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ENGLAND, NORMAN, Stephen (1135-1154), Silver Penny, Watford type .33 viewsENGLAND, NORMAN, Stephen (1135-1154), Silver Penny, Watford type .
Mint and moneyer uncertain . 1.0 gr
Crowned and diademed bust of king right, holding sceptre in his right hand .
Cross moline, with a fleur each angle .
North 873; SCBC 1278Vladislav D

69 viewsUNITED STATES TOKENS, Hard Times. New York, New York. Henry Law, baker.
CU Token (29mm, 8.60 g, 12 h)
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Struck 1834-1835
ENGLISH BREAD/ TWIST & FANCY CAKES
Bushel of wheat
H. LAW BAKER/ 187 CANAL St NEW YORK
Eagle standing right, with wings spread and head left, shield on breast and olive branch in talons
Rulau HT 286; Low 261

Henry Law was married to Charlotte (n�e Stephens), the sister of William Stephens, a partner in one of the two firms that comprised the Belleville mint. Henry's bakery moved to Canal St. in 1834 and was closed in late 1834 or early 1835, when its proprietor died. Charlotte and her children later moved to Belleville. Ardatirion

01.3.01. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.01., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01113 views01.3.01. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.01., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01
avers: + STEPHANVS�REX� (+ STEPNANVS�REX�, "N" instead of "H" !), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
reverse: + REGIA CIVITAS (REGIA CIVITVS, "V" instead of "A"!), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-18 mm, weight: 0,95 g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-001, Unger-001, CNH I.-001,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 01.3.01.,
Q-001quadrans

01.3.01v. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.01var., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01142 views01.3.01v. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.01var., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01
avers: + STEPHANVS�REX� (+ STEPNANVS�REX�, the first dot not behind the S but over the S interesting new legend variation !), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
reverse: + REGIA CIVITAS (REGIA CIVITVS, "V" instead of "A"!), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 16,0-16,5 mm, weight: 0,70 g, axis: 2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-001, Unger-001, CNH I.-001,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 01.3.01var.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

01.3.03. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.03., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #0188 views01.3.03. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.03., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01
avers: + STEPHANVS�REX� (The first S are retrograde !), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
reverse: + REGIA CIVITAS (REGIA CIVITVS, "V" instead of "A"!), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 17,5 mm, weight: 0,73 g, axis: 5 h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-001, Unger-001, CNH I.-001,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 01.3.03.,
Q-001quadrans

01.3.03./01.3.28. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.03., rev.:01.3.28., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS (retrograde legend !), Rare variant! #01141 views01.3.03./01.3.28. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.03., rev.:01.3.28., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS (retrograde legend !), Rare variant! #01
avers: + STEPHANVS�REX�(The first S are retrograde !), Cross within the pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
reverse: + REGIA CIVITAS (retrograde legend !), Cross within the pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-18,0 mm, weight: 0,69 g, axis: 10h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-001, Unger-001, CNH I.-001,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: av.:01.3.03., rev.:01.3.28.,
Q-001quadrans

01.3.10. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.10., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01151 views01.3.10. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.10., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01
avers: + STEPHANVS�REX� ("lying S-s" instead of "S" !), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
reverse: + REGIA CIVITAS (REGIA CIVITVS, "V" instead of "A"!), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 16,5 mm, weight: 0,79 g, axis: 3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-001, Unger-001, CNH I.-001,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 01.3.10.,
Q-001quadrans

01.3.10./01.3.20. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.10., rev.:01.3.20., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #0175 views01.3.10./01.3.20. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.10., rev.:01.3.20., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01
avers: + STEPHANVS�-REX� ("lying S-s" instead of "S" !), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
reverse: + REGIA CIVITAS (REGIA CIVITVS, retrograde "E" and "V" instead of "A"!), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 15,5 mm, weight: 0,67 g, axis: 1h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-001, Unger-001, CNH I.-001,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: av.:01.3.10., rev.: 01.3.20.,
Q-001quadrans

01.3.18. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.18., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, Rare variant! #01138 views01.3.18. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.18., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, Rare variant! #01
avers: + STEPHANVVS�REX� ("lying S-s" instead of "S" !, STEPHANVVS instead of STEPHANVS, double V legends error!), Cross within the pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross. (double strike)
reverse: + REGIA CIVITAS (REGIA CIVITVS, "V" instead of "A"!), Cross within the pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 16,0 mm, weight: 0,75 g, axis: 10h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-001, Unger-001, CNH I.-001,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 01.3.18.,
Q-0012 commentsquadrans

024. H--- Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H--, CNH I.--, U--, PTN-K-VI 109 (2005), AR-Obolus, Very Rare!!!148 views024. H--- Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H--, CNH I.--, U--, PTN-K-VI 109 (2005), AR-Obolus, Very Rare!!!
avers: Animal figure advancing left, above the star.
reverse: �RЄX�/STЄ�-�PAN, Doublecross on the shield.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 9,6mm, weight: 0,23g, axis: 6h,
mint: , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r--, CNH I.--, Unger--, , Pannonia Terra Numizmatika (PTN)-Kamara(K)-VI/109(2005), PTN38/130(2014), PTN-39/165(2014), Nudelman-9/125(2011), Very Rare!!
Q-001quadrans

024. H-342 Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H-342, CNH I.-284, U-270, AR-Denarius, Very Rare!65 views024. H-342 Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H-342, CNH I.-284, U-270, AR-Denarius, Very Rare!
avers: STЄPAN RЄGIS, King seated facing on the arch in a circle of dots, holding a cross, border of dots
reverse: Patriarchal cross amongst circles, dots, and M - O / ͶЄ - TA, the border of dots.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 15,0mm, weight: 0,61g, axis: 1h,
mint: , date: 1270-1272 A.D., ref: Husz�r-342, CNH I.-284, Unger-270, Very Rare!
Q-0013 commentsquadrans

024. H-345 Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H-345, CNH I.--, U-258, AR-Denarius, #01136 views024. H-345 Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H-345, CNH I.--, U-258, AR-Denarius, #01
avers: Crowned bust facing, holding orb and scepter, the border of dots.
reverse: Three lilies on shield amongst three lilies, the border of dots.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 9,3mm, weight: 0,19g, axis: 0h,
mint: , date: 1270-1272 A.D., ref: Husz�r-345, CNH I.--, Unger-258, Homan-Num.K�zl. XV,1, R!
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

024. H-350 Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H-350, CNH I.-290, U-262, AR-Denarius, #01156 views024. H-350 Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H-350, CNH I.-290, U-262, AR-Denarius, #01
avers: Crowned bust facing, holding Lily, the border of dots.
reverse: +R�ЄX�STЄ�P�AN�VS, Lily between two branches, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,0mm, weight: 0,34g, axis: 3h,
mint: , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-350, CNH I.-290, Unger-262,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

024. H-352 Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H-352, CNH I.-292, U-264, AR-Denarius, Rare! #166 views024. H-352 Istv�n V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, ((1245)1270-1272 A.D.), H-352, CNH I.-292, U-264, AR-Denarius, Rare! #1
avers: RЄX STЄPAHS, Crowned head of the king left, the border of dots.
reverse: Hebrew letter (pe) between two animals prancing with their back to each other, looking backward, the border of dots.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5-12,5mm, weight: 0,63g, axis: 7h,
mint: , date: 1270-1272 A.D., ref: Husz�r-352, CNH I.-292, Unger-264, Rare!
Q-0012 commentsquadrans

11- CEYLON (SRI LANKA), 1/2 CENT, KM91.21 viewsSize: 18.5 mm. Composition: Copper. Mintage: 2,020,000.
Grade: NGC MS63 RB (Cert.# 4080257-005).
Comments: Purchased raw from Stephen Album Rare Coins, 04/2010.
lordmarcovan

1154 - 1189, HENRY II, AR 'Tealby' Penny, Struck 1158 - 1163 at Canterbury (?), England33 viewsObverse: (HE)NRI � R(EX� A -). Crowned facing bust of Henry II, his head facing slightly to the left, holding sceptre tipped with a cross potent in his right hand. Crown has three vertical uprights each topped by a fleur-de-lis.
Reverse: + (ROGI)ER : ON : (C)A(NT) surrounding short cross potent within beaded circle, small cross potents in each quarter. Moneyer: Rogier, cognate with the modern English name of Roger. Mintmark: Cross potent.
Uncommonly clear Class A bust
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 1.3gms | Die Axis: 4
Flan chipped and cracked
SPINK: 1337

For the first few years of Henry II's reign the coins of King Stephen continued to be produced, but in 1158, in order to restore public confidence in the currency, a new 'cross and crosslet' coinage was introduced in England which was of sufficient importance for the contemporary chroniclers to record that 'a new money was made, which was the sole currency of the kingdom.' While this coinage was acceptable in terms of weight and silver quality, it is notorious for its ugly appearance, bad craftsmanship and careless execution. In fact the 'Tealby' coinage is among the worst struck of any issue of English regal coinage, so much so that collectors consider it something of a bonus if they are able to make out the name of the moneyer, or the mint, from the letters showing.
The cross and crosslet type coinage of King Henry II is more often called 'Tealby' because of the enormous hoard of these coins which was found in late 1807 at Bayons Manor farm near Tealby in Lincolnshire. This hoard, which originally amounted to over 5,700 pieces, was first reported in the Stamford Mercury of the 6th November 1807, but unfortunately the majority of the coins, more than 5,000 of them, were sent to be melted at the Tower of London and only some 600 pieces were saved for national and important private collections.
A total of 30 mints were employed in the initial 'Tealby' recoinage, however once the recoinage was completed only 12 mints were permitted to remain active and this marks the beginning of the gradual decline in the number of mints which were used to strike English coins.
The 'Tealby' issue continued until 1180 when a new style coin of much better workmanship, the short-cross penny, was introduced.
2 comments*Alex

12.06. Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 12.06./b2.01./02., H-047, CNH I.-053, U-037, #01216 views12.06. Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 12.06./b2.01./02., H-047, CNH I.-053, U-037, #01
avers: ˇ - ˇ on wedges amongst three crosses, TE on each side; border of dots.
reverse: Illegible, legend-like marks; cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5 mm, weight: 0,35 g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-047, CNH I.-053, Unger-037,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 12.06./b2.01./02.,
Q-001quadrans

12.06.02. Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 12.06.02./b2.01./02., H-047, CNH I.-053, U-037, #01205 views12.06.02. Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 12.06.02./b2.01./02., H-047, CNH I.-053, U-037, #01
avers: ˇ - ˇ on wedges amongst three crosses, TE on each side; border of dots.
reverse: Illegible, legend-like marks; cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,0 mm, weight: 0,30 g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-047, CNH I.-053, Unger-037,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 12.06.02./b2.01./02.,
Q-001quadrans

44. Stephen.36 viewsPenny, Colchester mint.
Obverse: FNE / Crowned bust, holding sceptre.
Reverse: D . ON : COL / Cross moline with a fleur in each angle.
1.13 gm., 17 mm.
North #873; Seaby #1278

The only moneyer at Colchester with a name ending in a D is Edward.1 commentsCallimachus

Ardashir I13 viewsarash p

Bishopric Metz 138 viewsBishop Bertram (1179-1212). Size/Weight: 15mm, 0.73g Denomination: 1 Pfennig, silver. Mint: Bishopric Metz. Preservation: very fine. BERTR - ANN, Bust of Saint Stephen right / ME - MT / - NS - IS, hand on cross From the Barbarossa treasure. dpaul7

Brandon, Mississippi: Mississippi & Alabama Rail Road Company $5 Jan. 2, 1837 (Kraus-10110)3 viewsPayable at the Girard Bank In Philadelphia, some 1100 miles distant from Brandon, this note appropriately enough bears two portraits of Stephen Girard as well as a vignette of Moneta that would eventually appear on T14 $50 Confederate Treasury Notes nearly 25 years later. SpongeBob

Brandon, Mississippi: Mississippi & Alabama Rail Road Company $5 Jan. 2, 1837 (Kraus-10110)4 viewsPayable at the Girard Bank In Philadelphia, some 1100 miles distant from Brandon, this note appropriately enough bears two portraits of Stephen Girard as well as a vignette of Moneta that would eventually appear on T14 $50 Confederate Treasury Notes nearly 25 years later.SpongeBob

C�C II. 18.01.1.1./a4.03./036., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-076, CNH I.-065, U-042, #0172 viewsC�C II. 18.01.1.1./a4.03./036., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-076, CNH I.-065, U-042, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at each angle, dots, and crosses in the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with dots in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,2 mm, weight: 0,32 g, axis: 0h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-076, CNH I.-065, Unger-042,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.01.1.1./a4.03./036.,
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C�C II. 18.01.1.1./b3.02./062., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-076, CNH I.-065, U-042, #0185 viewsC�C II. 18.01.1.1./b3.02./062., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-076, CNH I.-065, U-042, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at each angle, dots, and crosses in the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with dots in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 10,7-11,0 mm, weight: 0,34 g, axis: 11h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-076, CNH I.-065, Unger-042,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.01.1.1./b3.02./062.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.01.1.1./c1.01./064., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-076, CNH I.-065, U-042, #0185 viewsC�C II. 18.01.1.1./c1.01./064., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-076, CNH I.-065, U-042, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at each angle, dots, and crosses in the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with dots in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,0 mm, weight: 0,34 g, axis: 0h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-076, CNH I.-065, Unger-042,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.01.1.1./c1.01./064.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.01.1.1./h2.04./116., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-076, CNH I.-065, U-042, #01121 viewsC�C II. 18.01.1.1./h2.04./116., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-076, CNH I.-065, U-042, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at each angle, dots, and crosses in the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with dots in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,2 mm, weight: 0,39 g, axis: 5h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-076, CNH I.-065, Unger-042,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.01.1.1./h2.04./116.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.04.1.1./a4.03./26., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-084, CNH I.-071, U-039, #0189 viewsC�C II. 18.04.1.1./a4.03./26., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-084, CNH I.-071, U-039, #01
avers: Cross in quadrilobe with dots in the angles, crosses between the crescents; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 12,2 mm, weight: 0,28 g, axis: 2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-084, CNH I.-071, Unger-039,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.04.1.1./a4.03./26.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.04.1.1./b3.01./40., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-084, CNH I.-071, U-039, #0163 viewsC�C II. 18.04.1.1./b3.01./40., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-084, CNH I.-071, U-039, #01
avers: Cross in quadrilobe with dots in the angles, crosses between the crescents; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend, cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 11,5 mm, weight: 0,27 g, axis: 3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-084, CNH I.-071, Unger-039,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.04.1.1./b3.01./40.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 18.06.1.1./a1.04./05., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #0167 viewsC�C II. 18.06.1.1./a1.04./05., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #01
avers: Three crescents of dots containing crosses, dot in the centre; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in circle with lines in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5 mm, weight: 0,26 g, axis: - h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-091, CNH I.-075, Unger-040,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.06.1.1./a1.04./05.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.06.1.1./a3.02./11., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #0162 viewsC�C II. 18.06.1.1./a3.02./11., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #01
avers: Three crescents of dots containing crosses, dot in the center; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with lines in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,0mm, weight: 0,31g, axis: -h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-091, CNH I.-075, Unger-040,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.06.1.1./a3.02./11.,
Q-001
The reverse is overstruck the earlier used avers version. 1 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 18.06.1.1./a3.06./15., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #0169 viewsC�C II. 18.06.1.1./a3.06./15., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #01
avers: Three crescents of dots containing crosses, dot in the center; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with lines in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,2mm, weight: 0,30g, axis: -h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-091, CNH I.-075, Unger-040,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.06.1.1./a3.06./15.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.06.1.1./a3.07./16., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #0195 viewsC�C II. 18.06.1.1./a3.07./16., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #01
avers: Three crescents of dots containing crosses, dot in the center; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with lines in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: - h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-091, CNH I.-075, Unger-040,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.06.1.1./a3.07./16.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.06.1.1./a3.07./16., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #02108 viewsC�C II. 18.06.1.1./a3.07./16., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #02
avers: Three crescents of dots containing crosses, dot in the center; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with lines in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: - h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-091, CNH I.-075, Unger-040,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.06.1.1./a3.07./16.,
Q-002quadrans

