| Image search results - "(305" |
127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC-VI 067a, AE-1, VIRTVS AVG G ET CAES S N N, -/-//AQ-Γ, Mars striding right, holding spear and trophy, #1127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC-VI 067a, AE-1, VIRTVS AVG G ET CAES S N N, -/-//AQ-Γ, Mars striding right, holding spear and trophy, #1
avers:- SEVERVS-NOB-CAES, Laureate head right.
revers:- VIRTVS-AVG-G-ET-CAES-S-N-N, Mars striding right, holding spear and trophy.
exerg: -/-//AQ-Γ, diameter: 26-27,5 mm, weight: 9,01g, axes: 0h,
mint: Aquilea, date: 305-306 A.D., ref: RIC VI 67a, p-320,
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127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC-VI 068a, AE-1, VIRTVS AVG G ET CAES S N N, -/-//AQΓ, Severus II on horseback galloping right, Scarce!, #1127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC-VI 068a, AE-1, VIRTVS AVG G ET CAES S N N, -/-//AQΓ, Severus II on horseback galloping right, Scarce!, #1
avers:- SEVERVS-NOB-CAES, Laureate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield.
revers:- VIRTVS-AVG-G-ET-CAES-S-N-N, Severus II on horseback galloping right, spear raised, spearing kneeling foe before horse, another foe prostrate on ground beneath horse.
exerg: -/-//AQΓ, diameter: 28,5-29mm, weight: 10,79g, axes: 0h,
mint: Aquilea, date: 305-306 A.D., ref: RIC VI 68a, p-320, Scarce!
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127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC-VI 077b, AE-1, FIDES MILITVM AVG G ET CAES S N N, -/-//AQS, Fides standing left, #1127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC-VI 077b, AE-1, FIDES MILITVM AVG G ET CAES S N N, -/-//AQS, Fides standing left, #1
avers:- SEVERVS-NOB-CAES, Laureate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear (or sceptre) over shoulder and shield.
revers:- FIDES-MILITVM-AVG-G-ET-CAES-S-N-N, Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand.
exerg: -/-//AQS, diameter: 26,5-27,5mm, weight: 8,58g, axes: 0h,
mint: Aquilea, date: 306-307 A.D., ref: RIC VI 77b, p-322,
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127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC-VI 020a, AE-1, GENIO AVG G ET CAESARVM N N, -/-//KA, Genius standing left, #1127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC-VI 020a, AE-1, GENIO AVG G ET CAESARVM N N, -/-//KA, Genius standing left, #1
avers:- FL-VAL-SEVERVS-NOB-CAES, Laureate head right.
revers:- GENIO-AVG-G-ET-CAESARVM-N-N, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exerg: -/-//KA, diameter: 26,5-27,5 mm, weight: 7,46g, axes: 5h,
mint: Cyzicus, date: 305-306 A.D., ref: RIC VI 20a, p-582,
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127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC-VI 025b, AE-1, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, -/*//KB, Genius standing left, #1127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Cyzicus, RIC-VI 025b, AE-1, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, -/*//KB, Genius standing left, #1
avers:- IMP-C-FL-VAL-SEVERVS-P-F-AVG, Laureate head right.
revers:- GENIO-POPVLI-ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exerg: -/*//KB, diameter: 28 mm, weight: 9,74g, axes: 6h,
mint: Cyzicus, date: 307A.D., ref: RIC VI 25b, p-582,
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127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Serdica, RIC-VI 013aA, AE-1, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, -/A//•SM•SD•, Genius standing left, #1127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Serdica, RIC-VI 013aA, AE-1, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, -/A//•SM•SD•, Genius standing left, #1
avers:- FL-VAL-SEVERVS-NOB-CAESAR, Laureate head right.
revers:- GENIO-POPV-L-I-ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exerg: -/A//•SM•SD•, diameter:26-27,5mm, weight: 9,68g, axes: 6h,
mint: Serdica, date: 305-306A.D., ref: RIC VI-13aA, p-495, Sear 14633,
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127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC-VI 171a, AE-Quarter-Follis, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, -/-//SIS, Genius standing left, R!!, #1127 Severus-II. (305-306 A.D. Caesar, 306-307 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC-VI 171a, AE-Quarter-Follis, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, -/-//SIS, Genius standing left, R!!, #1
avers:- SEVERVS-NOB-C, Laureate head right.
revers:- GENIO-POP-VLI-ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exergo: -/-//SIS, diameter: 17,5-18mm, weight: 2,39g, axis: 6 h,
mint: Siscia, date: A.D., ref: RIC-VI-171a, p-475, Rare,
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128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Antioch, RIC VI 164b, AE-1, */H//ANT, GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left,128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Antioch, RIC VI 164b, AE-1, */H//ANT, GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left,
avers:- IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
revers:- GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, holding head of Sol and cornucopia.
exergo: */H//ANT, diameter: 21mm, weight: 5,35g, axis: 0h,
mint: Antioch, date: 312 A.D., ref: RIC VI 164b, p-643,
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128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 130, -/-//AQS, AE-1, GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left,128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Aquilea, RIC VI 130, -/-//AQS, AE-1, GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left,
avers:- IMP MAXIMINVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
revers:- GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, sacrificing over tripod altar from patera, holding cornucopiae.
