Places and Things Depicted on Coins
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VitelliusStatue of Vitellius in the Louvre Museum, Paris. Photo taken by me in May 2014. Note the statue has retained some pigmentation from the original paint.Constantine IV
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Victory Inscribing Shield - From Trajan's ColumnTrajan’s Column, located in Trajan's Forum, built near the Quirinal Hill, north of the Roman Forum, was dedicated on 12 May 113. The freestanding column is most famous for its spiral bas relief, which artistically describes the epic wars between the Romans and Dacians (101 - 102 and 105 - 106). The relief includes about 2,500 figures and winds 23 times around the shaft for a total length of about 200 meters. The height of the relief increases towards the top of the Column (0.89 m to 1.25 m) with a corresponding increase in the heights of individual figures from c. 60 cm to 80 cm in height. Inside the shaft, a spiral staircase of 185 steps provides access to a viewing platform at the top. Ancient coins indicate preliminary plans to top the column with a statue of a bird, probably an eagle, but after construction, a statue of Trajan was put in place; this statue disappeared in the Middle Ages. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned by Pope Sixtus V with a bronze figure of St. Peter, which remains to this day.Joe Sermarini
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Victory - British MuseumA small bronze Victory - 1st CenturyBacchus
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Victoria BresciaStatue of Victoria Brescia (Italian: Vittoria alata = winged Victory), found behind the Capitoline Temple of Brescia in 1826, now in the Santa Giulia Museum in Brescia.
Roman copy of a statue of Aphrodite of the 3rd century BC from a Greek City State. Wings added in 1st century BC to transform her in a winged Victory holding a shield to write on it (name of Victor?). The original Aphrodite (type of the Venus of Capua) was holding the shield of Ares to look at her face reflected on the inside of the shield.
The type of the Victoria of Brescia can be found on many Roman coins and on Trajan's column.
Jochen
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Vespasianexposition in ColosseumJ. B.
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VespasianBust of the Emperor Vespasian in the Museo Nazionale NapoliJay GT4
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Tyche of AntiochThe Tyche of Antioch was a cult statue of the city goddess (fortune) of Antioch, venerated in a temple called the Tychaion. The statue was made by Eutychides of Sicyon (c. 335 - c. 275), a pupil of the great Lysippus. It was the best-known piece of Seleucid art, remarkable because it was sculpted to be viewed from all directions, unlike many statues from the period. Although the original has been lost, many copies exist, including the one in the photograph right, now at the Vatican. The goddess is seated on a rock (Mount Sipylus), has her right foot on a swimming figure (the river Orontes), wears a mural crown (the city’s walls), and has grain in her right hand (the city's fertility).Joe Sermarini
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Tyche of AntiochLate Roman marble copy of the original Greek bronze cultic statue by Eutychides of Sicyon. Located in the Vatican Museum (Galleria dei Candelabri).Abu Galyon
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Trophy of Arms from Trajan's ColumnTrajan’s Column, located in Trajan's Forum, built near the Quirinal Hill, north of the Roman Forum, was dedicated on 12 May 113. The freestanding column is most famous for its spiral bas relief, which artistically describes the epic wars between the Romans and Dacians (101 - 102 and 105 - 106). The relief includes about 2,500 figures and winds 23 times around the shaft for a total length of about 200 meters. The height of the relief increases towards the top of the Column (0.89 m to 1.25 m) with a corresponding increase in the heights of individual figures from c. 60 cm to 80 cm in height. Inside the shaft, a spiral staircase of 185 steps provides access to a viewing platform at the top. Ancient coins indicate preliminary plans to top the column with a statue of a bird, probably an eagle, but after construction, a statue of Trajan was put in place; this statue disappeared in the Middle Ages. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned by Pope Sixtus V with a bronze figure of St. Peter, which remains to this day.Joe Sermarini
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TRAJAN'S COLUMN.AR denarius. 112-115 AD. 3,62 grs. Laureate and draped bust right. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI P P / Trajan's column. Statue of Trajan on column on square base; two eagles at base of column. / S P Q P OPTIMO PRINCIPI.
RIC 292. RSC 588.
benito
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TrajanStatue of Trajan, in the Louvre Museum, Paris. Photo taken by me in May 2014. Like all original ancient marble busts and statues, this would have been painted. The Cuirass has two Victories setting up a Trophy.Constantine IV
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Titus and VespasianusExposition inside Curia in Roman forum
built by Julius Caesar 44 BC
converted to church in 630 ADJ. B.