C�C II. 18.06.1.1./a4.01./17., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #0172 viewsC�C II. 18.06.1.1./a4.01./17., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #01
avers: Three crescents of dots containing crosses, dot in the center; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with lines in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5mm, weight: 0,47g, axis: 0h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-091, CNH I.-075, Unger-040,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.06.1.1./a4.01./17.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.06.1.1./a6.01./23., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #01107 viewsC�C II. 18.06.1.1./a6.01./23., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #01
avers: Three crescents of dots containing crosses, dot in the centre; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in circle with lines in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5 mm, weight: 0,26 g, axis: - h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-091, CNH I.-075, Unger-040,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.06.1.1./a6.01./23.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.06.1.1./b1.04./29., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #0186 viewsC�C II. 18.06.1.1./b1.04./29., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-091, CNH I.-075, U-040, #01
avers: Three crescents of dots containing crosses, dot in the centre; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with lines in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5 mm, weight: 0,37 g, axis: - h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-091, CNH I.-075, Unger-040,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.06.1.1./b1.04./29.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.07.1.1./a1.01./02., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-092, CNH I.-076, U-041, #01205 viewsC�C II. 18.07.1.1./a1.01./02., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-092, CNH I.-076, U-041, #01
avers: Cross with dots and crosses within crescents in the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,2 mm, weight: 0,310 g, axis: 2h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-092, CNH I.-076, Unger-041,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.07.1.1./a1.01./02.,
Q-001
quadrans

C�C II. 18.07.1.1./a3.03./17., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-092, CNH I.-076, U-041, #0172 viewsC�C II. 18.07.1.1./a3.03./17., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-092, CNH I.-076, U-041, #01
avers: Cross with dots and crosses within crescents in the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Lines in place of the legend; cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,3 mm, weight: 0,30 g, axis: 0h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-092, CNH I.-076, Unger-041,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.07.1.1./a3.03./17.,
Q-001
quadrans

C�C II. 18.08.1.1./a2.01./06., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #0163 viewsC�C II. 18.08.1.1./a2.01./06., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #01
avers: Four pellets and four small crosses between the arms of the central cross, two crescents at the ends of each arm of the central cross.
reverse: Lines and crescents in place of the legend; cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,3 mm, weight: 0,41 g, axis: 4h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Huszar-094, CNH I.-078, Unger-038,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.08.1.1./a2.01./06.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 18.08.1.1./a2c2.01./63., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #0196 viewsC�C II. 18.08.1.1./a2c2.01./63., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #01
avers: Four pellets and four small crosses between the arms of the central cross, two crescents at the ends of each arm of the central cross.
reverse: Lines and crescents in place of the legend; cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5 mm, weight: 0,32 g, axis: - h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Huszar-094, CNH I.-078, Unger-038,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.08.1.1./a2c2.01./63.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.08.1.1./c1.10./38., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #01105 viewsC�C II. 18.08.1.1./c1.10./38., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #01
avers: Four pellets and four small crosses between the arms of the central cross, two crescents at the ends of each arm of the central cross.
reverse: Lines and crescents in place of the legend; cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,0 mm, weight: 0,30 g, axis: - h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Huszar-094, CNH I.-078, Unger-038,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.08.1.1./c1.10./38.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.08.1.1./c2.01./39., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #0189 viewsC�C II. 18.08.1.1./c2.01./39., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #01
avers: Four pellets and four small crosses between the arms of the central cross, two crescents at the ends of each arm of the central cross.
reverse: Lines and crescents in place of the legend; cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5 mm, weight: 0,34 g, axis: - h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Huszar-094, CNH I.-078, Unger-038,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.08.1.1./c2.01./39.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 18.08.1.1./h2.02./60., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #0196 viewsC�C II. 18.08.1.1./h2.02./60., Anonymous I. (Istv�n II., (Stephen II.) King of Hungary, (1116-1131 A.D.) ?), AR-Denarius, H-094, CNH I.-078, U-038, #01
avers: Four pellets and four small crosses between the arms of the central cross, two crescents at the ends of each arm of the central cross.
reverse: Lines and crescents in place of the legend; cross in a circle with wedges in the angles; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 11,5 mm, weight: 0,41 g, axis: 7h,
mint: Esztergom , date: A.D., ref: Huszar-094, CNH I.-078, Unger-038,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 18.08.1.1./h2.02./60.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 19.04.1.1./a2.07./after 21 before 22., (New Sigla!), Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-112, CNH I.-122, U-079, Scarce! #0190 viewsC�C II. 19.04.1.1./a2.07./after 21 before 22., (New Sigla!), Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-112, CNH I.-122, U-079, Scarce! #01
avers: Line between S-Ƨ, cross between two stars above, a crescent between two crosses below.
reverse: Ornament of Cufic letters, line in the centre, two dots and crescents above, cross and two crescents below.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5mm, weight: 0,23g, axis: 2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-112, CNH I.-122, Unger-079, Scarce!
Kiss-T�th, Sigla: 19.04.1.1./a2.07./after 21 before 22., New type of Sigla, not recorded!
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.04.1.1./b1.10./31., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-112, CNH I.-122, U-078, Scarce! #0185 viewsC�C II. 19.04.1.1./b1.10./31., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-112, CNH I.-122, U-078, Scarce! #01
avers: Line between S-Ƨ, cross between two stars above, a crescent between two crosses below.
reverse: Ornament of Cufic letters, line in the center, two dots and crescents above, cross and two crescents below.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5mm, weight: 0,26g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-112, CNH I.-122, Unger-078, Scarce!
Kiss-T�th, Sigla: 19.04.1.1./b1.10./31.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 19.05.1.1./00.01./01., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083, #0161 viewsC�C II. 19.05.1.1./00.01./01., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083, #01
avers: Crescent and S on each side of the line, cross on crescent both side, the border of dots.
reverse: Three dots on the line between two double arches, top towards the center, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,5mm, weight: 0,15g, axis: 3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-113, CNH I.-123, Unger-083,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.05.1.1./00.01./01.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 19.05.1.1./a1.14./15., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083, #0164 viewsC�C II. 19.05.1.1./a1.14./15., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083, #01
avers: Crescent and S on each side of the line, cross on crescent both side, the border of dots.
reverse: Three dots on the line between two double arches, top towards the center, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-113, CNH I.-123, Unger-083,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.05.1.1./a1.14./15.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.05.1.1./a1.38./39., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083, #0164 viewsC�C II. 19.05.1.1./a1.38./39., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083, #01
avers: Crescent and S on each side of the line, cross on crescent both side, a border of dots.
reverse: Three dots on the line between two double arches, top towards the center, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13mm, weight: 0,21 g, axis: -h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-113, CNH I.-123, Unger-083,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.05.1.1./a1.38./39.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 19.05.1.1./a2.08./49., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083, #0160 viewsC�C II. 19.05.1.1./a2.08./49., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083, #01
avers: Crescent and S on each side of the line, cross on crescent both side, the border of dots.
reverse: Three dots on the line between two double arches, top towards the center, line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,5mm, weight: 0,20g, axis: 11h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-113, CNH I.-123, Unger-083,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.05.1.1./a2.08./49.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.07.1.1./a1.14./15., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-117a, CNH I.-129, U-082, #01138 viewsC�C II. 19.07.1.1./a1.14./15., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-117a, CNH I.-129, U-082, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at the ends and H's between the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Four dots around cross; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,23g, axis: 10h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-117a, CNH I.-129, Unger-082,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.07.1.1./a1.14./15.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 19.07.1.1./b1.11./62., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-117a, CNH I.-129, U-082, #0183 viewsC�C II. 19.07.1.1./b1.11./62., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-117a, CNH I.-129, U-082, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at the ends and H's between the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Four dots around cross; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,3mm, weight: 0,25g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-117a, CNH I.-129, Unger-082,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.07.1.1./b1.11./62.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.07.1.1./b1.12./63., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-117a, CNH I.-129, U-082, #0171 viewsC�C II. 19.07.1.1./b1.12./63., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-117a, CNH I.-129, U-082, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at the ends and H's between the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Four dots around cross; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,17g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-117a, CNH I.-129, Unger-082,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.07.1.1./b1.12./63.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.08.1.1./a2.04./13., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-118, CNH I.-131, U--, #0165 viewsC�C II. 19.08.1.1./a2.04./13., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-118, CNH I.-131, U--, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at the ends and H's between the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Eight dots around cross; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 10,5 mm, weight: 0,21g, axis: 1h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-118, CNH I.-131, Unger--,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.08.1.1./a2.04./13.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.08.1.1./a2.05./14., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-118, CNH I.-131, U--, #0174 viewsC�C II. 19.08.1.1./a2.05./14., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-118, CNH I.-131, U--, #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at the ends and H's between the angles; border of dots.
reverse: Eight dots around cross; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 10,3 mm, weight: 0,24g, axis: 2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-118, CNH I.-131, Unger--,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.08.1.1./a2.05./14.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.08.2.1./a1.01./after 01., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H--, CNH I.--, U--, New Sigla variation! #0159 viewsC�C II. 19.08.2.1./a1.01./after 01., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H--, CNH I.--, U--, New Sigla variation! #01
avers: Cross with three wedges at the ends and H's between the angles, border of dots.
reverse: Eight dots around the cross, border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 10,2mm, weight: 0,21g, axis: 0h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r--, CNH I.--, Unger--,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.08.2.1./a1.01./after 01. before 02., New Sigla variation!
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 19.15.1.1./a1.07./08., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, #0166 viewsC�C II. 19.15.1.1./a1.07./08., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, #01
avers: Cross between A - O, double arch above, wedge within crescent on top; border of dots.
reverse: Line dividing S; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5mm, weight: 0,23g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-127, CNH I.-1371, Unger-084,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.15.1.1./a1.07./08.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.15.1.1./a3.02./23., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, #01102 viewsC�C II. 19.15.1.1./a3.02./23., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, #01
avers: Cross between A - O, double arch above, wedge within crescent on top; border of dots.
reverse: Line dividing S; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: mm, weight: 0,24g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-127, CNH I.-1371, Unger-084,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.15.1.1./a3.02./23.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 19.15.1.1./b2.12./38., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, #0192 viewsC�C II. 19.15.1.1./b2.12./38., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, #01
avers: Cross between A - O, double arch above, wedge within crescent on top; border of dots.
reverse: Line dividing S; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,8mm, weight: 0,22g, axis: 4h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-127, CNH I.-1371, Unger-084,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.15.1.1./b2.12./38.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.15.1.3./a1b1.01./03., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), Bi-Denarius, H-127/113, CNH I.-137/123, U-084/083, Hybrid coin, Very Rare !!! #0176 viewsC�C II. 19.15.1.3./a1b1.01./03., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), Bi-Denarius, H-127/113, CNH I.-137/123, U-084/083, Hybrid coin, Very Rare !!! #01
avers: Cross between A - O, double arch above, wedge within crescent on top; border of dots.
reverse: Instead of "Line dividing S", this coin has a different reverse type, the same as the H-113, CNH I.-123, U-083 coin; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5mm, weight: 0,26g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-127/113, CNH I.-137/123, Unger-084/083, Hybrid coin, Very Rare !!!
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.15.1.3./a1b1.01./03.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 19.15.1.8./a1b1.01./03., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), Bi-Denarius, H-127/161, CNH I.-137/151, U-084/080, Hybrid coin, Very Rare !!! #0170 viewsC�C II. 19.15.1.8./a1b1.01./03., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), Bi-Denarius, H-127/161, CNH I.-137/151, U-084/080, Hybrid coin, Very Rare !!! #01
avers: Cross between A - O, double arch above, wedge within crescent on top; border of dots.
reverse: Instead of "Line dividing S", this coin has a different reverse type, the same as the H-161, CNH I.-151, U-080 coin; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5mm, weight: 0,26g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-127/161, CNH I.-137/151, Unger-084/080, Hybrid coin, Very Rare !!!
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.15.1.8./a1b1.01./03.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 19.15.3.1./a1.01./02., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, with the Unusual letter "A" #0174 viewsC�C II. 19.15.3.1./a1.01./02., Anonymous II. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, with the Unusual letter "A" #01
avers: Cross between A - o, double arch above, wedge within crescent on top; border of dots. The crossline between the two arms of the letter A unusual.
reverse: Line dividing S; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5mm, weight: 0,22g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-127, CNH I.-1371, Unger-084,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 19.15.3.1./a1.01./02.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 20.03.1.1./a1.18./19., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-140, CNH I.-119, U-081, #0191 viewsC�C II. 20.03.1.1./a1.18./19., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-140, CNH I.-119, U-081, #01
avers: Cross on the line, the ornament of lines, crosses, and crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: A amongst five dots; line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-140, CNH I.-119, Unger-081,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.03.1.1./a1.18./19.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 20.03.1.1./b1.15./51., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-140, CNH I.-119, U-081, #0161 viewsC�C II. 20.03.1.1./b1.15./51., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-140, CNH I.-119, U-081, #01
avers: Cross on the line, the ornament of lines, crosses, and crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: A amongst five dots; line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,4-12,7mm, weight: 0,21g, axis: 9h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-140, CNH I.-119, Unger-081,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.03.1.1./b1.15./51.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.03.1.1./g1.03./66., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-140, CNH I.-119, U-081, #01147 viewsC�C II. 20.03.1.1./g1.03./66., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-140, CNH I.-119, U-081, #01
avers: Cross on the line, the ornament of lines, crosses, and crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: A amongst five dots; line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,8mm, weight: 0,19g, axis: 7h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-140, CNH I.-119, Unger-081,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.03.1.1./g1.03./66.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.03.1.3./00.01./01., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-142, CNH I.-121, U-081 (avers), U-084 (reverse), hybrid denarius !!! very Rare !!!, #01 65 viewsC�C II. 20.03.1.3./00.01./01., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-142, CNH I.-121, U-081 (avers), U-084 (reverse), hybrid denarius !!! very Rare !!!, #01
avers: Cross on the line, the ornament of lines, crosses, and crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Line dividing S; border of line. (This is the H-127, CNH I.-137, U-084, reverse !!!)
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5 mm, weight: 0,23g, axis: 10h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-142, CNH I.-127, Unger-081 (avers), Unger-084 (reverse), Very Rare !!!
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.03.1.3./00.01./01.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.10.1.1./a1.17./18., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-156, CNH I.-146, U-079, #0165 viewsC�C II. 20.10.1.1./a1.17./18., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-156, CNH I.-146, U-079, #01
avers: Line crossed by three lines, dot between two crosses above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Four wedges and four dots around dot; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,5 mm, weight: 0,27g, axis: 2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-156, CNH I.-146, Unger-079,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.10.1.1./a1.17./18.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.10.1.1./a2.16./38., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-156, CNH I.-146, U-079, #01118 viewsC�C II. 20.10.1.1./a2.16./38., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-156, CNH I.-146, U-079, #01
avers: Line crossed by three lines, dot between two crosses above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Four wedges and four dots around dot; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,7 mm, weight: 0,22g, axis: 11h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-156, CNH I.-146, Unger-079,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.10.1.1./a2.16./38.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.15.1.1./a2.05./19., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-161, CNH I.-151, U-080, #0189 viewsC�C II. 20.15.1.1./a2.05./19., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-161, CNH I.-151, U-080, #01
avers: H amongst six crosses and eight dots, border of dots.
reverse: Two wedges and two crescents around dot; line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,7 mm, weight: 0,23g, axis: 2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-161, CNH I.-151, Unger-080,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.15.1.1./a2.05./19.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.15.1.1./b1.15./39., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-161, CNH I.-151, U-080, #0180 viewsC�C II. 20.15.1.1./b1.15./39., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-161, CNH I.-151, U-080, #01
avers: H amongst six crosses and eight dots, border of dots.
reverse: Two wedges and two crescents around dot; line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,6 mm, weight: 0,18g, axis: 11h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-161, CNH I.-151, Unger-080,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.15.1.1./b1.15./39.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.15.1.1./b1.22./46., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-161, CNH I.-151, U-080, #01145 viewsC�C II. 20.15.1.1./b1.22./46., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-161, CNH I.-151, U-080, #01
avers: H amongst six crosses and eight dots, border of dots.
reverse: Two wedges and two crescents around dot; line border.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,6 mm, weight: 0,18g, axis: 11h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-161, CNH I.-151, Unger-080,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.15.1.1./b1.22./46.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./00.01./01., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01128 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./00.01./01., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,3 mm, weight: 0,17g, axis:3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./00.01./01.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./00.01./01., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02111 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./00.01./01., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,2mm, weight: 0,27g, axis:3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./00.01./01.,
Q-002quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.04./05., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01106 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.04./05., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,95 mm, weight: 0,20g, axis:5h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a1.04./05.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.11./12., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01105 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.11./12., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,97 mm, weight: 0,23g, axis:11h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a1.11./12.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.14./15., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01117 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.14./15., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,5mm, weight: 0,30g, axis:3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a1.14./15.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.16./17., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #0199 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.16./17., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0 mm, weight: 0,18g, axis:3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a1.16./17.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.19./20., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01111 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.19./20., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,16g, axis:2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth:, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a1.19./20.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.19./20., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02112 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.19./20., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,8mm, weight: 0,21g, axis:5h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a1.19./20.,
Q-002quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.24./25., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01120 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.24./25., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,75 mm, weight: 0,18g, axis:3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a1.24./25.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.24./25., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02106 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a1.24./25., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,85 mm, weight: 0,16g, axis:3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a1.24./25.,
Q-002quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./a3.01./34., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01126 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./a3.01./34., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,1mm, weight: 0,25g, axis:1h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./a3.01./34.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.02./38., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01121 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.02./38., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,9 mm, weight: 0,20g, axis:4h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.02./38.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.02./38., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02115 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.02./38., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,85 mm, weight: 0,20g, axis:2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.02./38.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.13./49., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01107 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.13./49., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,18g, axis:3h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.13./49.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.14./50., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #0198 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.14./50., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0 mm, weight: 0,20g, axis:0h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.14./50.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.17./53., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #0197 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.17./53., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0 mm, weight: 0,17g, axis:11h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.17./53.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.17./53., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #0295 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.17./53., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,17mm, weight: 0,24g, axis:1h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.17./53.,
Q-002quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.21./57., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01108 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.21./57., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,20g, axis:0h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.21./57.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.21./57., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02130 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.21./57., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #02
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,2mm, weight: 0,21g, axis:2h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.21./57.,
Q-002quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./g1.03./69., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01121 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./g1.03./69., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,18g, axis:5h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./g1.03./69.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./g1.07./73., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01106 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./g1.07./73., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,3 mm, weight: 0,22g, axis:1h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./g1.07./73.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.16.1.1./g1.10./76., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01127 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./g1.10./76., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,20g, axis:0h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./g1.10./76.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.18.1.1./a1.13./14., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01123 viewsC�C II. 20.18.1.1./a1.13./14., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01
avers: Three lines and two dots between two crosses, crescent containing dot between two crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Double arch on line amongst three dots; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,17g, axis: 1h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-171, CNH I.-157, Unger-085,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.18.1.1./a1.13./14.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.18.1.1./a2.01./21., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #010108 viewsC�C II. 20.18.1.1./a2.01./21., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01
avers: Three lines and two dots between two crosses, crescent containing dot between two crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Double arch on line amongst three dots; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-171, CNH I.-157, Unger-085,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.18.1.1./a2.01./21.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.18.1.1./a2.10./30., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01.127 viewsC�C II. 20.18.1.1./a2.10./30., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01
avers: Three lines and two dots between two crosses, crescent containing dot between two crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Double arch on line amongst three dots; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: g, axis: 0h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-171, CNH I.-157, Unger-085,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.18.1.1./a2.10./30.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.18.1.1./a2.12./after 31 before 32., (New Sigla!), Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01108 viewsC�C II. 20.18.1.1./a2.12./after 31 before 32., (New Sigla!), Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01
avers: Three lines and two dots between two crosses, crescent containing dot between two crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Double arch on line amongst three dots; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-171, CNH I.-157, Unger-085,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.18.1.1./a2.12./after 31 before 32., New type of Sigla, not recorded!
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.18.1.1./b2.01./61., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01113 viewsC�C II. 20.18.1.1./b2.01./61., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01
avers: Three lines and two dots between two crosses, crescent containing dot between two crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Double arch on line amongst three dots; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,32g, axis: 0h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-171, CNH I.-157, Unger-085,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.18.1.1./b2.01./61.,
Q-001quadrans

