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England - Northumbria

S.847D EadberhtSceat of Eadberht, king of Northumbria 737-758
Moneyer: unkown
Mint: York (presumably)
SCBC 847D
N. 178
Booth type D
Abramson 70-120
Chapman A6
O: EOTBEREhTVſ
R: Fantastic animal facing left, triquetra below, cross under tail
Motif: 1/fantastic animal

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.856 Æthelred I (Cutheard)Sceat of Æthelred I, king of Northumbria (second reign) 789-796
Moneyer: Cutheard
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 856
Pirie unlisted
Phase Ia
Booth var i
Abramson 83-10
O: +AEDILRED R
R: +CVDHEARD
Motif: 1/1

Cutheard minted coins for Æthelred I, Eardwulf, Ælfwald II, and Eanred. Coins of Eardwulf are extremely rare, at current there are about 9 known of this monarch, and coins of Ælfwald II are also quite rare.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.868 Æthelred II (Eardwulf)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (second reign) 844-850
Moneyer: Eardwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 868
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +EARDVVLF
Motif: 1a/5*

Eardwulf was the most prolific moneyer of Æthelred II's second reign. Presumably the moneyers who went to work for the usurper Redwulf were all fired (and given the brutal times they lived, perhaps executed!), which is why we see no more coins of Brother, Forthred, Eanred, Alghere, or Wendleberht after 844. Eardwulf became the main minter after 844, and his coins have survived in great number. His designs are fairly conventional (unlike Æthelred II's previous main minter Leofthegn), but he does show some variation. This coin has a asterisk-like star in the reverse, a design that was frequently used.

Ex- Status International Auction 301 (lot 7247), Noble Numismatics Sale 102 (lot 1784), Noble Numismatics Sale 72 (lot 955)St. George's Collection

S.871 Wulfhere (Wulfred)Styca of Wulfhere, archbishop of York 854-900
Moneyer: Wulfred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 871
Pirie unlisted
Abramson C-40/34c
O: +VLFHERE ABED (retrograde)
R: +VVLFRED (retrograde)
Motif: 1a/1

Die pairing is unlisted in Pirie, appears to have the same obverse as Pirie 1276-1277 but a different reverse. Pirie does note that other reverses are known for this die obverse.

Ex- History In CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.871 Wulfhere (Wulfred)Styca of Wulfhere, archbishop of York 854-900
Moneyer: Wulfred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 871
Pirie unlisted
Abramson C-40/34c
O: VVLFHFR AREP (retrograde)
R: +VVL.FRED (retrograde)
Motif: 1/3

Unlisted reverse die in Pirie's 'Coins of the Kingdom of Northumbria', but I believe the obverse die is the same as Pirie 1290.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.866 Æthelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 866
Pirie 182
Leofthegn's "Special" motif: Omega in center of obverse
O: +EDELRED REX
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: S3a/1b

Ex- CNG eAuction 324 (lot 632), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.870 Wigmund (Coenred)Styca of Wigmund, archbishop of York 837-854
Moneyer: Coenred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 870
O: +VIGMVND AREP
R: +COENRED
Motif: 1/1

Coenred also struck coins for king Redwulf.

Ex- Keith ChapmanSt. George's Collection

S.870 Wigmund (Aethelweard)Styca of Wigmund, archbishop of York 837-854
Moneyer: Aethelweard
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 870
O: +VIGMVND IREP
R: +EDILVEARD (retrograde)
Motif: 1/1

Archbishop Wigmund had four moneyers who struck coins: Aethelweard, Aethelhelm, Coenred, and Hunlaf. All are similarly common. Aethelweard also struck coins for Wigmund's predecessor Eanbald II.

Ex- Mauseus CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.869 Osberht (Wulfsige)Styca of Osberht, king of Northumbria 849-867
Moneyer: Wulfsige
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 869
Pirie 445
O: BOSBEBHT
R: +VVLFSIXT
Motif: 3/1

Wulfsixt is believed to be the same moneyer as Wulfsige, who also minted coins for Aethelred II. The letter "X" is runic for the modern letter "G"

Ex- ABC CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.872 Aethelred II (Cynemund?)Irregular styca of Aethelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Cynemund
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 872
O: +EDILRED RE (retrograde)
R: +CVNIMVND (blundered)
Motif: 1/3

Not sure whether to call this a coin of Cynemund or a blundered irregular styca of the c.850 period. It may be a combination of a serviceable Aethelred II obverse die with a nonsensical blundered reverse die.