exergo: -/-//AQS, diameter: 21,5-22,0mm, weight: 4,14g, axis: 7h,
mint: Aquilea, date: 312-313 A.D., ref: RIC VI 130, p-327,
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128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 170b, AE-Quarter-Follis, -/-//SIS, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, R!,128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 170b, AE-Quarter-Follis, -/-//SIS, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, R!,
avers:- GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C, Laureate head right.
revers:- GENIO POPV LI ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exergo: -/-//SIS, diameter: 18mm, weight: 2,47g, axis: 0h,
mint: Siscia, date: 305-06 A.D., ref: RIC VI 170b, p-475, R!,
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128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 184b, AE-1, -/VI//SISA, PERPETVITAS AVG G, Roma, helmeted, seated left on shield, Not in RIC this Officina, Rare !!!128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 184b, AE-1, -/VI//SISA, PERPETVITAS AVG G, Roma, helmeted, seated left on shield, Not in RIC this Officina, Rare !!!
avers:- GA VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C, Laureate head right.
revers:- PERPETV ITAS AVG G, Roma, helmeted, seated left on shield, right hand holding Victory on globe, left leaning on spear or sceptre.
exergo: -/VI//SISA, diameter: 27,5mm, weight: 9,25g, axis: 0h,
mint: Siscia, date: 305-307 A.D., ref: RIC VI 184b, p-476,
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128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Thessalonica, RIC VI 050a, AE-1, wreath/B//•SM•TS•, IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left,128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Thessalonica, RIC VI 050a, AE-1, wreath/B//•SM•TS•, IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left,
avers:- MAXIMINVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
revers:- IOVI CONSE RVATORI, Jupiter standing left,
exerg: wreath/B//•SM•TS•, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Thessalonica, date:312 A.D., ref: RIC VI 50a, p-518,
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1301a, Diocletian, 284-305 A.D. (Antioch)DIOCLETIAN (284 – 305 AD) AE Antoninianus, 293-95 AD, RIC V 322, Cohen 34. 20.70 mm/3.1 gm, aVF, Antioch. Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate bust right, draped & cuirassed; Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, I/XXI. Early Diocletian with dusty earthen green patina.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
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1301b, Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 March 305 A.D.Diocletian. RIC V Part II Cyzicus 256 var. Not listed with pellet in exegrue
Item ref: RI141f. VF. Minted in Cyzicus (B in centre field, XXI dot in exegrue)Obverse:- IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Reverse:- CONCORDIA MILITVM, Diocletian standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left with scepter.
A post reform radiate of Diocletian. Ex Maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1303a, Galerius, 1 March 305 - 5 May 311 A.D.Galerius, RIC VI 59, Cyzicus S, VF, Cyzicus S, 6.4 g, 25.86 mm; 309-310 AD; Obverse: GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate bust right; Reverse: GENIO A-VGVS[TI], Genius stg. left, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. A nice example with sharp detail and nice brown hoard patina. Ex Ancient Imports.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Galerius (305-311 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Galerius, was from Illyricum; his father, whose name is unknown, was of peasant stock, while his mother, Romula, was from beyond the Danube. Galerius was born in Dacia Ripensis near Sardica. Although the date of his birth is unknown, he was probably born ca. 250 since he served under Aurelian. As a youth Galerius was a shepherd and acquired the nickname Armentarius. Although he seems to have started his military career under Aurelian and Probus, nothing is known about it before his accession as Caesar on 1 March 293. He served as Diocletian's Caesar in the East. Abandoning his first wife, he married Diocletian's daugher, Valeria.
As Caesar he campaigned in Egypt in 294; he seems to have taken to the field against Narses of Persia, and was defeated near Ctesiphon in 295. In 298, after he made inroads into Armenia, he obtained a treaty from the Persians favorable to the Romans. Between 299-305 he overcame the Sarmatians and the Carpi along the Danube. The Great Persecution of the Orthodox Church, which was started in 303 by the Emperor Diocletian, was probably instigated by Galerius. Because of the almost fatal illness that he contracted toward the end of 304, Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple on 1 May 305. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. Constantius and Severus reigned in the West, whereas Galerius' and Daia's realm was the East. Although Constantius was nominally senior Augustus, the real power was in the hands of Galerius because both Caesars were his creatures.
The balance of power shifted at the end of July 306 when Constantius, with his son Constantine at his side, passed away at York in Britain where he was preparing to face incursions by the Picts; his army proclaimed Constantine his successor immediately. As soon as he received the news of the death of Constantius I and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, Galerius raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace his dead colleague in August 306. Making the best of a bad situation, Galerius accepted Constantine as the new Caesar in the West. The situation became more complicated when Maxentius, with his father Maximianus Herculius acquiesing, declared himself princes on 28 October 306. When Galerius learned about the acclamation of the usurper, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to put down the rebellion. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome and began to besiege the city, Maxentius, however, and Maximianus, by means of a ruse, convinced Severus to surrender. Later, in 307, Severus was put to death under clouded circumstances. While Severus was fighting in the west, Galerius, during late 306 or early 307, was campaigning against the Sarmatians.