C�C II. 20.18.1.1./g1.07./69., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01107 viewsC�C II. 20.18.1.1./g1.07./69., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-171, CNH I.-157, U-085, #01
avers: Three lines and two dots between two crosses, crescent containing dot between two crescents above and below; border of dots.
reverse: Double arch on line amongst three dots; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0mm, weight: 0,24g, axis: 9h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-171, CNH I.-157, Unger-085,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.18.1.1./g1.07./69.,
Q-001quadrans

Confederate States of America: T-58 1863 $20 (Back)9 viewsTennessee State Capitol, Nashville. Bust of Alexander H. Stephens, vice-president of the Confederate States, at lower right. Blue ornate reverse with denomination. Plain and watermarked paper (CSA block, CSA block with wavy borderline, J Whatman 1862 and Hodgkinson & Co. Wookey Hole Mill). The J Whatman and Hodgkinson watermarks are very rare.

Overprinted at right end with month of issue, April 1863 to October 1863. 1st, 2nd and 3rd Series and without series. Over 100 plate letter (A to H), printer�s imprint and paper variety combinations. As usual, date overprints and minor varieties increase this number considerably. 4,428,000 notes.SpongeBob

Confederate States of America: T-58 1863 $20 (Front)20 viewsTennessee State Capitol, Nashville. Bust of Alexander H. Stephens, vice-president of the Confederate States, at lower right. Blue ornate reverse with denomination. Plain and watermarked paper (CSA block, CSA block with wavy borderline, J Whatman 1862 and Hodgkinson & Co. Wookey Hole Mill). The J Whatman and Hodgkinson watermarks are very rare.

Overprinted at right end with month of issue, April 1863 to October 1863. 1st, 2nd and 3rd Series and without series. Over 100 plate letter (A to H), printer�s imprint and paper variety combinations. As usual, date overprints and minor varieties increase this number considerably. 4,428,000 notes.1 commentsSpongeBob

Confederate States of America: T-67 1864 $20 (Back)9 viewsThe note was issued when the capital was moved to Nashville, Tenn.

Front: Tennessee State Capitol, Nashville. Bust of Alexander H. Stephens, vice president of the Confederate States at lower right. Pink and black.
Back: Blue web reverse with denomination.SpongeBob

Confederate States of America: T-67 1864 $20 (Front)13 viewsThe note was issued when the capital was moved to Nashville, Tenn.

Front: Tennessee State Capitol, Nashville. Bust of Alexander H. Stephens, vice president of the Confederate States at lower right. Pink and black.
Back: Blue web reverse with denomination.SpongeBob

Constantius 2.01.01312 viewsConstantius
Obv CONSTANTIVS NOB C
(R. laur cuir)
Rev GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
(Genius stg l holding patera and cornucopiae)
No mint mark
London
RIC VI 16 CT 2.01.013 (C)
9.8g
(ex Susan Stephens)Noviomagus

Constantius II28 views� Centenionalis (24mm, 5.08 g, 5h). Rome mint, 1st officina. Struck AD 348-350. Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right / Emperor standing left on galley, holding phoenix on globe and standard; Victory at rudder; *A//RP. RIC VIII -, but cf. 112 (laurel and rosette diadem); LRBC -. brown patina, green deposits.

From the Alexandre de Barros Collection. Ex Stephen M. Huston List 138 (30 June 1995), lot 59.3 commentsTLP

County of Tripoli , imitation of al-Zahir Ghazi AR dirham, AH625 (1227)38 viewsCounty of Tripoli , imitation of al-Zahir Ghazi AR dirham, AH625 (1227)
obverse : al-Malik
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ
al-Zahir Ghazi
الظاهر غازي
Ibn Yusuf Bin
ﺍﺑﻦ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺑﻦ
Ayyub
ﺍﻳﻮﺏ

reverse : al-Imam
ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ
al-Nasir Ahmad
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ
al-Malik al-'Adil
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ
Abu Bakr
ﺍﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ
A-836 CCS-1
Ex Stephen Album
Vladislav D

Crusader States, Normans of Sicily, William II, AD 1166-1189, AE Trifollaro, Spahr 117.75 viewsCrusader States, Sicily, William II, AD 1166-1189, AE Trifollaro (24-25 mm), 8,82 g.
Obv.: Facing head of lioness within circle of dots.
Re.: Palm tree with five branches and two bunches of dates, within circle of dots.
Biaggi 1231, Spahr 117 ; Grie 210 (Roger II); Thom 2480 .

William II of Sicily (1153-1189), called the Good, was king of Sicily and Naples from 1166 to 1189.
William was only thirteen years old at the death of his father William I, when he was placed under the regency of his mother, Margaret of Navarre.
Until the king came of age in 1171 the government was controlled first by the chancellor Stephen du Perche, cousin of Margaret (1166-1168), and then by Walter Ophamil, archbishop of Palermo, and Matthew of Ajello, the vice-chancellor.
William's character is very indistinct. Lacking in military enterprise, secluded and pleasure-loving, he seldom emerged from his palace life at Palermo. Yet his reign is marked by an ambitious foreign policy and a vigorous diplomacy. Champion of the papacy and in secret league with the Lombard cities he was able to defy the common enemy, Frederick I Barbarossa. In 1174 and 1175 he made treaties with Genoa and Venice and his marriage in February 1177 with Joan, daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, marks his high position in European politics.
In July 1177, he sent a delegation of Archbishop Romuald of Salerno and Count Roger of Andria to sign the Treaty of Venice with the emperor. To secure the peace, he sanctioned the marriage of his aunt Constance, daughter of Roger II, with Frederick's son Henry, afterwards the emperor Henry VI, causing a general oath to be taken to her as his successor in case of his death without heirs. This step, fatal to the Norman kingdom, was possibly taken that William might devote himself to foreign conquests.
Unable to revive the African dominion, William directed his attack on Egypt, from which Saladin threatened the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. In July 1174, 50,000 men were landed before Alexandria, but Saladin's arrival forced the Sicilians to re-embark in disorder. A better prospect opened in the confusion in Byzantine affairs which followed the death of Manuel Comnenus (1180), and William took up the old design and feud against Constantinople. Durazzo was captured (June 11, 1185). Afterwards while the army marched upon Thessalonica, the fleet sailed towards the same target capturing on their way the Ionian islands of Corfu, Cephalonia,Ithaca and Zakynthos. In August Thessalonica surrendered to the joint attack of the Sicilian fleet and army.
The troops then marched upon the capital, but the troop of the emperor Isaac Angelus overthrew the invaders on the banks of the Strymon (September 7, 1185). Thessalonica was at once abandoned and in 1189 William made peace with Isaac, abandoning all the conquests. He was now planning to induce the crusading armies of the West to pass through his territories, and seemed about to play a leading part in the Third Crusade. His admiral Margarito, a naval genius equal to George of Antioch, with 60 vessels kept the eastern Mediterranean open for the Franks, and forced the all-victorious Saladin to retire from before Tripoli in the spring of 1188.
In November 1189 William died, leaving no children. Though Orderic Vitalis records a (presumably short-lived) son in 1181: Bohemond, Duke of Apulia. His title of "the Good" is due perhaps less to his character than to the cessation of internal troubles in his reign. The "Voyage" of Ibn Jubair, a traveller in Sicily in 1183-1185, shows William surrounded by Muslim women and eunuchs, speaking and reading Arabic and living like "a Moslem king."

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

my ancient coin database
1 commentsArminius

Denier billon of Guingamp, Brittany20 viewsBillon denier of the dukes of Brittany (~1.3 g, 20 mm) Mint Guingamp, brittany (in France.)
Struck CE. 1055 - 1212

Obverse:
GVINGAMP
"Deformed"(through successive copies of the die) head of Stephen, Count of Tr�guier (Etienne Ier de Penthi�vre)

Reverse:
STEPhAN.COM
Cross with two stars

Reference I: J�z�quel P 12 or P 7 (not sure...)

Procured in shop in Auray, France

My first ancient coin.
Note: I have noticed some verdigris on the edge of the coin. Does anyone know how I should go about treating it?
Please feel free to comment!julienso42

German States: Lower Bavaria. Duke Stephan II (Stephan II mit der hafte) (1349-1375)39 viewsWittelsbach 145, Beierlein 52-54, Saurma 964

AR Pfennig, Munich mint, 15-16 mm.

Obv: Half-length portrait of a monk holding a pilgrim's staff, cross on his shoulder

Rev: Reveille shield

Note: The description of the reverse shield is per Westf�lische Auktionsgesellschaft f�r M�nzen und Medaillen oHG Auction Catalog No. 28, Lots 68-69, apparently describing the second reverse depicted as Wittelsbach 145 (and Saurma 964).
Stkp

Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Mint of Bishapur 80 AH7 viewsex Stephen Album auction 27 lot 100arash p

HUNGARY - Stephen II127 viewsHUNGARY - Stephen II (1116-1131) silver denar. Husz. 92. dpaul7

HUNGARY - Stephen II50 viewsHUNGARY - Stephen II (1116-1131) AR denar. Obv.: Trianigulra curved geometric design, crosses in angles. Rev.: Cross in double circle; inside double circle are dashes. Minor clipping. Huszar 91. 1 commentsdpaul7

HUNGARY - Stephen II41 viewsHUNGARY - Stephen II (1116-1131) AR Denar. Obv.: Between 3 crosses: Backwards S - S over wedges; above 2 hald-moondsd and each side TE - TE. Rev.: Around - markings; cross with 4 wedges in angles. Reference: Huszar #47 - Unger #37.dpaul7

HUNGARY - Stephen II48 viewsHUNGARY - Stephen II (1116-1131) AR Denar, Obv.: Iin quadralobe shape: A cross with 4 balls in angles; in the lobe angles are crosses. Rev.: Markigns in double-circle; cross with wedges at center. Reference: Huszar #84, Unger #39.dpaul7

HUNGARY - Stephen V128 viewsStephen V (1270-72), King of Hungary and Croatia, member of the legendary Arpad dynasty. 'Hebrew' AR Denar. King's portrait, "MONETA VNGARIE"/Hebrew letter 'Aleph' between eagles
dpaul7

HUNGARY - Stephen V67 viewsHUNGARY - Stephen V (1270-72), King of Hungary and Croatia, member of the legendary Arpad dynasty. AR Denar. Obv.: King's bust f acing, holding orb and scepter, 2 stars above, mintmark right and left (M-*). Rev.: *S*/TEPh/ANRE/*X* . Huszar #343. 1.2 cm, weight: 0.44 g.dpaul7

Hungary. Copper-nickel 10-Filler 1926.41 viewsHungary. Copper-nickel 10-Filler 1926. MAGYAR KIRALYSAG, Crown of St. Stephen in small circle, radiant background, date below crown / Denomination (BP 10 FILLER).

