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Image search results - "222,"
Caracalla_RIC_222.jpg
25 CaracallaCARACALLA
AR Denarius, 210-213 AD.

ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, laureate head right / MARTI PACATORI, Mars standing front, head left, holding olive-branch, reversed spear & shield

Sear 6818, RIC 222, RSC 149, BMC 81 VF
Sosius
015.jpg
0 - Severus Alexander as Caesar - AR DenariusSeverus Alexander as Caesar. Rome Mint.

obv: " M AUR ALEXANDER CAES "
Bare head right, draped.

rev: " PIETAS AUG " - Priestly Implements.
4 commentsrexesq
Traianus_AR-Den_IMP-TRAIANO-AVG-GER-DAC-P-M-TR-P-COS-V-P-P_S-P-Q-R-OPTIMO-PRINCIPI_RIC-222_103-111-AD_Q-001_6h_17mm_3,12g-s.jpg
027 Traianus (98-117 A.D.), Rome, RIC II 0222, AR-Denarius, S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, -/-//--, Dacia seated right, #1027 Traianus (98-117 A.D.), Rome, RIC II 0222, AR-Denarius, S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, -/-//--, Dacia seated right, #1
avers: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P, Laureate head right, drapery on far shoulder.
reverse: S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, Dacia seated right at foot of trophy.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,0mm, weight:3,12g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 103-111 A.D.,
ref: RIC II 222,
Q-001
quadrans
elagab.jpg
030a. ElagabalusAugustus 16 May 218 - 11 March 222

Actual name Varius Avitus Bassianus, then Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Nicknamed Elagabalus because he was the high priest of Elagabal, the sun god of Emesa, Syria. His grandmother claimed he was the illegitimate son of Caracalla, who remained popular with army. Elagabalus’s forces prevailed, and he was declared emperor in 218 at the age of 14 or 15. His reign became notorious due to his efforts to supplant the Roman gods and to his sexual antics. He and his mother were killed in 222, and their bodies dumped in the Tiber.

Coin: Denarius. Rome. 20 mm, 3.48 g. Obv: IMP CAES ANTONINVS AVG. Laureate and draped bust right. Rev: FIDES EXERCITVS. Fides seated left, holding eagle; two standards flanking. RIC 68
lawrence c
paula3.jpg
030d02. Julia PaulaDenarius. 219 AD. Obv: IVLIA PAVLA AVG, draped bust right. Rev: VENVS GENETRIX, Venus seated left, holding apple and sceptre. RIC 222, RSC 21.lawrence c
Marc-Aurelius_AR-Den_M-ANTONINVS-AVG_TRP-XXIII_SALVTI_AVG-COSIII_RIC-207_C-543_Rome-169-70-AD_Q-001_axis-h_mm_3,24g-sa-s.jpg
037b Marcus Aurelius (139-161 A.D. as Caesar, 161-180 A.D. as Augustus), RIC III 0222, Rome, AR-Denarius, SALVTI AVG COS III, Salus standing left,037b Marcus Aurelius (139-161 A.D. as Caesar, 161-180 A.D. as Augustus), RIC III 0222, Rome, AR-Denarius, SALVTI AVG COS III, Salus standing left,
avers:- M-ANTONINVS-AVG_TRP-XXIII, Laurate head right.
revers:- SALVTI-AVG-COS-III, Salus standing left, holding sceptre and feeding snake on altar from a patera.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-18,5mm, weight: 3,24g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date:169-70 A.D., ref: RIC-III-222, p-230, C-546, Sear-,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
RI_048ag_img.jpg
048 - Antoninus Pius denarius - RIC 222Obv:- ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P XVI, laureate head right
Rev:- COS IIII, Fortuna standing right, holding rudder on globe and cornucopiae
Minted in Rome. A.D. 152-153
Reference(s) - RIC 222, RSC 270, BMC 790
maridvnvm
Septimius-Severus_AR-Den_SEVERVS-PIVS-AVG_INDVLGEN-TIA-AVG-G_INCARTH_RIC-IV-266_p-_BMCRE-335_C-222_Rome-203-04-AD_Q-001_17-19mm_3,79g-s~0.jpg
049 Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 266, AR-Denarius, INDVLGENTIA AVG G, INCARTH, The Dea Caelestis, #1049 Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Rome, RIC IV-I 266, AR-Denarius, INDVLGENTIA AVG G, INCARTH, The Dea Caelestis, #1
avers: SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate bust right.
reverse: INDVLGEN TIA AVG G, The Dea Caelestis, wearing an elaborate headdress, looking right, riding right on a lion, holding thunderbolt and sceptre, below, water gushing from rocks at left.
exergue: -/-//INCARTH, diameter: 17,0-19,0mm, weight: 3,79g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 203-04 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 266, p-125, RSC 222, BMCRE 335,
Q-001
2 commentsquadrans
051_Caracalla,_RIC_IV-I_222,_Rome,_AR-Den,_ANTONINVS_PIVS_AVG_BRIT,_MARTI_PACATORI,_210-13_AD,_Q-001,_0h,_18-18,5mm,_2,97g-s.jpg
051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Rome, RIC IV-I 222, AR-Denarius, MARTI PACATORI, Mars standing front, Scarce! #1051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Rome, RIC IV-I 222, AR-Denarius, MARTI PACATORI, Mars standing front, Scarce! #1
avers: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, Laureate head right.
reverse: MARTI PACATORI, Mars standing front, head left, holding an olive branch, reversed spear and shield.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 18,0-18,5mm, weight: 2,97g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 210-213 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 222, p-217, RSC 149, BMC 81, Scarce!
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
051_Caracalla_AE-18_AVR-M-A-ANTONIN_NIKOPOLITON-PROC-ICT_Nikopolis_HHJ-8_18_48_--_p-_Q-001_2h_17,5mm_3,83ga-s~0.jpg
051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HrHJ-08.18.48. ???, AE-17, 8 pointed star in crescent, #1051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HrHJ-08.18.48. ???, AE-17, 8 pointed star in crescent, #1
avers: AVP M A ANTΩNIN, Laureate head right.
reverse: NIKOΠOΛITΩN ΠPOC ICT, 8 pointed star in crescent.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5mm, weight: 3,83g, axis: 2h,
mint: Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, date: A.D.,
ref: Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov HrHJ-8.18.48.???, p-221-or -222,
Q-001