In the early summer of 307 Galerius invaded Italy to avenge Severus's death; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was too small to encompass the city's fortifications. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, his army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. When Maximianus Herculius' attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310 by pushing his son off his throne or by winning over Constantine to his cause failed, he tried to win Diocletian and Galerius over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308; the outcome of the Conference at Carnuntum was that Licinius was appointed Augustus in Severus's place, that Daia and Constantine were denoted filii Augustorum, and that Herculius was completely cut out of the picture. Later, in 310, Herculius died, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. After the Conference at Carnuntum, Galerius returned to Sardica where he died in the opening days of May 311.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University; Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Galerius was Caesar and tetrarch under Maximianus. Although a talented general and administrator, Galerius is better known for his key role in the "Great Persecution" of Christians. He stopped the persecution under condition the Christians pray for his return to health from a serious illness. Galerius died horribly shortly after. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1304a, Constantius I, May 305 - 25 July 306 A.D.Silvered follis, RIC 20a, S 3671, VM 25, gVF, Heraclea mint, 10.144g, 27.7mm, 180o, 297 - 298 A.D. Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, laureate head right; Reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over shoulder, cornucopia in left, pouring liquor from patera, HTD in exergue; some silvering, nice portrait, well centered.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Constantius I Chlorus (305-306 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Constantius' Early Life and Marriage
Born March 31st, Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantius may have come into the world ca. 250. His family was from Illyricum. In the army he served as a protector, tribunus, and a praeses Dalmatiarum. During the 270s or the 280s, he became the father of Constantine by Helena, his first spouse. By 288 he was the Praetorian Prefect of the western emperor Maximianus Herculius.
Constantius' Reign as Caesar
On 1 March 293 Diocletian appointed Galerius as his Caesar (junior emperor) in the east and Constantius as the Caesar of Maximianus Herculius. Caesar in the west. Both Caesars had the right of succession. In order to strengthen the dynastic relationship between himself and Herculius., Constantius put aside his wife Helena and married Theodora, the daughter, or perhaps stepdaughter, of Maximianus Herculius.. The union was fruitful and of it there were six issue: Flavius Dalmatius, Julius Constantius, Hannibalianus, Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia. To strengthen his bond with Galerius and Diocletian in the east, Constantius allowed Galerius to keep his son Constantine as a hostage for his good behavior.
In the remainder of the time that he was a Caesar, Constantius spent much of his time engaged in military actions in the west. In the summer of 293 Constantius expelled the troops of the usurper Carausius from northern Gaul; after Constantius' attack on Bononia (Boulogne), Carausius was murdered. At the same time he dealt with the unrest of the Germans. In 296 he invaded Britain and put down the revolt of the usurper Allectus. Between 300 and 305 A.D. the Caesar campaigned successfully several times with various German tribes. It is worth noting in passing, that while his colleagues rigidly enforced the "Great Persecution in 303," Constantius limited his action to knocking down a few churches.
Constantius as Augustus and His Untimely Death
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum (Milan), divested themselves of the purple, probably because of the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian forced Maximianus to abdicate. They appointed as their successors Constantius and Galerius, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Constantius, as had his predecessor, ruled in the west, while Galerius and Daia ruled in the east. Almost as soon as he was appointed Augustus, he crossed to Britain to face incursions by the Picts where he died at York on 25 July 306 with his son (Constantine I, known to history as “The Great”) at his side.
Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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140 Theodora (305-306 A.D.), AE-4 Follis, Constantinopolis, RIC VIII 036, -/-//CONSE, PIETAS ROMANA•, Pietas facing, head right,140 Theodora (305-306 A.D.), AE-4 Follis, Constantinopolis, RIC VIII 036, -/-//CONSE, PIETAS ROMANA•, Pietas facing, head right,
2nd wife of Constantius I. (Chlorus).
avers:- FL-MAX-THEO-DORAE-AVG, Bust of Theodora right, wearing plain mantle and necklace, hair elaborately dressed.
revers:- PIETAS-ROMANA-•, Pietas facing, head right, carrying an infant at her breast.
exergo: -/-//CONSE, diameter: 15,5-16mm, weight:1,79g, axis: 11h,
mint: Constantinopolis, date: 330 A.D., ref: RIC-VIII-36, p-449,
Q-001quadrans
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140 Theodora (305-306 A.D.), AE-4 Follis, Trier, RIC VIII 091, -/-//TRS Palm, PIETAS ROMANA, Pietas facing, head right,140 Theodora (305-306 A.D.), AE-4 Follis, Trier, RIC VIII 091, -/-//TRS Palm, PIETAS ROMANA, Pietas facing, head right,
2nd wife of Constantius I. (Chlorus).
avers:- FL-MAX-THEO-DORAE-AVG, Bust of Theodora right, wearing plain mantle and necklace, hair elaborately dressed.