Ex- Roman Lode CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Alghere)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Alghere
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +Ä€EDILRED â„ž
R: +Ä€LGHE'RE
Motif: 1/1

Alghere, sometimes referred to as Ealhere, coined for Æthelred II and Redwulf. This variety has the symbol 'â„ž' on the obverse, something also found on Ceolbald's coinage of Æthelred I of Northumbria, and also on coins of Ecgberht of Kent.

Ex- York Coins, CNG Auction 90 (lot 2361 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.868 Æthelred II (Eardwulf)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (second reign) 844-849
Moneyer: Eardwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 868
O: EDILRED ER
R: EARDVVLF
Motif: 3/2

For a long time, numismatists thought some of the many coins of moneyer Eardwulf were actually coins of King Eardwulf of the early 9th century. This is made doubly complex by the fact that Eardwulf's name appears on many of the irregular c.850 stycas, often in blundered form, often with something that appears like REX after the name. It is now well accepted that King Eardwulf did not mint stycas; the few coins of his known are all silver sceats, similar in composition to Æthelred I's and Eanred's early coins, and are all made by the moneyer Cutheard.

Ex- TimeLine OriginalsSt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Herreth)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Herreth
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Pirie 103
Phase Ib
O: +EAИRED REX
R: +HERRED X
Motif: 1/1

Herreth was an early moneyer for Eanred. He is not known to have coined for Eanred predecessors or successors. His names, usually blundered, appears somewhat frequently on irregular stycas of c.850.

Ex- Leodis Hammered Coins, PAS: SWYOR-11C9F2St. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Forthred)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Forthred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +ERANRED EX (retrograde)
R: +FORDRED
Motif: 1/1

Forthred, was a prolific moneyer of Eanred, Aethelred II, and Redwulf.

Ex- York Coins, CNG Auction 90 (lot 2354 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Monne)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Monne
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +ƎANЯED REX
R: +MONNE
Motif: 1/1

Monne is one of the most prolific moneyers of stycas. Monne coined for Eanred, Aethelred II, Redwulf, and Osberht. Due to the considerable time period that encompasses (late 830s to early 860s), it would not be unreasonable to consider that there was more than one 'Monne,' perhaps even a father and son. The name Monne is also found in blundered form on many of the irregular stycas c.850.

Ex- TimeLine OriginalsSt. George's Collection

S.847B EadberhtSceat of Eadberht, king of Northumbria 737-758
Moneyer: unknown
Mint: York (presumably)
SCBC 847B
N. 178
Booth type B
Abramson 70-50
Chapman A3
O: EOTBEREhTVſ.
R: Fantastic animal facing left
Motif: 1/fantastic animal

Ex- Keith ChapmanSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Eanred)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Eanred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +EANRED
Motif: 1/6

Eanred is one of Æthelred's more prolific moneyers. He also coined for Redwulf. He is not to be confused with King Eanred, who was Æthelred's father and predecessor.

Ex- A.G.&S. GillsSt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Cynwulf)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Cynwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Pirie unlisted
Phase Ia
O: EAIRED REX (retrograde)
R: CYNVALF
Motif: 4/4

Cynwulf was one of Eanred's earlier moneyers, and his coins are silver sceats. They are fairly scarce. He is also known to coin for Archbishop Eanbald II.

This particular coin was struck from dies not listed in Pirie. This is not so surprising, as the source collections of York and Leeds are relatively weak in early silver sceat varieties, especially compared with their strength in the copper stycas from the later period of Eanred's reign to the end of Osberht's. I cannot track a die match through the Early Medieval Corpus either, though it is similar to several coins listed. I did note though that the coin seems to be a die match to one of the sceats found at Hexham (Eanred:24) in the Adamson plates, reproduced by Pirie in 'Coinage in Ninth-Century Northumbria'. The coins from Hexham form the backbone of the British Museum's Northumbrian collection, which as yet has not been illustrated in a Sylloge.

Ex- A.G.&S. GillisSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
Pirie 204, Phase II Group A
O: +EDELRED REX
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: 1b(var)/1

The obverse die from this coin was also used to strike coins by the moneyers Monne and Odilo.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Brother)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Brother
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +EANRED REX
R: +BRODER
Motif: 1/1

Brother is one of the most prolific of moneyers. He coined for Eanred, Aethelred II, and Redwulf

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.870 Wigmund (Aethelhelm)Styca of Wigmund, archbishop of York 837-854
Moneyer: Aethelhelm
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 870
O: +VIGMVND
R: +EDELHELM
Motif: 1/5d

Aethelhelm struck coins for Archbishop Wigmund as well as King Osberht. His name is also found in various butchered forms on the later irregular stycas.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.870 Wigmund (Aethelhelm)Styca of Wigmund, archbishop of York 837-854
Moneyer: Aethelhelm
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 870
O: +VIGMVND
R: +EDELHELM
Motif: 1/1