"I have added your coin to Nikopolis Addenda III under:
A new rev. for Caracalla
Caracalla, AD 198-217
AE 18, 3.83g, 17.5mm, 60°
obv. AV K M A - ANTWNIN
laureate head r.
rev. NIKOPOLITWN PROC ICT
Crescent with 8-pointed star in the cavity
ref. a) not in AMNG
b) not in Varbanov (engl.)
c) not in Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov (2013):
rev. No. 8.18.48.2 var. (has ICTRO)
obv. e.g. No. 8.18.53.4
coll. quadrans, Forum Ancient Coins
AV K M A - ANTWNIN with "laureate head r." is a rare obv."
by Jochen Thank you Jochen
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RIC_222_112_Probus_AE-Ant_IMP-PRO-BVS-AVG_VICTOR-IA-GERM_R-crescent-A_Bust-F_RIC-222-p-41_Rome-4th-em_1st-off_279-AD_Q-001_0h_21,5-24mm_3,45g-s.jpg
112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 222, Rome, VICTORIA GERM, Bust-F, -/-//R-crescent-A, Trophy between two captives, #1,112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 222, Rome, VICTORIA GERM, Bust-F, -/-//R-crescent-A, Trophy between two captives, #1,
avers:- IMP-PRO-BVS-AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right. (6,F)
revers:- VICTOR-IA-GERM, Trophy between two captives.
exerg: -/-//R-crescent-A, diameter: 21,5-24mm, weight: 3,45g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 279 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 222, p-41, C-768,
Q-001
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Probus_AE-Ant_IMP-PRO-BVS-AVG_VICTOR-IA-GERM_R-dotted-crescent-A_Bust-F_RIC-222-p-41_Rome-4th-emission_279-AD_Q-001_axis-5h_22-22,5mm_3,90g-s.jpg
112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 222, Rome, VICTORIA GERM, Bust-F, Trophy between two captives, C, #1,112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 222, Rome, VICTORIA GERM, Bust-F, Trophy between two captives, C, #1,
avers:- IMP-PRO-BVS-AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right. (6,F)
revers:- VICTOR-IA-GERM, Trophy between two captives.
exerg: -/-//R dot in crescent A, diameter: 22-22,5mm, weight: 3,90g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 279 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 222, p-41, C-768, "C",
Q-001
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Probus_AE-Ant_IMP-PRO-BVS-AVG_VICTOR-IA-GERM_R-dotted-crescent-A_Bust-F_RIC-222-p-41_Rome-4th-emission_279-AD_Q-001_axis-6h_23,5-24mm_4,04g-s.jpg
112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 222, Rome, VICTORIA GERM, Bust-F, Trophy between two captives, C, #2,112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 222, Rome, VICTORIA GERM, Bust-F, Trophy between two captives, C, #2,
avers:- IMP-PRO-BVS-AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right. (6,F)
revers:- VICTOR-IA-GERM, Trophy between two captives.
exerg: -/-//R-dotted-crescent-A, diameter: 23,5-24mm, weight: 4,04g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 279 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 222, p-41, C-768, "C",
Q-002
quadrans
Probus_AE-Ant_IMP-PROBVS-AVG-(F)_VICTORIA-GERM_R-wreath-A_RIC-222-p-41_Rome_AD_Q-001_axis-11h_21,5mm_3,95g-s.jpg
112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 222, Rome, VICTORIA GERM, Bust-F, Trophy between two captives, C, #3,112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 222, Rome, VICTORIA GERM, Bust-F, Trophy between two captives, C, #3,
avers:- IMP-PRO-BVS-AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right. (F)
revers:- VICTOR-IA-GERM, Trophy between two captives.
exerg: -/-//R-wreath-A, diameter: 21,5mm, weight: 3,95g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 279 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 222, p-41, C-768, "C",
Q-003
quadrans
137_City_Commemorative,_VRBS_ROMA,_Siscia,_RIC_VII_222,_GSIS,_AE-3,_330-333_AD,_C3,_Q-001,_6h,_18-18,85mm,_2,88g-s.jpg
137 Siscia, RIC VII 222, VRBS ROMA, Commemorative, (330-333 A.D.), AE-3, -/-//ΓSIS, She-wolf left, C3!, #1137 Siscia, RIC VII 222, VRBS ROMA, Commemorative, (330-333 A.D.), AE-3, -/-//ΓSIS, She-wolf left, C3!, #1
avers: VRBS ROMA, Helmeted bust of Roma left.
reverse: She-wolf and twins, 2 stars above
exergue: -/-//ΓSIS, diameter: 18,0-18,5 mm, weight: 2,88 g, axis: 6 h,
mint: Siscia, date: 330-333 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-222, p-453, C3!,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Urbs-Roma_AE-18_VRBS-ROMA_Gamma-SIS_RIC-VII-222-p453_Q-002_axis-7h_18,5mm_2,40g-s.jpg
137 Siscia, RIC VII 222, VRBS ROMA, Commemorative, (330-333 A.D.), AE-3, -/-//ΓSIS, She-wolf left, C3!, #2137 Siscia, RIC VII 222, VRBS ROMA, Commemorative, (330-333 A.D.), AE-3, -/-//ΓSIS, She-wolf left, C3!, #2
avers: VRBS ROMA, Helmeted bust of Roma left.
reverse: She-wolf and twins, 2 stars above
exergue: -/-//ΓSIS, diameter: 18,5 mm, weight: 2,40 g, axis: 7 h,
mint: Siscia, date: 330-333 A.D., ref: RIC VII 222, p-453, C3!
Q-002
quadrans
coin235.JPG
205a. Julia MamaeaJulia Avita Mamaea (180–235) was the daughter of Julia Maesa, a powerful Roman woman of Syrian origin, and Julius Avitus. She was a niece of emperor Septimius Severus and sister of Julia Soaemias Bassiana.

She was married to Gessius Marcianus had a son, later emperor Alexander Severus. Unlike her sister, Julia Mamaea was reported to be a virtuous woman, never involved in scandals. As a member of the Imperial Roman family, she watched closely the death of her cousin Caracalla and the ascent to power of her nephew Heliogabalus, the oldest grandson of Julia Maesa and her choice to the throne. But eventually Heliogabalus and his mother Julia Soaemias proved incompetent rulers and favour fell on Alexander, Julia's son. He became emperor in 222, following Heliogabalus's murder by the Praetorian Guard. Julia and her mother became regents in the name of Alexander, then 14 years old. Upon adulthood, Alexander confirmed his esteem for his mother and named her consors imperii (imperial consort). It was in this condition that she accompanied her son in his campaigns: a custom started with Julia Domna (Septimius Severus's wife). Thus she travelled to the East, for the campaign against the Parthian empire, and to the Germania provinces. Julia Mamaea was with Alexander in Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), capital of Germania Superior, when he was assassinated by his troops. She suffered the same fate.

Julia Mamaea Denarius. IVLIA MAMAEA AVG, diademed & draped bust right / VESTA, Vesta standing half-left, holding palladium & scepter. RSC 81.
ecoli
Bela-IV__U-222_C1-234_H-299_1235-1270-AD_Q-001_3h_12,3mm_0,58ga-s.jpg
22.31. Béla IV., King of Hungary, (1235-1270 A.D.), CÁC III. 22.31.1.2./a01.4./05., H-299, CNH I.-234, U-222, AR-Denar, #0122.31. Béla IV., King of Hungary, (1235-1270 A.D.), CÁC III. 22.31.1.2./a01.4./05., H-299, CNH I.-234, U-222, AR-Denar, #01
avers: Emperor facing, draped with Crown, long hair, line border.
reverse: Cross and circle within R, B-E-L-A, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,3 mm, weight: 0,58g, axis: 3h,
mint: , date: 1235-1270 A.D., ref: Huszár-299, CNH I.-234, Unger-222,
CÁC III. 22.31.1.2./a01.4./05.,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Caraculla.jpg
24 CaracallaDenarius. 210-213 AD. ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, laureate head right / MARTI PACATORI, Mars standing front, head left, holding olive-branch, reversed spear & shield. RIC 222, RSC 149, BMC 81. Weight 3.17 gm. Die axis 12 hr. Max dia. 18.2 mmmix_val
IVi-222.jpg
Caracalla - MarsAR Denarius, Rome, 211 (3.07gm)
RIC IVi.222, RCV.6818 (S)
Ox: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT
O: Laureate head right.
Rx: MARTI PACATORI
R: Mars standing facing, head left, holding olive branch and resting on shield, spear propped against left arm.

ex. V Borissov
Paul DiMarzio
DSC08026_DSC08027_caracalla_ant_sev-alex_den_jupiter_01.JPG
Caracalla AR Antoninianus - Severus Alexander AR Denarius - JupiterLEFT: Emperor Caracalla (212 - 217 AD) Silver Antoninianus, Rome Mint.

obv: ANTONINUS PIUS AUG GERM - Radiate bust right, draped and cuirassed. Seen from behind.
rev: PM TR P XVIIII COS IIII P P - Jupiter standing, head facing left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre.

Weight: 4.5 Grams
Size: 25.5 x 26 mm

---------
-------------------------
---------

right: Emperor Severus Alexander (222 - 235 AD) Silver Denarius, Struck AD 222 at the Rome Mint.

obv: IMP C M AUR SEV ALEXAND AUG - Laureate bust right, draped and cuirassed.
rev: PM TR P COS PP - Jupiter standing facing forward holding thunderbolt in one hand, sceptre in the other.

Size: 19 / 19.5 mm

------------------

*Both coins found originally in the UK.
rexesq
ricIV222ORweb.jpg
Caracalla Denarius RIC IV 222Rome mint, Caracalla Denarius, 210-213 A.D. AR 18.5mm 3.01g, RIC IV 222, RSC 149, BMC 81
O: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, laureate head right
R: MARTI PACATORI, Mars standing front, head left, holding olive-branch, reversed spear & shield
casata137ec
Caracalla_Mars.JPG
Caracalla MarsCaracalla, Silver Denarius, Rome, 210 - 213 AD, RIC 222, Cohen 149, 17mm, 2.1g
OBV: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, Laureate head right
REV: MARTI PACATORI, Mars standing to the front, head left,
holding olive-branch and combination reversed spear - shield both balanced and held by left hand

SCARCE
SRukke
Constantine_I_Sarmatia_Devicta~0.jpg
Constantine I Sarmatia DevictaConstantine I (The Great), Lyons, 323/324 AD, 2.66g, 18.21mm, RIC 222,
OBV: CONSTAN-TINUS AUG, Laureate head right
REV: SARMATIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing right, holding trophy and palm
bound captive seated right before; C in left field; dot PLGU in exergue

RARE

In 322 AD, Constantine crushed a Sarmatian invasion of the Balkans, an event marked by this coin type.
During this action his army entered the Eastern territories of his co-Emperor Licinius, which triggered
a civil war between east and west. Constantine, as usual, was victorious and emerged as sole ruler of the Roman Empire.
SRukke
Constantine The Great Romulus and Remus.jpg
Constantine The Great- Romulus and RemusConstantine the Great, early 307 - 22 May 337 A.D.

Obverse:
Helmeted bust of Roma left wearing imperial mantle
VRBS ROMA: VRBS City, ROMA Rome, City of Rome
City of Rome Commemorative, 334 - 335 A.D.


Reverse:
Romulus and Remus suckling from wolf, two stars above

Domination: Bronze AE 3, 17 mm

Mint: exergue is • Γ SIS• Sisicia 3.rd Officina (Γ Gamma). RIC VII Siscia 222, C3, very common.