revers:- PIETAS-ROMANA, Pietas facing, head right, carrying an infant at her breast.
exergo: -/-//TRS Palm, diameter: 13,5-14,5mm, weight:1,71g, axis: 0h,
mint: Trier, date: 340 A.D., ref: RIC-VIII-91, p-144,
Q-001quadrans
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162. Severus II (305-307 A.D.)Av.: FL VAL SEVERVS NOB CAES
Rv.: CONCORDIA MILITVM
Centre: delta
Ex.: ALE
AE Antoninianus Ø20-22 / 2.9g
RIC VI 60A Alexandria
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163. Maximinus Daia (305-313 A.D.)Av.: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG
Rv.: GENIO AVGVSTI
Left: star / Right: gamma I
Ex.: ANT
AE Follis Ø20 / 4.8g
RIC VI 164b Antioch
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22156 Lysimachos/lion22156 Lysimachos/lion
KINGS OF THRACE. Lysimachos (305-281 BC). Ae.
Obv: Helmeted head of Athena right.
Rev: BASILEWS LYSIMAXOY above and beneath forepart of lion right.
Caduceus and dot in delta monogram in left field.
2,91 gr. 14 mm
Müller 77; SNG Cop. 1159.
Blayne W
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A113-25 - GALERIO (305 - 311 D.C.)AE Follis 25 x 24 mm 6.6 gr.
Anv: "IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG" - Cabeza laureada, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "GENIO IMPERATORIS" - Genio de pié a izquierda, desnudo salvo modius en la cabeza y chlamys colgando desde su hombro izquierdo, portando patera en la mano de su brazo derecho extendido, de la que cae cierto líquido y cornucopia en izquierda. "A" en campo izquierdo, "NT·" en exergo, y "Creciente (media luna)/ε" en campo derecho. Nótese la falla de acuñación: la "A" que debería encontrarse en el exergo como parte del nombre de la ceca "ANT", se encuentra en el campo izquierdo.
Acuñada 308 D.C.
Ceca: Antiochia (Off.5ta)
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.VI (Antiochia) #95 Pag.629 - Cohen Vol.VII #47 Pag.107 - DVM #28a var Pag.281 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #7269.j. Pag.75 mdelvalle
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A113-26 - GALERIO (305 - 311 D.C.)AE Follis 25 x 24 mm 5.3 gr.
Anv: "IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG" - Cabeza laureada, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "GENIO IMP-E-RATORIS" - Genio de pié a izquierda, desnudo salvo modius en la cabeza y chlamys colgando desde su hombro izquierdo, portando patera en la mano de su brazo derecho extendido, de la que cae cierto líquido y cornucopia en izquierda. "A" en campo izquierdo, " • HTΓ •" en exergo, y "Creciente (media luna)/ε" en campo derecho.
Acuñada 308/9 D.C.
Ceca: Heraclea (Off.3ra)
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.VI (Heraclea) #37a Pag.535 - Cohen Vol.VII #47 Pag.107 - DVM #28a var Pag.281 - Salgado MRBI Vol.III #7269. Pag.75mdelvalle
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Celtic imitation of Lysimachos, King of Thrace (305-281 B.C.)For prototype: SGCV 6819 var; SNG Copenhagen 1153-4; Müller 76.
AE unit, 2.69 g., 16.78 mm. max., 0°
Obv: Helmeted head of Athena facing left.
Rev. Bungled BAΣIΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ, lion springing right, spearhead below.Stkp
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Constantius I (305 - 306 A.D.)Egypt, Alexandria
Potin Tetradrachm
O: ΦΛA KωNCTANTIOC K, laureate bust right.
R: Homonoia standing left, raising arm and holding cornucopia, L Γ = year 3 (294/295)
8.43g
19mm
Kampmann/Ganschow 121.24, Dattari 6070 Emmett 4191.2, Milne 5174
Published on Wildwinds!Mat
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Diocletian, As Senior Augustus, (305-311/2 A.D.)Æ Follis
Abdication Issue
O: D N DIOCLETIANO BAEATISS, laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding olive branch and mappa.
R: PROVIDENTIA DEORVM, Providentia standing left, extending branch to Quies standing opposite who holds a scepter; Є/KP between, ALE in exergue.
Alexandria mint, struck A.D. 308-310.
6.55g
26mm
RIC VI 109Mat
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), Price L19, Abydos, AR-Drachm, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, #1Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), Price L19, Abydos, AR-Drachm, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, #1
avers: Head of beardless Heracles right wearing a lion skin headdress.
reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ, ΛYΣIMAXOY, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, eagle on the outstretched right hand, scepter in the left hand, lion-forepart left, are the left field above the monogram, beneath the throne head right wearing a Phrygian cap.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,0mm, weight: 4,18g, axes: 0h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, Abydos mint, date: 299/298- 297/296 B.C.,
ref: Price L19, Thompson 67, Müller 17,
Q-001quadrans
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), Price L28, Colophon (uncertain), AR-Drachm, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, #1Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), Price L28, Colophon (uncertain), AR-Drachm, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, #1
avers: Head of beardless Heracles right wearing a lion skin headdress.
reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ, ΛYΣIMAXOY, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, eagle on the outstretched right hand, scepter in the left hand, lion-forepart over the crescent are the left-field, pentagram beneath the throne.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:16,4-17,0mm, weight: 4,17g, axes: 0h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, Colophon (uncertain) mint, date: 323 - 281 B.C.,
ref: Price L28,
Q-001quadrans
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), Price L28, Colophon (uncertain), AR-Drachm, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, #2Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), Price L28, Colophon (uncertain), AR-Drachm, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, #2
avers: Head of beardless Heracles right wearing a lion skin headdress.
reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ, ΛYΣIMAXOY, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, eagle on the outstretched right hand, scepter in the left hand, lion-forepart over the crescent are the left-field, pentagram beneath the throne.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:17,7-19,3mm, weight: 3,95g, axes: 0h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, Colophon(uncertain) mint, date: 323 - 281 B.C.,
ref: Price L28,
Q-002quadrans
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), Price L29, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, AR-Drachm, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, #1Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), Price L29, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, AR-Drachm, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, #1
avers: Head of beardless Heracles right wearing a lion skin headdress.
reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ, ΛYΣIMAXOY, Zeus seated on the stool-throne left, eagle on the outstretched right hand, scepter in the left hand, lion-forepart left, are the left field, A beneath the throne.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:17,5-18,7mm, weight: 4,17g, axes: 0h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, Magnesia ad Maeandrum mint, date: 305 - 281 B.C.,
ref: Price L29,
Q-001quadrans
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1153, AE-21, Lion leaping right,Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1153, AE-21, Lion leaping right,
avers: Helmeted head of Athena right.
reverse: BAΣIΛEYΩΣ, ΛYΣIMAXOY in two lines above and beneath lion leaping right, caduceus, EM monogram, and spearhead below.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:21mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, date: 323 - 281 B.C.,
ref: SNG Cop 1153-4, Mueller-76,
Q-001quadrans
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1168, AE-15, the wreath of corn, #1Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1168, AE-15, the wreath of corn, #1
avers: Head of Herakles right, clad in lion skin headdress,
reverse: BAΣI/ΛYΣI, in two lines within the wreath of corn.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:15,0-15,5mm, weight:2,2g, axes:11h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (Kallatis(?)), date: 323 - 281 B.C.,
ref: SNG Cop 1168, 1169, Mueller-15; Sear Greece-6822,
Q-001
Lysimachus, one of Alexander the Great's personal bodyguards, was appointed strategos (general) in Thrace and the Chersonesos after Alexander's death. He became one of the Diadochi (successors of Alexander) who were initially generals and governors, but who continuously allied and warred with each other and eventually divided the empire. In 309, he founded his capital Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the Chersonesos with the mainland. In 306, he followed the example of Antigonus in taking the title of king, ruling Thrace, Asia Minor, and Macedonia. In 281, he was killed in battle against Seleucus, another successor of Alexander.quadrans
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1168, AE-15, the wreath of corn, #2Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1168, AE-15, the wreath of corn, #2
avers: Head of Herakles right, clad in lion skin headdress,
reverse: BAΣI/ΛYΣI, in two lines within the wreath of corn.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:15mm, weight:2,14g, axes:0h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (Kallatis(?)), date: 323 - 281 B.C.,
ref: SNG Cop 1168, 1169, Mueller-15; Sear Greece-6822,
Q-002
Lysimachus, one of Alexander the Great's personal bodyguards, was appointed strategos (general) in Thrace and the Chersonesos after Alexander's death. He became one of the Diadochi (successors of Alexander) who were initially generals and governors, but who continuously allied and warred with each other and eventually divided the empire. In 309, he founded his capital Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the Chersonesos with the mainland. In 306, he followed the example of Antigonus in taking the title of king, ruling Thrace, Asia Minor, and Macedonia. In 281, he was killed in battle against Seleucus, another successor of Alexander.
quadrans
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Galerius (305 - 311 A.D.)Æ(S) Follis
O: MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right.
R: SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta standing left, holding scales and cornucopia, SIS in exergue, star in left field, B in right field.
Siscia 301 A.D.
10.08g
28mm
RIC VI 135b SisciaMat
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Galerius (305 - 311 A.D.)Egypt, Alexandria
Potin Tetradrachm
O: GAL MAXIMIANOC K; Laureate and cuirassed bust right.
R: Nike advancing right, holding wreath and palm. L - Γ across fields.
Alexandria mint, AD 294/295
22mm
8.15g
Emmett 4230(3)a, Dattari 6150
Scarce
Published on WildwindsMat
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Galerius (305-311 AD)Denomination: AE Follis
Date: 308 AD
Obv: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG, laureate head right.
Rev: GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder (falls low), holding patera from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae. Mintmark MKB.
