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BCC LR96 Vandalic? Cross in WreathLate Roman-Pseudo Imperial?
Vandalic? 5th Century CE
Uncertain Mint, Carthage? or Antioch?
Obv: Diademed head right, struck on
extremely small flan.
Rev: Cross in wreath, with ties
at bottom. No visible mint mark.
Glossy black patina, as found.
AE 7.0 x 8.0mm. 0.47gm. Axis:0
cf. Hamburger #111
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-dromeApr 01, 2024
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031c. OrbianaWife of Severus Alexander. Married in 225. His mother Julia Mamea apparently viewed her as a potential threat and she forced a divorce and exile for Orbiana in 227.
lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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031b. Julia MameaMother of Severus Alexander, she took a rather public role in controlling both him and the Empire. She was murdered along with him by mutinous soldiers led by Maximinus Thrax.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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031a. Severus AlexanderCaesar (under Elagabalus) 221-222.
Augustus 11 March 222 – 19 March 235.
About 14 when he took throne. Very weak ruler, who was dominated by mother and grandmother. First part of his reign was peaceful, and he had no major threats to his position. Toward the end, however, major external threats erupted along the frontiers, and he proved incapable of providing good military leadership. He finally was killed by his soldiers.
lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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030d. Wives of ElagabalusJulia Paula was the first wife of Elagabalus. Married in early 219, soon after he arrived in Rome. Divorced in 220 or possibly very early 221.
Aquilia Severa was the second and fourth wife of Elagabalus. Aquilia was a Vestal Virgin who was forbidden to marry. Nevertheless, Elagabalus went ahead with the marriage despite opposition from the Roman ruling class. This opposition became significant enough that his grandmother coerced him into divorcing Aquilia and marrying Annia Faustina. After a very short time, Elagabalus divorced her and returned to Aquilia.
Annia Faustina was the Great-granddaughter of Marcus Aurelius and third wife of Elagabalus who was coerced into marrying her. She reportedly was considerably older than him. He divorced her in less than a year and returned to Aquilia Severa.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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030c. Julia SoaemiasMother of Elagabalus. She also had a very poor reputation for her morals, and she was killed at the same time as Elagabalus. Both their nude bodies were abused and dumped into the Tiber.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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030b. Julia MaesaGrandmother of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander, sister of Julia Domna. Active in maneuvering her grandsons into power. Died about 225.
lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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030a. ElagabalusAugustus 16 May 218 - 11 March 222
Actual name Varius Avitus Bassianus, then Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Nicknamed Elagabalus because he was the high priest of Elagabal, the sun god of Emesa, Syria. His grandmother claimed he was the illegitimate son of Caracalla, who remained popular with army. Elagabalus’s forces prevailed, and he was declared emperor in 218 at the age of 14 or 15. His reign became notorious due to his efforts to supplant the Roman gods and to his sexual antics. He and his mother were killed in 222, and their bodies dumped in the Tiber.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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029b. DiadumenianSon of Macrinus. Caesar April 217 -- May 218; co-Augustus May 218 -- 8 June 218. Executed along with Macrinus.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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029a. MacrinusAugustus 11 April 217 -- 8 June 218
Mauretanian origin. Became Praetorian Prefect under Caracalla. While he was with Caracalla on operations against the Parthians, he learned of a prophecy that he would become emperor. Before Caracalla could act on this, Macrinus arranged for Caracalla's assassination and took the office of emperor. He then made a quick peace with the Parthians, which did not sit well with the army. Female members of the Severan family then took a major role in plotting for Macrinus's overthrow. A revolt broke out in Emesa, Syria, with Elegabalus as the putative leader. Macrinus fought a battle with them, lost, and was executed while fleeing.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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028a. GetaCaesar 198 - 209
Co-Augustus (under Septimius Severus) 209 - 211
Co-Augustus (with Caracalla) 211
Killed by forces of his brother Caracalla. Legend has it that he died in his mother's arms. After his death, Caracalla conducted a purge of Geta's supporters, killing thousands; although perhaps exaggerated, Cassius Dio claims 20,000 were killed. Although historians generally treat Geta as an innocent victim, the enmity between him and his brother suggests that it might have been a matter of who eliminated whom first.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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027b. PlautillaWife of Caracalla. Divorced, banished, and executed by him. One note on portraiture: On most augustae's portraits the hair style remains consistent. For whatever reason, on the coins of Plautilla, her portrait shows very different hair styles between the types.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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027a. CaracallaCaesar 195 (or 196) - 198.