KM 507oneill6217

Hungary: Stephen II (1116-1131) Den�r (Husz�r-76, Unger-42)21 viewsObv: Cross with three wedges at the end of each arm, a small cross outside the wedges between each cross-arm and a pellet inside the wedges between each cross-arm.
Rev: Lines instead of a legend, cross with wedges. SpongeBob

Hungary: Stephen II (1116-1131) Den�r (Husz�r-91, Unger-40)11 viewsObv: Three arcs around a pellet, crosses inside the arcs.
Rev: Lines instead of a legend, cross with wedges.SpongeBob

Hungary: Stephen III (1162-1172) Den�r (Husz�r-140)12 viewsSpongeBob

Hungary: Stephen III (1162-1172) Den�r (Husz�r-171)20 viewsSpongeBob

Husz�r 113; Toth-Kiss 19.5.1.1 sigla a1.16/17; Unger 83; R�thy I 123; Frynas H.14.6; Adamovszky A16032 viewsAnonymous 12th Century Class II; tentatively attributed to Istv�n/Stephen III (1162-1172), per Unger, Frynas and Adamovsky, but this attribution is not accepted by Husz�r, Toth-Kiss and Gy�ngy�ssy.

AR denar (average: .19 g., 12.5-13.2 mm.), .20 g., 13.15 mm. max., 0� or 90�

Obv: Vertical line in middle, cross on crescent between letters S and crescent on each side.

Rev: Three pellets on line between two double arches. top towards the center.

Struck in Esztergom.

The line in the middle on the obverse is oriented horizontally per Husz�r, Toth-Kiss, R�thy, Adamovszky and Gy�ngy�ssy, but vertically (as depicted in the photo) per Unger and Frynas. The line in the middle on the reverse is oriented vertically (as depicted) per Husz�r, Toth-Kiss, Unger, R�thy, Adamovszky and Gy�ngy�ssy, but horizontally per Frynas.

Husz�r rarity 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 40, Unger rarity 35, Frynas rarity N.1 commentsStkp

Husz�r 117a; Toth-Kiss 19.7.1.1 sigla a1.15/16; Unger 82; R�thy I 129; Frynas H.14.5; Adamovszky A124a12 viewsAnonymous 12th Century Class II; tentatively attributed to Istv�n/Stephen III (1162-1172), per Unger, Frynas and to G�za II (1141-1162) per Adamovsky, but these attribution s are not accepted by Husz�r, Toth-Kiss and Gy�ngy�ssy.

AR denar (average: .20 g., 13 mm.), .15 g., 13.08 mm. max.

Obv: Cross with three wedges at the ends and H's between the angles.

Rev: Cross with pellets at the ends.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity 8, Toth-Kiss rarity 50, Unger rarity 50, Frynas rarity N.Stkp

Husz�r 156; Toth-Kiss 20.10.1 sigla 0.1/1; Unger 79; R�thy I 146; Frynas H.14.2; Adamovszky A173.26 viewsAnonymous 12th Century Class III; tentatively attributed to Istv�n/Stephen III (1162-1172), per Unger, Frynas and Adamovsky, but this attribution s is not accepted by Husz�r and Toth-Kiss.

AR denar (average: .22 g., 12.5 mm.), .29 g., 13.13 mm. max.

Obv: Horizontal line ending in the crosses with a central crossbeam of the same kind in the middle, above and below that two crosses and three pellets.

Rev: Central pellet with four wedges and four pellets.

Husz�r rarity 5, Toth-Kiss rarity 50, Unger rarity 20, Frynas rarity C.Stkp

Husz�r 1; T�th-Kiss 1.3 legend variation 1; Unger 1; R�thy I 1; Frynas H.1.2; Adamovszky A2; Cs�kv�ri p. 30; Kov�cs pp. 33-35196 viewsHungary. Istv�n/Stephen I (Grand Prince 997-1000; King 1000-1038; canonized in 1083)

AR denomination unknown (per Husz�r and Adamovszky) or denar (per T�th-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Kov�cs, Cs�kv�ri and Gy�ngy�ssy) (average .76 g, 15-19 mm.); .84 g., 18.04 mm. max., 0�

Obv: + STEPHANVS REX, cross within pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.

Rev: + REGIA CIVITAS, cross within pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.

Struck at Esztergom, and issued continuously, probably for decades (per T�th-Kiss), beginning ca. 1020 (per Gy�ngy�ssy), or 1018-1038 (per Jonsson). According to Jonsson, this type was struck according to two weight standards; a "heavy denar" (average weight 1.24 g.) and "light denar" (average weight .80 g.), with different issuance dates. However, no catalog differentiates the type by weight. It would appear that Jonsson's "light denar" corresponds to this type (which has an average weight of .78 g.) and that his "heavy denar" corresponds to the similar Husz�r 4; T�th-Kiss 1.7, R�thy I 7 (which has an average weight of 1.24 g).

Faintich speculates that the wedges on this coin are cometary symbols that may represent the comet of 975 (the year of Stephen's birth).

Husz�r rarity 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 200, Unger rarity 65, Frynas rarity N.

Note: �[T]he half denars or obols of the Bavarian princes, coined at Regensburg, have been identified as the direct models for the first Hungarian coins. . . Yet the design of the Hungarian coin refrained from a servile imitation of the Bavarian model, partly by omitting to copy the representation of the Carlovingian [sic] church from the reverse of the Bavarian obols, partly by showing independent taste in shaping the cross, and applying the linear Greek cross. Finally the capital letter types of the legend on Bavarian coins completely differ from the peculiar characters to be seen on the first Hungarian coins, which are engraved with unusual forms actually reminiscent of runic marks� (Husz�r 1963, 6-7).1 commentsStkp

Husz�r 345, Unger 258, R�thy I --, Frynas H.19.4, Adamovszky A4308 viewsIstv�n/Stephen V (1270-1272)

AR obulus, .17 g., 9.57 mm. max., 180�

Obv: Half-length portrait of king facing, with imperial orb and scepter.

Rev: Three lilies within triangular shield, lilies to the left, right and above shield.

Published: H�man, Balint. �Istv�n korabeli lilionsos obulus.� Numizmatikai K�zl�ny (1916), pp. 1-3.

Husz�r rarity rating R4, Frynas rarity rating R, Unger rarity rating RRR.Stkp

Husz�r 351, Unger 263, R�thy I 291, Frynas H.19.8.18 viewsHungary. Istv�n/Stephen V (1270-1272)

AR obulus, ..14 g., 10.38 mm. max., 180�

Obv: Crowned bust facing front holding lily in right hand.

Rev: + REX ST[EH]ANV around lily.

Husz�r rarity R1, Unger value 48 DM, Frynas rarity S. Reverse legend per Unger and R�thy rather than per Husz�r (+ REX STEHAN).1 commentsStkp

Husz�r 44a; Toth-Kiss 12.2.1 sigla a1.1/2; Unger 36 var.; R�thy I 39 var.; Frynas H.10.1 ; Adamovszky A61-62; Kov�cs pp. 182 ff.28 viewsHungary. Istv�n/Stephen II (1116-1131)

AR denar (average: .30 g., 13-17 mm.), .11 g., 14.49 mm. max.

Obv: + STEPHANVS REX � (retrograde), Crowned head facing.

Rev: Blank (but incuse).

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity R1, Toth-Kiss rarity 120, Unger rarity 70, Frynas rarity S. The Husz�r and Unger rarity ratings are based on Husz�r 44, which is a two-sided coin. This is a more common one-sided variety.Stkp

Husz�r 45; Toth-Kiss 12.3 sigla a1.2/3; Unger 35; R�thy I 51; Frynas H.10.2; Adamovszky A64; Kov�cs pp. 184 ff.47 viewsHungary. Istv�n/Stephen II (1116-1131)

AR denar (average: .55 g., 12-13 mm.), .49 g., 12.96 mm. max., 270�

Obv: + CEHΛИVS REX, small cross, with wedge in each angle.

Rev: + LΛDLΛVS RE, small cross, with wedge in each angle.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 40, Unger rarity 35, Frynas rarity N.

Ladislaus/L�szl� I (1077-1095) was canonized in 1192. His name typically appeared, albeit in an increasingly decaying form, on the reverse of 12th century emissions such as this.
1 commentsStkp

Husz�r 47a; Toth-Kiss 12.6 sigla b2.1/2; Unger 37 var.; R�thy I 54; Frynas H.10.3; Adamovszky A69b; Kov�cs pp. 185 ff.44 viewsHungary. Istv�n/Stephen II (1116-1131)

AR denar (average: .44/.33 g., 9.5-13.5/10.5-11 mm.), .31 g., 11.43 mm. max., 180�

Obv: Three crosses mounted on crescents, S-S above wedges between the crosses, TE-TE to the sides of the crosses.

Rev: Rev: Lines and crescents instead of a decaying legend, cross with wedges.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity 8, Toth-Kiss rarity 25, Unger rarity 35, Frynas rarity N.Stkp

Husz�r 54; Toth-Kiss 13.8 sigla a3.7/41-42; Unger 50; R�thy I 56; Frynas H.11.8; Adamovszky A83; Kov�cs pp. 196 ff43 viewsHungary. B�la II, the Blind (1131-1141)

AR denar (average: .21 g., 10.5 mm.), .19 g., 10.53 mm. max.

Obv: Three columns, above them two crescents, E-E to the sides.

Rev: Lines and crescents instead of an inscription, cross with four wedges.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r accepted the attribution of this emission to B�la II �only with reservation.� It had been attributed by R�thy (in 1899) to Stephen II (Istv�n II in Hungarian) (1116-1131) and by H�man (in 1916) to B�la II, which attribution was accepted by Unger (in 1958). More recently, Frynas but apparently not Toth-Kiss, shares Husz�r's reservations.

Husz�r rarity 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 40, Unger rarity 30, Frynas rarity N. Toth-Kiss catalog number and position (between 41 and 42) for unrecorded sigla assigned by J�zsef G�za Kiss via personal email communication on December 14, 2018.Stkp

Husz�r 76; Toth-Kiss 18.1 sigla c1.3/66; Unger 42; R�thy I 65; Frynas H.10.8; Adamovszky A7147 viewsAnonymous 12th Century Class I. Ttentatively attributed to Istv�n/Stephen II (1116-1131) by Unger, Frynas and Adamovszky, but this attribution is not accepted by Husz�r and Toth-Kiss.

AR denar (average: .36 g., 10.0-11.5 mm.), .44 g., 11.63 mm. max.

Obv: Cross with three wedges at the end of each arm, pellets and small crosses between the cross-arms.

Rev: Lines instead of an inscription, cross with four wedges.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity 5, Toth-Kiss rarity 25, Unger rarity 8, Frynas rarity --.Stkp

Husz�r 84; Toth-Kiss 18.4.1.1 sigla a1.1/2 [?]; Unger 39; R�thy I 71; Frynas H.10.5; Adamovszky A7635 viewsAnonymous 12th Century Class I; tentatively attributed to Istv�n/Stephen II (1116-1131) by Unger, Frynas and Adamovszky, but this attribution is not accepted by Husz�r and Toth-Kiss.

AR denar (average: .33 g., 11.5-12.5 mm.), .25 g., 12.80 mm. max.

Obv: Cross within quadrilobe formed by crescents, crosses between crescents.

Rev: Lines instead of an inscription, cross with four wedges.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity 6, Toth-Kiss rarity 20, Unger rarity 13, Frynas rarity C.Stkp

Husz�r 91; Toth-Kiss 18.6.1.1 sigla 0.1/1; Unger 40; R�thy I 75; Frynas H.10.6; Adamovszky A7932 viewsAnonymous 12th Century Class I; tentatively attributed to Istv�n/Stephen II (1116-1131) by Unger, Frynas and Adamovszky, but this attribution is not accepted by Husz�r, Toth-Kiss and Gy�ngy�ssy.

AR denar (average: .37 g., 11.0-11.5 mm.), .32 g., 11.50 mm. max.

Obv: Three arcs around a pellet, crosses inside the arcs.

Rev: Lines instead of an inscription, cross with four wedges.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity 7, Toth-Kiss rarity 30, Unger rarity 20, Frynas rarity N. Stkp

Husz�r 92; Toth-Kiss 18.7.1.1 sigla c1.1/45; Unger 41; R�thy I 76-77; Frynas H.10.7; Adamovszky A8033 viewsAnonymous 12th Century Class I; tentatively attributed to Istv�n/Stephen II (1116-1131) by Unger, Frynas and Adamovszky, but this attribution is not accepted by Husz�r, Toth-Kiss and Gy�ngy�ssy.

AR denar (average: .37 g., 11.0-13.0 mm.), .39 g., 11.48 mm. max.

Obv: Cross with four pellets, four crescents and four small crosses between arms.

Rev: Lines instead of an inscription, cross with four wedges.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity 6, Toth-Kiss rarity 15, Unger rarity 15, Frynas rarity C.1 commentsStkp

Husz�r 94; Toth-Kiss 18.8.1.1 sigla h1.1/57; Unger 38 var.; R�thy I 78; Frynas H.10.4; Adamovszky A8227 viewsAnonymous 12th Century Class I; tentatively attributed to Istv�n/Stephen II (1116-1131) by Unger, Frynas and Adamovszky , but this attribution is not accepted by Husz�r, Toth-Kiss and Gy�ngy�ssy.

AR denar (average: .37 g., 11.5-12.0 mm.), .24 g., 11.30 mm. max.

Obv: Cross with four pellets, four crescents and four small crosses between arms.

Rev: Lines instead of an inscription, cross with four wedges.

Struck in Esztergom.

Husz�r rarity 8, Toth-Kiss rarity 30, Unger rarity 25, Frynas rarity N.Stkp

Huszár 310, Unger 233, Réthy I 24438 viewsHungary. B�la IV (1235-1270). AR denar, 13 mm.

Obv: BELAE REX, Hebrew letter ט (tet) in center.

Rev: Angel stabbing dragon.

All references orient the obverse so that the B at the start of the legend is just past 12:00. However, doing so results in the wrong orientation of the Hebrew letter. When oriented per the references, the Hebrew letter looks like a פ (feh) rather than a ט (tet). The letter feh does appear on thirteenth century Hungarian denars, but those are attributed to Fredman, who was kammergraf from 1270-1272 under Stephen V (Istv�n in Hungarian) (1270-1272), and who was thus not active when this emission was issued.

Issued by Teka, who was a kammergraf in 1232 and 1235-1245 (as determined by R�d�czy and Nagy, per Friedenberg; also per Pohl).

The coins of B�la IV were initially struck with a fineness of 0.800 silver, and later with a fineness of .900, and with an average weight of .52 g. (per Husz�r at 11).

Also Rengjeo 44 and Mimica 44. Rengjeo and Mimica refer to this emission as a Croatian Freisacher issued under King Andrew II (Andr�s, in Hun.) (1205-1235) and Dukes B�la (1220-1226; governor of Dalmatia and Croatia) and Coloman (K�lm�n, in Hun.) (1226-1235; duke of Dalmatia and Croatia). This attribution was initially made by H�man in 1920, who tentatively assigned this emission to a mint in Zagreb. However, Metcalf notes that the basis of this attribution has been proven to be erroneous, and that the consensus among Hungarian numismatists is that the emission is Hungarian. (H�man's early attribution is puzzling, because the coins states Belae Rex (King B�la) and not Belae Dvx (Duke B�la).