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Titusexposition in curiaJ. B.
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Tiber or other rivergodCapitoline MuseumsJ. B.
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The Temple of Divus Romulus on the Via Sacra Adjoining the Basilica MaxentiusLeft unfinished at the time of the usurper Maxentius' downfall in AD 312, both structures were completed under Constantine, the temple presumably was dedicated to the founder of the city rather than to Maxentius' son. Joe Sermarini
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The relief of the imperial triumph (Titus driving a quadriga) Arch of Titus, Rome, ItalyThe relief of the imperial triumph Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy. The Triumphal Arch of Titus, erected in c. 81 CE by Domitian to commemorate his brother Titus' campaigns in the Jewish War (70-71 CE).
On 14 April 70 A.D. Titus surrounded Jerusalem. He allowed pilgrims to enter to celebrate Passover but this was a trap to put pressure on supplies of food and water; he refused to allow them to leave. On 10 May he began his assault on the walls. The third wall fell on 25 May. The second wall fell on 30 May. On 20 July Titus stormed the Temple Mount. On 4 August 70 A.D., Titus destroyed the Temple. The Jewish fast of Tisha B'Av mourns the Fall of Jerusalem annually on this date. Upon his arrival in Rome in 71, Titus was awarded a triumph. As depicted in relief of the imperial triumph on the Arch of Titus in Rome, Titus rode into the city in a quadriga, enthusiastically saluted by the Roman populace and preceded by a lavish parade containing treasures and captives from the war. Josephus describes a procession with large amounts of gold and silver carried along the route, followed by elaborate re-enactments of the war, Jewish prisoners, and finally the treasures taken from the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. He was accompanied by Vespasian and Domitian. Simon Bar Giora was executed in the Forum, after which the procession closed with religious sacrifices at the Temple of Jupiter.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arch_Titus,_relief_triumph,_Forum_Romanum,_Rome,_Italy.jpg
Date 22 August 2013 for photograph
Author JebulonJoe Sermarini
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The Lion of KnidosThe British MuseumJ. B.
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The British museum - Nereid monumentTetrastyl temple in ionic styl built by pieces from Xanthos in Lycia.
J. B.
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Seuthes III Bronze Head (Reproduction)The bronze head of Seuthes III was found ritually buried outside his tomb at Kazanlak. The photo is of a reproduction made to look as the head would have looked new. The actual bronze head is in remarkable similar condition with a slightly rougher greener patina and the eyes are plain green bronze.Joe Sermarini
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Serapis of BryaxisRoman marble copy of the head of Serapis from the Serapeion in Alexandria made by Bryaxis, flourishing 400-350 BC. Now in the Museo Pio-Clementino, Vaticane/Rome.
Jochen
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Rondanini MedusaSo-called “Rondanini Medusa”. Marble, Roman copy after a 5th-century BC Greek original by Phidias, which was set on the shield of Athena Parthenos.
Homer wrote about the Gorgon on four occasions, but only about the head, as if the creature had no body. Up to the 5th century B.C., the head depicted was very ugly, with her tongue sticking out, boar tusks, puffy cheeks, her eyeballs staring straight ahead and the snakes twisting all around her. The direct frontal stare was highly unusual in ancient Greek art. In some cases a beard, (probably representing streaks of blood) was added to her chin, making her appear as a wild. Gorgoneia painted on the shields of warriors on mid-5th century Greek vases, however, are not as ugly, strange or frightening. By that time, the Gorgon had lost her tusks and the snakes were rather stylized. The Hellenistic marble known as the Medusa Rondanini shows how the Gorgon changed over time into a beautiful woman.Joe Sermarini
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Rome, Vatican Museum, Base of the Column of Antoninus Pius Rome, gardens of the Vatican Museums, the base of the Antonine Column from Campo Marzio: the winged genius door between the gods Antoninus Pius and Faustina Annia deified; left, the genius of the Campus Martius, with the obelisk of Augustus; right, the goddess Roma. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_PiusJoe Sermarini
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River God CaysterThe Lydian River god Cayster (Kaistros), father of Ephesus. From the frigidarium of the Vedius Gymnasium at Ephesus. Izmir Archaeological Museum. Photo William Hooton August 2021. Will A. Hooton
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Remus and Romulus with the she-wolfThe symbol of Rome this is an Etruscan bronze currently on display at the Musei Capitolini in Rome.Jay GT4
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PupienusVatican museumsJ. B.