Diameter: 26mm
Weight: 6.5 grams
Mint: Cyzicus
RIC VI 36
Ex: Canadian CoinRomancollector
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Galerius, AE follis, Heraclea, 305-311 ADRoman Imperial, Galerius AE follis, Heraclea mint, (305-311 AD), 6.1g, 24mm
Obverse: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
Reverse: GENIO IMP-E-RATORIS, Genius standing left, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder (falls low), holding patera from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae. Crescent in right field. Mintmark HTB. "Genius of the Emperor"
Reference: RIC VI Heraclea 53a
Gil-galad
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GREEK, Macedonian Kingdom, Lysimachos (305-281 BC), AR Drachm, ThraceKINGS of THRACE, Macedonian. Lysimachos. 305-281 BC. AR Drachm (19mm, 4.34 g, 1h). Ephesos mint. Struck 294-287 BC. Diademed head of the deified Alexander right, with horn of Ammon / Athena Nikephoros seated left, left arm resting on shield, spear behind; tripod to inner left, Greek Z in exergue. Thompson 170 var. (monogram); Müller –; CNG 75, lot 114 corr. = Gorny & Mosch 152, lot 1287 (same obv. die); Numismatica Genevensis SA VII, lot 165 = Gorny & Mosch 155, lot 59. Superb EF, toned.
This issue parallels Thompson 170, which has the tripod to the inner left and a monogram on the throne or in exergue. For a drachm of the present variety, with the Greek Z on the throne, see CNG E-199, lot 98 (struck from the same die as the present coin).Leo
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GREEK, THRACE, Lysimachos Drachm (305-281 BC )AR Drachm (17mm, 4.18 g, 8h). Ephesos mint. Struck circa 294-287 BC. Diademed head of the deified Alexander right, with horn of Ammon / Athena Nikephoros seated left, left arm resting on shield, spear behind; lyre to inner left, A on throne. Thompson 174; Müller 355. XF. Drachms of this type are Rare.
From The Sam Mansourati Collection
Sam
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Hellenistic Egypt: Ptolemy I Soter (305 - 283 BC)AR Tetradrachm, Alexandreia mint, c. 300-285 BC, 26mm, 14.18g, Svoronos 257, SNG Cop -
Obverse: Diademed head of Ptolemy I right, Aegis around neck, Δ behind ear
Reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΠTOΛEMAIOΥ, Eagle standing atop thunderbolt left, in left field P, A and monogram
Ex- Coin Galleries (2006, lot 142), Ex- HJB (Buy/Bid Sale 161, lot 192)Remus22
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Kings of Thrace: Lysimachos (305-281 BCE) AE Unit, Uncertain Mint in Thrace (SNG Copenhagen 1153; Müller 76)Obv: Head of Athena to right, wearing crested Attic helmet
Rev: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΛYΣIMAXOY; Lion leaping right; below, kerykeion, monogram and spearhead
Quant.Geek
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Lysimachos - tetradrachm from ByzantionLysimachos (305-281 B.C.), AR Tetradrachm minted in Byzantion, circa 110-101 B.C.; 16.67g; obv. Head of deified Alexander right, with horn of Ammon; rev. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ / ΛYΣIMAXOY, Athena seated left, holding Nike, left elbow resting on her shield, spear behind; monogram above knee, BY on throne, trident in exergue. De Callataÿ -; Arslan-Lightfoot 723; Müller -.Bartosz A
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Lysimachus AR tetradrachmTHRACIAN KINGDOM. Lysimachus (305-281 BC) struck 287/6-281/0. AR tetradrachm (30mm, 17.17 gm, 11h). Thrace, Lysimachia.
O: Diademed head of deified Alexander III right, with horn of Ammon
R: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑXΟ[Υ]; (King Lysimachus), Athena seated left, Nike in right hand crowning name, left arm resting on shield, transverse spear in background; YE monogram in exergue.
- From the Medicus Collection, Ex CGB.fr MONNAIES 9 lot 33, MONNAIES 19 lot 44 2004, MONNAIES 34 lot 102 2008, Ex Gorny and Mosch, Auction 42 (10 October 1988) lot 138. Formerly known as NGC Choice XF 5/5 - 4/5, Fine Style. - Müller 41?, Gülnar II 2696? (A. Davesne & G. Le Rider. Le trésor de Meydancikkale. 2 Vols. Paris. 1989.) Possibly unique with this monogram.
Missing the final upsilon of the name of Lysimachus, how could such a talented engraver make this mistake?Nemonater
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Maximianus AE Radiate fraction, 305-306 AD, AlexandriaRoman Imperial, Maximianus AE Radiate fraction, (305-306 AD), Alexandria, 2.9g, 20.56mm
Obverse: IMP C MAXIMIANVS PF AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: CONCORDIA MI-LITVM, Emperor standing right holding Victory on globe with Jupiter standing left, holding sceptre. Lower centre: Γ. Mintmark: ALƐ. "Concord of the Military"
Reference: RIC VI Alexandria 59b
Gil-galad
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Maximinus Daia - AntiochiaMaximinus Daia (305-313)
Follis
Antiochia
Obv: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS P F AVG
laureate head right
Rev: GENIO AVGVSTI
Genio standing left holding radiate head of Sol and cornucopia, star left, B right
4,2g 21 mm.