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.872 Osberht (Eardwulf)Irregular styca of Osberht, king of Northumbria 849-867
Moneyer: Eardwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 872
Pirie 2215
Phase II, Group Dii
O: BOSBCRH (retrograde)
R: +EARDVVLF
Motif: 4/1

Most likely an irregular coin circa 855, which depicts a blundered spelling of Osberht, along with the name of a prolific moneyer (Eardwulf) from the reign of Æthelred II. Die match to Pirie 2215. The obverse is also used to strike stycas in the name of Æthelhelm, Wulfred, and other nonsensical letter combinations.

Ex- eBay, UKDFD 19244St. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Eanred)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Eanred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
Pirie 550
O: +AEILRED R
R: +EANRED
Motif: 4/6f

Same dies as Pirie 550. The reverse has a pellet within the ring, the pellet seems to have a very small pellet next to it, almost looks like a moon orbiting a planet, Abramson has called this the "planetary" motif, otherwise designated 6f. This motif may be unique to this particular die.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.872 Osberht (Æthelhelm?)Irregular styca of Osberht, king of Northumbria 849-867
Moneyer: Æthelhelm?
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 872
Pirie 2219
Phase II, Group Dii
O: BOSBCRH (retrograde)
R: +EDVLHV (retrograde)
Motif: 4/5d

Nonsense reverse legend. Probably a blundered form of Æthelhelm. Same die as Pirie 2219, also shares obverse die with my coin of Osberht, with the moneyer Eardwulf

A die match can be found in Museum Victoria in Melbourne, Australia.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Monne)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Monne
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED
R: +MONNE
Motif: 1/1

Ex- eBay, Old Coin Gallery of MelbourneSt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Alfheard?)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Alfheard
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Pirie 95
Phase Ib
O: +EAHRED R
R: ALFHEARD
Motif: 1/1

Alfheard is a possible moneyer for Eanred. It is not clear if Alfheard is a distinct moneyer or whether it is an aberrant spelling of Wulfheard (frequently written as 'VVLFHEARD' or 'VVLFHRRD'. It is also possible that the name is Heardwulf. There are coins that depict a reverse of '+ALFHEARD' which raises the suspicion that Alfheard is a distinct individual. However, the style of their dies are quite similar.

Pirie lists this variety as a coin of Heardwulf.

Regardless, 'Alfheard' coins are fairly rare

Ex- Halls Hammered Coins, eBaySt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Wulfred)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Wulfred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED X
R: +VVLFRED
Motif: 4/4

Wulfred coined for Æthelred's predecessor Eanred and successor Osberht, as well as for the Archbishop Wulfhere. He did not coin for Redwulf, who usurped power during Æthelred's reign, was killed by Vikings, and whose death led to the restoration of Æthelred II. Most likely Wulfred's loyalty to Æthelred II saved his career (and probably his life), as the other moneyers who coined for Redwulf (with the lone exception of Monne) do not appear to be in business after Æthelred's restoration.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Wendelberht)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Wendelberht
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED RE
R: +VENDELBERHT
Motif: 1/1

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Monne)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Monne
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED X
R: +MONNE
Motif: 1a/5

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Wendelberht)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Wendelberht
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +VENDELBERHT
Motif: 1/1

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.847C EadberhtSceat of Eadberht, king of Northumbria 737-758
Moneyer: unknown
Mint: York (presumably)
SCBC 847C
N. 178
Booth type C
Abramson 70-100
Chapman B2
O: EOTBEREhTVſ.
R: Fantastic animal facing left
Motif: 3h/fantastic animal

Unusual variety, with a 3-armed cross on the obverse, with the reverse being a creature with a pellet next to its head.

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Forthred)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Forthred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +FORDRED
Motif: 3b(var)/1

Unusual obverse central motif, with a pellet-in-annulet with 4 pellets surrounding.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.872 Hoaud? (Hwætred)Irregular styca in the name of "Hoaud"
Moneyer: Hwætred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 872
O: [+HO]AVD RE
R: +HVAET[RD] (retrograde)
Motif: 1/1

A slightly chipped coin of King Hoaud, the king that most likely never was. This is an irregular styca which for many years was thought to be of an otherwise unknown king, Hoaud or Huath or some variation. The name itself does not seem to be Anglo-Saxon. Most likely this is a contemporary imitation of coins minted in the 850s, which does not, by die analysis, fit into the main body of die-linked coins of Osberht. Perhaps it was produced outside of the main minting center (presumably York)

D.C. Axe, in his article "Dating the so-called Hoaud stycas", determines that these coins are consistent with the metallic composition of coins made in the 850s, probably during the civil war between Osberht and Ælla, which ended with the attack of the Viking "Great Heathen Army," an event (probably 867) that closed the chapter on Northumbrian independence and styca coinage. There is no figure named "Hoaud" and the lettering is probably nonsensical, as are many of the coins produced at this time. However, during the 19th century, numismatists ran with the idea that 'Hoaud' was one of the kings of this early petty kingdom, and his stycas were evidence of this.

