, 2000, pg. 132, 133
Roman Republican Coinage Volume I by Michael H. Crawford 2001, pg. 407
by Jerry Edward Cornelius, April 2006, THE 81 ROMAN COINS OF THE CORNELIA
http://www.cornelius93.com/Cornelia54.htmlCleisthenes
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002d. Julia and Livia, Pergamon, MysiaBronze AE 18, RPC I 2359, SNG Cop 467, aF, weight 3.903 g, maximum diameter 18.3 mm, die axis 0o, Pergamon mint, obverse ΛIBIAN HPAN CAPINOΣ, draped bust of Livia right; reverse IOYΛIAN AΦPO∆ITHN, draped bust of Julia right; ex Forum, ex Malter Galleries
Julia was Augustus' only natural child, the daughter of his second wife Scribonia. She was born the same day that Octavian divorced Scribonia, to marry Livia.
Julia's tragic destiny was to serve as a pawn in her father's dynastic plans. At age two, she was betrothed to Mark Antony's ten-year-old son, but the fathers' hostility ended the engagement. At age 14, she was married to her cousin but he died two years later. In 21 B.C., Julia married Agrippa, nearly 25 years her elder, Augustus' most trusted general and friend. Augustus had been advised, "You have made him so great that he must either become your son-in-law or be slain." Agrippa died suddenly in 12 B.C. and Julia was married in 11 B.C. to Tiberius.
During her marriages to Agrippa and Tiberius Julia took lovers. In 2 B.C., Julia was arrested for adultery and treason. Augustus declared her marriage null and void. He also asserted in public that she had been plotting against his own life. Reluctant to execute her, Augustus had her exiled, with no men in sight, forbidden even to drink wine. Scribonia, Julia's mother, accompanied her into exile. Five years later, she was allowed to move to Rhegium but Augustus never forgave her. When Tiberius became emperor, he cut off her allowance and put her in solitary confinement in one room in her house. Within months she died from malnutrition.ecoli
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02 Augustus RIC I 0359Augustus 27 B.C.-14 A.D. Moneyer L. Vinicius. Rome Mint. 16 B.C. (3.72g, 18.8m, 5h). Obv: Anepigraphic, bare head right. Rev: L Vinicivs in ex., Triumphal arch inscribed SPQR IMP CAE in two lines sur. by Quadriga bearing Augustus, r. holding laurel-branch, l. scepter; smaller arch on sides w archer on l. and slinger on r. RIC I 359 (R2). RSC 544.
This coin depicts Augustus’ triple arch, perhaps the first in Rome. Beginning as a double arch to commemorate his victory at Actium, the third arch was probably added to commemorate the return of the lost standards from Parthia. For a scarce type, this example is well centered and has good details on the reverse including complete legends.Lucas H
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020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RIC² 0359, RIC II(1962) 049, Rome, AR-Denarius, TRI - POT, Vesta seated left, #1020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RIC² 0359, RIC II(1962) 049, Rome, AR-Denarius, TRI - POT, Vesta seated left, #1
avers: IMP CAES VESP AVG P M COS IIII, Laureate head right.
reverse: TRI - POT, Vesta seated left, holding a simpulum.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 15,5-18mm, weight: 3,38g, axes: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 72-73 A.D., ref: RIC² 0359, RIC II(1962) 049, RSC 563, BMC 70
Q-001quadrans
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027b02. PlautillaAR Denarius. 202 AD. Laodicea mint. Obv: PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE, draped bust right. Rev: CONCORDIA AVGG, Concordia standing left, holding patera and sceptre. RIC 359, RSC 2.lawrence c
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037b Marcus Aurelius (139-161 A.D. as Caesar, 161-180 A.D. as Augustus), RIC III 0125, Rome, AR-Denarius, P M TR P XIX IMP II COS III, Annona standing left, #1037b Marcus Aurelius (139-161 A.D. as Caesar, 161-180 A.D. as Augustus), RIC III 0125, Rome, AR-Denarius, P M TR P XIX IMP II COS III, Annona standing left, #1
avers: ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS, Laureate head right.
reverse: P M TR P XIX IMP II COS III, Annona standing left, right foot set on prow (?), emptying cornucopia with both hands into modius before her.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-18mm, weight: 2,99g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date:165 A.D.,
ref: RIC III. 125, p-, C 474, BMCRE 359, RSC 484, Sear 4920,
Q-001quadrans
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049 Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 288, AR-Denarius, RESTITVTOR VRBIS, Roma seated left, #1049 Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 288, AR-Denarius, RESTITVTOR VRBIS, Roma seated left, #1
avers: SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: RESTITVTOR VRBIS, Roma seated left, holding palladium, and spear, round shield below.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,9-20,0mm, weight: 3,10g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 202-210 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 288, p-, RSC 606, BMC 359, Sear 6358,
Q-001quadrans
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052 Plautilla (?-211 A.D.), Laodicea ad Mare (Limes version!), RIC IV-I 359 (Caracalla), AE-Denarius, CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia standing left, Scarce! #1052 Plautilla (?-211 A.D.), Laodicea ad Mare (Limes version!), RIC IV-I 359 (Caracalla), AE-Denarius, CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia standing left, Scarce! #1
Wife of Caracalla,
avers: PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE, draped bust right, hair coiled in vertical or horizontal ridges and fastened in a bun.