Ref.: RIC 164b, C 21.shanxi
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Maximinus II AE Quarter Follis. 305-306 ADRoman Imperial, Maximinus II AE Quarter Follis, (305-306 AD), 1.5g, 18.79mm
Obverse: MAXIMINVS NOB C, Laureate head right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, naked except for modius on head & chlamis over shoulder, holding patera & cornucopiae, SIS in ex. "Genius of the Roman People"
Reference: RIC Siscia 171B
Gil-galad
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Maximinus II, AE Follis, Aquileia mint, (305-306 AD)Roman Imperial, Maximinus II, AE Follis, Aquileia mint, (305-306 AD)
Obverse: MAXIMINVS NOB CAES, Laureate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding sceptre over right shoulder and decorated shield on left arm.
Reverse: VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Prince on horseback, shield on left arm, galloping right and spearing kneeling enemy, second enemy prostrate on ground. Mintmark AQ
Reference: RIC 68b; Sear IV 14778
Gil-galad
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Ptolemaic Egypt - Ptolemy I Soter (305-282 BC)AR tetradrachm (14.21 gm). Alexandria. Diademed head right, wearing aegis / ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ Eagle standing left on thunderbolt; monogram to left. Svoronos 248. SNG Copenhagen 68. A couple of banker's marks, as is typical on this type.RobertBohn
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Ptolemy I Soter AR Tetradrachm, portrait by the Delta-MasterPtolemy I Soter (305-282 BC). Tetradrachm (14.53 g), c. 294-285 BC, Alexandria.
Obv. Diademed head right, wearing aegis around neck; small Δ behind ear.
Rev. BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΠTOΛEMAIOY, eagle standing left on thunderbolt; to left, A above Δ.
Cf. Svoronos 190.
Splendid portrait. Areas of corrosion.
On this coin we encounter the first true portrait of one of Alexander's successors. The tiny letter Δ found in his hair behind the ear is the initial of the engraver, the so called Delta-Master.
Antonivs Protti
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Ptolemy I Soter as Satrap Tetradrachm -- 311-305 BC13.92 g, 28 mm, 0°
Alexandria Mint
Silver Tetradrachm; Very Rough, Edge Chip, Scratches
Minted during reign of Ptolemy I as Satrap
Svoronos 146; SNG Copenhagen 18
Obverse: Head of Alexander III Right with Horn of Ammon, Clad in Elephant's Skin and Aegis.
Reverse: AΛEΣAN∆POY (Of Alexander), Athena Alkidemos (Defender of the People) Advancing Right, Brandishing Spear and Shield; Eagle on Thunderbolt.
Ptolemy I Soter (Savior) (c. 367-283 BC) was a close boyhood friend and later trusted bodyguard and general of Alexander the Great. On Alexander's death, Ptolemy received Egypt as his inheritance. He ruled for 18 years as 'Satrap' of Egypt, but in 305 BC took the title of Pharaoh. He ruled for a further 20 years before dying peacefully in bed, the only of the Diadochi to do so (305-283 BC). He succeeded in creating a stable and prosperous kingdom which his dynasty ruled for 293 years. Most knowledge of Alexander the Great comes from works based on his lost account.
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The design of these tetradrachms are my favorite Alexander coin.. Luckily, I was able to find one in rough, but still beautiful, condition for much less than the common price tag.Hydro
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Ptolemy I Soter Tetradrachm -- 305-285 BC13.70 g, 26 mm, 180°
Alexandria Mint
Silver Tetradrachm; Edge Chip
Minted during reign of Ptolemy I as Pharaoh
SNG Copenhagen 49
Obverse: Diademed Head of Ptolemy I Soter Right, Wearing Aegis.
Reverse: ΠTOλEMAlOY (Of Ptolemy), Eagle Standing on Thunderbolt, Facing Left.
Ptolemy I Soter (Savior) (c. 367-283 BC) was a close boyhood friend and later trusted bodyguard and general of Alexander the Great. On Alexander's death, Ptolemy received Egypt as his inheritance. He ruled for 18 years as 'Satrap' of Egypt, but in 305 BC took the title of Pharaoh. He ruled for a further 20 years before dying peacefully in bed, the only of the Diadochi to do so (305-283 BC). He succeeded in creating a stable and prosperous kingdom which his dynasty ruled for 293 years. Most knowledge of Alexander the Great comes from works based on his lost account.
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Purchased from FORVM member, Kallisto. Thank you very much, love the coin.Hydro
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ROMAN EMPIRE - Galerius MaximianROMAN EMPIRE - Galerius Maximian as Augustus (305-311) AE Follis, minted 307-308 AD. Obv.: Laureate bust right, GAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG Rev.: Genius standing left; modius on head, naked, chlamys over left shoulder, in right hand holding patera from which liquid flows, cornucopiae in left hand. GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI. Mintmark . SM . SD . in exergue. Star in field left, B in field right. Serdica mint. Reference: RIC VI Serdica 39. EX CNG 242 Lot 554. dpaul7
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ROMAN EMPIRE - TheodoraROMAN EMPIRE - Theodora, Augusta (305-306 AD) AE-4. Obv.: Bust of empress right; FL MAX THEO-DORAE AVG Rev.: PIETAS-ROMANA [dot] Pietas standing facing, carrying an infant at her breast. CONSε mintmark, Constantinople mint. Reference: RIC VIII Constantinopolis 36. Coin is holed, but nice.dpaul7
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Roman Empire, Galerius Maximianus (305 - 311 A.D.), AE-Follis, RIC VI 024b, Aquilea, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, 122 Galerius Maximianus (305 - 311 A.D.), AE-Follis, RIC VI 024b, Aquilea, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI,
avers:- MAXIMIANVS-NOB-CAES, Laureate head right.