The moneyer, Hwætred, coined for Eanred early in his reign, which was a good 40 years before this coin was produced. Hwætred did not strike coins for any of Eanred's successors, suggesting he was no longer in the coining business by 850. Hwætred's coins are all good silver, unlike this issue which has negligible silver content. So the moneyer was imitative, as was the obverse, making the existence of King Hoaud quite unlikely.

Still, because of the history, this issue is quite collectible. Including museum specimens, there are probably less than 20 of these coins in existence, and when they sell, as with two specimens sold through CNG, they sell for far more than other irregular stycas of the same period.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Daegberct)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Daegberct
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Pirie unlisted
Phase Ib
O: EANRED REX
R: DAEGBERCT
Motif: 1/1

Daegberct was one of Eanred's earlier moneyers. His coins are scarce, and mostly a silver billon composition, as is this one. He is not known to have coined for Eanred's predecessors or successors.

Ex- Roman Lode CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Daegberct)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Daegberct
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
Pirie unlisted, Phase Ib
O: +EANRED REX
R: +DAEGBERCT
Motif: 1/1

Daegberct was one of Eanred's earlier moneyers. His coins are scarce, and mostly a silver billon composition. This particular coin however is a copper styca, suggesting that Daegberct may have coined for some time. He is not known to have coined for Eanred's predecessors or successors.

This coin is very similar to Pirie 65-66, it looks like it was struck with the same obverse die, but the reverse is different than either of those coins.

Ex- York Coins, CNG eAuction 324 (lot 755 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Eadwine)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Eadwine
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Pirie unlisted
Phase Ib
O: +EAИRED REX
R: +EADVI.ИI
Motif: 1a/1

Eadwine, or Eadvini, was one of Eanred's earlier moneyers, and his coins are usually made of good silver. Early moneyers of Eanred are somewhat more scarce than the later ones. Eadwine is not known to have coined for Eanred's predecessors or successors, but he did coin for Archbishop Eanbald II. Blundered versions of his name also appear on some irregular stycas of the later c.850 period.

This coin is unlisted in Pirie, but is struck with the same reverse die as Pirie 76-77.

Ex- CNG eAuction 324 (lot 618), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
Pirie 236, Phase II Group A
O: +EDELRED R
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: 1/6c

Leofthegn is a very common moneyer of Æthelred II, behind only Eardwulf, Monne, Eanred, and possibly Forthred in terms of number of known specimens. His use of unusual central motifs make him stand out amongst the other coiners of his time.

Ex- CNG eAuction 324 (lot 640), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
Pirie 231, Phase II Group Ai
O: +EDELRED R
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: 1/6b

Ah, Leothegn, the most creative of the Northumbrian moneyers. He minted coin in great number, and was the most prolific moneyer of Æthelred II's first reign. He is not known to have coined for any other monarchs. Leofthegn is known for his "special motifs," select obverse and reverse designs that differ from the standard plain cross or group of pellets. Presumably he was given some artistic freedom by the king, which other moneyers seemed not to have. His various special designs include alpha, omega, saltire, swastika, bullseye circles, asterisk, and a remarkable design featuring a dismally drawn "hound" creature on the reverse. The hound, though not beautiful by the art standard of any generation, was nonetheless the first animal design to be found on Northumbrian coins since the time of Alchred almost a century earlier.

This coin is one of Leofthegn's more "boring" designs, featuring a bullseye of concentric circles on the reverse.

Ex- York Coins, CNG Auction 90 (lot 2361 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Wihtred)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Wihtred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +VIHTRED
Motif: 1/1

Wihtred is a less common moneyer for Æthelred II. He also minted coins for Eanred. Wihtred's reverses are occasionally known to have his name spelled out in runic letters.

Ex- York Coins, CNG Auction 90 (lot 2361 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Gadutels)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Gadutels
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
Pirie 676
Phase II, Group Ci
O: +EANRED RE
R: +GADVJEIS
Motif: 1/1

The moneyer Gadutels was not known to have coined for any other monarch. It has been suggested that the names 'Aldates' and 'Gadutels' or 'Ladutels' are variants of the same name. It has also been suggested that 'Badigils' is also a variant of this name, but this is not universally accepted.