Husz�r rarity rating 7.
Stkp

Huszár 343, Unger 257, Réthy I 28541 viewsHungary. Stephen V (Istv�n, in Hun.) (1270-1272). AR denar, 13 mm.

Obv: rosette S rosette/TEPh/AN RE/rosette X rosette

Rev: Half-length portrait of king facing, with imperial orb and scepter, two stars above, M�star to sides.

Husz�r and R�thy refer to the side with the legend as the obverse, whereas Unger refers to that side as the reverse.

Husz�r rarity rating 8. This emission is recorded with both rosettes and crosses on either side of the S in the first row of the legend on the obverse. This coin has rosettes, as per Husz�r. The style of the letter N in the third row of the legend renders this coin an unrecorded variety.
Stkp

Huszár 345, Unger 258, Réthy I ---26 viewsHungary. Stephen V (Istv�n, in Hun.) (1270-1272). AR (fourr�e) obulus, .23 gr., 10-11 mm.

Obv: Half-length portrait of king facing, with imperial orb and scepter.

Rev: Three lilies within triangular shield, lilies to the left, right and above shield.

Fourr�e mentioned in: Budaj, M.-Richtera, L.-Jankovič, P.-Macko, J.-Maz�k, M.: Dve dobov� falz� uhorsk�ho den�ra �tefana V. typu Husz�r 343. Two period counterfeit Hungarian Stephens V denars, of the Huszar 343 type. Denarius 5, 2015, p. 33-40.

Husz�r rarity rating R4 (but a fourr�e/subaerat, per Numismatik Lanz). Stkp

Huszár 355a, Unger 266, Réthy I 29581 viewsHungary. Stephen V (Istv�n, in Hun.) (1270-1272). AR denar, 12 mm.

Obv: + MONETA � VNGARIE, cross with rosettes between its arms.

Rev: Centaur facing right with sword and shield.

Husz�r rarity rating 9.
Stkp

Huszár 357, Unger 268, Réthy I 29756 viewsHungary. Stephen V (Istv�n, in Hun.) (1270-1272). AR denar, 11 mm.

Obv: + MONETA � VNGARIE, Crowned head facing left.

Rev: Two birds facing each other, between them an א (Aleph � Hebrew letter).

Issued by Altman ben Chenok, kammergraf (as determined by R�d�czy and Nagy, per Friedenberg; also per Pohl).

Husz�r rarity rating 6. This emission is recorded with and without an annulet to the left of the crowned head. This coin does not bear an annulet, as per Husz�r.
Stkp

Huszár 358, Unger 269, Réthy I 29877 viewsHungary. Stephen V (Istv�n, in Hun.) (1270-1272). AR obolus, 10 mm.

Obv: + � M � VNGARIE, Crowned head facing left.

Rev: Two birds facing each other, between them an א (Aleph � Hebrew letter).

Issued by Altman ben Chenok, kammergraf (as determined by R�d�czy and Nagy, per Friedenberg; also per Pohl).

Husz�r rarity rating 8. This emission is recorded with and without an annulet to the left of the crowned head. This coin bears an annulet, as per Unger and R�thy.

Stkp

Huszár 715, Pohl 215-1, Unger 576d, Réthy II 215-21667 viewsHungary. Matthias "Corvinus" (M�ty�s Hunyadi in Hun.) (1458-1490). AR obolus, .39 gr., 14 mm.

Obv: Four-part shield (�rp�dian stripes, Bohemian lion, raven facing left with ring in its beak, �rp�dian stripes).

Rev: Patriarchal cross, B�S (privy mark) in fields.

The type was struck 1467 (per Pohl, Husz�r & Unger). This privy mark was struck in Buda (now Budapest) by Stephan Kow�ch, kammergraf, or Stephen Mikola (per Pohl).

Husz�r/Pohl rarity rating 7.Stkp

Huszár 717, Pohl 216-4, Unger 562d, Réthy II 235A, Kaplan Subtype C188 viewsHungary. Matthias "Corvinus" (M�ty�s Hunyadi in Hun.) (1458-1490). AR denar.

Obv: M � MAThIE � R � hVnGARIE �, Four-part shield with Hungarian arms (�rp�dian stripes, patriarchal cross, Dalmatian leopard heads, Bohemian lion), raven in escutcheon.

Rev: PATROn � VnGARIE, Veiled Madonna with infant Jesus to her right, B�S (privy mark) in fields.

The type was struck 1468-1470 (per Unger), 1468-1481 (per Husz�r) or 1468-1484 (per Pohl), with an average fineness of approximately .500 silver, and an average weight of .59023 g.
This privy mark was struck in Buda (now Budapest) by Stephen Mikola or Stephen Kow�ch in 1468 (per Pohl).

Husz�r/Pohl rarity rating 3. It is a highly variable type with four Subtypes. Subtype C is one of the least common, comprising around 10% of the coins in the emission. This is an uncommon privy mark, appearing only on this subtype and on only around 1% of the coins of this type.

Subtype C coins lack a cross at the beginning of the obverse legend, which is M � MAThIE � R � hVnGARIE � (or a minor variant), have an escutcheon, and are without a ring in the raven's beak. They are neither described nor depicted in any of the catalogs.

There is typically a highly stylized Gothic letter T, which looks like the letter C, on coins of this subtype. On those struck in Buda this letter appears on the obverse.
Stkp

Huszár 717, Pohl 216-5, Unger 562e, Réthy II 235A, Kaplan Subtype C174 viewsHungary. Matthias "Corvinus" (M�ty�s Hunyadi in Hun.) (1458-1490). AR denar.

Obv: M � MAThIE � R � hVnGARIE, Four-part shield with Hungarian arms (�rp�dian stripes, patriarchal cross, Dalmatian leopard heads, Bohemian lion), raven in escutcheon.

Rev: PATROn � VnGARIE, Veiled Madonna with infant Jesus to her right, B�trident (privy mark) in fields.

The type was struck 1468-1470 (per Unger), 1468-1481 (per Husz�r) or 1468-1484 (per Pohl) with an average fineness of approximately .500 silver, and an average weight of .59023 g. Those with this privy mark were struck in Buda (now Budapest) by Stephen Kow�ch in 1469 (per Pohl).

Husz�r/Pohl rarity rating 3. It is a highly variable type with four Subtypes. Subtype C is one of the least common, comprising around 10% of the coins in the emission. This is an uncommon privy mark, appearing only on this subtype and on only around 1% of the coins of this type.

Subtype C coins lack a cross at the beginning of the obverse legend, which is M � MAThIE � R � hVnGARIE � (or a minor variant), have an escutcheon, and are without a ring in the raven's beak. They are neither described nor depicted in any of the catalogs.

There is typically a highly stylized Gothic letter T, which looks like the letter C, on coins of this subtype. On those struck in Buda this letter appears on the obverse.
Stkp

India, Kurara. 3rd century B.C. Æ 1/4 unit 6 viewsIndia, Kurara (City-state). Ca. 3rd century B.C. � 1/4 unit (11x10 mm, 1.36 g). Uniface. Swastika above taurine symbol within inverted U; to left, Brahmi inscription. AIC -; ACW -. Near VF, green patina. Ex Stephen Album Rare Coins & Vauctions, photo credit vauctionsPodiceps

Kamnaskires I/II, AR Drachm157 viewsKamnaskires I/II, AR Drachm, 147 to 139 B.C.

Obv: Diademed bust facing right within fillet border
Rev: BASILEWS KAMNASKE, HS in exergue, Apollo facing left, holding arrow and bow, sitting on an omphalos, legend around, within dotted border.
Mint: Most likely minted while Kamnaskires was not in control of Susa.

Weight: 4.13 grams
Die axis 12 o'clock

van't Haaff 2.1.2-1a (Plate Coin)

van't Haaff believes that Kamnaskires I and II are the same ruler. There is no evidence to suggest that they were two different rulers.

This is from Stephen Album's List 228, Item 20646, September 2007.Howard Cole

Medieval, Hungary, 01.3.03. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.03., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01615 views01.3.03. Istv�n I., "St. Stephen !", King of Hungary, (997-1038 A.D.), AR-Denarius, C�C I. 01.3.03., H-001, U-001, CNH I.-001, + REGIA CIVITAS, #01
avers: + STEPHANVS�REX� (The first S are retrograde !), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
reverse: + REGIA CIVITAS (REGIA CIVITVS, "V" instead of "A"!), Cross within a pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 17,5 mm, weight: 0,73 g, axis: 5 h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-001, Unger-001, CNH I.-001,
T�th-Kiss-Fekete: C�C I.(Catalog of �rpadian Coinage I./Opitz I.), Privy-Mark/Szigla: 01.3.03.,
Q-001quadrans

Medieval, Hungary, 20.16.1.1./b1.14./50., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01310 viewsC�C II. 20.16.1.1./b1.14./50., Anonymous III. (Istv�n III., (Stephen III.), King of Hungary, (1162-1172 A.D.)?), AR-Denarius, H-164, CNH I.-153, U-086, #01
avers: Four crosses and four crescents around Jerusalem cross; border of dots.
reverse: Three dots between two crosses; border of line.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13,0 mm, weight: 0,20g, axis:0h,
mint: Esztergom, date: A.D., ref: Husz�r-164, CNH I.-153, Unger-086,
Kiss-Toth, Sigla: 20.16.1.1./b1.14./50.,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

MEDIEVAL, Hungary, Bela III of Arpad, AE Scyphate Follis, AD 1172-119626 viewsObverse: + SANCTA-MARIA Madonna, nimbate, seated left, holding infant Jesus and flower.
Reverse: R_EX BELA-R_EX STS; Kings Bella and Stephen seated facing on throne.
Franz-Josef M

Medieval, Hungary, Stephen III (1162-72) 35 viewsHusz�r 140Robert P

Ottoman Empire. Murad II (1st reign; 824-848 A.H. = 1421-1444/45 A.D.)148 viewsAlbum 1302.3, Sreckovic I 52 (obverse C*x, reverse VI), Pere 59.

AR ak�e dated 834 A.H. = 1430/31 A.D., Edirne (formerly Adrianople) mint, 13-14 mm.

Obv: Murad bin / Mehmed Han [= Murad son of Mehmed Han] in upper and lower semicircles, 83 on left / 4 on right [= 834 A.H.], star in center, all within an encircling line and pearl border.

Rev: Hullide M�lk�h� [an abbreviated form of Halledallah� M�lkeh� used on smaller coins = God protects the ruler�s property] in upper semicircle / Duri be Edirne [= minted in Edirne] in lower semicircle, all within an encircling line and pearl border.

The word �ak�e� is derived from the Greek aspron (= white), the name of a Byzantine silver or billon coin, that was current in the region that eventually became the Ottoman Empire. The ak�e is therefore sometimes called �asper� in English sources. When this coin was minted, there were 260 ak�es per 100 dirhams and the nominal weight of the ak�e was 1.18 gr. Pamuk, Sevket. A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire (Cambridge University Press 2004), Table 3.1 at 46.

References: Album, Stephen A. A Checklist of Islamic Coins (Santa Rosa 1998); Sreckovic, Slobodan. Akches Vol. One, (Osman Gazi � Murad II), 699-848 A.H. (Belgrade 1999); Pere, Nuri. Osmanlilarda Madeni Paralar (Istanbul 1968).

Attribution assistance courtesy of Slobodan Sreckovic and Don Robinson1 commentsStkp

PARTHIA/PERSIA, Sasanian Ardashir I27 viewsSASANIAN KINGDOM: Ardashir I, 224-241, AR drachm (4.30g), G-10, pellet to right of the king's crown1 commentsarash p

Phrygia, Laodiceia ad Lycum, Dionysos / mask of Silen, A20266 viewsAE 20, 5.48g
under Antoninus Pius, magistrate P. Ailios Dionysios Sabinianos
Obv: ΛΑΟΔΙΚΕΩΝ; draped bust of Dionysus right, with ivy-wreath
Rev: ΑΙΛ - ΔΙΟΝV - CΙΟC; mask of Silenus with ivy-wreath lying on cista mystica, around which a serpent twines, with both tail and crested and bearded head right; at left, pedum over which a pair of cymbals hangs
BM 96, pl. 35,6 (same obverse die). SNG Copenhagen 532

Ex Dr. Stephen Gerson Collection, ex Gemini 2010, lot 6236 commentsareich

Pontos, Trapezios, Caracalla cf. Rec. Gen. pp.111-11238 viewsCaracalla, AD 198-217
AE 27, 11.05g
struck year 153 = c. AD 205-208(?)
obv. AV(?) KA M AV - ANTWNIN[OC]
Head, laureate, r
rev. TRAP - ZOVNTIWN / E RNG (ligate)
Mithras, wearing Phrygean bonnet, riding on horse r., burning altar before
cf. Rec. Gen. 29, pp. 111-112 (but tree behind!)
F/good F, dark green-brown patina
Pedigree:
ex Stephen M. Huston FPL 102, august 1990, lot 12
ex Garth R. Drewry coll.
ex CNG electronic auction 160, 14. Feb. 2007, lot 136

For more informations please look at the thread 'Mythological interesting coins'!
Jochen

Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Bronze tetrobol, Svoronos 1423 var (horn)9 viewsPtolemy V Epiphanes, 204 - 180 B.C. Bronze tetrobol, Svoronos 1423 var (horn), SNG Cop -, F, Alexandria mint, 43.565g, 34.9mm, 0o, obverse diademed and horned head of Zeus Ammon, unusual variation with large horn protruding high at the top of the head; reverse �ΠΤΟΛΕΜΙΑΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ�, two eagles standing left, side-by-side, on thunderbolt, wings closed, no symbols or control letters; thick and heavy flan; scarce. In a 1994 Article, Stephen Huston and C. Lorber noted the existance of this large horned variety in the CoinEx Hoard, dating the coin and the entire hoard to the time of Ptolemies IV and V. This particular variety is attributed to Ptolemy V. Matt Kreuzer and Richard Pincock attribute this type to the joint reign of Ptolemy VI and Ptolemy VIII. They believe Huston and Lorber dated Coinex too early, two eagles always symbolizes joint rule, and the weight of this issue fits a standard used only after 168 B.C. Ex FORVMPodiceps

Roman Empire, Constantine- Anepigraphic Dafne520 viewsCirca A.D. 328
Obv. Anepigraphic: head with rosette diademed, looking up to heavens
Rev. CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE [Constantinian Dafne] Victory seated l. on cippus, palm branch in each hand, looking r.; trophy at front, at the foot is a kneeling captive with head turned being spurned by Victory
epsilon in left, in ex. CONS

This bust type is unlisted in RIC. There were three previously known that are listed in Constantine`s Dafne Coinage at Constantinople by R.S. Speck and Stephen M. Huston.Two of these coins are officina A and one is officina S, so this one with officina E is an unrecorded example of this extremely rare type.

from the collection of Victor2 commentsVictor

S-023 Istvan V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, (1270-1272 A.D.), AR-Denarius, Slavonia, U-Sz-13, #01117 viewsS-023 Istvan V., (Stephen V.), King of Hungary, (1270-1272 A.D.), AR-Denarius, Slavonia, U-Sz-13, #01
avers:- +MONETA-R(E)GIS-P-SC(retrograd C)(L)AVONIA, (Multiple legend Error!!!), Marten running left, star above and below.
revers:- Patriarchal cross, facing crowned heads below, star and crescent above lily over the crescent, lily at the foot of the 2nd cross both side, R�S (privy mark) to sides Omega symbol above..
exe:-/-//--, diameter: 21mm, weight: 0,74g, axis: 4h,
mint: Slavonia , date: A.D., ref: Unger-Sz-13var, Rj-144-151, CHN-1-, Huszar-,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

S.1278 Stephen43 viewsPenny of Stephen, king of England 1135-1154
Mint: Lincoln
Moneyer: Sigverd
S.1278 (var.)
N.874
BMC i
O: +~TIEF[NE]
R: [+~IG]VE[R]T [O]N: L[IN]

Penny of Stephen of Blois, king of England during the period known as "The Anarchy". This was a time of civil war, during which Stephen and Matilda of Anjou, daughter of the late Henry I, feuded for the throne. The country was thrown into chaos, and local barons or warlords took power when central authority disintegrated. The coinage reflects this disorganization, and there are pennies of Stephen, Matilda, and several of the prominent barons, along with "local issues" struck from crude dies with unusual legends. Most coins of this period are poorly struck, with incomplete legends, and this one is no exception.