Co-Augustus with Septimius Severus 28 January 198- 4 February 211.
Co-Augustus with Geta 4 February 211 - 26 December 211
Sole Augustus 26 December 211 - 8 April 217
Originally named Septimius Bassianus, then, after the Severans self-adopting into the Antoninan family, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus; nicknamed Caracalla for cloak he wore. Once Severus died, Caracalla had his brother Geta killed, followed by a massacre of anyone associated with Geta. He became noted for ruling brutally. Spent much of his reign campaigning, He gave Roman citizenship to all free men in the Empire. He introduced a new coin denomination that is now called the antoninianus (although what the Romans called it is not known). Although he was supported strongly by the army, he was killed by a disaffected soldier.
lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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026b. Julia DomnaWife of Septimius Severus; coins struck by him and her sons, Geta and Caracalla. She became known for going on the campaigns of her husband and sons, and she reportedly was active in administrative duties of the Empire. Domna committed suicide in 217 after learning of Caracalla's assassination.lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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026a. Septimius SeverusAugustus 193-211
North African of Punic and Italian origin. Governor of Pannonia when troops proclaimed him Augustus. Defeated other two claimants to throne. Active campaigner as Augustus, with victories against Parthia and in Arabia and Britain. Very hostile to Senate. Died of illness during campaign in York. His governing philosophy could be summed up in his reported words to his sons on his death bed: "be harmonious with each other, be generous to the soldiers, and take no heed of anyone else."lawrence cApr 01, 2024
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Achaemenid Empire - AR siglosSardis
375-336 BC
Great King kneeling, running right - bearded and crowned, stylistic drapery with broad semi-circular sweep of fold from the left knee back to the right heel holding bow and dagger
incuse square; banker's mark
Carradice type IV (late) C
5,1g 14,5mmJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Syracuse - AE drachm405-367 BC
head of Athena left wearing Corinthian helmet decorated with olive wreath
ΣYPA
sea-star between two dolphins
Holloway, Further, Series 4, fig. 8; CNS 62; HGC 2, 1436
34,1g 29mmJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Akragas - AE hemilitronc. 425/0 - 410/06 BC
eagle left standing on fish
AKP_AΓANTI_NON
crab with snake between pincers; conch shell and octopus below
• • • • • •
CNS I, 47; HGC 2, 135; CNG Electronic Auction 353 - lot 30 (obverse die match); Bertolami Fine Arts E-Auction 259 - lot 73 (obverse and reverse die match)
16,8g 25mmJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Athens - AR drachm431-393 BC
head of Athena right - almond shaped eye, crested helmet with olive leaves and floral scroll
owl standing right, head facing, olive sprig and crescent left
AΘE
SNG Cop 41; Kroll 10; Dewing 1601; Svoronos pl. 11, 20; HGC 4 1631
4,2g 14mmJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Corinth - AR staterc. 525/10-490 BC
Pegasos with reins left
Ϙ
incuse square with swastika pattern Ravel Period I, 49 var. (P39/T– [unlisted rev. die]); Pegasi 23 (same obv. die); BCD Corinth 3; HGC 4, 1815; BMC 20 (same obv. die)
6,0g 22mmJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Lydian kingdom - AR 1/3 stater struck under Kroisos
Sardes
c. 560-546 BC
lion forepart right confronting bull forepart left
two incuse squares
BMFA 2071. Rosen 666. SNG Keckman 359
3,5g 12,5mmJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Antoninus Pius - Zeugma138-161 AD
laureate head right
ΑΥΤΟ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΤ ΑΙΛ ΑΔΡΙΑ__ΑΝΤωΝΙΝΟϹ ϹE[Β] [EΥ]
temple on rocky hilltop, steps or colonnades on either side; ponton bridge in front?