Coin rated: Very Fine
1 commentsPeter Wissing
Diocletian_antoninianus_Jupiter.jpg
Diocletian Antoninianus (Jupiter, RIC V 222) v.1DIOCLETIAN, AD 284-305
AE Antoninianus (23.53mm, 4.15g, 6h)
Struck AD 285. Ticinum mint
Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust of Diocletian right
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and scepter; P XXI T in exergue
References: RIC V 222, RCV 12660

Darkly toned silvering. A superb specimen, virtually as struck and well-centered on a large flan.
CPK
41137_Domitian_Bronze_obol,_Dattari_547,_Milne_514-5.jpg
Domitian, obol, modius, date L IADomitian, 13 September 81 - 18 September 96 A.D., Roman Provincial Egypt. Bronze obol, Dattari 547, Milne 514-5, BMC Alexandria 345-6, SNG Cop 222, F, Alexandria mint, 2.680g, 17.7mm, 0o, 91 - 92 A.D.; obverse AVT KAICAP “Δ”OMIT CEB “Γ”ERM, laureate head right; reverse, modius containing stalks of grain and poppy heads between two flaming torches, [date L IA in field or ex]. Ex FORVM, photo credit FORVMPodiceps
EB0126_2b_scaled.JPG
EB0126.2 Orodes II / ArcherOrodes II 57-38 BC, PARTHIAN KINGDOM, AR Drachm, Ecbatana mint.
Obverse: Short-bearded bust left wearing diadem and pellet-ended torque, crescent behind; (usually) no wart visible on forehead; circular border of pellets
Reverse: Beardless archer wearing bashlyk and cloak seated right on throne, holding bow in right hand; below bow, monogram [~]; no border; seven-line Greek inscription = ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ.
References: Shore 222, Sell. 46.18.
Diameter: 21mm, Weight: 3.917g.
EB
EB0193b_scaled.JPG
EB0193 Hieron II / HorsemanSyracuse, Hieron II, SICILY, AE 27, 275-215 BC.
Obverse: Laureate head of Hieron left.
Reverse: [IEΡΩNOΣ]? beneath horseman, wearing helmet, cuirass and chlamys, on horse prancing right, holding couched lance.
References: Cf. SG 1222, BMC 2.583, BMC 566.
Diameter: 27.5mm, Weight: 17.957g.
EB
EB0499_scaled.JPG
EB0499 Julia Paula / VenusJulia Paula (wife of Elagabalus), AR Denarius, 219-220 AD.
Obv: IVLIA PAVLA AVG, draped bust right.
Rev: VENVS GENETRIX, Venus seated left, holding apple and sceptre.
References: RIC IV 222, RSC 21, BMC 323.
Diameter: 18.5mm, Weight: 2.603 grams.
EB
014_Nero_(54-68_AD)-AR-Tetradrachm,_G-160-61,_D-251-52,_Alexandria,_NEP_-K_AY-KAI_-_EB-_EP_AYTOKPA-L-I_Serapis_Q-001_axis-11h_23,5-25mm_11,53g-s.jpg
Egypt, Alexandria, 014 Nero (54-68 A.D.), RPC I 5274, AR-Tetradrachm, AYTO KPA, Draped bust of Serapis right, #1Egypt, Alexandria, 014 Nero (54-68 A.D.), RPC I 5274, AR-Tetradrachm, AYTO KPA, Draped bust of Serapis right, #1
avers: NERΩ KΛAΥ KAIΣ ΣEB ΓER, Radiate head of Nero right
reverse: AYTO KPA, Draped bust of Serapis right, wearing calathus, date (LI) to right.
exergue: -/LI//--, diameter: 23,5-25mm, weight: 11,53g, axis: 11h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Dated year (LI) 10 = 63-64 A.D.,
ref:
RPC I 5274,
Emmet -,
Milne 0222,
Geissen 0160-0161,
Dattari 0251-0252,
Kampmann-Ganschow 014.77,
Q-001
2 commentsquadrans
coinI_copy~0.jpg
ElagabalusAE 18, Elagabalus, Markianopolis, ca. AD 203-222, Obv: AYTKMAYPANTWNINOK; Rev: MARKIANOPOLITWN around snake emerging from basket, VF. Moushmov 636, Hristova/Jekov No.6.26.5.11 var. (different bust).Molinari
coinL_copy~0.jpg
ElagabalusAE 20, Elagabalus, Antioch, ca. AD 218-222, Obv: AVTKMAVCANTWNINOCCE; Rev: D-E above and below SC, VF. McAlee 777c; SNG COP 242.Molinari
1.jpg
Elagabalus AE26 Tetrassarion of Marcianopolis.AVT K M AVP H LI ANTWNEINOC, laureate head right,

VP IOVL ANT CELEVKOV MAPKIANOPOLITWN, Victory advancing left,

Issued under the Consular Legate Julius Antonius Seleucus, Governor of Moesia between AD218-222. A 5th century historian Polemius Silvius, mentions a usurper by the name of Seleucus during Elagabal's reign. Whether or not this usurper is our Legate or another Consul (AD 221) by the name of M. Flavius Vitellius Seleucus, is unknown. What is known is that Seleucus was succeeded by Sergius Titianus in AD 222, the year of Elagabal's murder.

AMNG Vol.I No.824, Pg.254

ex-Gitbud & Naumann Münzhandlung München
2 commentsWill Hooton
Elagabalus_Jupitor_Fouree.jpg
Elagabalus Jupitor FoureeElagabalus, Fouree, 218 - 222, 18.32mm, 2.49g, BMC 179, RIC IVb,
OBV: IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
REV: P M TRP III COS III P P Sol, Radiate, advancing left, raising right hand and holding whip, star in left field
SRukke
Elagabalus_Zeus_Hagios_Temple~0.JPG
Elagabalus Zeus Hagios TempleElagabalus Æ 26mm of Phoenicia, Tripolis, 218 - 222 AD
OBV: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right / Tetrastyle shrine of Zeus Hagios, with central altar flanked by statues of Sol and Luna.
REV: Tetrastyle shrine of Zeus Hagios, with central altar flanked by statues of Sol and Luna.
BMC Phoenicia pg. 222, 110; Lindgren I 2355

RARE
SRukke
Elagabalus_Possibly_Unique.jpg
Elagabalus, 16 May 218 - 11 March 222 A.D. Silver denariusPossibly unique! The combination of this reverse legend with a recumbent bull behind the altar is apparently unpublished and this is the only example known to Forum. The bull is present on a similar type with the reverse legend INVICTVS SACERDOS AVG.


Silver denarius, RSC III 213c var. (no bull); BMCRE V 269 var. (same); Hunter III 68 var. (same); RIC IV 52 (S) var. (same, also no horn); SRCV II 7538 var. (same), NGC XF, strike 5/5, surface 3/5 (2412840-011), Rome mint, weight 3.07g, maximum diameter 18.4mm, die axis 0o, Jan 222 A.D.; obverse IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG, horned, laureate, draped and bearded bust right, from the front; reverse P M TR P V COS IIII P P, Elagabalus standing slightly left, wearing Syrian priestly dress, sacrificing from patera in right hand over flaming altar at feet on left, club (or branch) cradled in left hand and arm, star in upper left field, recumbent bull behind altar; NGC certified (slabbed); extremely rare.

Coins with a horned portrait and the title TR P V were struck in January 222 A.D. After some days or weeks the horn was removed from Elagabalus' portrait. Elagabalus had shocked the public with bizarre behavior including cross dressing and marrying a vestal virgin. Removing the unusual horn from his portrait was probably part of a last ditch effort to show that he had changed, dropping his peculiar Syrian ways. The effort failed. On 11 March 222, Elagabalus and his mother were murdered, dragged through the streets of Rome and dumped into the Tiber.