reverse: CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,0-18,0mm, weight: 2,30g, axis: 0h,
mint: Laodicea ad Mare (Limes version!), date: 202 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV 359 (Caracalla), RSC 2, BMC-,
Q-001quadrans
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052 Plautilla (?-211 A.D.), RIC IV-I 359 (Caracalla), Laodicea ad Mare (Limes version!), AE-Denarius, CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia standing left, Scarce, #1052 Plautilla (?-211 A.D.), RIC IV-I 359 (Caracalla), Laodicea ad Mare (Limes version!), AE-Denarius, CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia standing left, Scarce, #1
Wife of Caracalla,
avers: PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE, draped bust right, hair coiled in vertical or horizontal ridges and fastened in a bun.
reverse: CONCORDIA AVG G, Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,0-18,0mm, weight: 2,30g, axis: 0h,
mint: Laodicea ad Mare (Limes version!), date: 202 A.D., ref: RIC-IV-359 (Caracalla), RSC-2, BMC-,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 280, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 280, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated cuirassed bust right.
reverse: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, leaning on column, legs crossed, holding scepter, "H" in the right field.
exergue: -/H//--, diameter: 19,0-21,0mm, weight: 3,73g, axes: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 253-268-A.D., Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 280, Göbl 595a, C 961, Sear 10359,
Q-001quadrans
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112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 359, Ticinum, FELICITAS SEC, Bust-H2, -/-//SXXT, Felicitas standing left, Rare!#1112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 359, Ticinum, FELICITAS SEC, Bust-H2, -/-//SXXT, Felicitas standing left, Rare!#1
avers: IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG, Radiate bust left in imperial mantle, holding scepter surmounted by an eagle. (H2)
reverse: FELICITAS SEC, Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopiae.
exergue: -/-//SXXT, diameter: 22,0-24,0mm, weight: 3,40g, axes: 5h,
mint: Ticinum, 3rd. emission 2nd officinae, date: 277-278 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 359, Rare!
Q-001quadrans
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112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), Lugdunum, RIC V-II 096.8.3.B.A., -/-//III, PIETAS AVG, AE-Ant., Pietas standing left, #1112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), Lugdunum, RIC V-II 096.8.3.B.A., -/-//III, PIETAS AVG, AE-Ant., Pietas standing left, #1
avers: IMP C PROBVS•P•F•AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right. (B)
reverse: PIETAS AVG, Pietas standing left by the altar, holding patera and a box of perfumes, (A).
exergue: -/-//III, diameter: 22,0-23,0mm, weight: 3,74g, axis: 0 h,
mint: Lugdunum, 8th. em., 3rd. off., date: 281 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-II 096.8.3.B.A., p-25, Bastien 359,
Q-001quadrans
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121 Constantius I. Chlorus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-306 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC VI 087a, AE-Radiate Fraction, VOT/•/XX/ Γ in wreath, #1121 Constantius I. Chlorus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-306 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC VI 087a, AE-Radiate Fraction, VOT/•/XX/ Γ in wreath, #1
avers:- FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VOT/•/XX/ Γ in three lines within wreath.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 18mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Rome, date: 298 A.D., ref: RIC VI 087a, p-359,
Q-001quadrans
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136 Constantinus I. (306-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 307-337 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC VI 359, AE-2 Follis, X/VI//RS, VIRT EXE RCIT GALL, Virtus standing left,136 Constantinus I. (306-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 307-337 A.D. Augustus), Rome, RIC VI 359, AE-2 Follis, X/VI//RS, VIRT EXE RCIT GALL, Virtus standing left,
avers:- FL VAL CONSTANTINVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right. (Not in RIC this bust !!!)
revers:- VIRT EXE RCIT GALL, Virtus standing left, looking right, right leaning on reversed spear, left holding parazonium.
exe: X/VI//RS, diameter: 18-20mm, weight: 3,13g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 312-313 A.D., ref: RIC-VI-359, p-391,
Q-001quadrans
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1409a, Julian II "the Philosopher," February 360 - 26 June 363 A.D.Julian II, A.D. 360-363; RIC 167; VF; 2.7g, 20mm; Constantinople mint; Obverse: DN FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG, helmeted & cuirassed bust right, holding spear & shield; Reverse: VOT X MVLT XX in four lines within wreath; CONSPB in exergue; Attractive green patina. Ex Nemesis.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Julian the Apostate (360-363 A.D.)
Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Introduction
The emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus reigned from 360 to 26 June 363, when he was killed fighting against the Persians. Despite his short rule, his emperorship was pivotal in the development of the history of the later Roman empire. This essay is not meant to be a comprehensive look at the various issues central to the reign of Julian and the history of the later empire. Rather, this short work is meant to be a brief history and introduction for the general reader. Julian was the last direct descendent of the Constantinian line to ascend to the purple, and it is one of history's great ironies that he was the last non-Christian emperor. As such, he has been vilified by most Christian sources, beginning with John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus in the later fourth century. This tradition was picked up by the fifth century Eusebian continuators Sozomen, Socrates Scholasticus, and Theodoret and passed on to scholars down through the 20th century. Most contemporary sources, however, paint a much more balanced picture of Julian and his reign. The adoption of Christianity by emperors and society, while still a vital concern, was but one of several issues that concerned Julian.
It is fortunate that extensive writings from Julian himself exist, which help interpret his reign in the light of contemporary evidence. Still extant are some letters, several panegyrics, and a few satires. Other contemporary sources include the soldier Ammianus Marcellinus' history, correspondence between Julian and Libanius of Antioch, several panegyrics, laws from the Theodosian Code, inscriptions, and coinage. These sources show Julian's emphasis on restoration. He saw himself as the restorer of the traditional values of Roman society. Of course much of this was rhetoric, meant to defend Julian against charges that he was a usurper. At the same time this theme of restoration was central to all emperors of the fourth century. Julian thought that he was the one emperor who could regain what was viewed as the lost glory of the Roman empire. To achieve this goal he courted select groups of social elites to get across his message of restoration. This was the way that emperors functioned in the fourth century. By choosing whom to include in the sharing of power, they sought to shape society.