This type, called the "Watford" type in honor of a large 19th century hoard found in Watford, features the king facing right, with a crown and scepter. The reverse depicts a cross moline with an inward facing fleur-de-lis at the junction of the ends. This is the most common type of Stephen's coinage

This particular coin is of a sub-variety without the inner circle around the king's portrait.

The legend is nearly impossible to make out, but comparison with a finer coin with preserved legends (from the same dies) has enabled me to figure out the legend.

Ex- Halls Hammered Coins, London Coins Auction 150 (lot 1790)Nap

S.1326 Matilda35 viewsPenny of Matilda, queen of England (disputed) 1139-1148
Mint: Cardiff
Moneyer: Bricmer
S.1326
N.936
O: [MATI]LLIS IMP
R: [+BRIC]MER:CAIE[RDI]

This coin, cracked and somewhat crudely repaired by the Cardiff Museum, is from the famous Coed-y-Wenallt hoard found in 1980. This hoard tripled the number of coins of Matilda known up to that time. THe best of the hoard went to museums. Some of the coins were sold by Spink in 1982, many ended up in institutional collections. A good number of them were cracked and repaired by the museum.

Matilda was ultimately unsuccessful in her invasion and war against Stephen, but her son would become king Henry II and one of the most successful English monarchs.

Ex- DNW 3 Jul 2019 (lot 431), M Lessen, P Withers, Seaby Coins, Spink Auction 20 (lot 26), Coed-y-Wenallt hoardNap

S.5001 David I (Erebald)27 viewsPenny of David I of Scotland (1124-1153)
Mint: Probably Carlisle
Moneyer: Erebald
Imitation of Henry I BMC XV
S. 5001
O: +DA[VI]D [ ]
R: [+]EREBA[LD: O]N C[A]RD[:]

Believed to be the first coin made in Scotland. It imitates Henry I's last type but in the name of David. Made by the moneyer Erebald, who coined for Henry, David, and Stephen. Presumably produced after David's invasion of England following the usurpation of Stephen of Blois. This coin really demonstrates the Anarchy of the time. A masterpiece it is not! Poorly made, with only a few survivors known, most of which are in wretched shape. As far as I can tell, all known examples are from the same die pair. There are probably about 10 known, including damaged examples.

Ex- M.GallonNap

Seleucid, Tryphon, BMC Seleucid Kings of Syria pg. 68, 855 viewsAntioch mint, Tryphon, c. 142-138 BC AE, 19mm 5.37 g 12h, BMC Seleucid Kings of Syria pg. 68, 8
O: Head of Tryphon r., diad.
R: BAΣIΛEΩΣ TPYΦΩOΣ AYTOKPATOPOΣ, Spiked Macedonian helmet adorned with wild goat horns; piloi of the Dioskouroi to inner left.

From the Stephen Glover Collection.

CNG E-Auction 264, Lot: 178

His handsome - in the heroic style of Alexander the Great- portraits, along with the very interesting legends "BAΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΡΥΦΩΝΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ" (of King Tryphon, the Self Empowered)
are clear indicators of his very interesting, repressive personality.
During his short reign, the Seleukid Era dating system for dated coinage was abandoned in favor of the New Era (Tryphon's regnal years). A true usurper.

Newell's thoughts on SMA :

The Macedonian helmet chosen for the reverse type of all these issues, has direct reference to the claim of Tryphon that, - according to the time honored Macedonian custom,-
he was supposed to have been unanimously elected by free Macedonian soldiers in open assembly. There may also been intended a punning reference to his name, for in both
Homer and Hesiod a helmet is sometimes called Τρυφάλεια.

(Additional info and proper mint from Nikos or rover1.3 on the FORVM boards)2 commentscasata137ec

SERBIA - Stefan Decanski50 viewsSERBIA - Stefan Uro� III Dečanski (1321-1331) AR Dinar. Obv.: Crowned king receiving partiarchal cross from St. Stephen, legend: STEFAN REX S STEFAN; Rev.: Christ enthroned. Reference: Jovanic, Ruler 10, Type 8. dpaul7

SLAVONIA - Stephen V55 viewsSlavonia. Stephen V, AD 1270 to 1272. Denomination : Silver denar.
Reference : EHSZ-12
Obverse : Martin between two stars, with MONETA REGIS P SCLAVONIA around.
Reverse : Double cross, with a star and crescent above, two Omega's and quadrafoils in between, and two faking heads below. The heads are flanked by the letters S R. The SR is an abbreviation for Stephanus Rex).
dpaul7

Stephen Collins Foster, 1964 NYU Hall of Fame Medal15 viewsObv: STEPHEN COLLINS FOSTER, bust of Stephen Foster, musical notations in field behind, 1826 - 1864.

Rev: Man playing banjo leaning against tree, in the distance are folk dancers on a riverbank, a log cabin, and a paddle-wheel riverboat beyond. THE HALL OF FAME FOR GREAT AMERICANS AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY in field.

Designer: Walker Hancock, Mint: Medallic Art Company

Bronze, 44.5 mmMatt Inglima

Stephen XI Bocksay 3 groschen 1608 !8 viewsThis coin is extremly rare; 1607 coin is known ( Krause, Transilvania page 1392 in "1601-1700, Standard Catalog of World Coins") but the coin from 1608 is not mentioned in this publication. Pedja R

Unger Sz. 12, Rengjeo 140, Mimica 83130 viewsHungarian Slavonia. Stephen V (Istv�n in Hun.) (1270-1272) and Ban Ivacin Pektari (1270-1272). AR denar.

Obv. + MONETA REGIS P SCLAVONIA, Marten running left, star above and below.

Rev. Patriarchal cross, facing crowned heads below, star and crescent above, S�R (privy mark) to sides.

Struck in Zagreb, with an average fineness of approximately .900 silver, and an average weight of .972 g.

Mimica rarity rating R2
Stkp

Unger Sz. 3, Rengjeo 85, Mimica 28145 viewsHungarian Slavonia. B�la IV (1235-1270), Duke Stephen (Istv�n, in Hun.) (1246-1247) and Ban Stjepan Gutkele (1248-1260). AR denar, .98 g.

Obv. + MONETA.REGIS P SCLAVONI.A, Marten running left, star above and below.

Rev. Patriarchal cross, facing crowned heads below, star and crescent above, fleur-de-lis (privy mark) to sides.

Mint and dates of issue uncertain. Ban Stejpan Gutkele was commissioned by B�la IV to set up a mint at Pakrac, Croatia, in 1255. This operation was relocated to Zagreb around 1260, where a mint may have already been functioning. The tentative identification of the mint is therefore necessarily dependent upon the dates of issuance. This emission (within Nuber Type AI-II, variety 2) may have been issued as early as 1242 (per Metcalf) or 1255 (per Pohl) or 1256 (per Truhelka, Nuber & Homan); only the earliest of these dates comports with the attribution to Duke Stephen (per Rengjeo & Mimica). Despite the attribution to Gutkele, the mintage of this emission may have continued until 1270 (per Nuber via Metcalf). Struck with an average fineness of approximately .900 silver and an average weight of .972 g.

Mimica rarity rating R2
Stkp

Vologases III15 views3.28 gram Ecbatana mint, Sell 78.3

ex Stephen album coinsarash p

[1640aii] Leo VI, the Wise, 6 January 870 - 11 May 912 A.D.54 viewsBronze follis, SBCV 1729, DO 8.6, nice VF, 5.122g, 25.3mm, 180o, Constantinople mint, c. 886 - 912 A.D.; Obverse: LEON bASILVS ROm, bust facing, with short beard, wearing crown and chlamys and holding akakia in left hand; Reverse: + LEON/En QEO bA/SILVS R/OMEOn, legend in four lines. Ex FORVM.

Leo VI "the Wise" or "the Philosopher" (Greek: Λέων ΣΤ΄, Leōn VI), (September 19, 866 � May 11, 912) was Byzantine emperor from 886 to 912 during one of the most brilliant periods of the state's history.

Background
Leo was born to Eudokia Ingerina who was at the time mistress of Emperor Michael III and wife of his Caesar Basil. Which of the two men was his father is uncertain. He was officially acknowledged by Basil as his son, but he apparently regarded Leo as Michael's son and favored his undisputedly biological son Constantine.

On the night of September 23-September 24, 867, Michael was assassinated by Basil who succeeded him as Emperor Basil I. As the second eldest son of the Emperor, Leo was associated on the throne in 870 and became the direct heir on the death of his older half-brother Constantine in 879. However, he and his father hated each other and Basil almost had Leo blinded as a teenager. On August 29, 886, Basil died in a hunting accident, though he claimed on his deathbed that there was an assassination attempt in which Leo was possibly involved.

Domestic Policy
One of the first actions of Leo VI after his succession was the reburial of Michael III in Constantinople, which may have contributed to the suspicion that he was Michael's son. Seeking political reconciliation, the new emperor secured the support of the officials in the capital, and surrounded himself with bureaucrats like Stylianos Zoutzes and the eunuch Samonas. His attempts to control the great aristocratic families (e.g., the Phokadai and the Doukai) occasionally led to serious conflicts. Leo also attempted to control the church through his appointments to the patriarchate. He dismissed the Patriarch Photios of Constantinople, who had been his tutor, and replaced him with his own 19-year old brother Stephen in December 886. On Stephen's death in 893, Leo replaced him with Zaoutzes' nominee, Antony II Kaleuas, who died in 901. Leo then promoted his own imperial secretary (mystikos) Nicholas, but replaced him with his spiritual father Euthymios in 907.

Leo completed work on the Basilica, the Greek translation and update of the law code issued by Justinian I, which had been started during the reign of Basil.

Foreign Policy
Leo VI was not as successful in battle as Basil had been. In indulging his chief counselor Stylianos Zaoutzes, Leo provoked a war with Simeon I of Bulgaria in 894, but was defeated. Bribing the Magyars to attack the Bulgarians from the north, Leo scored an indirect success in 895. However, deprived of his new allies, he lost the major Battle of Boulgarophygon in 896 and had to make the required commercial concessions and to pay annual tribute.

The Emirate of Sicily took Taormina, the last Byzantine outpost on the island of Sicily, in 902. In 904 the renegade Leo of Tripolis sacked Thessalonica with his Muslim pirates (an event described in The Capture of Thessalonica, by John Kameniates). In 907 Constantinople was attacked by the Kievan Rus' under Oleg of Novgorod, who was seeking favourable trading rights with the empire. Leo paid them off, but they attacked again in 911, and a trade treaty was finally signed. The admiral Himerios, a relative of Leo's last wife, Zoe Karbonopsina scored some successes against the Muslim fleets in 908 and raided Cyprus in 910, but in 912 a fleet of 112 dromons and 75 pamphyloi was soundly defeated in its attempt to conquer Crete.

Fourth Marriage Dispute
Leo VI caused a major scandal with his numerous marriages which failed to produce a legitimate heir to the throne. His first wife, whom Basil had forced him to marry, died in 897, and he married Zoe Zaoutzaina, the daughter of his adviser Stylianos Zaoutzes, though she died as well in 899. Upon this marriage Leo created the title of basileopatōr ("father of the emperor") for his father-in-law.

After Zoe's death a third marriage was technically illegal, but he married again, only to have his third wife die in 901. Instead of marrying a fourth time, which would have been an even greater sin than a third marriage (according to the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos) Leo took as mistress, Zoe Karbonopsina. He married her only after she had given birth to a son in 905, but incurred the opposition of the patriarch. Replacing Nicholas Mystikos with Euthymios, Leo got his marriage recognized by the church, but opened up a conflict within it and allowed new grounds for papal intervention into Byzantine affairs when he sought and obtained papal consent.

Succession
The future Constantine VII was the illegitimate son born before Leo's uncanonical fourth marriage to Zoe Karbonopsina. To strengthen his son's position as heir, Leo had him crowned as co-emperor on May 15, 908, when he was only two years old. Leo VI died on May 2, 912. He was succeeded by his younger brother Alexander, who had reigned as emperor alongside his father and brother since 879.

Legends
According to Bishop Liutprand of Cremona, and probably inspired by stories about the caliph Harun al-Rashid, Leo would sometimes disguise himself and look for injustice or corruption. On one account, he was even captured by the city guards during one of his investigations. He wanted to know if the city patrol was doing its job appropriately. He was walking alone, disguised, late in the evening without any documentation. He bribed two patrols for 12 nomismata, and moved on. However, the third city patrol arrested him. When a terrified guardian recognized the jailed ruler in the morning, the arresting officer was rewarded for doing his duty, while the other patrols were dismissed and punished severely.

As John Julius Norwich notes in his book A Short History of Byzantium, "He [Leo VI] had proved himself, if not a great Emperor, at any rate an outstandingly good one . . . In his lifetime Leo was genuinely loved by his people, and after his death they had good cause to be grateful" (Norwich, John Julius. A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage Books, 1997. 165).

References
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

[1663a] Byzantine Empire: Manuel I Comnenus Megas (1143-1180)---NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH---[1685a] Empire of Trebizond: Manuel I Komnenos Megas (1218-1263 AD)155 viewsManuel I Comnenus Megas (1143-1180). AE billon trachy; Sear 1964; 30mm, 3.91g.; Constantinople mint; aF. Obverse: MP-OV-The Virgin enthroned. Nimbate and wearing pallium and maphorium; Reverse: Maueil standing facing, wearing crown, holding labarum and globe surmounted by Patriachal cross. Ex SPQR.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

MANUEL I COMNENUS (A.D. 1143-1180)

Andrew Stone
University of Western Australia

Introduction: Sources
The reign of the emperor Manuel I Comnenus (5 April 1143- 24 September 1180) could well be regarded as a high-water mark of Byzantine civilization. It was the apogee of the so-called "Comnenian Restoration". Politically, the emperor undertook an ambitious foreign policy which has been seen by some, particularly in the light of many ultimate failures, as "misguided imperialism", recent scholarship has come to question this traditional judgment and suggests instead that the the Comnenian foreign policy was rather an energetic seizing of the different opportunities that presented themselves in the rapidly changing constellations of powers of the time. Such measures were made possible by the internal security of the empire under this, its third, Comnenian incumbent, although there were a few other aspirants to the throne, not least among them the emperor's cousin Andronicus. Manuel and other key members of the "Comnenian system", as it has been called, were patrons of rhetoric and other forms of learning and literature, and Manuel himself became keenly interested in ecclesiastical affairs, even if here his imperialistic agenda was a factor as he tried to bring Constantinopolitan theology in line with that of the west in a bid to unite the Church under his crown.