From The Sam Mansourati Collection.
Sam
Hartill-7_4.jpg
Imperial Japan: Keio (1865-1868) AE 50 Mon, Hosogaya Mint (Hartill-7.4; Munro pg. 222, Figure 13T)Obv: 富国強兵 (Fukoku Ryohei; Enrich the Country and Strengthen the Military)
Rev: Tiger around central hole

According to Munro, this particular coin was cast around 1867 from the bronze cannon that Daimyo Mito (the local feudal lord) had made out of temple bells to repel western barbarians. It was cast to pay the workers at the financially troubled copper coin mint in Mito (present day Ibaraki-ken)

References
Munro, Neil G., Coins of Japan, Box of Curios ,1904

Quant.Geek
julia_soaemias_243~0.jpg
Julia Soaemias RIC IV, 243Julia Soaemias, killed 222, mother of Elagabal
AR - Denar, 3.50g, 18mm
Rome 218 - 222
obv. IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG
draped bust r.
rev. VENVS CAELESTIS
Venus sitting l., holding l. sceptre and r. apple; at her feet
Cupido stretching his arms
RIC IV, 243; C.14
about VF, slighty toned
Jochen
109f.jpg
Julius NeposJULIUS NEPOS AE4
474-475 A.D., probably Mediolanum
OBV: Head r.
RV: Nepos monogram within wreath, RIC X 3222, C. cf. 2
R4
Privately owned in Germany since the early 1980s.
Hirsch Coin, Auction 383, Lot 2781
2 commentsMark Z
livia.jpg
Livia AE dupondiusLivia AE dupondius. Restoration issue under Titus, 80-81 A.D. Veiled and diademed bust of Livia as Pietas right, PIETAS below / IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG RESTIT around SC. RIC 222, RCV 2588

Ex. Artemid Aste, Jean Baptiste Collection
Holding_History
LydiaSardisVespasianAbductionOfPersephoneMonogram1a_(exMarcPoncin).jpg
Macrinus,.JPG
Macrinus, Nikopolis ad Istrum. Magistrate Statilius Longinus. AVT K M OPELLI CEVH MAKPINOC AV, laureate cuirassed bust right, seen from the back /
VP CTATI LONGINOV NIKOPOLITWN/PROC ICTP, Aeskepios and Hygeia standing; Aeskepios holding serpent-entwined staff and Hygeia feeding serpent in arms from patera.
Moushmov 1222, 26mm.,9,88g,
Antonivs Protti
Mahmud_I_222.jpg
Mahmud I Zeri MahbubOttoman Empire, Mahmud I, AH 1143 / AD 1730. Zeri Mahbub (Gold, 18 mm, 2.63 g, 11 h), Istanbul.

Obv: Toughra; small arabesque between two arrows to right, mint and date below.
Rev: Name and titles in four lines.
Reference: KM 222, Pere 555.
Condition: Near extremely fine.

Nomos AG.
Bela-IV__U-222_C1-234_H-299_1235-1270-AD_Q-001_3h_12,3mm_0,58g-s.jpg
Medieval, Hungary, Bela IV., King of Hungary, (1235-1270 A.D.), AR-Denarius, U-222, 022 Bela IV., (1235-1270 A.D.), AR-Denarius, U-222, King of Hungary
avers:- Emperor faceing, draped with Crown, long hair.
revers:- Cross and circle with in R, B-E-L-A,
exe: -/-//--, diameter: 12,3 mm, weight: 0,58g, axis: 3h,
mint: , date: 1235-1270 A.D., ref: Unger-222_CNH-1-234_Huszar-299,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
051_Caracalla_AE-18_AVR-M-A-ANTONIN_NIKOPOLITON-PROC-ICT_Nikopolis_HHJ-8_18_48_--_p-_Q-001_2h_17,5mm_3,83ga-s.jpg
Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, 051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), HrHJ (2012) 08.18.48.02var., AE-17, NIKOΠOΛITΩN-ΠPOC-ICT, 8 pointed star in crescent,Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, 051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), HrHJ (2012) 08.18.48.02var., AE-17, NIKOΠOΛITΩN-ΠPOC-ICT, 8 pointed star in crescent,
avers:- AVP-M-A-ANTΩNIN, Laureate head right.
revers:- NIKOΠOΛITΩN-ΠPOC-ICT, 8 pointed star in crescent.
exe: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5mm, weight: 3,83g, axis: 2h,
mint: Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, date: A.D., ref: HrHJ (2012) 08.18.48.02var., p-221-or -222,
Q-001

"I have added your coin to Nikopolis Addenda III under:
A new rev. for Caracalla
Caracalla, AD 198-217
AE 18, 3.83g, 17.5mm, 60°
obv. AV K M A - ANTWNIN
laureate head r.
rev. NIKOPOLITWN PROC ICT
Crescent with 8-pointed star in the cavity
ref. a) not in AMNG
b) not in Varbanov (engl.)
c) not in Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov (2013):
rev. No. 8.18.48.2 var. (has ICTRO)
obv. e.g. No. 8.18.53.4
coll. quadrans, Forum Ancient Coins
AV K M A - ANTWNIN with "laureate head r." is a rare obv."
by Jochen Thank you Jochen

quadrans
KM#122_2.jpg
Mysore: Tipu Sultan (1782-1799) AE ½ Paisa, AM1222, Patan Mint (KM#122.2)Quant.Geek
IMGP1191Orod2combo.jpg
Orodes II., 57 - 38 BCAR dr., 3,70gr, 20,2mm; Sellwood 45.9, Shore 222, Sunrise -;
mint: Ekbatana; axis: 12:30h;
obv.: bare-headed, left, w/broad diadem and 2 or 3 ribbons; medium-long hair in 4 waves, mustache, short beard in 2 rows of curls; multi-turn torque w/double pellet finial; cuirass; dotted border 9:30 to 12:30h;
rev.: archer, right, on throne, w/bow in one hand and monogram below; 7-line legend: BΛCIΛCΩC BΛCIΛCΩN ΛPCΛKoV ΔIKΛIoV (E)VEIΓEToV (the last 2 lines to be read from the inside) EΠIIΛNoV (Φ)IΛEΛΛHNo(C);
Schatz
Philip_I_AR_Antoninianus_Wareham_RIC_31.png
Philip I AR Antoninianus, Ex Wareham Hoard (1994), #163Roman Imperial. Philip I AR Antoninianus (24mm, 3.34g, 6h), Rome, 245/6 CE.
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG. Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust r.
Rev: FELICITAS TEMP. Felicitas standing l. holding caduceus & cornucopia
Ref: RIC IV 31; RSC 43; Cheesman & Bland (1997) CHRB X, 36, p. 222, no. 163 (this coin).
See Also: UK, Portable Antiquities Scheme, Hoard IARCH-3DB3D1: https://finds.org.uk/database/hoards/record/id/512
Prov: Ex "Wareham I" Hoard, 1994 (Wareham Dorset, UK), No. 163; Spink Auction 110 (London, 4 Oct 1995), Lot 35 (part of); acq. from Rudi Smits, Roman Coin Auctions 9 Jun 2013 e-Auction (w/ N. Hochrein, DePere WI USA), among lots #85 - 91.

Notes: Rudi Smits (d. 21 Mar 2014) was a Belgian coin seller (Romadrome on MA-Shops) & staff numismatist at Numismall (at the time it was a multi-firm venue like VCoins or MA-Shops, but later acq. by A.C.Canada). He & N. Hochrein had just started RomanCoinAuctions less than a year before his death. I consigned some coins & interacted regularly with Smits for a time, but unfortunately he died within the year. RCA did not continue without him. I kept the 7 "reportedly ex-Wareham" Ants I bought from him. The hoard report published in Coin Hoards of Roman Britain vol X does not illustrate the coins (there were far too many), but did list them individually w/ 0.01g weights (all matched to +/- 0.01g, confirming their provenance).
2 commentsCurtis JJ
caesarea_ad_libanum_sev_alex_BMC9.jpg
Phoenicia, Caesarea ad Libanum, Severus Alexander, BMC 9Severus Alexander as Caesar, AD 221-222, struck under Elagabal
obv. [SEV ALEXA]NDROS CAESAR
Head, radiate, r.
rev. COL C - E - SA - RIA LIB
in ex. ITVR
Tetrastyle tripartite temple of Astarte. In the middle triptych under an arched roof Astarte stg. facing, holding standard in r. hand and l. foot set on prow, being crowned by Nike r. beside her stg. on cippus; beneath rivergod swimming r.; outside staircases leading to the side-wings; in the l. wing goddess with kalathos stg. facing between two animals, in the r. wing female figure stg. facing.
BMC 110, 9; Lindgren II, 1321, 2288
Rare, F/about VF, the sandpatina suggests an illumination from behind and thus the fascinating impression of a three-dimensional depiction!

The ancient name of Caesarea was Arka. Probably under Elagabal the City was raised to a Roman colonia under the name Colonia Caesarea Libani. Here Severus Alexander was born, cousin, adoptive son and successor of Elagabal. We know of an important Astarte cult in Caesarea. Wether the interesting triptych form of the temple was real we dont know. The two figures in the side wings can't be identified clearly; the goddess at the l. side matches iconographically the 'Mistress of Animals', Potnia theron, the r. figure possibly Aphrodite. ITVR in ex. points to the Ituraei, a nomad people in this region.