Early Life
Julian was born at Constantinople in 331. His father was Julius Constantius, half-brother of the emperor Constantine through Constantius Chlorus, and his mother was Basilina, Julius' second wife. Julian had two half-brothers via Julius' first marriage. One of these was Gallus, who played a major role in Julian's life. Julian appeared destined for a bright future via his father's connection to the Constantinian house. After many years of tense relations with his three half-brothers, Constantine seemed to have welcomed them into the fold of the imperial family. From 333 to 335, Constantine conferred a series of honors upon his three half-siblings, including appointing Julius Constantius as one of the consuls for 335. Julian's mother was equally distinguished. Ammianus related that she was from a noble family. This is supported by Libanius, who claimed that she was the daughter of Julius Julianus, a Praetorian Prefect under Licinius, who was such a model of administrative virtue that he was pardoned and honored by Constantine.
Despite the fact that his mother died shortly after giving birth to him, Julian experienced an idyllic early childhood. This ended when Constantius II conducted a purge of many of his relatives shortly after Constantine's death in 337, particularly targeting the families of Constantine's half-brothers. ulian and Gallus were spared, probably due to their young age. Julian was put under the care of Mardonius, a Scythian eunuch who had tutored his mother, in 339, and was raised in the Greek philosophical tradition, and probably lived in Nicomedia. Ammianus also supplied the fact that while in Nicomedia, Julian was cared for by the local bishop Eusebius, of whom the future emperor was a distant relation. Julian was educated by some of the most famous names in grammar and rhetoric in the Greek world at that time, including Nicocles and Hecebolius. In 344 Constantius II sent Julian and Gallus to Macellum in Cappadocia, where they remained for six years. In 351, Gallus was made Caesar by Constantius II and Julian was allowed to return to Nicomedia, where he studied under Aedesius, Eusebius, and Chrysanthius, all famed philosophers, and was exposed to the Neo-Platonism that would become such a prominent part of his life. But Julian was most proud of the time he spent studying under Maximus of Ephesus, a noted Neo-Platonic philospher and theurgist. It was Maximus who completed Julian's full-scale conversion to Neo-Platonism. Later, when he was Caesar, Julian told of how he put letters from this philosopher under his pillows so that he would continue to absorb wisdom while he slept, and while campaigning on the Rhine, he sent his speeches to Maximus for approval before letting others hear them. When Gallus was executed in 354 for treason by Constantius II, Julian was summoned to Italy and essentially kept under house arrest at Comum, near Milan, for seven months before Constantius' wife Eusebia convinced the emperor that Julian posed no threat. This allowed Julian to return to Greece and continue his life as a scholar where he studied under the Neo-Platonist Priscus. Julian's life of scholarly pursuit, however, ended abruptly when he was summoned to the imperial court and made Caesar by Constantius II on 6 November 355.
Julian as Caesar
Constantius II realized an essential truth of the empire that had been evident since the time of the Tetrarchy--the empire was too big to be ruled effectively by one man. Julian was pressed into service as Caesar, or subordinate emperor, because an imperial presence was needed in the west, in particular in the Gallic provinces. Julian, due to the emperor's earlier purges, was the only viable candidate of the imperial family left who could act as Caesar. Constantius enjoined Julian with the task of restoring order along the Rhine frontier. A few days after he was made Caesar, Julian was married to Constantius' sister Helena in order to cement the alliance between the two men. On 1 December 355, Julian journeyed north, and in Augusta Taurinorum he learned that Alamannic raiders had destroyed Colonia Agrippina. He then proceeded to Vienne where he spent the winter. At Vienne, he learned that Augustudunum was also under siege, but was being held by a veteran garrison. He made this his first priority, and arrived there on 24 June 356. When he had assured himself that the city was in no immediate danger, he journeyed to Augusta Treverorum via Autessioduram, and from there to Durocortorum where he rendezvoused with his army. Julian had the army stage a series of punitive strikes around the Dieuse region, and then he moved them towards the Argentoratum/Mongontiacum region when word of barbarian incursions reached him.
From there, Julian moved on to Colonia Agrippina, and negotiated a peace with the local barbarian leaders who had assaulted the city. He then wintered at Senonae. He spent the early part of the campaigning season of 357 fighting off besiegers at Senonae, and then conducting operations around Lugdunum and Tres Tabernae. Later that summer, he encountered his watershed moment as a military general. Ammianus went into great detail about Julian's victory over seven rogue Alamannic chieftains near Argentoratum, and Julian himself bragged about it in his later writing. After this battle, the soldiers acclaimed Julian Augustus, but he rejected this title. After mounting a series of follow-up raids into Alamannic territory, he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia, and on the way defeated some Frankish raiders in the Mosa region. Julian considered this campaign one of the major events of his time as Caesar.
Julian began his 358 military campaigns early, hoping to catch the barbarians by surprise. His first target was the Franks in the northern Rhine region. He then proceeded to restore some forts in the Mosa region, but his soldiers threatened to mutiny because they were on short rations and had not been paid their donative since Julian had become Caesar. After he soothed his soldiers, Julian spent the rest of the summer negotiating a peace with various Alamannic leaders in the mid and lower Rhine areas, and retired to winter quarters at Lutetia. In 359, he prepared once again to carry out a series of punitive expeditions against the Alamanni in the Rhine region who were still hostile to the Roman presence. In preparation, the Caesar repopulated seven previously destroyed cities and set them up as supply bases and staging areas. This was done with the help of the people with whom Julian had negotiated a peace the year before. Julian then had a detachment of lightly armed soldiers cross the Rhine near Mogontiacum and conduct a guerilla strike against several chieftains. As a result of these campaigns, Julian was able to negotiate a peace with all but a handful of the Alamannic leaders, and he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia.