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ProbusCapitoline museumsJ. B.
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Pompey MagnusBust of Pompey Magnus (the Great), on show at the "Moi, Auguste" exhibition in the Grand Palais, Paris in 2014. Photo by me, taken in May 2014Constantine IV
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Philip the ArabVatican museumsJ. B.
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PeafowlVatican museums
animal of Juno ~ HeraJ. B.
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Owl of AthenaThe little owl (Athene noctua) and Athenian owl tetradrachm (reverse).
The little owl (Athene noctua), also known as the owl of Athena or owl of Minerva, is a bird that inhabits much of the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, the Palearctic east to Korea, and North Africa. It was introduced into Britain at the end of the 19th century and into the South Island of New Zealand in the early 20th century.Serendipity
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Octavianus AugustusVatican museumsJ. B.
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Nilus Nilus and his attributes: sphinx, crocodile, cornucopiae
Vatican MuseumsJ. B.
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Neromuseum in KorinthJ. B.
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Neptune, Apollo, Cybele, Luna, Mercury, Hephaestus, Helios, Mars, Venus, Hercules, BacchusPallazo AltempsJ. B.
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museum in Olympia - Zeus throwing lightning J. B.
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Mons ArgaiosMons Argaios, today Erciyes Dagi, the holy mountain of Cappadocia was the standard depiction on coins of Caesarea/Cappadocia.Jochen
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Mithras slaying the BullFamous statue in the Musei Vaticani. But I couldn't find any information about its origin.
'Today the Vatican stands where the last sacrament of the Phrygian taurobolium was celebrated.'
( S. Angus, The Mystery Religions, p235)
Jochen
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MinervaVatican museumsJ. B.
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Meta SudansThe Meta Sudans (Latin: "sweating turning post") was a large monumental conical fountain in ancient Rome. The pic shows a graphical reconstruction. It can be found on several Roman coins.Jochen
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Maximinus ThraxCapitoline museumsJ. B.
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Maria of Alania Byzantine empress by marriages to emperors Michael VII Doukas and Nikephoros III Botaneiates (aka Maria-Martha of Georgia of Bagrationi royal dynasy)Maria of Alania (born Martha, Georgian, 1053-1118) was Byzantine empress by marriages to emperors Michael VII Doukas and Nikephoros III Botaneiates. At the time of her marriage, Georgian Maria was one of only two non-Byzantine princesses to marry a Byzantine heir and the only one to give birth to an heir.
Anna Komnene, in her medieval biographical text Alexiad, describes the beautiful Georgian princess Maria of Alania: "...after Michael Ducas' deposition, when he had advised the latter's successor, Nicephorus Botaniates, to take her in marriage, because she came from another country and had not a crowd of kinsfolk to give the Emperor trouble, and he had told Botaniates a great deal about her family and personal beauty, and often praised her to him. And certainly she was as slender of stature as a cypress, her skin was white as snow, and though her face was not a perfect round, yet her complexion was exactly like a spring flower or a rose. And what mortal could describe the radiance of her eyes? Her eyebrows were well-marked and red-gold, while her eyes were blue. Full many a painter's hand has successfully imitated the colors of the various flowers the seasons bring, but this queen's beauty, the radiance of her grace and the charm and sweetness of her manners surpassed all description and all art. Never did Apelles or Pheidias or any of the sculptors produce a statue so beautiful. The Gorgon's head was said to turn those who looked upon it into stone, but anyone who saw the Queen walking or met her unexpectedly, would have gaped and remained rooted to the spot, speechless, as if apparently robbed of his mind and wits. There was such harmony of limbs and features, such perfect relation of the whole to the parts and of the parts to the whole, as was never before seen in a mortal body, she was a living statue, a joy to all true lovers of the beautiful. In a word, she was an incarnation of Love come down to this terrestrial globe."