Ex- A.G.&S. GillisSt. George's Collection

S.866 Æthelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 866
Pirie unlisted
Leofthegn's "Special" motif: Large 'A' in center of obverse
O: +EDELRED REX
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: Alpha/1b

Pirie's 'Coins of the Kingdom of Northumbria' does not specifically list this die variety, however she does recognize its existence in a footnote, stating that it is a pairing of two depicted dies, the obverse of Pirie 178-181 and the reverse of Pirie 182 and 197. Pirie also lists a styca of the same dies as this coin as being in the Charles Winn collection (and probably dating back to the Bolton Percy Hoard) but this coin does not appear to be the same specimen.

Ex- CNG eAuction 324 (lot 631), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Wihtred)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Wihtred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +EANRED REX
R: +DIHTRR (retrograde)
Motif: 1/1

Ex- Holding History Coins, CNG eAuction 342 (lot 1058 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Wulfred)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Wulfred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +EANRED RE
R: +VVLFRED
Motif: 1/1

Wulfred is a prolific moneyer who coined for kings Eanred, Aethelred II, Osberht, and Archbishop Wulfhere. There are no significant die links that interweave these kings' coinage, and this coinage extends over a fairly lengthy period, so it is possible that there was more than one Wulfred.

Ex- Holding History Coins, CNG eAuction 342 (lot 1058 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Aldates)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Aldates
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
Pirie 485
Phase II, Group B
O: +EANRED RE
R: +ALDATES
Motif: 1/1

Aldates is possibly a variation of the moneyer 'Gadutels' or even 'Badigils'. Or they may have all been separate moneyers. Aldates is not known to have coined for any other rulers.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.868 Æthelred II (Wulfsige)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (second reign) 844-849
Moneyer: Wulfsige
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 868
Pirie unlisted
Phase II, Group Ciii
O: +EDLIRED RE
R: +VVI.FSIC

Wulfsige was a later moneyer for Æthelred II. He is probably the same person as Osberht's moneyer "Wulfsixt". This coin has the same obverse as Pirie 1720-1721, and the reverse is very similar to Pirie 1720 but it is not identical.

Ex- Holding History Coins, CNG eAuction 342 (lot 1058 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.869 Osberht (Eanwulf)Styca of Osberht, king of Northumbria 849-867
Moneyer: Eanwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 869

Ex- Holding History Coins, CNG eAuction 342 (lot 1058 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.872 Redwulf? (Herreth)Irregular styca of Redwulf, king of Northumbria 844
Moneyer: Herreth
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 872
Pirie unlisted
Phase II, Group A
O: +REV+HLV
R: +HERRED

Has same obverse as Pirie 468, with a different reverse. Both coins depict the moneyer Herreth.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.856 Æthelred I (Tidwulf)Sceat of Æthelred I, king of Northumbria (second reign) 789-796
Moneyer: Tidwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 856
Pirie unlisted
Phase Ia
Booth unlisted
Abramson 82-50
O: +AEDILRED Î
R: +TIDVVLF
Motif: 1a/1a

Tidwulf was a rare moneyer for Æthelred I. He is not known to have struck coins for any other rulers, although his name is sometimes imitated on the later irregular stycas.

I haven't been able to find a die match for either obverse or reverse, although it appears similar to (and may be from the same dies as) EMC 1997.0412. This coin seems to be a later more worn/rusty die set.

Ex- Davissons Auction 34 (lot 94), Dr. Cedric S. RaineSt. George's Collection

S.868 Æthelred II (Eardwulf)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (second reign) 844-850
Moneyer: Eardwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 868
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +EARDVVLF (retrodrade)

Ex-eBay, PAS: NCL-BF01A2St. George's Collection

S.866 Aethelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Aethelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 866
Pirie 192
O: +EDELRED REX
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: S1b/2b

Another of Leofthegn's "special designs." This coin features a hammer cross with staff.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Daegberct)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Daegberct
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Phase Ib
O: +EANRED REX
R: +DAEGBERCT
Motif: 1/1

Ex- Holding History Coins, CNG eAuction 342 (lot 1058 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Hwaetred)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Hwaetred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
O: +EANRED REX
R: +HVAETRED
Motif: 1/1

Hwaetred was an early moneyer for Eanred. He is not known to have coined for Eanred's predecessors or successors. Hwaetred is a fairly scarce moneyer, and his coinage is usually of good silver quality. Hwaetred was responsible for one of the most controversial stycas, the so-called "Hoaud" coin. Stycas exist which pair an obverse die reading +HOAVD RE with a reverse of +HVAETRD. For a time, these were thought to be coins of an otherwise unknown King Hoaud. This theory was more or less debunked by D. C. Axe in BAR 180, which showed that this was most likely a marriage of two reverse dies both reading a blundered version of HWAETRED. This explanation is accepted by the majority of numismatists, but "Hoaud" coins still sell for a pretty premium.