In terms of volume of contemporary material, Manuel is the most eulogised of all Byzantine emperors, and the panegyric addressed to him supplements the two major Byzantine historians of the reign, the more critical Nicetas Choniates and the laudatory John Cinnamus, as primary sources for the student of the period to study. The Crusader historian William of Tyre met Manuel personally, and such was the scope of Manuel's diplomacy that he is mentioned incidentally in western sources, such as Romuald of Salerno. Among authors of the encomia (panegyrics) we have mentioned are Theodore Prodromus and the so-called "Manganeios" Prodromus, who wrote in verse, and the prose encomiasts Michael the Rhetor, Eustathius of Thessalonica and Euthymius Malaces, to name the most important. Manuel, with his penchant for the Latins and their ways, left a legacy of Byzantine resentment against these outsiders, which was to be ruthlessly exploited by Andronicus in the end.

Manuel as sebastokrator
Manuel was born in the imperial porphyry birthchamber on 28 November 1118. He was the fourth of John II's sons, so it seemed very unlikely that he would succeed. As a youth, Manuel evidently accompanied John on campaign, for in the Anatolian expedition of 1139-41 we find Manuel rashly charging a small group of the Turkish enemy, an action for which he was castigated by his father, even though John, we are told, was inwardly impressed (mention of the incident is made in John's deathbed speech in both John Cinnamus and Nicetas Choniates). John negotiated a marriage contract for Manuel with Conrad III of Germany; he was to marry Bertha of Sulzbach. It seems to have been John's plan to carve out a client principality for Manuel from Cilicia, Cyprus and Coele Syria. In the event, it was Manuel who succeeded him.

The Securing of the Succession 1143
In the article on John II it is related how the dying John chose his youngest son Manuel to succeed him in preference to his other surviving son Isaac. Manuel was acclaimed emperor by the armies on 5 April 1143. Manuel stayed in Cilicia, where the army was stationed, for thirty days, to complete the funeral rites for his father. He sent his father's right-hand man John Axuch, however, to Constantinople to confine Isaac to the Pantokrator Monastery and to effect a donation of two hundredweight of silver coin to the clergy of the Great Church. The surviving encomium of Michael Italicus, Teacher of the Gospel, for the new emperor can be regarded as a return gift for this largesse. In the meantime the Caesar John Roger, husband of Manuel's eldest sister Maria, had been plotting to seize the throne; the plot was, however, given away by his wife before it could take effect. Manuel marched home to enter Constantinople c. July 1143. He secured the good-will of the people by commanding that every household should be granted two gold coins. Isaac the younger (Manuel's brother) and Isaac the elder (Manuel's paternal uncle), were both released from captivity and reconciled with him. Manuel chose Michael Oxeites as the new patriarch and was crowned either in August or November 1143.

Manuel confirmed John Axuch in the office of Grand Domestic, that is, commander of the army, appointed John of Poutze as procurator of public taxes, grand commissioner and inspector of accounts and John Hagiotheodorites as chancellor. John of Poutze proved to be an oppressive tax collector, but was also unsusceptible to bribery. However, this John diverted monies levied for the navy into the treasury, which would, as we shall see, further Byzantine dependence on the maritime Italian city-states of Venice, Genoa and Pisa.

Early Campaigns: 1144-1146
Manuel's first concern was to consolidate the work of his father in securing the eastern frontier. He sent a force under the brothers Andronicus and John Contostephanus against the recalcitrant Crusader prince Raymond of Antioch, which consisted of both an army and a navy, the latter commanded by Demetrius Branas. Raymond's army was routed, and the naval force inflicted no small damage on the coastal regions of the principality. In the meantime the Crusader city of Edessa fell to the Turkish atabeg Zengi. Raymond therefore travelled to Constantinople as a suppliant to Manuel. It was subsequently decided, in the light of Manuel's imperial status, that the terms under which he would marry Bertha of Sulzbach should be improved. Manuel asked for 500 knights, and Conrad happily granted them, being prepared to supply 2000 or 3000 if need be all for the sake of this alliance. Bertha took the Greek name Irene.

The Seljuk sultanate of Rum under Masud had become the ascendant Turkish power in Anatolia. Manuel himself supervised the rebuilding of the fortress of Melangeia on the Sangarius river in Bithynia (1145 or 1146). In the most daring campaign of these early years, after building the new fort of Pithecas in Bithynia, Manuel advanced as far into Turkish territory as Konya (Iconium), the Seljuk capital. He had been wounded in the foot by an arrow at a mighty battle at Philomelium (which had been Masud's headquarters), and the city had been rased; once at Konya, he allowed his troops to despoil the graves outside the city walls, before taking the road home.

Cinnamus relates that the gratutitous heroics which Manuel displayed on this campaign were calculated to impress Manuel's new bride. Manuel and his army were harried by Turks on the journey home. Manuel erected the fort of Pylae before leaving Anatolia.

[For a detailed and interesting discussion of the reign of Manuel I Comnenus please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm]

Frederick Barbarossa and the "two-emperor problem"
Frederick Barbarossa, who was to become a constant menace to Manuel's designs, had succeeded his uncle Conrad III in 1152, but unlike him proved in the end unprepared to make any territorial concessions in Italy. The origins of this "cold war" between the two empires cannot be dated with any certainty, but there may have been a tendency to date it too early. One school of thought would not date the outbreak of this rivalry to any earlier than 1159-60, the death of Manuel's German wife, Bertha-Irene. About this time there was a scare at Constantinople that Frederick Barbarossa would march on Byzantium, perhaps reflecting a desire on Frederick's part to crusade (which he eventually did, in the reign of Isaac II Angelus). The new Pope, Alexander III, by, as it would seem, offering to grant Manuel the imperial crown, used it as a bargaining chip to play off the emperors of west and east against one another. Manuel may have supported Alexander during the papal schism of 1160-1177 because he was the preferred candidate of Hungary and the Crusader states, both of which he hoped would recognise him as their feudal overlord. By this means he could claim sovereign rights over the crusading movement, and thereby turn it to his advantage. The playing off of Manuel against Frederick continued right up until 1177, the Peace of Venice, whereby Frederick agreed to recognise Pope Alexander, the autonomy of Sicily and of the northern Italian communes. But this result was not a foregone conclusion in the 1160s and early 1170s, and Manuel used Byzantine gold to win supporters in Italy and thereby keep Frederick occupied.

Marriage to Maria of Antioch 1161
Bertha-Irene died in late 1159/early 1160. Manuel sought to strengthen his ties with the Crusader principalities by selecting an eastern Latin princess for his wife. The exceedingly beautiful Maria of Antioch, daughter of Raymond of Antioch, was chosen, and the nuptials celebrated at Christmas, 1161.

Dynastic considerations 1169-1172
Manuel's wife Maria of Antioch gave birth to a baby boy 14 September 1169 in the porphyry marble birthchamber, the cause of great festivities. The infant was crowned emperor in 1171. With the death of Stephen III of Hungary in 1172, Stephen's brother B�la was sent out from Constantinople to assume the throne (though without Sirmium and Dalmatia being surrendered to the Hungarian crown). A husband for Maria Porphyrogenita was therefore required. At first it was proposed that she marry William II of Sicily, who was outraged when she failed to show up at Taranto on the appointed day, the emperor having had second thoughts.

The final months 1180
Manuel took ill in the month of March 1180. During this period of terminal illness the last major religious controversies took place. We are told that Manuel directed that the anathema pronounced against the god of Muhammad be removed from the abjuration against the Islamic faith declared by converts to Christianity. Manuel was opposed by the last patriarch of his reign, Theodosius Boradiotes (1179-1183), as well as, notably, by Eustathius of Thessalonica. Both parties were satisfied in the end upon a reading of the emperor's proposed amendments to the abjuration. This controversy would seem to be a different one from the one alluded to in Eustathius' funeral oration for Manuel, since Manuel is praised by Eustathius for his stance in it, which seems to have revolved around a book written by a convert from Islam that magnified the Father at the expense of the Son (and therefore had Arian overtones). It became apparent that the emperor was dying, and, on the advice of Theodosius, he renounced astrology. As his end approached, he assumed the monastic habit and the name Matthew, demanding that his wife Maria become a nun. Manuel's son Alexius was but eleven, and the minority would prove to be disastrous for Byzantium. Manuel died thirty-seven years and nine months from the beginning of his reign.

General strategies in Manuel's foreign policy
The funeral oration for Manuel by Eustathius of Thessalonica is an interesting document in that it discusses some of the general policies pursued over Manuel's reign. It endorses his policy of dividing his enemies, the Petchenegs, the Sicilian Normans and the Turks, among themselves by using Byzantine gold, a policy of "divide and rule". We have seen how this was applied especially in Italy. Another general policy was to create friendly buffer states on the frontiers of the empire, most notably Hungary (and Serbia) and the Crusader States. Manuel would deliberately underpin the most powerful potentate in each region (the king of Hungary, the king of Jerusalem, the sultan of Konya) and thereby emphasise his own absolute sovereignty. In the funeral oration this granting of autonomy is justified as the reward for good service, as in the parable of the talents. We also see in the panegyric of the 1170s the downplaying of the idea of world rule which was so prevalent in the reign of John. Although Manuel claimed sovereign rights over many of his neighbours, his territorial claims were limited: coastal southern Italy, Dalmatia and Sirmium, coastal Egypt. The Byzantines seem to have come to terms with the reality of nation states and it is in Manuel's reign that they begin to refer to themselves not only as "Romans", but as "Hellenes", in order to demarcate themselves from the barbarians surrounding them.

Manuel's taxation, government and army
Nicetas Choniates roundly criticises Manuel in his history for increasing taxes and lavishing money on his family and retainers, particularly his Latin favourites. We have also seen how money was spent in Manuel's ambitious foreign policy. Mention is made of two towers, one at Damalis, and one next to the monastery of the Mangana, between which a chain could be stretched to block the Bosphorus. Then there was the work done at both the Great Palace and the Palace of the Blachernae, galleries, a pavilion alla Turca and numerous mosaics. He also founded a monastery at Kataskepe at the mouth of the Black Sea, which was endowed from the imperial treasury.

Choniates further criticizes the continuation and spread of the granting of pronoiai, parcels of land, the income from each of which supported a soldier. Many of these were granted to foreigners, for example, Turks captured in the Meander campaigns were settled around Thessalonica. The pronoia would pay not only for a soldier's upkeep, but his expensive equipment, for in Manuel's reign the bow and arrow and circular shield had been replaced by a heavier western-style panoply of armour, large triangular shield and lance. Choniates laments how fashionable a practice it had become in Manuel's reign to forsake the land or one's trade and become enlisted in the army.

Manuel and the "Comnenian system"
Throughout Manuel's reign, as under his father John, the top tier of the aristocracy was formed by the emperor's family, the Comneni, and the families into which they married. The extended family was, however, by now becoming unwieldy, and beginning to lose its cohesion, as the example of Manuel's cousin Andronicus shows. Under Manuel it was degree of kinship to the emperor which determined one's rank, as synodal listings show. So it was that very quickly after Manuel's death the upper tier of the aristocracy splintered into separate groups, each with its own identity and interests.

Literature
The various aristocratic courts, that of the emperor and other key members of the extended family, most notably the sebastokrator Isaac Comnenus the elder and the sebastokratorissa Irene, widow of Manuel's brother Andronicus, attracted literati who would seek to serve under them. Such figures would not only turn their hands to literature, encomia in prose or poetry, expositions on mythology, commentaries on Homer or the philosophers, historical chronicles and even, in this period, romances - the twelfth century is a high point of literary production at Constantinople, so much so that some have even talked of a "Comnenian renaissance" - but they would seek to perform more menial, such as administrative, duties to support themselves. Such men would often come from noble families whose prestige had been eclipsed by the Comnenian upper tier of the aristocracy. Serving under a lord was one way of advancing oneself, entering the Church was another.

The patriarchal church and education
The deacons of the church of St Sophia were a powerful group, the chartophylax being second only to the patriarch. These deacons would either go on to become bishops in the provinces, or possibly first hold one of the professorial chairs associated with the patriarchal church. First there were the "teachers", didaskaloi of the Gospels, Epistles and Psalter. Then there was the maistor ton rhetoron, "master of the rhetors", responsible for delivering speeches in praise of the emperor on January 6 each year and of the patriarch on the Saturday prior to Palm Sunday, as well as for other state occasions. And there was the hypatos ton philosophon, "consul of the philosophers", an office which had lapsed but was revived under Manuel.

Character and Legacy
Was Byzantium of the middle to late twelfth century living on borrowed time? Until recently this was the verdict of many scholars. Yet John II and Manuel had, if there is any kernel of truth in their encomia, at least temporarily reversed the overrunning of Anatolia by the Turks, and Manuel had won Dalmatia and Sirmium from Hungary. But Byzantine collapse was rapid, which is the reason why scholars have searched in the reigns of John and Manuel for the beginnings of the disintegration that occurred under the last Comneni and the Angeli. The history and comments of Nicetas Choniates have been adduced as vindicating this view. The victory of the military aristocracy that the establishment of the Comnenian dynasty represents has been seen as both the reason for the temporary reversal of Byzantine fortunes - government by three very capable autocrats - and of ultimate failure, because of the splintering into factions that oligarchy, such as was present in the Comnenian system, foments. A Marxist interpretation is that the feudalisation of the Byzantine Empire, the depletion of the free peasantry, that began to take place in the middle period was the reason for its ultimate failure. But to the Byzantines at the time Byzantium seemed to be holding its own; the "nations" around were being kept at bay, and even though the panegyric of renovation is less evident than in the reign of John II, the emperor remains despotes, "master" of the oikoumene, "world". Indeed, Manuel would be remembered in France, Genoa and the Crusader States as the most powerful sovereign in the world.

We have mentioned the funeral oration for Manuel by Eustathius of Thessalonica. This contains a series of vignettes of the personal aspects of Manuel. There are commonplaces: the emperor is able to endure hunger, thirst, heat and cold, lack of sleep and so on, and sweats copiously in his endeavours on the empire's part. Although these ideas have been recycled from earlier reigns, notably that of John II, the contemporary historians agree that Manuel was an indefatigable and daring warrior. However, there are more specifically individual touches in the Eustathian oration. Manuel had a manly suntan and was tall in stature. The emperor was capable of clever talk, but could also talk to others on a man-to-man basis. Eustathius makes much of the emperor's book-learning (Cinnamus claims to have discussed Aristotle with the emperor). The restoration of churches was a major concern for Manuel. He also had some expertise in medicine (he had tended Conrad III of Germany and Baldwin III of Jerusalem personally). Manuel showed temperance in eating and drinking, with a certain liking for beer as well as wine, the latter being mixed sour after the manner of ascetics. Likewise, he would not slumber long. He would generally choose walking over riding. The oration closes on the widow and orphan Manuel has left behind. The situation resulting for the Byzantine Empire at this stage, with the vacuum created by Manuel would result in no less than implosion.

Copyright (C) 2003, Andrew Stone.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

[1663a] Byzantine Empire: Manuel I Comnenus Megas (1143-1180)---NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH---[1685a] Empire of Trebizond: Manuel I Komnenos Megas (1218-1263 AD)131 viewsMANUEL I COMNENUS AE tetarteron. 1143-1180 AD. 19mm, 2.8g. Obverse: Bust of St. George facing, beardless, wearing nimbus, tunic, cuirass and sagion, and holding spear. Reverse: MANVHL-DECPOT, bust of Manuel facing, wearing crown and loros, holding labarum & globe-cross. Simply wonderful style, very sharp for the issue. A gorgeous late Byzantine coin! Ex Incitatus.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

MANUEL I COMNENUS (A.D. 1143-1180)

Andrew Stone
University of Western Australia

Introduction: Sources
The reign of the emperor Manuel I Comnenus (5 April 1143- 24 September 1180) could well be regarded as a high-water mark of Byzantine civilization. It was the apogee of the so-called "Comnenian Restoration". Politically, the emperor undertook an ambitious foreign policy which has been seen by some, particularly in the light of many ultimate failures, as "misguided imperialism", recent scholarship has come to question this traditional judgment and suggests instead that the the Comnenian foreign policy was rather an energetic seizing of the different opportunities that presented themselves in the rapidly changing constellations of powers of the time. Such measures were made possible by the internal security of the empire under this, its third, Comnenian incumbent, although there were a few other aspirants to the throne, not least among them the emperor's cousin Andronicus. Manuel and other key members of the "Comnenian system", as it has been called, were patrons of rhetoric and other forms of learning and literature, and Manuel himself became keenly interested in ecclesiastical affairs, even if here his imperialistic agenda was a factor as he tried to bring Constantinopolitan theology in line with that of the west in a bid to unite the Church under his crown.

