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Caliphate of Abd al-MalikAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685 – 705 CE) ‘Standing Caliph’ type, mint of Amman. Fals, weight 3.0g, diameter 17mm.
Obverse: Standing bearded figure wearing headdress and long robe, with right hand on hilt of sword. Inscription: abd allah abd al-malik amir al-mu’minin (“The servant of God, Abd al-Malik, commander of the faithful”). The last word of the legend is divided, with the letters minin appearing in the right field above the caliph’s shoulder.
Reverse: Object resembling Greek Φ, with globule on top and resting on four steps; large star in left field; mint designation, amman, in right field. Inscription: the shahada (“There is no God but God alone and Muhammad is God’s prophet.”)
This type is part of the last series of Umayyad coins to feature images, and is generally attributed to the years 692 – 696. From 697 the coinage becomes aniconic and purely epigraphic.
Reference: Foss p.78 and D.O. 107
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Abd al-MalikAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685 – 705 CE) ‘Standing Caliph’ type, mint of Homs. Fals, weight 3.70g, diameter 21mm.
Obverse: Standing bearded figure wearing headdress and long robe, with right hand on hilt of sword. Inscription: abd allah abd al-malik amir al-mu’minin (“The servant of God, Abd al-Malik, commander of the faithful”).
Reverse: Object resembling Greek Φ, resting on four steps; mint designation, bi-hims, in right field. Inscription: the shahada (“There is no God but God alone and Muhammad is God’s prophet.”). This type often (but not always) has a star in the left field, but on this specimen it’s hard to tell if the star is present.
Reference: Foss p.78 and D.O. 108-111
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Abd al-MalikAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685 – 705 CE) ‘Standing Caliph’ type, mint of Sarmin. Fals, weight 2.91g, diameter 20mm.
Obverse: Standing bearded figure wearing headdress and long robe, with right hand on hilt of sword. Inscription: abd allah abd al-malik amir al-mu’minin (“The servant of God, Abd al-Malik, commander of the faithful”).
Reverse: Object resembling Greek Φ, resting on four steps; mint designation in field downwards on either side, to right, sar, to left min. Inscription: the shahada (“There is no God but God alone and Muhammad is God’s prophet.”).
Reference: Foss p.80 and D.O. 128
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Abd al-MalikAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685 – 705 CE) 'Standing Caliph' type, mint of Qinnasrin [Chalcis]. Fals, weight 2.56g, diameter 22mm.
Obverse: Standing bearded figure wearing headdress and long robe, with right hand on hilt of sword. Inscription: abd allah abd al-malik amir al-mu’minin ("The servant of God, Abd al-Malik, commander of the faithful").
Reverse: Object resembling Greek Φ, resting on four steps; To left, upwards, wāfin ("full value"); to right, downwards, mint designation, bi-qinnasrin. Inscription: the shahada ("There is no God but God alone and Muhammad is God's prophet.").
Mint of Qinnasrin [Chalcis]. Reference: Goodwin [2005] p.43, Foss p.79 and D.O. 112-114
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Abd al-MalikAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685 – 705 CE) 'Standing Caliph' type, mint of Halab [Aleppo]. Fals, weight 1.32g, diameter 17mm.
Obverse: Standing bearded figure wearing headdress and long robe, with right hand on hilt of sword. Inscription: abd allah abd al-malik amir al-mu'minin ("The servant of God, Abd al-Malik, commander of the faithful").
Reverse: Object resembling Greek Φ, resting on three steps; To left, upwards, mint designation, bi-halab; to right, downwards, wāfin ("full value"). Inscription: the shahada ("There is no God but God alone and Muhammad is God’s prophet.").
Mint of Halab [Aleppo]. Reference: Goodwin [2005] p.43, Foss p.79 and D.O. 115-123
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu'awiya Mu'awiya (660 – 680 CE). Bilingual series, mint of Homs (Emesa) in Syria. Fals, weight 2.8g, diameter 16mm.
Obverse: Bust facing, crown with cross, wearing cuirass and paludamentum, holding globus cruciger; to left vertically (in Greek) ΚΑΛΟΝ; to right vertically (in Arabic) bi-hims.
Reverse: Large cursive m; ~ * ~ above; to left EMI; to right CHC; in exergue (in Arabic) tayyib [= 'good'].
Reference: Foss p.50 and D.O. 65-78.
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu'awiyaMu'awiya (660 – 680 CE). Bilingual series, mint of Homs (Emesa) in Syria. Fals, weight 3.87g, diameter 20mm.
Obverse: Bust facing, crown with cross, wearing cuirass and paludamentum, holding globus cruciger; to left vertically (in Greek) ΚΑΛΟΝ; to right vertically (in Arabic) bi-hims, ✱ below.