The ancient name of the river is unknown. Today his name is Nahr-el-Arqa.
Jochen
0520-310np_noir.jpg
Probus, antoninianus - *Antoninianus minted in Rome, AD 278-280
IMP PROBVS AVG, Radiate and cuirassed bust of Probus right
VICTORIA GERM, Two captives under a trophy. R*A at exergue
4.32 gr
Ref : RIC #222, RCV #12055, Cohen #768
Potator II
5948_5949.jpg
Probus, Antoninianus, VICTORIA GERM, R (Crescent) AAE Antoninianus
Probus
Augustus: 276 - 282AD
Issued: 279AD
22.0mm 3.60gr
O: IMP PROBVS AVG; Radiate, cuirassed bust, right.
R: VICTORIA GERM; Trophy, seated captive on either side.
Exergue: R(Crescent)A
Rome Mint
Aorta: 1811: B72, O74, R180, T146, M4.
RIC 222, crescent; Sear 12055.
sjbcoins 401067314388
2/14/16 1/29/17
Nicholas Z
probusvictoriagerm.jpg
Probus, Victoria Germ AE Antoninianus RIC 222, Probus AE Antoninianus. Rome mint. IMP PROBVS AVG, radiate & cuirassed bust right .
VICTORIA GERM, Trophy between two captives, R(crescent)A in ex.
Britanikus
13728_13729.jpg
Provincial, Philomelion, Phrygia, AE22, ΦΙΛΟΜΗ εΠΙΔ ΚΟΥΤΟΡΙAE22
Roman Provincial: Philomelion, Phrygia
Geta
Caesar: 197 - 209AD
Augustus: 209 - 211AD
Magistrate: Akoutos
22.0mm 6.07gr 5h
O: ΛΟ CεΠ ΓεΤΑC; Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust, right; beaded border.
R: ΦΙΛΟΜΗ εΠΙΔ ΚΟΥΤΟΡΙ; Tyche, standing left, wearing kalathos, holding rudder in right hand, cornucopia in left hand; beaded border.
Philomelion, Phrygia Mint
Rare; M&M Deutschland 16, Lot 589; otherwise unpublished.
Milne, notes, P. 222, 2.
Ancient & Medieval Coins Canada/Thomas Callaway Auction 3, Lot 525.
7/24/21 8/20/21
Nicholas Z
RIC_843_Domitianus.jpg
RIC 0843 DomitianusObv: IMP CAESAR DOMITIAN AVG P M COS VIII, Laureate head of Domitian, right
Rev: (No legend), Legionary eagle between two standards
AR/Cistophorus 26.09 mm 10.59 g 6 h - Struck in Rome for circulation in Asia 82 AD
RIC 843 (C), BMCRE 252, Paris 222, RSC 667, RPC II 865
FlaviusDomitianus
Titus_ric_949.jpg
RIC 0949 (Vespasian)TITUS, as Caesar AD 69-79 AR Denarius.
Rome mint, AD 77-78
(19.1 mm 3.07g)
RIC 949; BMC 222, RSC 66
OBV: laureate head right; T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS
REV: Mars standing left holding spear and trophy, large wheat ear behind him; COS VI
orfew
R656_Julia_Titi_fac.jpg
RIC 2, p.222, 388 - Julia Titi Flavia, Venus Julia Titi Flavia
Augusta AD 178-182
AR Denarius
Obv.: : IVLIA AVGVSTA TITI AVGVSTI F.,Draped bust right.
Rev.: VENVS AVGVST, Venus standing right, back facing, leaning upon column to left, holding helmet and sceptre.
Ag, 3.20g, 20mm
Ref.: RIC II 388 [C2], CRE 8 [S]
1 commentsshanxi
caracalla6_.jpg
Roman Caracalla DenariusCaracalla Denarius. 210-213 AD. Rome mint.
Obv: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, laureate head right
Rev: MARTI PACATORI, Mars standing front, head left, holding olive-branch, reversed spear & shield.

RIC 222, RSC 149.

Scarce
Tanit
Elagabalus_Possibly_Unique~0.jpg
Roman Empire, Elagabalus, 16 May 218 - 11 March 222 A.D. Silver denariusPossibly unique! The combination of this reverse legend with a recumbent bull behind the altar is apparently unpublished and this is the only example known to Forum. The bull is present on a similar type with the reverse legend INVICTVS SACERDOS AVG.


Silver denarius, RSC III 213c var. (no bull); BMCRE V 269 var. (same); Hunter III 68 var. (same); RIC IV 52 (S) var. (same, also no horn); SRCV II 7538 var. (same), NGC XF, strike 5/5, surface 3/5 (2412840-011), Rome mint, weight 3.07g, maximum diameter 18.4mm, die axis 0o, Jan 222 A.D.; obverse IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG, horned, laureate, draped and bearded bust right, from the front; reverse P M TR P V COS IIII P P, Elagabalus standing slightly left, wearing Syrian priestly dress, sacrificing from patera in right hand over flaming altar at feet on left, club (or branch) cradled in left hand and arm, star in upper left field, recumbent bull behind altar; NGC certified (slabbed); extremely rare.

Coins with a horned portrait and the title TR P V were struck in January 222 A.D. After some days or weeks the horn was removed from Elagabalus' portrait. Elagabalus had shocked the public with bizarre behavior including cross dressing and marrying a vestal virgin. Removing the unusual horn from his portrait was probably part of a last ditch effort to show that he had changed, dropping his peculiar Syrian ways. The effort failed. On 11 March 222, Elagabalus and his mother were murdered, dragged through the streets of Rome and dumped into the Tiber.

From The Sam Mansourati Collection.
Sam
3~2.jpg
ROMAN EMPIRE, Julia Soaemias, AR DenariusJulia Soaemias Bassiana, AD 180-222, mother of Elagabalus, daughter of Julia Maesa.
220 AD.
Obverse: IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG, draped bust right.
Reverse: VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus seated left, holding scepter, extending her hand to Cupid standing before her.
RIC 243
Septimius_Severus_In_Carth~0.jpg
ROMAN EMPIRE, Septimius SeverusSeptimius Severus Denarius "Dea Caelestis"

OBV: SEVERVS PIVS AVG
Laureate bust of Septimius Severus right.
REV: INDVLGENTIA AVGG;
Dea Caelestis in elaborate headdress riding
right on lion, holding thunderbolt & scepter,
below, water gushing from rocks.
IN CARTH in exergue.

RIC 266, RSC 222, BMC 335. Rome Mint.
A.D. 202 - A.D. 210
3.2gm 19mm
1 commentsDanny S. Jones
Septimius-Severus_AR-Den_SEVERVS-PIVS-AVG_INDVLGEN-TIA-AVG-G_INCARTH_RIC-IV-266_p-_BMCRE-335_C-222_Rome-203-04-AD_Q-001_17-19mm_3,79g-s.jpg
ROMAN EMPIRE, Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), AR Denarius, Rome, INDVLGENTIA AVG G, INCARTH, Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), AR Denarius, Rome, INDVLGENTIA AVG G, INCARTH,
avers:- SEVERVS-PIVS-AVG, Laurate bust right.
revers:- INDVLGEN-TIA-AVG-G, The Dea Caelestis, wearing elaborate headdress, looking right, riding right on lion, holding thunderbolt and sceptre, below, water gushing from rocks at left.
exe: INCARTH,
date: 203-04 A.D.,
mint: Rome,
diameter: 17-19mm,
weight: 3,79g,
axis: 1h,
ref: RIC-IV-I-266, p-, C-222, BMCRE-335,
Q-001
5 commentsquadrans
Urbs-Roma_AE-18_VRBS-ROMA_Gamma-SIS_RIC-VII-222-p453_Q-006_axis-6h_18mm_2,89g-s.jpg
ROMAN EMPIRE, VRBS ROMA, Commemorative, (330-333 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VII 222, AE-3, -/-//ΓSIS, She-wolf left, C3!, #1ROMAN EMPIRE, VRBS ROMA, Commemorative, (330-333 A.D.), Siscia, RIC VII 222, AE-3, -/-//ΓSIS, She-wolf left, C3!, #1
avers: VRBS ROMA, Helmeted bust of Roma left.
reverse: She-wolf and twins, 2 stars above
exergue: -/-//ΓSIS, diameter: 18 mm, weight: 2,89 g, axis: 6 h,
mint: Siscia, date: 330-333 A.D., ref: RIC-VII-222, p-453, C3!,
Q-001
quadrans
RPC_II_2456_Vespasianus.jpg
RPC II 2456 VespasianusObv: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY L ENAT, Laureate head of Vespasian right
Rev: AYTOKPATOPOΣ TITOY KAIΣAPOΣ, Laureate head of Titus right
AE/Drachm (33.84 mm 18.35g 12h) Struck in Alexandria (Egypt) 76-77 A.D.
RPC 2456, Dattari 352, K&G 20.65
ex CNG Electronic Auction 338 Lo 222, CNG Electronic Auction 290 lot 307 From the R.D. Frederick Collection
FlaviusDomitianus
Septimius_Severus_In_Carth.jpg
Septimius Severus Denarius "Dea Caelestis"OBV: SEVERVS PIVS AVG
Laureate bust of Septimius Severus right.
REV: INDVLGENTIA AVGG;
Dea Caelestis in elaborate headdress riding
right on lion, holding thunderbolt & scepter,
below, water gushing from rocks.
IN CARTH in exergue.

RIC 266, RSC 222, BMC 335. Rome Mint.
A.D. 202 - A.D. 210
3.2gm 19mm

Danny S. Jones
Septimius_Severus_RIC_266~0.JPG
Septimius Severus, 193 - 211 ADObv: SEVERVS PIVS AVG, laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.

Rev: INDVLGENTIA AVGG around, IN CARTH in exergue, Dea Caelestis riding right on a lion, holding a thunderbolt and a scepter, below water gushes from a rock.