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_AlaniaJoe Sermarini
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Marcus Aurelius Equestrian statueThis is the copy of the Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius on the Capitoline hill. The original is in the Capitoline Museum, this replica sits outside. It is said to have survived because it was mistakenly believed to be of Constantine the Great. Picture taken September 2008.Jay GT4
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Marcus AureliusBust of Marcus Aurelius. Ephesus Archaeological Museum. Photo William Hooton August 2021. Will A. Hooton
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Marcus AureliusPallazo AltempsJ. B.
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Marcus AureliusCapitoline museums
this statue survived because in Christian times Romans thought it's statue of Constantine I.J. B.
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Ludovisi AresPalazzo Altemps
Roman copy of greek original from aproximately 330 BC.J. B.
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LiviaBust of Livia, wife to Augustus. Ephesus Archaeological Museum. Photo William Hooton August 2021.Will A. Hooton
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LABORS OF HERCULESA Roman sarcophagus from 250-260 A.D. depicting the labors of Hercules found at Pappa Tiberiopolis, Pisidia in the Archaeological Museum, Konya.
Photo by David Stanley from Nanaimo, Canada.Joe Sermarini
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Jupiter, Pluto, Persephone, Neptune, AmphitritePallazo AltempsJ. B.
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Julius CaesarBust of Julius Caesar, on show at the "Moi, Auguste" exhibition in the Grand Palais, Paris in 2014. Photo by me, taken in May 2014Constantine IV
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Julia PaulaBust attributed to Julia Paula. Ephesus Archaeological Museum. Photo William Hooton August 2021Will A. Hooton
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Julia DomnaVatican museums
J. B.
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Isis from the Villa HadrianaIsis, marble statue from the Hadrian period, found in the 17th century at the Villa Hadriana near Tivoli. Isis, crowned with small throne (= aset, Egyptian name for Isis), in long garment with Isis knot over her breast, holding situla in lowered l. hand and sistrum in raised r. hand.
The original statue was acquired 1753 for the Capitoline Museums/Rome, 1798 displaced by Napoleon to Paris, 1815 donated by Pope Pius VII to King Louis XVIII, and still in the Louvre/Paris.Jochen
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Hermes with infant Dionysosmuseum in OlympiaJ. B.
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Hermes Fastening his SandalStatue of Hermes Fastening his Sandal, made by Lysipp c.320 BC. Roman copy from the Louvre/Paris. This statue is depicted on coins of Marcianopolis.
A new research by von Mosch (2013) shows that Hermes is rather loosening his sandal, which can be seen by the position of his fingers. In this way fastening is not possible!Jochen
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Hermes Bearing the Infant DionysosHermes bearing the infant Dionysos, made by Praxiteles, around 364 BC. Hellenistic marble copy, now in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia/Greece. Depicted on a coin from Philippopolis.
Jochen
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Hercules of the Theatre of PompeyThe Hercules of the Theatre of Pompey, from the 2nd Century A.D., was discovered in 1864. It had been carefully buried under protective tiles, incised FCS (fulgor conditum summanium), indicating that it had been struck by lightning, and had been carefully interred on the spot. The figure supports himself lightly on his grounded vertical club; the skin of the Nemean Lion is draped over his left forearm, he holds the apples of Hesperides in his left hand. The sculpture is now in the round room area of Museo Pio-Clementino.Joe Sermarini
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Hercules of the Forum BoariumHercules of the Forum Boarium is a gilded 2nd century B.C. slightly over-lifesize bronze statue, which was found in the Forum Boarium in Rome. This statue is probably the one mentioned by Pliny, which originally stood in the Temple of Hercules Victor, by the Tiber. It lacks the lion skin. Perhaps a actual lion skin was once draped on it. The sculpture is now in the Musei Capitolini, Rome.Joe Sermarini
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HerculesCapitoline museumsJ. B.
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Heracles and the Stymphalian birds. Detail of a Roman mosaic from Llíria, Spain.The Stymphalian birds are man-eating birds with beaks of bronze, sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victims, and poisonous dung.
"These fly against those who come to hunt them, wounding and killing them with their beaks. All armour of bronze or iron that men wear is pierced by the birds; but if they weave a garment of thick cork, the beaks of the Stymphalian birds are caught in the cork garment, just as the wings of small birds stick in bird-lime. These birds are of the size of a crane, and are like the ibis, but their beaks are more powerful, and not crooked like that of the ibis." — Pausanias. Description of Greece, 8.22.5
These birds were pets of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt; or had been brought up by Ares, the god of war. They migrated to a marsh in Arcadia to escape a pack of wolves. There they bred quickly and swarmed over the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and townspeople.