Of course, Julian did more than act as a general during his time as Caesar. According to Ammianus, Julian was an able administrator who took steps to correct the injustices of Constantius' appointees. Ammianus related the story of how Julian prevented Florentius, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, from raising taxes, and also how Julian actually took over as governor for the province of Belgica Secunda. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, supported Ammianus' basic assessment of Julian in this regard when he reported that Julian was an able representative of the emperor to the Gallic provincials. There is also epigraphic evidence to support Julian's popularity amongst the provincial elites. An inscription found near Beneventum in Apulia reads:
"To Flavius Claudius Julianus, most noble and sanctified Caesar, from the caring Tocius Maximus, vir clarissimus, for the care of the res publica from Beneventum".
Tocius Maximus, as a vir clarissimus, was at the highest point in the social spectrum and was a leader in his local community. This inscription shows that Julian was successful in establishing a positive image amongst provincial elites while he was Caesar.
Julian Augustus
In early 360, Constantius, driven by jealousy of Julian's success, stripped Julian of many troops and officers, ostensibly because the emperor needed them for his upcoming campaign against the Persians. One of the legions ordered east, the Petulantes, did not want to leave Gaul because the majority of the soldiers in the unit were from this region. As a result they mutinied and hailed Julian as Augustus at Lutetia. Julian refused this acclamation as he had done at Argentoratum earlier, but the soldiers would have none of his denial. They raised him on a shield and adorned him with a neck chain, which had formerly been the possession of the standard-bearer of the Petulantes and symbolized a royal diadem. Julian appeared reluctantly to acquiesce to their wishes, and promised a generous donative. The exact date of his acclamation is unknown, but most scholars put it in February or March. Julian himself supported Ammianus' picture of a jealous Constantius. In his Letter to the Athenians, a document constructed to answer charges that he was a usurper, Julian stated that from the start he, as Caesar, had been meant as a figurehead to the soldiers and provincials. The real power he claimed lay with the generals and officials already present in Gaul. In fact, according to Julian, the generals were charged with watching him as much as the enemy. His account of the actual acclamation closely followed what Ammianus told us, but he stressed even more his reluctance to take power. Julian claimed that he did so only after praying to Zeus for guidance.
Fearing the reaction of Constantius, Julian sent a letter to his fellow emperor justifying the events at Lutetia and trying to arrange a peaceful solution. This letter berated Constantius for forcing the troops in Gaul into an untenable situation. Ammianus stated that Julian's letter blamed Constantius' decision to transfer Gallic legions east as the reason for the soldiers' rebellion. Julian once again asserted that he was an unwilling participant who was only following the desire of the soldiers. In both of these basic accounts Ammianus and Julian are playing upon the theme of restoration. Implicit in their version of Julian's acclamation is the argument that Constantius was unfit to rule. The soldiers were the vehicle of the gods' will. The Letter to the Athenians is full of references to the fact that Julian was assuming the mantle of Augustus at the instigation of the gods. Ammianus summed up this position nicely when he related the story of how, when Julian was agonizing over whether to accept the soldiers' acclamation, he had a dream in which he was visited by the Genius (guardian spirit) of the Roman state. The Genius told Julian that it had often tried to bestow high honors upon Julian but had been rebuffed. Now, the Genius went on to say, was Julian's final chance to take the power that was rightfully his. If the Caesar refused this chance, the Genius would depart forever, and both Julian and the state would rue Julian's rejection. Julian himself wrote a letter to his friend Maximus of Ephesus in November of 361 detailing his thoughts on his proclamation. In this letter, Julian stated that the soldiers proclaimed him Augustus against his will. Julian, however, defended his accession, saying that the gods willed it and that he had treated his enemies with clemency and justice. He went on to say that he led the troops in propitiating the traditional deities, because the gods commanded him to return to the traditional rites, and would reward him if he fulfilled this duty.
During 360 an uneasy peace simmered between the two emperors. Julian spent the 360 campaigning season continuing his efforts to restore order along the Rhine, while Constantius continued operations against the Persians. Julian wintered in Vienne, and celebrated his Quinquennalia. It was at this time that his wife Helena died, and he sent her remains to Rome for a proper burial at his family villa on the Via Nomentana where the body of her sister was entombed. The uneasy peace held through the summer of 361, but Julian concentrated his military operations around harassing the Alamannic chieftain Vadomarius and his allies, who had concluded a peace treaty with Constantius some years earlier. By the end of the summer, Julian decided to put an end to the waiting and gathered his army to march east against Constantius. The empire teetered on the brink of another civil war. Constantius had spent the summer negotiating with the Persians and making preparations for possible military action against his cousin. When he was assured that the Persians would not attack, he summoned his army and sallied forth to meet Julian. As the armies drew inexorably closer to one another, the empire was saved from another bloody civil war when Constantius died unexpectedly of natural causes on 3 November near the town of Mopsucrenae in Cilicia, naming Julian -- the sources say-- as his legitimate successor.