Silver Denarius, Rome mint, 204 AD

3.2 grams, 20 mm, 0°

RIC IVi 266, RSC 222, S6285, VM 47
Matt Inglima
SEVERUS-8-ROMAN.jpg
Septimius Severus, RIC IV-266 RomeAR Denarius
21mm, 3.12g
Rome mint, 204 A.D.
RIC IV-266, RSCv.3-222, RCVv.2-6285

Obverse:
SEVERVS PIVS AVG
Laureate head right.

Reverse:
IND VL GENTIA AVGG
IN CARTH
The Dea Caelestis riding right, on a lion, holding thunderbolt and sceptre: below, waters gushing from rock.
Will J
DSC07999_DSC08004_sev-alex_denarius_jupiter_AD-222_o-r.JPG
Severus Alexander - AD 222 Silver Denarius - JupiterAncient Roman Empire
Emperor Severus Alexander (222 - 235 AD)
This coin was struck at the Rome Mint during the first year of Emperor Severus Alexander's reign.

obv: IMP C M AUR SEV ALEXAND AUG - Laureate bust right, draped and cuirassed.

rev: PM TR P COS PP - Jupiter standing facing forward holding thunderbolt in one hand, sceptre in the other.

Size: 19 / 19.5 mm
-------
*Coin found in the UK.
rexesq
DSC07994_DSC08012_sev-alex_denarius_jupiter_AD-222_o-r.JPG
Severus Alexander - AD 222 Silver Denarius - JupiterAncient Roman Empire
Emperor Severus Alexander (222 - 235 AD)
This coin was struck at the Rome Mint during the first year of Emperor Severus Alexander's reign.

obv: IMP C M AUR SEV ALEXAND AUG - Laureate bust right, draped and cuirassed.

rev: PM TR P COS PP - Jupiter standing facing forward holding thunderbolt in one hand, sceptre in the other.

Size: 19 / 19.5 mm
-------
*Coin found in the UK.
rexesq
severus-alexander_AR-Denarius_jupiter_UK-find_01.jpg
Severus Alexander - AD 222 Silver Denarius - JupiterAncient Roman Empire
Emperor Severus Alexander (222 - 235 AD)
This coin was struck at the Rome Mint during the first year of Emperor Severus Alexander's reign.

obv: IMP C M AUR SEV ALEXAND AUG - Laureate bust right, draped and cuirassed.

rev: PM TR P COS PP - Jupiter standing facing forward holding thunderbolt in one hand, sceptre in the other.

Size: 19 / 19.5 mm
-------
*Coin found in the UK.
2 commentsrexesq
castulo_horsmann.jpg
SPAIN, Kelse. Circa 150 BC. Æ 26mm (9.21 g, 2h).
Obv.: Laureate male head right; dolphin behind, two dolphins before
Rev.: Horseman riding right, carrying palm over shoulder. CNH p. 222, 8; SNG BM Spain 793.
Antonivs Protti
Trajan_RIC_222.JPG
Trajan, 98 - 117 ADObv: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TRP COS V PP, laureate bust of Trajan, facing right, with slight drapery on left shoulder.

Rev: SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI, Dacian seated right, on a shield, in an attitude of mourning, wearing peaked cap and a long garment with long sleeves, a curved sword rests below.

Silver Denarius, Rome mint, 106 - 111 AD

3.19 grams, 19 mm, 225°

RIC II 222, RSC 218, S3268 (variety), VM 32/28

Ex: FORVM
2 commentsMatt Inglima
R-01.jpg
Valerian I 253-260 CE, Æ 20mm, Antoninianus.Valerian I 253-260 CE, Æ 20mm, Antoninianus.

Obverse: IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS PF AVG, Radiate, draped bust right.

Reverse: VENVS VICTRIX Venus standing left, holding helmet and sceptre, leaning on shield.

Reference: RIC 222, C 212.
Daniel F
julia_soaemias_243.jpg
Venus CaelestisJulia Soaemias, killed 222, mother of Elagabal
AR - Denar, 3.50g, 18mm
Rome 218 - 222
obv. IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG
draped bust r.
rev. VENVS CAELESTIS
Venus sitting l., holding l. sceptre and r. apple; at her feet
Cupido stretching his arms
RIC iv, 243; C.14
about VF, slighty toned

VENVS CAELESTIS, on some coins of the Severan empresses,
an adaptation of a Syrian goddess (Dea Syria, not Dea Celestis!),
brought to Rome by these eastern princesses.
Jochen
vricii124aOR.jpg
Vespasian Denarius, RIC II 124aRome mint, Vespasian Denarius, 76 A.D. AR, 19mm 2.93g, RSC 222, RIC II 124a
O: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG, laureate head right
R: IOVIS CVSTOS, Jupiter standing facing, sacrificing from patera over flaming altar & holding scepter


casata137ec
Vespasian_RIC_II_0849~0.jpg
Vespasian RIC II 0849Vespasian. 69-79A.D. AR Denarius. Rome Mint. 76 A.D. (3.31g, 18.6m, 6h). Obv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG, laureate head right. Rev: IOVIS CVSTOS, Jupiter standing facting, with patera over alter and scepter. RIC II 849, RSC 222, BMC 276.

Dated to coins with COS VII with obverse die links, this is a new type issued for 76 A.D. This is a decent specimen of this common type issued towards the end of Vespasian’s reign.


Lucas H
Vespasian_RIC_124a.JPG
Vespasian, 69 - 79 ADObv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG, laureate head of Vespasian facing right.

Rev: IOVIS CVSTOS, Jupiter standing left, sacrificing from a patera over a lighted altar and holding a scepter.

Silver Denarius, Rome mint, c. 75 - 79 AD

3.4 grams, 18.6 mm, 180°

RIC II 124a, RSC 222, S2295, VM 31
Matt Inglima
Fibula-075_Roman-Lion-Zoomorf-3D-enamelled_Q-001_35x21mm_8,52g-s.jpg
Zoomorphic 3D Lion, AE Roman Enamelled Fibula, Fibula #075, Romano-British type,Fibula #075, AE Roman Zoomorphic 3D Lion Enamelled Fibula,
type: Roman Zoomorphic 3D Lion Enamelled Fibula, Romano-British type.
Lion walking to right. There are eight enamelled circular cells on its body within which traces of light blue and orange are visible. It has a mane represented by two ridges with incised wavy lines. This example is unusual as all four paws arc shown.
size: 35x21mm,
weight: 8,52g,
date: ater the 2nd centuries A.D.,
ref: Hattatt (Oxf. 2012,reprint): Fig.:222, No 1194, p-363,
distribution: Romano-British,
Q-001
2 commentsquadrans
SeverusAlexanderRIC70RSC325s.jpg
[1009a] Severus Alexander, 13 March 222 - March 235 A.D.Silver denarius, RIC 70, RSC 325, S -, EF, Rome mint, 2.803g, 20.7mm, 0o, 227 A.D.; Obverse: IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG, laureate and draped bust right; Reverse: P M TR P VI COS II P P, Emperor standing left, sacrificing from patera in right over a tripod, scroll in left; cameo-like obverse with toned portrait and legend and bright fields, slightly frosty surfaces, details of head on reverse figure unstruck, slightly irregular flan. Ex FORVM.

In this year Ardashir invaded Parthia and established the Sassanid Dynasty, which claimed direct descent from Xerxes and Darius. The Eastern power grew stronger and the threat to the Romans immense.

Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander was promoted from Caesar to Augustus after the murder of his cousin, Elagabalus. His reign was marked by great economic prosperity, and he enjoyed great success against the barbarian tribes. His mother Julia Mamaea was the real power in the empire, controlling her son's policies and even his personal life with great authority. Severus had an oratory where he prayed under the edict, written on the wall, "Do not unto others what you would not have done to yourself" and the images of various prophets including Mithras, Zoroaster, Abraham and Jesus. Mutinous soldiers led by Maximinus I murdered both Severus Alexander and his mother (Joseph Sermarini).

De Imeratoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors


Alexander Severus (A.D. 222-235)


Herbert W. Benario
Emory University

Introduction and Sources
"But as Alexander was a modest and dutiful youth, of only seventeen years of age, the reins of government were in the hands of two women, of his mother Mamaea, and of Maesa, his grandmother. After the death of the latter, who survived but a short time the elevation of Alexander, Mamaea remained the sole regent of her son and of the empire." (Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chap. 6: Modern Library Edition, p. 130)

"As the imperial system developed, it disclosed its various arcana one by one. How much does the personality of the ruler matter? Less and less, it should seem. Be he boy, buffoon, or philosopher, his conduct may not have much effect on the administration. Habit and routine took over, with groups and grades of bureaucrats at hand to fill the posts." (Syme, Emperors and Biography, 146)

The passages quoted above emphasize two important aspects of the principate of Severus Alexander (or Alexander Severus), his youth and the influence of women during his reign. The significance of the latter invites brief discourse about the four women known as the "Severan Julias," whose origin was Syria. Julia Domna became the second wife of Septimius Severus and bore him two sons, the later emperors Caracalla and Geta. Her role in the administration of her husband was significant, which her expansive titulature, "mother of the camp and the senate and the country," reflected. Her sister, Julia Maesa, had two daughters, each of whom produced a son who was to become emperor. Julia Soaemias was the mother of Elagabalus, and shared his fate when he was assassinated. Julia Mamaea bore Alexander, who succeeded his cousin; he was very young and hence much under the control of grandmother and mother. For the first time in its imperial history, the empire of Rome was de facto, though not de iure, governed by women.