ΖEΥ_ΓΜΑ_ΤEωΝ
Ϛ
RPC IV.3, 8532 (temporary); BMC 8–11, Cop 28
7,0g 19,5mm
ex DemosJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Aurelian - AE antoninianusAntioch
summer 272 - spring 273 AD
Issue 4
radiate and cuirassed bust right
IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG
Sol standing left, wearing chalmys, raising hand, holding globe; bounded captive wearing oriental dress to left
CONSER_VAT AVG
Δ
BNC 1274; RIC1st 384
http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/coin/3143
3,5g 22mm
ex DemosJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Tiberius - SibliaMenedemos (magistrate)
14 - 37 AD
head right
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ
head of Mên wearing cap on crescent, left
ΜΕΝΕΔΗΜΟΣ // ΣΙΒΛΙΑΝΩΝ
RPC I, 3163; vA Phryg. I, 885–6
6,5g 20mm
ex BucephalusJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Gordian III - Alia238-244 AD
laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
ΑΥΤ Κ Μ Α_ΝΤ ΓΟΡΔΙΑΝΟ / Ϲ
Dionysos standing half left, holding kantharos and thyrsos; at his feet, panther left, head turned right
ΑΛΙΗ_ΝΩΝ
RPC VII.1, 696; vA Phrygien I, 127–55
5,7g 26mm
ex BucephalusJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Marcian - AE Half CentenionalisConstantinople
450-457 AD
pearl-didemed, draped and cuirassed bust right
D N MARCINIANVS P F AVG
monogram: (MARL) / S
cross above
CON
RIC X Marcian 545, LRBC II 2250, DOCLR 497, SRCV V 21395
1,0g 10,5mm
ex SolJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Valerian II - BI antoninianusEmesa or Samosata
256-258 AD
1st-2nd emissions
radiate and draped bust right from behind
VALERIANVS NOBIL CAES
aquila (eagle right), signum at either side
FIDES MILITVM
RIC V 46; MIR 36, 1692; RSC 24
3,9g 21mm
ex SolJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Gordian III - Iuliopolis238-244 AD
radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
M ANT ΓOPΔIANOC A(VΓ)
three standards; central one topped by eagle flanked by two standards topped by wreaths
IO-(VΛ)-IO-ΠO
ΛEITΩN
RPC VII.2, 2055; Rec 56
2,3g 16,5mm
ex SolJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Alexandria ad Issos - AEc. 98-138 AD
laureate and draped bust of Poseidon right
ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕ_ωΝ
dolphin right; above, trident
ΚΑΤ ΙϹϹΟΝ
RPC III, 3401; Levante 71 var.