Julian was in Dacia when he learned of his cousin's death. He made his way through Thrace and came to Constantinople on 11 December 361 where Julian honored the emperor with the funeral rites appropriate for a man of his station. Julian immediately set about putting his supporters in positions of power and trimming the imperial bureaucracy, which had become extremely overstaffed during Constantius' reign. Cooks and barbers had increased during the late emperor's reign and Julian expelled them from his court. Ammianus gave a mixed assessment of how the new emperor handled the followers of Constantius. Traditionally, emperors were supposed to show clemency to the supporters of a defeated enemy. Julian, however, gave some men over to death to appease the army. Ammianus used the case of Ursulus, Constantius' comes sacrum largitionum, to illustrate his point. Ursulus had actually tried to acquire money for the Gallic troops when Julian had first been appointed Caesar, but he had also made a disparaging remark about the ineffectiveness of the army after the battle of Amida. The soldiers remembered this, and when Julian became sole Augustus, they demanded Ursulus' head. Julian obliged, much to the disapproval of Ammianus. This seems to be a case of Julian courting the favor of the military leadership, and is indicative of a pattern in which Julian courted the goodwill of various societal elites to legitimize his position as emperor.
Another case in point is the officials who made up the imperial bureaucracy. Many of them were subjected to trial and punishment. To achieve this goal, during the last weeks of December 361 Julian assembled a military tribunal at Chalcedon, empanelling six judges to try the cases. The president of the tribunal was Salutius, just promoted to the rank of Praetorian Prefect; the five other members were Mamertinus, the orator, and four general officers: Jovinus, Agilo, Nevitta, and Arbetio. Relative to the proceedings of the tribunal, Ammianus noted that the judges, " . . . oversaw the cases more vehemently than was right or fair, with the exception of a few . . .." Ammianus' account of Julian's attempt at reform of the imperial bureaucracy is supported by legal evidence from the Theodosian Code. A series of laws sent to Mamertinus, Julian's appointee as Praetorian Prefect in Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, illustrate this point nicely. On 6 June 362, Mamertinus received a law that prohibited provincial governors from bypassing the Vicars when giving their reports to the Prefect. Traditionally, Vicars were given civil authority over a group of provinces, and were in theory meant to serve as a middle step between governors and Prefects. This law suggests that the Vicars were being left out, at least in Illyricum. Julian issued another edict to Mamertinus on 22 February 362 to stop abuse of the public post by governors. According to this law, only Mamertinus could issue post warrants, but the Vicars were given twelve blank warrants to be used as they saw fit, and each governor was given two. Continuing the trend of bureaucratic reform, Julian also imposed penalties on governors who purposefully delayed appeals in court cases they had heard. The emperor also established a new official to weigh solidi used in official government transactions to combat coin clipping.
For Julian, reigning in the abuses of imperial bureaucrats was one step in restoring the prestige of the office of emperor. Because he could not affect all elements of society personally, Julian, like other Neo-Flavian emperors, decided to concentrate on select groups of societal elites as intercessors between himself and the general populace. One of these groups was the imperial bureaucracy. Julian made it very clear that imperial officials were intercessors in a very real sense in a letter to Alypius, Vicar of Britain. In this letter, sent from Gaul sometime before 361, the emperor praises Alypius for his use of "mildness and moderation with courage and force" in his rule of the provincials. Such virtues were characteristic of the emperors, and it was good that Alypius is representing Julian in this way. Julian courted the army because it put him in power. Another group he sought to include in his rule was the traditional Senatorial aristocracy. One of his first appointments as consul was Claudius Mamertinus, a Gallic Senator and rhetorician. Mamertinus' speech in praise of Julian delivered at Constantinople in January of 362 is preserved. In this speech, Claudius presented his consular selection as inaugurating a new golden age and Julian as the restorer of the empire founded by Augustus. The image Mamertinus gave of his own consulate inaugurating a new golden age is not merely formulaic. The comparison of Julian to Augustus has very real, if implicit, relevance to Claudius' situation. Claudius emphasized the imperial period as the true age of renewal. Augustus ushered in a new era with his formation of a partnership between the emperor and the Senate based upon a series of honors and offices bestowed upon the Senate in return for their role as intercessor between emperor and populace. It was this system that Julian was restoring, and the consulate was one concrete example of this bond. To be chosen as a consul by the emperor, who himself had been divinely mandated, was a divine honor. In addition to being named consul, Mamertinus went on to hold several offices under Julian, including the Prefecture of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa. Similarly, inscriptional evidence illustrates a link between municipal elites and Julian during his time as Caesar, something which continued after he became emperor. One concrete example comes from the municipal senate of Aceruntia in Apulia, which established a monument on which Julian is styled as "Repairer of the World."
Julian seems to have given up actual Christian belief before his acclamation as emperor and was a practitioner of more traditional Greco-Roman religious beliefs, in particular, a follower of certain late antique Platonist philosophers who were especially adept at theurgy as was noted earlier. In fact Julian himself spoke of his conversion to Neo-Platonism in a letter to the Alexandrians written in 363. He stated that he had abandoned Christianity when he was twenty years old and been an adherent of the traditional Greco-Roman deities for the twelve years prior to writing this letter.
(For the complete text of this article see: http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm)
Julian’s Persian Campaign
The exact goals Julian had for his ill-fated Persian campaign were never clear. The Sassanid Persians, and before them the Parthians, had been a traditional enemy from the time of the Late Republic, and indeed Constantius had been conducting a war against them before Julian's accession forced the former to forge an uneasy peace. Julian, however, had no concrete reason to reopen hostilities in the east. Socrates Scholasticus attributed Julian's motives to imitation of Alexander the Great, but perhaps the real reason lay in his need to gather the support of the army. Despite his acclamation by the Gallic legions, relations between Julian and the top military officers was uneasy at best. A war against the Persians would have brought prestige and power both to Julian and the army.