The Sixth Labour of Heracles. The Stymphalian birds were defeated by Heracles (Hercules) in his sixth labour for Eurystheus. Heracles could not go into the marsh to reach the nests of the birds, as the ground would not support his weight. Athena, noticing the hero's plight, gave Heracles a rattle called krotala, which Hephaestus had made especially for the occasion. Heracles shook the krotala (similar to castanets) on a certain mountain that overhung the lake and thus frightening the birds into the air. Heracles then shot many of them with feathered arrows tipped with poisonous blood from the slain Hydra. The rest flew far away, never to plague Arcadia again. Heracles brought some of the slain birds to Eurystheus as proof of his success.
The surviving birds made a new home on an island of Aretias in the Euxine Sea. The Argonauts later encountered them there.
According to Mnaseas, they were not birds, but women and daughters of Stymphalus and Ornis, and were killed by Heracles because they did not receive him hospitably. In the temple of the Stymphalian Artemis, however, they were represented as birds, and behind the temple there were white marble statues of maidens with birds' feet.Joe Sermarini
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head of horse from Selene's chariot from east tympanum of ParthenonThe British museum Elgin MarblesJ. B.
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Head of ConstantinusCapitoline museumsJ. B.
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head of Aphroditemuseum on PalatinJ. B.
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head of Alexander the GreatVatican museumsJ. B.
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Greek Youth - British MuseumGreek statue of a youth with a 'bowl' haircutBacchus
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Gordian IIICapitoline museumsJ. B.
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goddesVatican museumsJ. B.
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Glykon SnakeStatuette of Glykon Snake, today in Museum of Constanta/Romania. Depicted on many coins from Thrace and Moesia inferior.Jochen
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Ganymed of LeocharesGanymedes carried off by the eagle. Marble, Roman copy after a bronze original from ca. 325 BC. Galleria dei Candelabri, Musei Vaticani/Rome. Depicted at least on one coin of Dardanos/Troas.
Jochen
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Funeral Stele inspired by LRBC - GLORIA ROMANORVMFuneral monument (presumably) inspired by (of after) the GLORIA ROMANORVM coins issued in the 350s by Magentius, Constantius II, Decentius & Nepotianus.
At the Landesmuseum at Koblenz, Germany.Belisarius
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FortunaVatican museumsJ. B.
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Farnese HerculesThe Farnese Hercules is one of the most famous ancient sculptures. It is a colossal copy made after a smaller Lysippos original, and intended to adorn the Baths of Caracalla. The sculpture was discovered and removed from the baths in 1546, entering the famous collection of Alessandro Farnese. It now resides in the museum of Naples.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnese_HerculesJoe Sermarini
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Eros Stringing his BowThis statue is made by Lysipp. The original ist lost, but several Roman cipies are found. This one is located in the Musei Capitolini in Rom. Depictions of this statue are found on coins of Philippopolis and Nikaia (NIcaea).Jochen
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Eros of PariumA Roman copy of the statue Eros of Parium made by Praxiteles, found in Nicopolis a Istrum, today in the Archaeological Museum Sofia/Bulgaria. Depicted on coins from Parium.Jochen
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Ephesian ArtemisI took this photo while visiting the ancient city of Ephesus, Turkey, in August of 2013. Along one of the avenues was this relief of one of Ephesus' most unique symbols: the Ephesian Artemis. Large cult statues of this goddess would be placed in the Artemis Temple just outside the city. Ephesian Artemis can occasionally be found on the reverse sides of Seleucid coins.ThatParthianGuy
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empressCapitoline museums
I can't remember who it is - maybe Herennia EtruscillaJ. B.
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ElagabalusCapitoline museumsJ. B.