Ex- Holding History Coins, CNG eAuction 342 (lot 1058 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.869 Osberht (Aethelhelm)Styca of Osberht, king of Northumbria 849-867
Moneyer: Aethelhelm
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 869
O: +OSBRCHT
R: +EDELHELM
Motif: 1/1

Aethelhelm also struck coins for Archbishop Wigmund.

Ex- eBay, UKDFD 47634St. George's Collection

S.856 Æthelred I (Ceolbald)Sceat of Æthelred I, king of Northumbria (second reign) 789-796
Moneyer: Ceolbald
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 856
Pirie unlisted
Phase Ia
O: +AEDILRED
R: +CEOLBALD
Motif: 5/5

This coin depicts Ceolbald's most common design, that of a boss inside a pellet circle. Similar to Pirie 19 (?same dies). Appears to be from the same dies as EMC 2005.0125 (not the same coin)

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Wihtred)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Wihtred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
Pirie 160
Phase II, Group A
O: +EANRED REX
R: +ǷINTRMᛞ
Motif: 1/1

Rare styca of Eanred with moneyer's name in runic letters. Only used on this single reverse die. The Yorkshire museum has an impressive six specimens of this coin, there was one in the Mack collection (EMC 1020.0404), 3 other individual metal detecting finds recorded in the Early Medieval Corpus (EMC 2000.0372, EMC 2001.0304, EMC 2008.0098), one in UKDFD (5444), two on Adamson's plates from Hexham hoard (presumably are in British Museum) and two in the Peter Moffat collection (one is this coin). There are certainly other unrecorded specimens out there.

Besides what appears to be a high rate of survival from this die pair, the obverse die was also used to strike coins from 7 other reverse dies of Wihtred, and 5 reverse dies of the moneyer Monne. This is quite unusual for a single die to produce that quantity of coins.

Ex- eBay, Holding History Coins, CNG eAuction 342 (lot 1058 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.869 Osberht (Winiberht)Styca of Osberht, king of Northumbria 849-867
Moneyer: Winiberht
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 869
Pirie 1241
O: OSBERCHT RE
R: VINIBERHT
Motif: 2/2

Winiberht is a rare moneyer who only struck coins for Osberht.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
Pirie 1487
Phase II, Group Cii
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: 5d/5d

Ex- eBay, Holding History Coins, CNG eAuction 342 (lot 1058 [part]), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.870 Wigmund (Coenred)Styca of Wigmund, archbishop of York 837-854
Moneyer: Coenred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 870
O: +VIGMVND IREP
R: +COE.NRED
Motif: 1/1

Particularly nice example of this episcopal styca. Coenred also struck coins for Aethelred II and Redwulf.

Ex- Charles Wood, DNW 18 March 2015 (lot 519 [part]), Derek TidmarshSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Brother)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Brother
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +BRODER
Motif: 1/1

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.869 Osberht (Monne)Styca of Osberht, king of Northumbria 849-867
Moneyer: Monne
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 869
O: OSBERCHT EX
R: +MO.NNE (retrograde)

Presuming he was a single person, Monne is the only moneyer to have struck stycas for Eanred, Aethelred II, Redwulf, and Osberht. If he started around the end of Eanred's reign, then this might represent a period of some 15 years. This is longer than any of the other moneyers seemed to work, and it must be considered that there might have been more than one 'Monne'.

Ex- RP CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.866 Æthelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 866
Pirie 176
O: +EDELRED RE
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: 3b/S1c

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Coenred)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Coenred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED E (retrograde)
R: +COENRED (retrograde)

Coenred was mainly an episcopal moneyer who coined for Archbishop Wigmund, but also struck coins for Kings Æthelred II and Redwulf.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Wulfred)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Wulfred
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +VVLFRED
Motif: 1/1

Ex- English Coin Auctions 2015 (lot 180), Peter MoffatSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Leofthegn)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Leofthegn
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +LEOFDEJN
Motif: 2/2

Ex- English Coin Auctions 2015 (lot 182)St. George's Collection

S.868 Æthelred II (Eanwulf)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (second reign) 844-849
Moneyer: Eanwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 868
O: +EDILRE R (retrograde)
R: +EANNLF

Eanwulf struck coins for Æthelred II and Osberht. Presumably the coins for Æthelred were struck during his second reign