Reverse: Large cursive m; ʘ * ʘ above; to left EMI; to right CHC; in exergue (in Arabic) tayyib [= 'good'].
Reference: Foss p.50 and D.O. 69-71.
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu'awiya (660 – 680 CE) First bilingual series, mint of Homs (Emesa) in Syria. Fals, weight 3.8g, diameter 20mm.
Obverse: Standing imperial figure, holding long cross and globus cruciger; in field to right (reading vertically from bottom to top): ΚΑΛΟΝ; in field to left (vertically, in Arabic): bism allah ("in the name of God").
Reverse: Large M, with rho-cross flanked by stars above and Δ below; to left (vertically) EMH; to right (vertically) CIC; in exergue (in Arabic): tayyib [= 'good'].
Reference: Foss p.43 and D.O. 40.
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu'awiya (660 – 680 CE) First bilingual series, mint of Homs (Emesa) in Syria. Fals, weight 3.53g, diameter 20mm.
Obverse: Standing imperial figure, holding long cross and globus cruciger; in field to right, (reading vertically from bottom to top): KAΛON; in field to left (vertically, in Arabic): bism allah ("in the name of God").
Reverse: Large M, with rho-cross flanked by stars above and Δ below; to left (vertically) EMH; to right (vertically) CIC; in exergue (in Arabic): tayyib [= 'good'].
Reference: Foss p.43 and D.O. 40.
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu'awiya (660 – 680 CE). Bilingual series, mint of Damascus. Fals, weight 4.29g, diameter 22mm.
Obverse: Emperor standing, crowned, holding long cross and globus cruciger; to left stylised bird (falcon?) on T-shaped perch; to right downwards ΔΑΜΑCKΟC
Reverse: Large M with rho-cross above; below ∩ over line; to right downwards ḍarb; in exergue dimashq; to left downwards jā'iz ("legal issue of Damascus")
References: Foss p.46 (type C) and Goodwin [2005], p.37 (number 22).
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu'awiya (660 – 680 CE). Bilingual series, mint of Damascus. Fals, weight 5.31g, diameter 19mm.
Obverse: Emperor standing, crowned, holding long cross and globus cruciger; to left stylised bird (falcon?) on T-shaped perch; to right downwards ΔΑΜΑCKΟC
Reverse: Large M with rho-cross above; below ∩ over line; to right downwards ḍarb; in exergue dimashq; to left downwards jā'iz ("legal issue of Damascus")
References: Foss p.46 (type C) and Goodwin [2005], p.37 (number 22).
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu’awiya (660 – 680 CE). Bilingual series, mint of Damascus. Fals, weight 3.58g, diameter 20mm.
Obverse: Emperor standing, crowned, holding long cross and globus cruciger; to left stylised bird (falcon?) on T-shaped perch; to right downwards ΔΑΜΑCKΟC
Reverse: Large M with rho-cross above; below ∩ over line; to right downwards ḍarb; in exergue dimashq; to left downwards jā'iz (“legal issue of Damascus”)
References: Foss p.46 (type C) and Goodwin [2005], p.37 (number 22).
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu'awiya (660 – 680 CE). Fals, mint of Damascus, weight 3.89g, diameter 20mm.
Obverse: Emperor standing, holding long cross and globus cruciger; to left stylised palm leaf over T; to right downwards [ΛΕ]Ο.
Reverse: Large M with monogram 25 above; below ∩ over line; to left downwards A N O ; to right downwards X T[rotated 90°] I I ; in exergue [Δ]ΑΜ\
References: Foss p.45 and catalogue numbers 46-51 (p.132). Foss inserts this type into the ‘bilingual series’, which may be right in terms of style and chronology, but actually there are no Arabic epigraphic elements.
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu’awiya (660 – 680 CE) Bilingual series, mint of Baalbek (Heliopolis). Fals, weight 3.38g, diameter 22mm.
Obverse: No legend. Two standing crowned figures with cross in field between their heads, each figure holding a sceptre, right hand figure also holds globus cruciger.
Reverse: Large M with cross above and ꓵ below; HΛIȢ to left and ΠΟΛЄ to right, in exergue ba’albak (in Arabic).
Reference: Foss p. 49 and D.O. 60 – 62. See also Goodwin [2005], chapter 2.
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu’awiya (660 – 680 CE) Bilingual series, mint of Baalbek (Heliopolis). Fals, weight 3.29g, diameter 19mm.
Obverse: No legend. Two standing crowned figures with cross in field between their heads, each figure holding a sceptre, left hand figure also holds globus cruciger.
Reverse: Large M with cross above and ꓵ below; HΛIȢ to left and ΠΟΛЄ to right, in exergue ba’albak (in Arabic).