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Eirene with infant PlutosRoman copy of the famous statue made by Kephisodotos, father of Praxiteles, today in the Glyptothek in Munich/GermanyJochen
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EagleA limestone sculpture of an Eagle, (representing Jupiter) clutching a Snake in its beak (representing Death). Was found in September 2013 during building work in the Minories area of the City of London. It was made in what is now the Cotswolds area of England around 1900 years ago and would have sat in an alcove of a tomb, just outside the city boundary of Londinium. I was lucky to see this back in November 2013 as it is now no longer on display.Constantine IV
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Domitian A somewhat odd, colossal bust of Domitian, part of a collosal statue. Ephesus Archaeological Museum. Photo William Hooton August 2021. Will A. Hooton
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Divus Romulo MausoleumThe ruin of the sepulcher of Divus Romulus (died 209 A.D.), the son of Emperor Maxentius, is situated in a large quadrilateral enclosure forming part of the villa of Maxentius, on the Appian way, about one mile from the gate of S. Sebastian. The building is sometimes erroneously called the stables of the Circus of Caracalla.Joe Sermarini
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DionysusPallazo Massimo alle TermeJ. B.
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Dacian Draco on Trajan's ColumnThe Dacian Draco was the standard ensign of troops of the ancient Dacian people, which can be seen in the hands of the soldiers of Decebalus in several scenes depicted on Trajan's Column in Rome, Italy. It has the form of a dragon with open wolf-like jaws containing several metal tongues. The hollow dragon's head was mounted on a pole with a fabric tube affixed at the rear. In use, the draco was held up into the wind, or above the head of a horseman, where it filled with air and gave the impression it was alive while making a shrill sound as the wind passed through its strips of material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_DracoJoe Sermarini
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Dacian Draco on Trajan's ColumnThe Dacian Draco was the standard ensign of troops of the ancient Dacian people, which can be seen in the hands of the soldiers of Decebalus in several scenes depicted on Trajan's Column in Rome, Italy. It has the form of a dragon with open wolf-like jaws containing several metal tongues. The hollow dragon's head was mounted on a pole with a fabric tube affixed at the rear. In use, the draco was held up into the wind, or above the head of a horseman, where it filled with air and gave the impression it was alive while making a shrill sound as the wind passed through its strips of material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_DracoJoe Sermarini
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Cybele, Marble statue of Cybele from Formia in Lazio, circa 60 BCEMarble statue of Cybele from Formia in Lazio, circa 60 BCE. From the collection of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Item number IN 480.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cybele_formiae.jpg
Photo by ChrisO, 26 August 2008Joe Sermarini
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Cybele enthroned, with lion, cornucopia, and mural crown. Roman marble, c. 50 AD. Getty MuseumCybele enthroned, with lion, cornucopia, and mural crown. Roman marble, c. 50 AD. Getty Museum
Cybele is an Anatolian mother goddess. Phrygia's only known goddess, she was probably its national deity. Greek colonists in Asia Minor adopted and adapted her Phrygian cult and spread it to mainland Greece and to the more distant western Greek colonies around the 6th century BC.
In Greece, Cybele met with a mixed reception. She became partially assimilated to aspects of the Earth-goddess Gaia, of her possibly Minoan equivalent Rhea, and of the harvest–mother goddess Demeter. Some city-states, notably Athens, evoked her as a protector, but her most celebrated Greek rites and processions show her as an essentially foreign, exotic mystery-goddess who arrives in a lion-drawn chariot to the accompaniment of wild music, wine, and a disorderly, ecstatic following. Uniquely in Greek religion, she had a eunuch mendicant priesthood. Many of her Greek cults included rites to a divine Phrygian castrate shepherd-consort Attis, who was probably a Greek invention. In Greece, Cybele became associated with mountains, town and city walls, fertile nature, and wild animals, especially lions.
In Rome, Cybele became known as Magna Mater ("Great Mother"). The Roman state adopted and developed a particular form of her cult after the Sibylline oracle in 205 BC recommended her conscription as a key religious ally in Rome's second war against Carthage (218 to 201 BC). Roman mythographers reinvented her as a Trojan goddess, and thus an ancestral goddess of the Roman people by way of the Trojan prince Aeneas. As Rome eventually established hegemony over the Mediterranean world, Romanized forms of Cybele's cults spread throughout Rome's empire. Greek and Roman writers debated and disputed the meaning and morality of her cults and priesthoods, which remain controversial subjects in modern scholarshipJoe Sermarini
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Crouching VenusThe British museumJ. B.
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Corinthian helmetsMuseum - Olympia J. B.
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Constantine the GreatMarble head of Constantine the Great at the Musei Capitolini in RomeJay GT4
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