revers:- GENIO-POPV-LI-ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
exergo: AQ Γ,
diameter: 27mm,
weight: 10,41g,
axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, 3rd.off.,
date: 296 A.D.,
ref: RICVI-24b, p-314,
Q-001quadrans
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Roman Imperial: Constantius I (305-306 CE) Æ Follis, Cyzicus (RIC 21a)Obv: IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTIVS P F AVG; Head laureate right
Rev: GENIO POPV - LI ROMANI; Genius of the Roman People standing left pouring liquid from patera and holding cornucopia; KS in exergue
Quant.Geek
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Roman Imperial: Galerius (305-311 CE) Æ Follis, Nicomedia (RIC 54a)Obv: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG; laureate head of Galerius right
Rev: GENIO AV-GVSTI; Genius standing facing, head left, holding patera and cornucopiae; SMNA in exergue
Quant.Geek
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Roman Imperial: Galerius, as Caesar (305-311 CE) BI Follis, Lugdunum (RIC-166b)Obv: MAXIMIANVS NOB C; Laureate, cuirassed bust left, seen from front
Rev: GENIO POP-VLI ROMANI; Genius standing left before phallus, shoulder draped, holding patera and cornucopiae; PLC in exurge, officina B in right field
Quant.Geek
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Roman Imperial: Maximianus, as Senior Augustus (305-307 CE) Æ Follis, Carthage (RIC 59)Obv: IMP MAXIMIANVS SEN AVG; laureate head of Maximianus right
Rev: CONSERVATORES KARTT SVAE; Carthago standing facing, head left, holding grain ears in both hands, within hexastyle temple with plain pediment; PKA in exergue
Quant.Geek
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Severus II (305 - 307 A.D.)Æ Follis
O:SEVERVS NOB C, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
R: GENIO POP-VLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopiae; altar left, star right: PLC in exergue.
Lugdunum (Lyon) mint
8.83g
31mm
Seltz Hoard 9; RIC VI Lyons 193 var (star type)
Ex CNG Electric Auction, Lot 372, 1/10/2008
Ex. Gordon S. Parry Collection
Published on WildwindsMat
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Severus II (Caesar)Severus II (Caesar)
AE Quarter Follis 1.92g / 17.5mm / -
Ob: F L VAL SEVERVS CAES - Laureate head right
Rv: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI - Genius standing left
Exergue: SIS
Mint: Siscia (305AD)
Ref: RIC Siscia 171a
Scotvs Capitis
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Thracian Kingdom - Lysimachus (305-281 BC)AR tetradrachm (30mm, 16.85 gm, 12h) Lampsacus. ca. 297-281 BC. Diademed head of the deified Alexander right, with horn of Ammon / BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΛYΣIMAXOY, Athena seated left, left arm resting on shield, spear behind, holding Nike; monogram to inner left; crescent in exergue. Thompson 49. Müller 399.RobertBohn
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Thracian Kingdom - Lysimachus (305-281 BC)AR tetradrachm (16.96 gm). Ephesus. Diademed head of the deified Alexander right, wearing horn of Ammon / Helmeted Athena seated left, holding Victory; bee to left. Müller 424.RobertBohn
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THRACIAN KINGDOM - Lysimachus (305-281 BC)AR tetradrachm (27mm, 17.16 gm, 11h). Pella or Amphipolis, 286/5-282/1 BC. Head of the deified Alexander the Great right, wearing horn of Ammon / ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛYΣΙΜΑΧΟY, Athena enthroned left, supporting Nike on extended right hand and resting left elbow on shield propped against throne, HP monogram in inner left field, second monogram in exergue. Thompson 248. Müller 353. Well struck from dies of excellent style in sound metal and beautifully toned. NGC Choice XF 5/5 - 4/5.
From the Mayflower Collection. Ex NFA MBS 10 (June 1986), lot 165.RobertBohn
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THRACIAN KINGDOM. Lysimachus (305-281 BC). AR tetradrachm (29mm, 16.97 gm, 11h)THRACIAN KINGDOM. Lysimachus (305-281 BC). AR tetradrachm (29mm, 16.97 gm, 11h). NGC Choice XF 5/5 - 3/5. Lampsacus, 297-281 BC. Diademed head of deified Alexander III right, with horn of Ammon / ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ / ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ, Athena enthroned left, Nike in right hand crowning royal name, resting left arm on shield decorated with gorgoneion boss, transverse spear beyond; aplustre to outer left, monogram to inner left. Thompson 48.Mark R1
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