In terms of volume of contemporary material, Manuel is the most eulogised of all Byzantine emperors, and the panegyric addressed to him supplements the two major Byzantine historians of the reign, the more critical Nicetas Choniates and the laudatory John Cinnamus, as primary sources for the student of the period to study. The Crusader historian William of Tyre met Manuel personally, and such was the scope of Manuel's diplomacy that he is mentioned incidentally in western sources, such as Romuald of Salerno. Among authors of the encomia (panegyrics) we have mentioned are Theodore Prodromus and the so-called "Manganeios" Prodromus, who wrote in verse, and the prose encomiasts Michael the Rhetor, Eustathius of Thessalonica and Euthymius Malaces, to name the most important. Manuel, with his penchant for the Latins and their ways, left a legacy of Byzantine resentment against these outsiders, which was to be ruthlessly exploited by Andronicus in the end.

Manuel as sebastokrator
Manuel was born in the imperial porphyry birthchamber on 28 November 1118. He was the fourth of John II's sons, so it seemed very unlikely that he would succeed. As a youth, Manuel evidently accompanied John on campaign, for in the Anatolian expedition of 1139-41 we find Manuel rashly charging a small group of the Turkish enemy, an action for which he was castigated by his father, even though John, we are told, was inwardly impressed (mention of the incident is made in John's deathbed speech in both John Cinnamus and Nicetas Choniates). John negotiated a marriage contract for Manuel with Conrad III of Germany; he was to marry Bertha of Sulzbach. It seems to have been John's plan to carve out a client principality for Manuel from Cilicia, Cyprus and Coele Syria. In the event, it was Manuel who succeeded him.

The Securing of the Succession 1143
In the article on John II it is related how the dying John chose his youngest son Manuel to succeed him in preference to his other surviving son Isaac. Manuel was acclaimed emperor by the armies on 5 April 1143. Manuel stayed in Cilicia, where the army was stationed, for thirty days, to complete the funeral rites for his father. He sent his father's right-hand man John Axuch, however, to Constantinople to confine Isaac to the Pantokrator Monastery and to effect a donation of two hundredweight of silver coin to the clergy of the Great Church. The surviving encomium of Michael Italicus, Teacher of the Gospel, for the new emperor can be regarded as a return gift for this largesse. In the meantime the Caesar John Roger, husband of Manuel's eldest sister Maria, had been plotting to seize the throne; the plot was, however, given away by his wife before it could take effect. Manuel marched home to enter Constantinople c. July 1143. He secured the good-will of the people by commanding that every household should be granted two gold coins. Isaac the younger (Manuel's brother) and Isaac the elder (Manuel's paternal uncle), were both released from captivity and reconciled with him. Manuel chose Michael Oxeites as the new patriarch and was crowned either in August or November 1143.

Manuel confirmed John Axuch in the office of Grand Domestic, that is, commander of the army, appointed John of Poutze as procurator of public taxes, grand commissioner and inspector of accounts and John Hagiotheodorites as chancellor. John of Poutze proved to be an oppressive tax collector, but was also unsusceptible to bribery. However, this John diverted monies levied for the navy into the treasury, which would, as we shall see, further Byzantine dependence on the maritime Italian city-states of Venice, Genoa and Pisa.

Early Campaigns: 1144-1146
Manuel's first concern was to consolidate the work of his father in securing the eastern frontier. He sent a force under the brothers Andronicus and John Contostephanus against the recalcitrant Crusader prince Raymond of Antioch, which consisted of both an army and a navy, the latter commanded by Demetrius Branas. Raymond's army was routed, and the naval force inflicted no small damage on the coastal regions of the principality. In the meantime the Crusader city of Edessa fell to the Turkish atabeg Zengi. Raymond therefore travelled to Constantinople as a suppliant to Manuel. It was subsequently decided, in the light of Manuel's imperial status, that the terms under which he would marry Bertha of Sulzbach should be improved. Manuel asked for 500 knights, and Conrad happily granted them, being prepared to supply 2000 or 3000 if need be all for the sake of this alliance. Bertha took the Greek name Irene.

The Seljuk sultanate of Rum under Masud had become the ascendant Turkish power in Anatolia. Manuel himself supervised the rebuilding of the fortress of Melangeia on the Sangarius river in Bithynia (1145 or 1146). In the most daring campaign of these early years, after building the new fort of Pithecas in Bithynia, Manuel advanced as far into Turkish territory as Konya (Iconium), the Seljuk capital. He had been wounded in the foot by an arrow at a mighty battle at Philomelium (which had been Masud's headquarters), and the city had been rased; once at Konya, he allowed his troops to despoil the graves outside the city walls, before taking the road home.

Cinnamus relates that the gratutitous heroics which Manuel displayed on this campaign were calculated to impress Manuel's new bride. Manuel and his army were harried by Turks on the journey home. Manuel erected the fort of Pylae before leaving Anatolia.

[For a detailed and interesting discussion of the reign of Manuel I Comnenus please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm]

Frederick Barbarossa and the "two-emperor problem"
Frederick Barbarossa, who was to become a constant menace to Manuel's designs, had succeeded his uncle Conrad III in 1152, but unlike him proved in the end unprepared to make any territorial concessions in Italy. The origins of this "cold war" between the two empires cannot be dated with any certainty, but there may have been a tendency to date it too early. One school of thought would not date the outbreak of this rivalry to any earlier than 1159-60, the death of Manuel's German wife, Bertha-Irene. About this time there was a scare at Constantinople that Frederick Barbarossa would march on Byzantium, perhaps reflecting a desire on Frederick's part to crusade (which he eventually did, in the reign of Isaac II Angelus). The new Pope, Alexander III, by, as it would seem, offering to grant Manuel the imperial crown, used it as a bargaining chip to play off the emperors of west and east against one another. Manuel may have supported Alexander during the papal schism of 1160-1177 because he was the preferred candidate of Hungary and the Crusader states, both of which he hoped would recognise him as their feudal overlord. By this means he could claim sovereign rights over the crusading movement, and thereby turn it to his advantage. The playing off of Manuel against Frederick continued right up until 1177, the Peace of Venice, whereby Frederick agreed to recognise Pope Alexander, the autonomy of Sicily and of the northern Italian communes. But this result was not a foregone conclusion in the 1160s and early 1170s, and Manuel used Byzantine gold to win supporters in Italy and thereby keep Frederick occupied.

Marriage to Maria of Antioch 1161
Bertha-Irene died in late 1159/early 1160. Manuel sought to strengthen his ties with the Crusader principalities by selecting an eastern Latin princess for his wife. The exceedingly beautiful Maria of Antioch, daughter of Raymond of Antioch, was chosen, and the nuptials celebrated at Christmas, 1161.

Dynastic considerations 1169-1172
Manuel's wife Maria of Antioch gave birth to a baby boy 14 September 1169 in the porphyry marble birthchamber, the cause of great festivities. The infant was crowned emperor in 1171. With the death of Stephen III of Hungary in 1172, Stephen's brother B�la was sent out from Constantinople to assume the throne (though without Sirmium and Dalmatia being surrendered to the Hungarian crown). A husband for Maria Porphyrogenita was therefore required. At first it was proposed that she marry William II of Sicily, who was outraged when she failed to show up at Taranto on the appointed day, the emperor having had second thoughts.

The final months 1180
Manuel took ill in the month of March 1180. During this period of terminal illness the last major religious controversies took place. We are told that Manuel directed that the anathema pronounced against the god of Muhammad be removed from the abjuration against the Islamic faith declared by converts to Christianity. Manuel was opposed by the last patriarch of his reign, Theodosius Boradiotes (1179-1183), as well as, notably, by Eustathius of Thessalonica. Both parties were satisfied in the end upon a reading of the emperor's proposed amendments to the abjuration. This controversy would seem to be a different one from the one alluded to in Eustathius' funeral oration for Manuel, since Manuel is praised by Eustathius for his stance in it, which seems to have revolved around a book written by a convert from Islam that magnified the Father at the expense of the Son (and therefore had Arian overtones). It became apparent that the emperor was dying, and, on the advice of Theodosius, he renounced astrology. As his end approached, he assumed the monastic habit and the name Matthew, demanding that his wife Maria become a nun. Manuel's son Alexius was but eleven, and the minority would prove to be disastrous for Byzantium. Manuel died thirty-seven years and nine months from the beginning of his reign.

General strategies in Manuel's foreign policy
The funeral oration for Manuel by Eustathius of Thessalonica is an interesting document in that it discusses some of the general policies pursued over Manuel's reign. It endorses his policy of dividing his enemies, the Petchenegs, the Sicilian Normans and the Turks, among themselves by using Byzantine gold, a policy of "divide and rule". We have seen how this was applied especially in Italy. Another general policy was to create friendly buffer states on the frontiers of the empire, most notably Hungary (and Serbia) and the Crusader States. Manuel would deliberately underpin the most powerful potentate in each region (the king of Hungary, the king of Jerusalem, the sultan of Konya) and thereby emphasise his own absolute sovereignty. In the funeral oration this granting of autonomy is justified as the reward for good service, as in the parable of the talents. We also see in the panegyric of the 1170s the downplaying of the idea of world rule which was so prevalent in the reign of John. Although Manuel claimed sovereign rights over many of his neighbours, his territorial claims were limited: coastal southern Italy, Dalmatia and Sirmium, coastal Egypt. The Byzantines seem to have come to terms with the reality of nation states and it is in Manuel's reign that they begin to refer to themselves not only as "Romans", but as "Hellenes", in order to demarcate themselves from the barbarians surrounding them.

Manuel's taxation, government and army
Nicetas Choniates roundly criticises Manuel in his history for increasing taxes and lavishing money on his family and retainers, particularly his Latin favourites. We have also seen how money was spent in Manuel's ambitious foreign policy. Mention is made of two towers, one at Damalis, and one next to the monastery of the Mangana, between which a chain could be stretched to block the Bosphorus. Then there was the work done at both the Great Palace and the Palace of the Blachernae, galleries, a pavilion alla Turca and numerous mosaics. He also founded a monastery at Kataskepe at the mouth of the Black Sea, which was endowed from the imperial treasury.

Choniates further criticizes the continuation and spread of the granting of pronoiai, parcels of land, the income from each of which supported a soldier. Many of these were granted to foreigners, for example, Turks captured in the Meander campaigns were settled around Thessalonica. The pronoia would pay not only for a soldier's upkeep, but his expensive equipment, for in Manuel's reign the bow and arrow and circular shield had been replaced by a heavier western-style panoply of armour, large triangular shield and lance. Choniates laments how fashionable a practice it had become in Manuel's reign to forsake the land or one's trade and become enlisted in the army.

Manuel and the "Comnenian system"
Throughout Manuel's reign, as under his father John, the top tier of the aristocracy was formed by the emperor's family, the Comneni, and the families into which they married. The extended family was, however, by now becoming unwieldy, and beginning to lose its cohesion, as the example of Manuel's cousin Andronicus shows. Under Manuel it was degree of kinship to the emperor which determined one's rank, as synodal listings show. So it was that very quickly after Manuel's death the upper tier of the aristocracy splintered into separate groups, each with its own identity and interests.

Literature
The various aristocratic courts, that of the emperor and other key members of the extended family, most notably the sebastokrator Isaac Comnenus the elder and the sebastokratorissa Irene, widow of Manuel's brother Andronicus, attracted literati who would seek to serve under them. Such figures would not only turn their hands to literature, encomia in prose or poetry, expositions on mythology, commentaries on Homer or the philosophers, historical chronicles and even, in this period, romances - the twelfth century is a high point of literary production at Constantinople, so much so that some have even talked of a "Comnenian renaissance" - but they would seek to perform more menial, such as administrative, duties to support themselves. Such men would often come from noble families whose prestige had been eclipsed by the Comnenian upper tier of the aristocracy. Serving under a lord was one way of advancing oneself, entering the Church was another.

The patriarchal church and education
The deacons of the church of St Sophia were a powerful group, the chartophylax being second only to the patriarch. These deacons would either go on to become bishops in the provinces, or possibly first hold one of the professorial chairs associated with the patriarchal church. First there were the "teachers", didaskaloi of the Gospels, Epistles and Psalter. Then there was the maistor ton rhetoron, "master of the rhetors", responsible for delivering speeches in praise of the emperor on January 6 each year and of the patriarch on the Saturday prior to Palm Sunday, as well as for other state occasions. And there was the hypatos ton philosophon, "consul of the philosophers", an office which had lapsed but was revived under Manuel.

Character and Legacy
Was Byzantium of the middle to late twelfth century living on borrowed time? Until recently this was the verdict of many scholars. Yet John II and Manuel had, if there is any kernel of truth in their encomia, at least temporarily reversed the overrunning of Anatolia by the Turks, and Manuel had won Dalmatia and Sirmium from Hungary. But Byzantine collapse was rapid, which is the reason why scholars have searched in the reigns of John and Manuel for the beginnings of the disintegration that occurred under the last Comneni and the Angeli. The history and comments of Nicetas Choniates have been adduced as vindicating this view. The victory of the military aristocracy that the establishment of the Comnenian dynasty represents has been seen as both the reason for the temporary reversal of Byzantine fortunes - government by three very capable autocrats - and of ultimate failure, because of the splintering into factions that oligarchy, such as was present in the Comnenian system, foments. A Marxist interpretation is that the feudalisation of the Byzantine Empire, the depletion of the free peasantry, that began to take place in the middle period was the reason for its ultimate failure. But to the Byzantines at the time Byzantium seemed to be holding its own; the "nations" around were being kept at bay, and even though the panegyric of renovation is less evident than in the reign of John II, the emperor remains despotes, "master" of the oikoumene, "world". Indeed, Manuel would be remembered in France, Genoa and the Crusader States as the most powerful sovereign in the world.

We have mentioned the funeral oration for Manuel by Eustathius of Thessalonica. This contains a series of vignettes of the personal aspects of Manuel. There are commonplaces: the emperor is able to endure hunger, thirst, heat and cold, lack of sleep and so on, and sweats copiously in his endeavours on the empire's part. Although these ideas have been recycled from earlier reigns, notably that of John II, the contemporary historians agree that Manuel was an indefatigable and daring warrior. However, there are more specifically individual touches in the Eustathian oration. Manuel had a manly suntan and was tall in stature. The emperor was capable of clever talk, but could also talk to others on a man-to-man basis. Eustathius makes much of the emperor's book-learning (Cinnamus claims to have discussed Aristotle with the emperor). The restoration of churches was a major concern for Manuel. He also had some expertise in medicine (he had tended Conrad III of Germany and Baldwin III of Jerusalem personally). Manuel showed temperance in eating and drinking, with a certain liking for beer as well as wine, the latter being mixed sour after the manner of ascetics. Likewise, he would not slumber long. He would generally choose walking over riding. The oration closes on the widow and orphan Manuel has left behind. The situation resulting for the Byzantine Empire at this stage, with the vacuum created by Manuel would result in no less than implosion.

Copyright (C) 2003, Andrew Stone.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

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