Ex- English Coin Auctions 2015 (lot 36)St. George's Collection

S.872 Wulfred (Eardwulf)Irregular styca in the name of two moneyers- Wulfred and Eardwulf
Most likely struck during the time of King Æthelred II or Osberht
Moneyer: Wulfred and Eardwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 872
O: +VVLFRED
R: +EARDVVLF
Motif: 1/3

A styca combining the reverses of two of the Northumbrian moneyers. Wulfred coined for Eanred and Æthelred II. Eardwulf was the major moneyer during Aethelred's second reign. Coins exist in the name of Osberht with reverses in the name of Eardwulf and Wulfred but these are probably irregular issues.

Double reverse stycas are unusual; they also known for moneyers Herreth, Æthelweard, Eadwine, Wulfheard, and Dægberct. They are presumably evidence of chaotic political events when the money was not under some central authority's scrutiny.

Ex- English Coin Auctions 2015 (lot 48)St. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Æthelheah)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Æthelheah
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
O: +EANRED RE
R: +EDILECH
Motif: 5/5

Æthelheah, considered the normalized name of "Edilech", was an early moneyer for Eanred. His career seems to have been quite short, as his coins are the rarest of all moneyers in the styca series. He has some connection to Cynwulf, another early moneyer of Eanred, as coins exist that share an obverse die.

Ex- Spink Auction 16019 (lot 64), Lord Stewartby, SpinkSt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Herreth)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Herreth
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
O: X EANREd (retrograde)
R: X HERRED

Ex- RP CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Fulcnoth)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Fulcnoth
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +EANRED REX
R: +FVLCNOD
Motif: 1/1

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.861 Eanbald II (Eadwulf)Sceat of Eanbald II, archbishop of York 796-c.830
Moneyer: Eadwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 861
Pirie unlisted
O: +EANBALD
R: +EODVVLF
Motif: 1a/4

Eadwulf is only known to have struck coins for Archbishop Eanbald II.

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Odilo)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Odilo
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +EANRED REX
R: +ODILO MON
Motif: 1/6

Odilo was a moneyer for Eanred and Aethelred II. His coins are overall quite rare. They are frequently inscribed with 'Odilo Mon' with the 'mon' short for monetarius. The name Odilo does not sound Anglo-Saxon and is probably a Germanic or Frisian name. Coins in Odilo's name are also known for Redwulf, but these are probably descendant issues.

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (Cynemund)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Cynemund
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +CVNEMVXD
Motif: 1/1

Cynemund was a rare moneyer for Æthelred II. He did not strike coins for any other monarch. Coins in his name have the letter 'N' in runic style

Ex- Ancient ImportsSt. George's Collection

S.872 Aethelred II (Erwinne?)Irregular styca of Aethelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Erwinne?
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 872
O: +EDILRED REX
R: +ERPINNE

Erwinne is a possible moneyer for Eanred and Aethelred II. While fairly legible stycas are known of both monarchs, Erwinne is considered an irregular moneyer. CSS Lyon, in his "Reappraisal of the Sceatta and Styca coinage of Northumbria", suggests the name is an irregular form of Wihtred, a statement that is a little difficult to accept.

I suspect that Erwinne was probably a moneyer who was active from around the end of Eanred's reign to early in Aethelred's, and who had a fairly limited production of coins.

Ex- English Coin Auctions 2015St. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Wilheah)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Wilheah
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
O: +EANRED REX
R: +VILHEAH
Motif: 6/6

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.865 Æthelred II (double obverse)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (first reign) 841-844
Moneyer: Unknown
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 865
O: +EDILRED RE
R: +EDILRED RE
Motif: 5/5

A coin of Æthelred II, which features a double obverse.

Double reverse coins are uncommon in the styca series, but do occasionally pop up. On the other hand, double obverse coins are relatively rare. This particular coin is of good style, meaning it was probably made from official dies rather than belonging to the chaotic irregular coins of the late 850s.

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.870 Wigmund (Aethelweard)Styca of Wigmund, archbishop of York 837-854
Moneyer: Aethelweard
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 870
O: +VIGMVNP APEP
R: +EPILVEARD (retrograde)
Motif: 1/1

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.869 Osberht (Winiberht)Styca of Osberht, king of Northumbria 849-867
Moneyer: Winiberht
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 869
O: OSBERCHT RE
R: VINIBERHT
Motif: 1b/2

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.861 Eanbald II (Æthelweard)Sceat of Eanbald II, archbishop of York 796-c.830
Moneyer: Æthelweard
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 861
Pirie 114
Phase Ib
O: +EANBALD
R: +EDILVEARD
Motif: 1/1

Eanbald II succeeded Eanbald I as archbishop of York. He was the first York church leader to mint coins in his own name, rather than jointly with the king. The exact length of his reign is unknown, but numismatic evidence suggest it lasted until the 820s or 830s. The moneyer Æthelweard also struck coins for Eanbald II's successor, Wigmund.