3,4g 17mm
ex SolJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Aurelian - AE antoninianusSerdica
XI 274 - IX 275 AD
(Issue 8, Phase 2)
radiate and cuirassed bust right
IMP C AVRELIANVS PIVS FEL AVG
Female standing right, holding wreath, crowning Aurelian in military dress standing left, holding spear (or long sceptre)
RESTITVT OR_BIS
*
KAB
BNC p.400
https://ric.mom.fr/en/coin/2764
3,7g 23mm
ex Gorny & MoschJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Alexander Severus - AR denariusRome
231-235 AD
laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG
Jupiter facing, head turned right, cloak over shoulder, holding eagle, hurling thunderbolt
IOVI PRO_PVGNATORI
RIC IV 238, RSC III 83, BMCRE VI 824, Hunter III 71, SRCV II 7871
2,9g 19mm
ex Gorny & MoschJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Tiberius and Augustus - AntiochAR tetradrachm
14-37 AD
laureate head of Tiberius right
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑ_ΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ
radiate head of Augustus right
ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ
RPC I, 4161; Cop 144, Prieur 60, McAlee 211
12,5g 25mm
ex Gorny & MoschJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Antioch - AR tetradrachmstruck under Labienus in the name of Philip I
40-39 BC
diademed head of Philip I right
Zeus seated left, leaning on scepter, holding Nike
BAΣIΛEΩΣ / ΦIΛIΠΠOY // EΠIΦANOYΣ / ΦIΛAΔEΛΦOY
(AYT)
I
RPC I, 4133; Prieur 10, McAlee 10
14,1g 26,5mm
ex SavocaJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Aspendos - AR tetradrachmin the name of Alexander III
187-186 BC
head of young Herakles right wearing lion's skin
Zeus seated left, leaning on scepter, holding eagle; anchor countermark
AΛEΞANΔPOY
AΣ / KϚ
Price 2907, Cohen DCA 312/26, Müller Alexander -
16,0g 30mm
ex SolJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Vespasian - Antioch74 AD
laureate head left
IMP CAESAR VESP AVG
S·C within wreath
RPC II, 1984; Wruck 97, RIC 796, BMC 219–20, McAlee 63
6,3g 20mm
ex Gorny & MoschJ. B.Mar 31, 2024
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Iulia Maesa RIC 268Silver Denarius ( 20mm - 2.49g)
obv. IVLIA MAESA AVG
diademed and draped bust right
rev. PVDICITIA
Pudicitia seated left, drawing out veil from shoulder with right hand and holding
sceptre in right
RIC 268
RomeHolgerGMar 31, 2024
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Maximinus I, Thrax RIC 3Denarius (3,04g - 19mm)
obv. IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG
laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
rev. P M TR P II COS P P
Bare-headed emperor standing
left, holding spear, standard at either side.
Rome mint AD 236
RIC 3HolgerGMar 31, 2024
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The London Mint. Contemporary 'barbarous' imitation. cf. CT 9.03.016; cf. RIC VII 231Barbarous imitation of Crispus, as Caesar, BI Nummus. Imitating London, c. AD 320-324. IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES, helmeted and cuirassed bust left, holding spear over right shoulder, shield decorated with Gorgoneion on left arm / BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, globe on altar inscribed VOT/IS/XX in three lines, three stars above; PLON in exergue. 1.98g, 18mm, 9h.
Ex Dr Lars Ramskold Collection (Leu Numismatik Web Auction 28, 12th December 2023, Lot 4483).
The style of this coin is clearly unofficial, indicating that it is a contemporary 'barbarous' imitation. The obverse shows a fascinating abstract gorgoneion on the shield. Its closest match in Cloke & Toone is CT 9.03.016, but the legend 'IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES' was never used at the London mint.Paulus JMar 31, 2024
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021b. CrispinaBruttia Crispina. Wife of Commodus. Implicated in a plot against him; exiled in 188 and killed.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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021a. CommodusCaesar 175-176. Emperor 177-192
Son of Marcus. End of the “Excellent Emperors.” Fancied himself as the reincarnation of Hercules, and ‘fought’ in the Colosseum. Considered renaming Rome as Colonia Commodiana. Finally strangled by conspirators.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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020b. LucillaDaughter of Marcus Aurelius, who was married at age 15 to Lucius Verus. Sister of Commodus; when she conspired against him, she was banished and executed.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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020a. Lucius VerusCo-emperor with Marcus 161-169.