This is the unusual sub-variety with the design reversed (sceptres leaning to right and with the left-hand figure holding the globus cruciger). There are four examples illustrated in Goodwin’s die study of the Baalbek coinage (Goodwin [2005], chapter 2) all using the same obverse die, which this specimen also shares.
Abu Galyon
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Caliphate of Mu’awiyaMu’awiya (660 – 680 CE) Bilingual series, mint of Tabariya (Tiberias). Fals, weight 4,25g, diameter 24mm.
Obverse: No legend. Three standing figures, each wearing crown with cross and holding globus cruciger.
Reverse: Large M, with rho-anchor staurogram above, A below; TIBEPIAΔO to left and in exergue; tabariya (in Arabic) to right.
Reference: Foss p. 52 and D.O. 81
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Follis (Fals)Pseudo-Byzantine Syrian Arabic, imitating the coinage of Constans II; weight 2.2g (lighter standard), diameter 21mm.
Obverse: Standing imperial figure type, with traces of an obverse legend, notably the prominent Є (or θ) in the upper right.
Reverse: Large cursive m, between [?] / X and Λ / Є / T; cross above; in exergue: O A retrograde-C
Abu Galyon
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Follis (Fals)Pseudo-Byzantine Syrian Arabic, imitating the coinage of Constans II; weight 4.2g (heavier standard), diameter 25 x 17mm.
Obverse: Standing imperial figure type, with traces of an obverse legend.
Reverse: Large cursive m; cross above; θ / retrograde-N / [?] to left; also faint traces of letters in exergue
Abu Galyon
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Follis (Fals)Pseudo-Byzantine Syrian Arabic, imitating the coinage of Constans II; weight 3.18g, diameter 25x20mm.
Obverse: Crowned imperial bust facing, holding globus cruciger, with traces of an obverse legend.
Reverse: Large M, between X / X and I [?] ; attempted cross (or monogram?) above; obscure symbol (perhaps blundered Γ) below.
This appears to be similar to Goodwin’s “Type G”, i.e. imitating the Constans II follis reference Sear 1004.
Abu Galyon
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Follis (Fals)Pseudo-Byzantine Syrian Arabic, imitating the Cypriot folles of Heraclius (Sear 849); weight 3.99g, diameter 25x20mm.
Obverse: No legend. Three standing crowned imperial figures, each holding long cross in right hand.
Reverse: Large M, cross above, Γ below; to left, garbled, perhaps [?] | retrograde-N | I I I | A; to right, illegible symbols; in exergue, possibly C[ΠΡ].
Official folles from the Cyprus mint were struck during the years 626/9 (= regnal years 17 to 19) and were introduced into the Levant following the Byzantine reoccupation of Syria from the Persians in 629. These imitatives were among the first coins struck after the Arab conquest in 636, and production may have continued into the mid-640s. On this specimen it seems that the central imperial figure has the long beard and moustache portrait type, which was only introduced in Heraclius’ regnal year 20, cf. DOC II(1) Heraclius 184a.3
Reference: Foss pp. 22 – 24
Abu Galyon
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Follis (Fals)Pseudo-Byzantine Syrian Arabic, imitating the coinage of Constans II; weight 5.01g (heavier standard), diameter 23mm.
Obverse: Standing imperial figure type, with blundered legend, perhaps N OU-ligate T O [?]Є A
Reverse: Large cursive m, between N / N / O and (ω?)/ Є / Λ / [?]; star above; in exergue: garbled symbols, perhaps retrograde-Є [?] T N
Abu Galyon
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Follis (Fals)Pseudo-Byzantine Syrian Arabic, imitating the coinage of Constans II; weight 3.04g (heavier standard), diameter 24 x 17mm.
Obverse: Standing imperial figure type. Very faint traces of an obverse legend, e.g. immediately above the globus cruciger.
Reverse: Large cursive m; [?] / N / [?] to left; in exergue: ~ H ~
Abu Galyon
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Follis (Fals)Pseudo-Byzantine Syrian Arabic, imitating the coinage of Constans II; weight 2.70g (lighter standard), diameter 22mm.
Obverse: Standing imperial figure type, with traces of an obverse legend.
Reverse: Large cursive m, between [?]/X/ I and N/N/O cross above; in exergue: I Π I
Abu Galyon
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Follis (Fals)Pseudo-Byzantine Syrian Arabic, imitating the coinage of Constans II; weight 2.01g (lighter standard), diameter 19mm.
Obverse: Standing imperial figure type
Reverse: Large cursive m, between [?] and Λ / Є / T; cross above; in exergue: [?] A retrograde-C
Abu Galyon
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