Julian set out on his fateful campaign on 5 March 363. Using his trademark strategy of striking quickly and where least expected, he moved his army through Heirapolis and from there speedily across the Euphrates and into the province of Mesopotamia, where he stopped at the town of Batnae. His plan was to eventually return through Armenia and winter in Tarsus. Once in Mesopotamia, Julian was faced with the decision of whether to travel south through the province of Babylonia or cross the Tigris into Assyria, and he eventually decided to move south through Babylonia and turn west into Assyria at a later date. By 27 March, he had the bulk of his army across the Euphrates, and had also arranged a flotilla to guard his supply line along the mighty river. He then left his generals Procopius and Sebastianus to help Arsacius, the king of Armenia and a Roman client, to guard the northern Tigris line. It was also during this time that he received the surrender of many prominent local leaders who had nominally supported the Persians. These men supplied Julian with money and troops for further military action against their former masters. Julian decided to turn south into Babylonia and proceeded along the Euphrates, coming to the fortress of Cercusium at the junction of the Abora and Euphrates Rivers around the first of April, and from there he took his army west to a region called Zaitha near the abandoned town of Dura where they visited the tomb of the emperor Gordian which was in the area. On April 7 he set out from there into the heart of Babylonia and towards Assyria.
Ammianus then stated that Julian and his army crossed into Assyria, which on the face of things appears very confusing. Julian still seems to be operating within the province of Babylonia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The confusion is alleviated when one realizes that,for Ammianus, the region of Assyria encompassed the provinces of Babylonia and Assyria. On their march, Julian's forces took the fortress of Anatha, received the surrender and support of several more local princes, and ravaged the countryside of Assyria between the rivers. As the army continued south, they came across the fortresses Thilutha and Achaiachala, but these places were too well defended and Julian decided to leave them alone. Further south were the cities Diacira and Ozogardana, which the Roman forces sacked and burned. Soon, Julian came to Pirisabora and a brief siege ensued, but the city fell and was also looted and destroyed. It was also at this time that the Roman army met its first systematic resistance from the Persians. As the Romans penetrated further south and west, the local inhabitants began to flood their route. Nevertheless, the Roman forces pressed on and came to Maiozamalcha, a sizable city not far from Ctesiphon. After a short siege, this city too fell to Julian. Inexorably, Julian's forces zeroed in on Ctesiphon, but as they drew closer, the Persian resistance grew fiercer, with guerilla raids whittling at Julian's men and supplies. A sizable force of the army was lost and the emperor himself was almost killed taking a fort a few miles from the target city.
Finally, the army approached Ctesiphon following a canal that linked the Tigris and Euphrates. It soon became apparent after a few preliminary skirmishes that a protracted siege would be necessary to take this important city. Many of his generals, however, thought that pursuing this course of action would be foolish. Julian reluctantly agreed, but became enraged by this failure and ordered his fleet to be burned as he decided to march through the province of Assyria. Julian had planned for his army to live off the land, but the Persians employed a scorched-earth policy. When it became apparent that his army would perish (because his supplies were beginning to dwindle) from starvation and the heat if he continued his campaign, and also in the face of superior numbers of the enemy, Julian ordered a retreat on 16 June. As the Roman army retreated, they were constantly harassed by guerilla strikes. It was during one of these raids that Julian got caught up in the fighting and took a spear to his abdomen. Mortally wounded he was carried to his tent, where, after conferring with some of his officers, he died. The date was 26 June 363.
Conclusion
Thus an ignominious end for a man came about who had hoped to restore the glory of the Roman empire during his reign as emperor. Due to his intense hatred of Christianity, the opinion of posterity has not been kind to Julian. The contemporary opinion, however, was overall positive. The evidence shows that Julian was a complex ruler with a definite agenda to use traditional social institutions in order to revive what he saw as a collapsing empire. In the final assessment, he was not so different from any of the other emperors of the fourth century. He was a man grasping desperately to hang on to a Greco-Roman conception of leadership that was undergoing a subtle yet profound change.
Copyright (C) 2002, Walter E. Roberts and Michael DiMaio, Jr. Used by permission.
In reality, Julian worked to promote culture and philosophy in any manifestation. He tried to reduce taxes and the public debts of municipalities; he augmented administrative decentralisation; he promoted a campaign of austerity to reduce public expenditure (setting himself as the example). He reformed the postal service and eliminated the powerful secret police.
by Federico Morando; JULIAN II, The Apostate, See the Julian II Page on NumisWiki
Flavius Claudius Iulianus was born in 331 or maybe 332 A.D. in Constantinople. He ruled the Western Empire as Caesar from 355 to 360 and was hailed Augustus by his legions in Lutetia (Paris) in 360. Julian was a gifted administrator and military strategist. Famed as the last pagan emperor, his reinstatement of the pagan religion earned him the moniker "the Apostate." As evidenced by his brilliant writing, some of which has survived to the present day, the title "the Philosopher" may have been more appropriate. He died from wounds suffered during the Persian campaign of 363 A.D. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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Constantine I "the Great," 307 - 337 AD Obv: CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Constantine I facing right.
Rev: GLORIA EXERCITAS, two soldiers, helmeted, standing looking at one another holding reversed spears in their outer hands, inner hands on shields resting on ground, between them are two standards; SMANA in exergue.
Billon Centenionalis, Antioch mint, 1st Officina, 335 AD
2.7 grams, 18mm, 180°
RIC VII Antioch 86, S16359, VM 93Matt Inglima
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Cr 187/2 AE As Furia Roman Republic, Furius Purpurio, 169 - 158 B.C., Bronze as, Crawford 187/2, Sydenham 359, BMCRR II Italy 424, Russo RBW 798, SRCV I 705
Bronze as, Crawford 187/2, Sydenham 359, BMCRR II Italy 424, Russo RBW 798, SRCV I 705, gF, green and red patina, 19th century India ink collection mark, R.L. Furia" on reverse, weight 23.130g, maximum diameter 37.9mm, die axis 225o, Rome mint, 169 - 158 B.C.; obverse laureate and bearded head of Janus, I (mark of value) above; reverse prow right, PVR (ligate) above, I before, ROMA in exergue; big 37.9 mm bronze, from the Andrew McCabe Collection; scarce
Purchased from Forum Ancient CoinsPMah
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Egypt, Alexandria, AD 272, Aurelian, Eirene Aurelianus, 270 - 275
Egypt Alexandria, Tetradrachm, year 3, 272.