Originally named Lucius Ceionius Commodus. Son of Aelius. Overshadowed by Marcus. Lucius had the reputation of being more interested in leading a good life than in ruling. Died of stroke at age 38.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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019d. Aurelius Antoninus (?)The reverse of a denarius and a sestertius of Faustina Junior show two infants on a throne. The infants on the reverse normally are identified as Commodus and T. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus. The latter died in infancy.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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019c. Annius VerusMarcus Annius Verus Caesar was born 162 or 163, a son of Marcus Aurelius and Empress Faustina the Younger. Annius was made caesar on 12 October 166 AD, along with his brother Commodus. Annius died on 10 September 169.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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019b. Faustina JuniorWife of Marcus Aurelius. Had at least 14 (and perhaps more) children with him, of whom 6 reached adulthood. It was reputed that she engaged in a pattern of infidelity. Despite this, she was deified when she died in 175.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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019a. Marcus AureliusCaesar 139-161. Emperor 161-180.
40 years old at accession. Spent much of reign on campaigns against barbarians. Probably better known today as a philosopher.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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018c. Galerius AntoninusGalerius Antoninus was the son of Antoninus Pius & Faustina I, and he died before 138 AD.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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018b. Faustina SeniorWife of Antoninus Pius. She died in 141 AD. She had four children with Antoninus; only Faustina Junior survived to be an adult.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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018a. Antoninus PiusEmperor 138-161 AD
Adopted by Hadrian as heir after death of Aelius. Required to adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Generally peaceful reign.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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017a. AeliusCaesar July or August 136 - 1 January 138
Lucius Ceionius Commodus, then Lucius Aelius Caesar upon his adoption as Hadrian's heir in 136. This decision reportedly was not popular. It became moot, however, when Aelius died at the end of the following year.
lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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016c. AntinousAntinous, a Greek youth, was a favorite of Hadrian who apparently was deeply in love with him. Antinous died in 130 AD. There are two main stories as to his death. The first is that he accidentally drowned. The second is that he voluntarily sacrificed himself to try to cure Hadrian of disease. After his death, he was deified, and Hadrian struck a series of provincial coins.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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016b. SabinaVibia Sabina. Wife of Hadrian. Died in 136 or 137.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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016a. HadrianEmperor 11 August 117 – 10 July 138.
Born in Spain of senatorial rank. Had a very strained relationship with the Senate (including executing some senators). Suppressed the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea. He felt that the Empire had overextended and withdrew from some terroritories. Perhaps best known for his extensive travels throughout the Empire. Suffered from ill health and died at the age of 62.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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015e. Trajan PaterMarcus Ulpius Traianus. Deified father of Trajan. Served as a senator and consul suffectus. The date of his death is uncertain, but it was before 98 AD.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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015d. MarcianaUlpia Marciana. Sister of Trajan, whom he named as an Augusta, and on her death in 112, had her deified.
lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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015c. MatidiaSalonia Matidia. Niece of Trajan, whom he brought into court after the death of her father. She was named as an Augusta in 112.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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015b. PlotinaPompeia Plotina. Wife of Trajan. Maintained a reputation for modesty and dignity. There is no record of her having any children. She played a significant role in the naming of Hadrian as a successor to Trajan. Plotina did not appear on coinage until late in the realm. She died in 121 or 122.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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015a. TrajanEmperor 28 January 98 – 11 August 117