Ex- Heritage Jan 14-16 2014 (lot 3197), Eric P. NewmanSt. George's Collection

S.861 Eanbald II (Eadwulf)Sceat of Eanbald II, archbishop of York 796-c.830
Moneyer: Eadwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 861
Pirie unlisted
O: +ANEBAD (retrograde)
R: +EAOVVLF
Motif: 1/1

A somewhat blundered coin of Eanbald II by the moneyer Eadwulf. This was the earliest coin in the Ripon Hoard of 1695, which mostly consisted of coins of Æthelred II.

Ex- Morton & Eden Auction 91 (lot 10 [part]), Archbishop John Sharp, Ripon Hoard (1695)St. George's Collection

S.868 Æthelred II (Eardwulf)Styca of Æthelred II, king of Northumbria (second reign) 844-850
Moneyer: Eardwulf
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 868
O: +EDILRED RX (retrograde)
R: +EARDVVLF

Ex- Morton & Eden Auction 91 (lot 13 [part]), Archbishop John Sharp, Ripon Hoard (1695)St. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Brother)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Brother
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +EANRED REX
R: +BRODR

Ex- Leodis Hammered Coins, York Hoard (1841)St. George's Collection

S.862 Eanred (Fulcnoth)Styca of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Fulcnoth
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 862
O: +EANRED REX (retrograde)
R: +FOLCNOD M (retrograde)
Motif: 1/1

One of only two coins of Eanred in the Ripon Hoard of 1695.

Ex- Morton & Eden Auction 91 (lot 10 [part]), Archbishop John Sharp, Ripon Hoard (1695)St. George's Collection

S.846 AldfrithSceat of Aldfrith, king of Northumbria 685-705
Moneyer: unknown
Mint: York (presumably)
SCBC 846
N. 176
Abramson 69-10
O: +ALdFRIduS
R: Fantastic animal left

Aldfrith was the first king of Northumbria to issue coins in his name, and the second English monarch to put his name on coinage (after Eadbald of Kent). His coins depict an animal of crude style, probably is supposed to be a dragon. It is different than the animals on mid 8th century Northumbrian coins of Eadberht, Alchred, Æthelred I, and Ælfwald I.

Due to this difference, for a while the coins were attributed to a king of Lindsey of the same name, who flourished in the late 8th century. However the archaeologic evidence, coin composition, and distribution of metal detecting finds argues against this idea. Most experts consider this coin struck for Northumbria's Aldfrith.

Venerable Bede speaks highly of Aldfrith as a wise ruler. For whatever reason, Northumbrian inscribed coinage would stop after Aldfrith's reign and not start again for another 50 years until Eadberht.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Eadwine)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Eadwine
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Phase Ib
O: +ЄɅNɅED ɅЄX
R: +EADVIИI
Motif: 5/5

Ex- Silbury CoinsSt. George's Collection

S.872 Eadwine (Herreth)Irregular styca in the name of two moneyers- Eadwine and Herreth
Most likely struck during the time of King Eanred
Moneyer: Eadwine and Herreth
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 872
O: +EADVINI
R: +HERRD
Motif: 5d/5d

A styca combining reverses for two of Eanred's moneyers, Eadwine and Herreth. Unlike the later irregular stycas which probably originated in the chaotic times of Aethelred II and Osberht in the 850s, this coin is probably earlier since it is of good style and imitates two moneyers which were known to be active in the earlier part of the 9th century. It most likely dates toward the end of Eanred's reign, probably in the 830s.

Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Cutheard)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Cutheard
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Phase Ia
O: +EANRED R
R: +CVDHARD
Motif: 1/1

Cutheard coined for Aethelred I, Eardwulf, Aelfwald II, and Eanred. This issue comes at the end of his career.

Ex- CNG eAuction 409 (lot 937)St. George's Collection

S.860 Eanred (Tidwine)Sceat of Eanred, king of Northumbria 810-841
Moneyer: Tidwine
Mint: York (presumably)
S. 860
Pirie unlisted
Phase Ia
O: +EANRED REX
R: TIDVNI
Motif: 5/1b

Tidwine is a rare moneyer who coined for Eanred early in his reign. His coins are silver sceats. He is not known to have coined for any other monarchs.

Ex- Spink, Lord StewartbySt. George's Collection

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