Obv.: A K Λ ΔOM AVPHΛIANOC CEB, laureate cuirassed bust right
Rev.: LΓ in left field, Eirene standing left, holding olive branch and transverse sceptre.
Billon,11.39g, 20.3 mm
Ref.: Milne 4359, Kampmann/Ganschow 106.14
Ex Lanz Numismatikshanxi
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EGYPT, Alexandria, Otho,EGYPT, Alexandria, Otho, AD 69 BI Tetradrachm 24mm, 12.12 gm. 11h, Dated AL (AD 69) Eleutheria. BMC 209, RPC 5359,Ancient Aussie
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Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus) (253-268 A.D.)SRCV 10359, RIC V S-280, Göbl 595a, Van Meter 266
BI Antoninianus, 3.01 gr., 20.61 mm. max, 180°
Rome mint, eighth officina, ninth emission, struck during solo reign (260-268 A.D.) in 265-267 A.D.
Obv: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
Rev: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, leaning on column, legs crossed. H in right field.
RIC rarity C, Van Meter VB1Stkp
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Mysia, Pergamum BronzeBronze AE 18, SNG Cop 359, VF, Pergamon mint, c. 200 - 133 B.C.; obverse helmeted head of Athena? right; reverse PERGAMHNWN, Nike standing right, extending wreath in right, palm over shoulder in left; very nice dark green patina; Philoromaos
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Plautilla Denarius - Rome - Concordia - No.3Plautilla
Denarius
202 A.D.
Rome
Av.: PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE / draped bust right (Hill: Ei)
Rev.: CONCORDIA AVGG / Concordia standing left with patera and sceptre
2,89 Gr., 6 h die axis
RIC 359, Coh. 2, Hill -nummis durensis
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Plautilla Denarius - Rome - Concordia - No.4Plautilla
Denarius
202 A.D.
Rome
Av.: PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE / draped bust right (Hill: Eii)
Rev.: CONCORDIA AVGG / Concordia standing left with patera and sceptre
3,20 Gr., 6 h die axis
RIC 359, Coh. 2, Hill 582nummis durensis
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Plautilla Denarius RIC IV 359Laodicea mint, Plautilla Denarius, 202 A.D. AR 17.5mm 2.69g, RIC IV 359, RSC 2
O: PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE, draped bust right
R: CONCORDIA AVGG, Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter
casata137ec
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PMTRP V Cldcf Mars trophy and spear Obverse: IMPCAESMAVRSEVALEXANDERAVG
Bust laureate right, draped and cuirassed, front view
Reverse: PMTRPV_COSIIPP, SC left and right in field
Mars helmeted, naked except for cloak floating out left and right, holding spear pointed transversely up in right hand and trophy over left shoulder in left hand
BMC 359, RIC 440
Weight, 19.542g; die axis, 12h.
Variant Bust, double struck on reversemix_val
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Probus, RIC 359, TicinumObv: IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG
Bust: Radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right
Rev: FELICITAS SEC
Felicitas standing left holding caduceus and cornucopia
Exe: SXXT
Date: 276-280 AD
Denom: Antoninianus
Bluefish
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Provincial, Amasia, Pontus, AE29, ΑΔΡ CεΥ ΑΝΤ ΑΜΑCIAC MHT ΠΡ ΠΟAE29
Roman Provincial: Amasia, Pontus
Septimius Severus
Augustus: 193 - 211AD
Issued: 205 - 206AD
29.0mm 14.72gr 6h
O: [AY KAI Λ CεΠ CεΟΥΗΡΟC]; Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust, right.
R: ΑΔΡ CεΥ ΑΝΤ ΑΜΑCIAC MHT ΠΡ ΠΟ; Tyche standing left, holding rudder in right hand, cornucopia on left arm.
Exergue: εΤ, left field; CΘ and star, right field.
Amasia, Pontus Mint
BMC 12; RecGen 43; Ireland Amasia 193; Dalaison 279; Delepierre 5; Dusseldorf 9751.
gF; Scarce; Ex. Roma Numismatics E-Sale 38, Lot 359, 7/29/17.
Roma Numismatics E-Sale 69, Lot 724.
4/16/20 7/17/20Nicholas Z
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ROMAN EMPIRE - AugustusROMAN EMPIRE - Augustus (16 January 27 B.C. - 19 August 14 A.D.) Colonia Patricia, Hispania Baetica. Bronze quadrans,condition: VF, mint: Colonia Patricia (Cordova), weight: 2.225g, maximum diameter: 15.6mm, die axis: 225o, date struck: 20 - 2 B.C., probably 15 - 14 B.C.; obverse PER CAE AVG, bare head left; reverse COLO PATR, patera above aspergillum, jug, and lituus. References: Villaronga-Benages 3359, RPC I 131, SNG Lorichs 1393, SNG Cop -; Ex-FORVM
dpaul7
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ROMAN EMPIRE - HADRIANHadrian AD 117-138 Silver Denarius "Roma-COS III" "Roma sits at the center of the world" Obv: HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS - Laureate head right Rev: COS III - Roma seated on cuirass right, holding parazonium and spear. Rome mint AD 125-128 = RIC II, p. 359, 162c; Cohen 337, 2.48 g.
dpaul7
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Roman Imperial, Septimius Severus Denarius. (197-198 AD)Roman Imperial, Septimius Severus Denarius. (197-198 AD)
L SEPT SEV PE-RT AVG IMP III, laureate head right.