The literary sources, while numerous, are limited in value. Chief among them, at least in scope, is the biography in the Historia Augusta, much the longest of all the lives in this peculiar collection. Though purporting to be the work of six authors in the early fourth century, it is now generally considered to have been produced by one author writing in the last years of this century. Spacious in its treatment of the emperor and extremely favorable to him on the whole, it has little historical merit, seeming rather an extended work of fiction. It must be used with the utmost caution.

Herodian, whose history covered the period 180-238, was a contemporary of Severus Alexander, and his coverage of the latter's reign is extensive. Another contemporary, Dio Cassius, who was consul in 229 and whose judgments would have been most valuable, is unfortunately useless here, since his history survives only in abbreviated form and covers barely a page of printed text for the whole reign (Book 80). Aurelius Victor, Eutropius, the Epitome de Caesaribus, and other Latin sources are extremely brief, informing us of only the occasional anecdote. Christian writers make minimal contribution; legal texts offer much instruction, particularly those dealing with or stemming from Ulpian; coins, inscriptions, papyri, and archaeology help fill the gaps left by the literary sources.

Early Life and Education
The future emperor was born in Arca Caesarea in Phoenicia on October 1, 208 although some sources put the date three years earlier (as Gibbon assumed, see above), the son of Gessius Marcianus, whose career advanced in the equestrian cursus, and of Julia Mamaea, niece of the then empress, Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus. He was raised quietly and well educated, at the instance of his mother. He came into the public eye only in 218, when, after Macrinus' murder of Caracalla and accession to the purple, he and his mother were declared hostes publici. In June of that year, Elagabalus defeated Macrinus and succeeded him as emperor. Alexander and Mamaea were soon rehabilitated. As his cousin's activities, religious, political, and personal, became increasingly unacceptable, Alexander was drawn ever more into public life. In mid 221, he assumed the toga virilis, was adopted by Elagabalus as a colleague, was granted the name Alexander, and elevated to the rank of Caesar. There had been talk that he was the illegitimate child of Caracalla, which won him support among the army, and this was confirmed, at least for public consumption, by his filiation in the official titulature back to Septimius. He was now styled Imp. Caes. M. Aurelii Antonini Pii Felicis Aug. fil., divi Antonini Magni Pii nepos, divi Severi pronepos M. Aurelius Alexander, nobilissimus Caesar imperi et sacerdotis, princeps iuventutis. The connection with Septimius Severus was crucial, since he was the only one of these predecessors who had been deified. Alexander was about 12½ years old. Less than a year later, on March 13, 222, with the murder of Elagabalus, Alexander was hailed as emperor by the army. He considered this date as his dies imperii. He became thereby the youngest emperor in Rome's history. He was immediately thereafter given the titles of Augustus, pater patriae, and pontifex maximus.

His Principate; Grandmother, Mother, Ulpian
Having had no experience in government, the young emperor was largely dependent upon the two senior women in his life to guide his actions. His grandmother, Julia Maesa, may well have died as early as 223, so that his mother, Julia Mamaea, played the major role in the empire's administration from early on until the end. The only other figures who could rival her were the two Praetorian Prefects, both eminent jurists, Ulpian and Paulus, who are well-known to us because of the numerous citations of their legal views and administrative decisions preserved in the Corpus Iuris Civilis. Both were members of Alexander's consilium. Alexander attempted to restore some of the senate's prestige and functions, but with little success. He was even unable to protect Ulpian against the anger of the praetorians, who then murdered the jurist in 223.

Had his principate been peaceful, he might have developed into a significant emperor, certainly in comparison with his immediate predecessors. He was married once, in 225 to Sallustia Orbiana, who received the official titulature Sallustia Barbia Orbiana Augusta, but she was banished to Libya two years later. Her father, L. Seius Sallustius, was perhaps raised to the rank of Caesar by Alexander and was put to death in 227 on a charge of attempted murder of the emperor. The only other recorded uprising against Alexander is that of Taurinus, who was hailed as Augustus but drowned himself in the Euphrates.

According to the HA life, Alexander was a "good" person, and his mother certainly attempted to guide him well, but much of the last decade of his reign was preoccupied with serious military threats against the empire's prestige, nay existence. In those dangerous circumstances, his abilities, which had not earlier been honed, proved inadequate.

Domestic Policy
Perhaps the greatest service which Alexander furnished Rome, certainly at the beginning of his reign, was the return to a sense of sanity and tradition after the madness and fanaticism of Elagabalus. He is said to have honored and worshipped a variety of individuals, including Christ. His amiability assisted his relationship with the senate, which gained in honor under him without any real increase in its power. Besides jurists in high office, literary figures were also so distinguished; Marius Maximus, the biographer, and Dio Cassius, the historian, gained second consulships, the former in 223, the latter in 229.

The emperor's building program made its mark upon the face of Rome. The last of the eleven great aqueducts, the aqua Alexandrina, was put into service in 226; he also rebuilt the thermae Neronianae in the Campus Martius in the following year and gave them his own name. Of the other constructions, perhaps the most intriguing are the Diaetae Mammaeae, apartments which he built for his mother on the Palatine.

The Persian and German Wars
The first great external challenge appeared in the east, where the Parthian dynasty, which had ruled the Iranian plateau and other large areas for centuries, and who for long had been one of Rome's great rivals, was overthrown by the Persian family of the Sassanids by 227. They aspired to restore their domain to include all the Asian lands which had been ruled in the glory days of the Persian Empire. Since this included Asia Minor as well as all other eastern provinces, the stage was set for continuing clashes with Rome.

These began late in the decade, with significant success early on for the Sassanids. But Rome gradually developed a defense against these incursions, and ultimately the emperor, with his mother and staff, went to the east in 231. There actual military command rested in the hands of his generals, but his presence gave additional weight to the empire's policy. Persia's early successes soon faded as Rome's armies brought their power and experience to bear. The result was an acceptance of the status quo rather than a settlement between the parties. This occurred in 233 and Alexander returned to Rome. His presence in the west was required by a German threat, particularly along the Rhine, where the tribes took advantage of the withdrawal of Roman troops for the eastern war.

In 234, Alexander and Julia Mammaea moved to Moguntiacum (Mainz), the capital of Upper Germany. The military situation had improved with the return of troops from the east, and an ambitious offensive campaign was planned, for which a bridge was built across the Rhine. But Alexander preferred to negotiate for peace by buying off the enemy. This policy outraged the soldiers, who mutinied in mid March 235 and killed the emperor and his mother. He had reached the age of 26½ years and had been emperor for almost precisely half his life. He was deified by the senate and received other posthumous honors. With the accession of Maximinus Thrax, the Severan dynasty came to an end.

Death and Evaluation
Tacitus' famous dictum about Galba, that he was properly considered capax imperii, capable of being emperor, until he showed, when emperor, that he was not, could never have been applied to Severus Alexander. A child when chance brought him to the principate, with only two recommendations, that he was different from Elagabalus and that he was part of the Severan family, he proved to be inadequate for the challenges of the time. Military experience was the prime attribute of an emperor now, which Alexander did not have, and that lack ultimately cost him his life. Guided by his mother and employing the services of distinguished men, he returned dignity to the imperial household and to the state. He did the best he could, but that best was not good enough in the early decades of the third century A.D., with the great threats from east and north challenging Rome's primacy and, indeed, existence.

Copyright (C) 2001, Herbert W. Benario. Published on De Imeratoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors; http://www.roman-emperors.org/alexsev.htm . Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
SevAl.jpg
[1009b] Severus Alexander, 13 March 222 - March 235 A.D.Silver denarius, RIC 19, S -, aF, Rome, 2.806g, 20.0mm, 0o, 223 A.D.; obverse IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG, laureate and draped bust right; reverse P M TR P II COS P P, Jupiter standing left cloak over arms, holding long scepter and thunderbolt. Nice portrait. Ex FORVM.

Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander was promoted from Caesar to Augustus after the murder of his cousin, Elagabalus. His reign was marked by great economic prosperity, and he enjoyed great success against the barbarian tribes. His mother Julia Mamaea was the real power in the empire, controlling her son's policies and even his personal life with great authority. Severus had an oratory where he prayed under the edict, written on the wall, "Do not unto others what you would not have done to yourself" and the images of various prophets including Mithras, Zoroaster, Abraham and Jesus. Mutinous soldiers led by Maximinus I murdered both Severus Alexander and his mother (Joseph Sermarini).


De Imeratoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors


Alexander Severus (A.D. 222-235)


Herbert W. Benario
Emory University

Introduction and Sources
"But as Alexander was a modest and dutiful youth, of only seventeen years of age, the reins of government were in the hands of two women, of his mother Mamaea, and of Maesa, his grandmother. After the death of the latter, who survived but a short time the elevation of Alexander, Mamaea remained the sole regent of her son and of the empire." (Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chap. 6: Modern Library Edition, p. 130)

"As the imperial system developed, it disclosed its various arcana one by one. How much does the personality of the ruler matter? Less and less, it should seem. Be he boy, buffoon, or philosopher, his conduct may not have much effect on the administration. Habit and routine took over, with groups and grades of bureaucrats at hand to fill the posts." (Syme, Emperors and Biography, 146)

The passages quoted above emphasize two important aspects of the principate of Severus Alexander (or Alexander Severus), his youth and the influence of women during his reign. The significance of the latter invites brief discourse about the four women known as the "Severan Julias," whose origin was Syria. Julia Domna became the second wife of Septimius Severus and bore him two sons, the later emperors Caracalla and Geta. Her role in the administration of her husband was significant, which her expansive titulature, "mother of the camp and the senate and the country," reflected. Her sister, Julia Maesa, had two daughters, each of whom produced a son who was to become emperor. Julia Soaemias was the mother of Elagabalus, and shared his fate when he was assassinated. Julia Mamaea bore Alexander, who succeeded his cousin; he was very young and hence much under the control of grandmother and mother. For the first time in its imperial history, the empire of Rome was de facto, though not de iure, governed by women.

The literary sources, while numerous, are limited in value. Chief among them, at least in scope, is the biography in the Historia Augusta, much the longest of all the lives in this peculiar collection. Though purporting to be the work of six authors in the early fourth century, it is now generally considered to have been produced by one author writing in the last years of this century. Spacious in its treatment of the emperor and extremely favorable to him on the whole, it has little historical merit, seeming rather an extended work of fiction. It must be used with the utmost caution.

Herodian, whose history covered the period 180-238, was a contemporary of Severus Alexander, and his coverage of the latter's reign is extensive. Another contemporary, Dio Cassius, who was consul in 229 and whose judgments would have been most valuable, is unfortunately useless here, since his history survives only in abbreviated form and covers barely a page of printed text for the whole reign (Book 80). Aurelius Victor, Eutropius, the Epitome de Caesaribus, and other Latin sources are extremely brief, informing us of only the occasional anecdote. Christian writers make minimal contribution; legal texts offer much instruction, particularly those dealing with or stemming from Ulpian; coins, inscriptions, papyri, and archaeology help fill the gaps left by the literary sources.

Early Life and Education
The future emperor was born in Arca Caesarea in Phoenicia on October 1, 208 although some sources put the date three years earlier (as Gibbon assumed, see above), the son of Gessius Marcianus, whose career advanced in the equestrian cursus, and of Julia Mamaea, niece of the then empress, Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus. He was raised quietly and well educated, at the instance of his mother. He came into the public eye only in 218, when, after Macrinus' murder of Caracalla and accession to the purple, he and his mother were declared hostes publici. In June of that year, Elagabalus defeated Macrinus and succeeded him as emperor. Alexander and Mamaea were soon rehabilitated. As his cousin's activities, religious, political, and personal, became increasingly unacceptable, Alexander was drawn ever more into public life. In mid 221, he assumed the toga virilis, was adopted by Elagabalus as a colleague, was granted the name Alexander, and elevated to the rank of Caesar. There had been talk that he was the illegitimate child of Caracalla, which won him support among the army, and this was confirmed, at least for public consumption, by his filiation in the official titulature back to Septimius. He was now styled Imp. Caes. M. Aurelii Antonini Pii Felicis Aug. fil., divi Antonini Magni Pii nepos, divi Severi pronepos M. Aurelius Alexander, nobilissimus Caesar imperi et sacerdotis, princeps iuventutis. The connection with Septimius Severus was crucial, since he was the only one of these predecessors who had been deified. Alexander was about 12½ years old. Less than a year later, on March 13, 222, with the murder of Elagabalus, Alexander was hailed as emperor by the army. He considered this date as his dies imperii. He became thereby the youngest emperor in Rome's history. He was immediately thereafter given the titles of Augustus, pater patriae, and pontifex maximus.

His Principate; Grandmother, Mother, Ulpian
Having had no experience in government, the young emperor was largely dependent upon the two senior women in his life to guide his actions. His grandmother, Julia Maesa, may well have died as early as 223, so that his mother, Julia Mamaea, played the major role in the empire's administration from early on until the end. The only other figures who could rival her were the two Praetorian Prefects, both eminent jurists, Ulpian and Paulus, who are well-known to us because of the numerous citations of their legal views and administrative decisions preserved in the Corpus Iuris Civilis. Both were members of Alexander's consilium. Alexander attempted to restore some of the senate's prestige and functions, but with little success. He was even unable to protect Ulpian against the anger of the praetorians, who then murdered the jurist in 223.

Had his principate been peaceful, he might have developed into a significant emperor, certainly in comparison with his immediate predecessors. He was married once, in 225 to Sallustia Orbiana, who received the official titulature Sallustia Barbia Orbiana Augusta, but she was banished to Libya two years later. Her father, L. Seius Sallustius, was perhaps raised to the rank of Caesar by Alexander and was put to death in 227 on a charge of attempted murder of the emperor. The only other recorded uprising against Alexander is that of Taurinus, who was hailed as Augustus but drowned himself in the Euphrates.

According to the HA life, Alexander was a "good" person, and his mother certainly attempted to guide him well, but much of the last decade of his reign was preoccupied with serious military threats against the empire's prestige, nay existence. In those dangerous circumstances, his abilities, which had not earlier been honed, proved inadequate.

Domestic Policy
Perhaps the greatest service which Alexander furnished Rome, certainly at the beginning of his reign, was the return to a sense of sanity and tradition after the madness and fanaticism of Elagabalus. He is said to have honored and worshipped a variety of individuals, including Christ. His amiability assisted his relationship with the senate, which gained in honor under him without any real increase in its power. Besides jurists in high office, literary figures were also so distinguished; Marius Maximus, the biographer, and Dio Cassius, the historian, gained second consulships, the former in 223, the latter in 229.

The emperor's building program made its mark upon the face of Rome. The last of the eleven great aqueducts, the aqua Alexandrina, was put into service in 226; he also rebuilt the thermae Neronianae in the Campus Martius in the following year and gave them his own name. Of the other constructions, perhaps the most intriguing are the Diaetae Mammaeae, apartments which he built for his mother on the Palatine.

The Persian and German Wars
The first great external challenge appeared in the east, where the Parthian dynasty, which had ruled the Iranian plateau and other large areas for centuries, and who for long had been one of Rome's great rivals, was overthrown by the Persian family of the Sassanids by 227. They aspired to restore their domain to include all the Asian lands which had been ruled in the glory days of the Persian Empire. Since this included Asia Minor as well as all other eastern provinces, the stage was set for continuing clashes with Rome.

These began late in the decade, with significant success early on for the Sassanids. But Rome gradually developed a defense against these incursions, and ultimately the emperor, with his mother and staff, went to the east in 231. There actual military command rested in the hands of his generals, but his presence gave additional weight to the empire's policy. Persia's early successes soon faded as Rome's armies brought their power and experience to bear. The result was an acceptance of the status quo rather than a settlement between the parties. This occurred in 233 and Alexander returned to Rome. His presence in the west was required by a German threat, particularly along the Rhine, where the tribes took advantage of the withdrawal of Roman troops for the eastern war.

In 234, Alexander and Julia Mammaea moved to Moguntiacum (Mainz), the capital of Upper Germany. The military situation had improved with the return of troops from the east, and an ambitious offensive campaign was planned, for which a bridge was built across the Rhine. But Alexander preferred to negotiate for peace by buying off the enemy. This policy outraged the soldiers, who mutinied in mid March 235 and killed the emperor and his mother. He had reached the age of 26½ years and had been emperor for almost precisely half his life. He was deified by the senate and received other posthumous honors. With the accession of Maximinus Thrax, the Severan dynasty came to an end.

Death and Evaluation
Tacitus' famous dictum about Galba, that he was properly considered capax imperii, capable of being emperor, until he showed, when emperor, that he was not, could never have been applied to Severus Alexander. A child when chance brought him to the principate, with only two recommendations, that he was different from Elagabalus and that he was part of the Severan family, he proved to be inadequate for the challenges of the time. Military experience was the prime attribute of an emperor now, which Alexander did not have, and that lack ultimately cost him his life. Guided by his mother and employing the services of distinguished men, he returned dignity to the imperial household and to the state. He did the best he could, but that best was not good enough in the early decades of the third century A.D., with the great threats from east and north challenging Rome's primacy and, indeed, existence.

Copyright (C) 2001, Herbert W. Benario. Published on De Imeratoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors; http://www.roman-emperors.org/alexsev.htm . Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
 
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