Born in Spain from a senatorial family. Oversaw a dramatic increase in the size of the territory ruled by Rome. He also created a vast building program for the Empire. Well respected both by the Senate and the army. He died while returning from a victory over the Parthians. After his death, it became customary for the Senate to inaugurate new emperors with the phrase felicior Augusto, melior Traiano (that he be "luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan").lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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014a. NervaEmperor 18 September 96 – 27 January 98
Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Nerva was a long-serving court official and served as consul. He was 66 when Domitian was assassinated; it is unclear if he was involved in the conspiracy, although Cassius Dio claims that he was aware of it. The Senate quickly proclaimed Nerva as the new emperor. His support among the legions and the Praetorians was very weak, leading him to name Trajan (who was very popular with both) as Caesar. He died of natural causes in 98 AD. He was viewed as the first of the five "Excellent Emperors."lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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013d. Deified Son of DomitianThere is no further identification of this infant.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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013c. Vespasian JuniorRelative of Domitian, and adopted by him. His father accused of treason and executed. Vespasian Junior's fate is not known; only provincial coins were minted for him.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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013b. DomitiaDomitia Longina was the wife of Domitian. There were unconfirmed accounts that she was involved in the conspiracy against him. She lived for many years after his death.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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013a. DomitianEmperor 14 September 81 – 18 September 96
Younger son of Vespasian. Kept in background as Caesar. His rule was very autocratic, and he was generally unpopular as Emperor. After his assassination involving a court conspiracy, the Senate passed a damnatio memoriae on him.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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012d. Julia TitiDaughter of Titus and niece of Domitian. After death of Titus, she lived with Domitian as his mistress and died during pregnancy.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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012c. Domitilla JuniorSister of Titus and Domitian. David Vagi argues that some Domitilla coins should be ascribed to the daughter rather than the mother.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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012b. Domitilla SeniorBoth Titus and Domitian issued posthumous coins for Domitilla, their mother.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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012a. TitusCaesar 68-69. Augustus 24 June 79 -- 13 September 81.
Elder son of Vespasian. Supreme commander in Jewish war after Vespasian left to assume throne. During Titus's rule, eruption of Mt Vesuvius and fire in Rome. Died of illness at age of 42.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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011a. VespasianEmperor 1 June 69 -- 24 June 79
T. Flavius Vespasianus. Born in Rome. Very successful general in Britain and Judea. Commander in East; moved against Vitellius and overthrew him. Popular with both public and the Senate.lawrence cMar 31, 2024
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Isle of Mancf. Mackay 39; cf. SCBC 7408; cf. KM 5.1
AE penny; Contemporary counterfeit of Second Derby Coinage, of which the official coinage was issued by James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby (1702-1736), and struck at either London or Bristol by William Wood’s successors. 7.01 g., 26.99 mm. max., 180°
Obv: SANS • CHANGER [without changing], Stanley family crest of eagle over child in wicker basket, above the cap of maintenance, 1733 below.
Rev: QUOCUNQUE • IECERIS • STABIT [whithersoever you throw it, it will stand] triskeles in center, I-D-J [Iacobus Darbiensis 1 Penny] between legs.
The Second Derby Coinage is comprised of two distinct issues, with the prototype for this contemporary counterfeit coin coming from the first issue. There were 72,000 minted.StkpMar 30, 2024
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010a. VitelliusEmperor 2 January -- 20 December 69
Aulus Vitellius. Well connected politically. While commander in Germania, troops proclaimed him emperor. Beat Otho in battle for the throne. On approach of Vespasian, he was killed by a mob.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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009a. OthoEmperor 15 January -- 17 April 69.
Marcus Salvius Otho. Governor of Lusitania. He initially supported Galba, but ousted him in a coup after Galba refused to name him Caesar. The legions on the Rhine under Vitellius fought Otho's forces, which lost the initial battle. Rather than continue the war, Otho committed suicide.
lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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008a. GalbaEmperor 3 Apr 68 AD - 15 Jan 69
Servius Sulpicius Galba. After Nero's suicide, Galba seized power. He reportedly was ruthless and greedy. He assumed the role of emperor, but quickly lost the support of the praetorians. Overthrown by Otho and executed. He also had struck portrait coins as imperator.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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008a. Clodius MacerDuring his revolt in 68 AD, Clodius Macer isssued very rare portrait denarii.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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007a. Civil Wars 68-69The Civil Wars erupted in Gaul in March 68 under the leadership of Vindex, quickly followed by Galba in Spain. Vindex was beaten, but Galba's revolt continued. Clodius Macer also rose up in Africa. About a year later, in March 69, pro-Vitellian forces rose up in Gaul. Finally, in late 69, a separate widespread revolt under the leadership of Julius Civilis erupted in Southern Gaul, but eventually was crushed. Some portrait coins were struck, but the majority of coinage from the firsy period was one of three types: 1) denarii with the portrait of Augustus; 2) denarii with symbolic devices; and 3) bronze coins of Nero that were overstruck with SPQR lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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006d. Claudia NeronisDaughter of Nero and Poppea who lived only four months after being born in 63 AD. Only one posthumous coin type struck about two years later.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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006c. PoppeaPoppea was Nero's second wife, married in 62 AD. She had been the wife of Otho, who was sent out of Rome so that she could become Nero's mistress. After Nero married Poppea, when she was pregnant, he kicked her to death.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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006b. OctaviaFirst wife of Nero, whom he married a year before becoming emperor. After nine years, he divorced her so that he could marry Poppea. Octavia was then banished and eventually killed.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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006a. NeroEmperor 13 Oct 54 - 9Jun 68lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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005g. BritannicusSon of Claudius by Messalina, born in 41 AD. Replaced as heir by Nero, and poisoned at age 14 after Nero assumed power.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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005f. Antonia MinorDaughter of Marc Antony; Wife of Nero Drusus; Mother of Claudius; Grandmother of Caligula. Antonia was popular and highly respected by the Romans. She died around 37 AD, possibly by a suicide forced by Caligula.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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005e. GermanicusGermanicus, brother of Claudius, was a very popular and able general who died in 19 AD under suspicious circumstances involving a possible poisoning that may have been ordered by Tiberius. Caligula, Germanicus's son, also struck posthumous coins.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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005d. Nero Claudius DrususFather of Claudius. Nero Claudius Drusus was one of the best generals under Augustus. He died in 9 BC while on campaign after an accidental fall from his horse.
lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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005c. Agrippinna JuniorDaughter of Germanicus, sister of Caligula, mother of Nero, and fourth wife of Claudius (her uncle). Maneuvered to have Nero become Emperor; reputed to have poisoned Claudius.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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005b. Valeria MessalinaValeria Messalina was the second cousin of Claudius and became his third wife around 39 AD. She had two children, Britannicus and Octavia. She became publicly notorious for her sexual profligacy and was executed in 48 AD. The execution likely had more to do with suspicions that she was plotting against Claudius, as evidenced by her public marriage to another noble while still married to Claudius, than her other behavior.
lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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005a. ClaudiusAugustus 41-54 AD
Uncle of Caligula. Claudius was somewhat an 'accidental' emperor. He was viewed as slow-witted and not suitable for emperor. When Caligula was assassinated, the Praetorians left Claudius alive and proclaimed him as Emperor. Once in office, he proved to a capable ruler, although his marriages created constant stresses for him. It was rumored but never proven that he was poisoned by Agrippina Junior.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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004f. Nero Caesar & Drusus CaesarBrothers of Caligula, who struck posthumous coins. Both killed by plots of Sejanus, the praetorian prefect, in 31 and 33 AD respectively.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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004e. Agrippina SeniorAgrippina Senior was the daughter of Julia, Augustus's daughter. She was the wife of Germanicus, and had nine children with him, including Caligula and Agrippina Junior. After the death of Germanicus, she became opposed to Tiberius. She was banished by Tiberius in 29 AD, and she died of starvation four years later. All coin issues were posthumous.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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004d. AgrippaGrandfather of Caligula, who struck posthumous coins. For a bio of Agrippa, see under Augustus.
lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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004c. Drusilla & Other SistersDrusilla was the sister of Caligula, with whom he was reported to have an incestuous relationship. She has some solo portraits on provincial coins. His other two sisters, Agrippina the Younger and Julia, were on coins as part of the trio of sisters. For a portrait coin of Agrippina, see 005c.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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004b. Caesonia Milonia Caesonia. Fourth wife of Caligula. Killed as part of the same plot against Caligula.lawrence cMar 30, 2024
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