PACI AVGVSTI, Pax seated left, holding branch in left hand, cornucopiae in left.
RSC 359, RIC 37, RSC 359, BMC 70, Sear RCV 6320
Gil-galad
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Rome, RIC VI 87a, 121 Constantius-I. Chlorus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-306 A.D. Augustus), AE-1 Fractions, VOT/•/XX/ Γ in wreath,121 Constantius-I. Chlorus (293-305 A.D. Caesar, 305-306 A.D. Augustus), AE-1 Fractions, RIC VI 87a, Rome, VOT/•/XX/ Γ in wreath,
avers:- FL-VAL-CONSTANTIVS-NOB-C, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
revers:- VOT/•/XX/ Γ in three lines within wreath.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 18mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Rome, date: 298 A.D., ref: RIC VI 87a, p-359,
Q-001quadrans
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Selecus I Nikator AR tetradrachm Ancient Greek / Seleucid Kingdom / Selecus I Nikator / in the name of Alexander the Great / AR tetradrachm
Obverse: Head of Herakles right, wearing lion's headdress.
Reverse: Zeus seated right, anchor , A to right , M under throne.
AΛEΞANΔPOY / BAΣIΛEΩΣ
Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint. 311 - 300 B.C.
Weight 16.87 grams, Max. Dia., 28 mm.
Price 3359, SC 94.6b.
Posthumous issue struck circa 311-300 B.C. under Selecus I, (312-281) BC
From the Sam Mansourati Collection.Sam
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Septimius Severus AR Denarius. (197-198 AD)Roman Imperial, Septimius Severus Denarius. (197-198 AD)
Obverse: L SEPT SEV PE-RT AVG IMP III, Laureate head right.
Reverse: PACI AVGVSTI, Pax seated left, holding branch in left hand, cornucopiae in left.
Reference: RIC 37, RSC 359, BMC 70, Sear RCV 6320
Ex: Bryan Aaker
Gil-galad
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Septimius Severus Denarius RIC IVa 37Septimius Severus AR denarius
3.24g, 18.2mm, 180 degrees, Rome mint, 194CE.
Attribution: RIC IVa 37, RSC III 359, BMCRE V 70, SRCV II 6320
O: L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP III, laureate head right.
R: PACI AVGVSTI, Pax seated left, olive branch in extended right hand, cornucopia in left hand.
25 in Reka Devnia, Mouchmov p.99.
Ex-FORUM coin No. RS94729, EX-Ray Nouri collection. FORUM graded the coin VF, but interestingly it still has much of its mint lustre and I would suggest it's more of an EF example.Ron C2
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Septimius Severus Denarius RIC IVa, 54Septimius Severus AR denarius
3.15g, 17.3mm, 180 degrees, Rome mint, 194-195 CE.
Attribution: RIC IVa, 54. Cohen 359, IMPIIII Var. BMCRE V 85.
O: L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP IIII, Lauriate head right.
R: PACI AVGVSTI, Pax seated L, holding branch and cornucopiae.
1 example in Reka Devnia (IMP IIII var), Mouchmov p.99.
Ex-Waseem Custy collection.Ron C2
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Septimius Severus RomaSEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, Denarius, 193-211 AD, (struck 207 - 207 AD), 19.7mm, 2.44g, Rome, BMC 359, RSC 606, RIC 288, Sear RCV II (2002) 6358
OBV: SEVERVS PIVS AVG, laureate head right
REV: RESTITVTOR VRBIS, Roma seated left on shield, holding palladium and scepter
SRukke
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Spain, Castulo bullSpain, Castulo, bull, AE17. 2nd century BC. 17 mm, 1.75 g. Castulo mint, diademed male head right; reverse bull right, L and crescent above, script in ex. ex areich, photo credit areich. SNG BM Spain 1359, Lindgren II 44, SNG Cop 216Podiceps
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SWEDEN - Karl XIISWEDEN - Karl XII (1697-1718) Cu Daler, 1718. Subject: Sun God. Obv: Sun god with rays around circle, PHOEBVS above, date below Rev: Value in circle within wreath. Reference: KM #359, Hobsen 215.
Goertz daler-Swedish emergency money of 1718, approx 24mm across. From Sweden was struck in the financial hardship that hit Sweden after the war with Russia. These copper coins were used by the government to replace the much larger silver daler in use before the war. They are called Goertz dalers after Baron Georg Heinrich von Goertz, the finance minister at the time. This is one of a series of several coins, this one displaying Phoebus (son of Zeus and Leto and twin brother of Artemis Diana - Roman name for the god Apollo). dpaul7
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Tetartemorion with cicadaIonia, Kolophon, 480-450 B.C. Silver tetartemorion, SNG Kayhan 359, VF, Kolophon mint, 0.233g, 6.2mm, 315o, c. 480 - 450 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Apollo right; reverse T - E monogram within incuse square, cicada left; toned; This tiny tetartemorion (1/3 or 1/4 obol) is also known without a symbol left and with various other symbols. If the TE indicates the value of the coin, this was the first money to be marked with the denomination. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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Trajan SestertiusIMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TRP COS V PP, laureate head right
SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI / SC, Trajan crowned by Victory
RIC 549, BMC 825, Cohen 516, Strack 359, Banti 221
23.86g
Ex Leopold G.P. Messenger Collection (Glendining's 21 November 1951), lot 137Schwami
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