HUNGARY: The Earliest Arpads (1000-1095)
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Hungary. (Saint) István/Stephen I (Grand Prince 997-1000; King 1000-1038; canonized in 1083). Huszár 1; Tóth-Kiss 1.3 legend variation 1; Unger 1; Réthy I 1; Frynas H.1.2; Lengyel 1/1; Adamovszky A2; Csákvári p. 30; Kovács pp. 33-35Hungary. (Saint) István/Stephen I (Grand Prince 997-1000; King 1000-1038; canonized in 1083)
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovszky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel, Kovács, Csákvári and Gyöngyössy) (average .76 g, 15-19 mm.); .84 g., 18.04 mm. max., 0°
Obv: + STEPHANVS REX, cross within pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
Rev: + REGIA CIVITAS, cross within pearled border, wedges between the arms of the cross.
Struck at Esztergom, and issued continuously, probably for decades (per Tóth-Kiss), beginning ca. 1020 (per Gyöngyössy), or 1018-1038 (per Jonsson). According to Jonsson, this type was struck according to two weight standards; a "heavy denar" (average weight 1.24 g.) and "light denar" (average weight .80 g.), with different issuance dates. However, no catalog differentiates the type by weight. It would appear that Jonsson's "light denar" corresponds to this type (which has an average weight of .78 g.) and that his "heavy denar" corresponds to the similar Huszár 4; Tóth-Kiss 1.7, Réthy I 7 (which has an average weight of 1.24 g).
Faintich speculates that the wedges on this coin are cometary symbols that may represent the comet of 975 (the year of Stephen's birth).
Huszár rarity 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 200, Unger rarity 65, Frynas rarity N.
Note: “[T]he half denars or obols of the Bavarian princes, coined at Regensburg, have been identified as the direct models for the first Hungarian coins. . . Yet the design of the Hungarian coin refrained from a servile imitation of the Bavarian model, partly by omitting to copy the representation of the Carlovingian [sic] church from the reverse of the Bavarian obols, partly by showing independent taste in shaping the cross, and applying the linear Greek cross. Finally the capital letter types of the legend on Bavarian coins completely differ from the peculiar characters to be seen on the first Hungarian coins, which are engraved with unusual forms actually reminiscent of runic marks” (Huszár 1963, 6-7).Stkp
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Hungary. András/Andreas I (1047-1060). Huszár 8; Tóth-Kiss 4.1 legend variation 1; Unger 4; Réthy I 11; Frynas H.4.1; Lengyel 4/2; Adamovszky A12; Kovács pp.100-101Hungary. András/Andreas I (1047-1060).
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovszky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel, Kovács and Gyöngyössy) (average .58 g, 17.5-18 mm.); .53 g., 17.51 mm. max., 0°
Obv: + • REX • ANDREAS, Cross with wedges
Rev: + REGIA CIVITAS, Cross with wedges (retrograde gamma instead of G)
Struck 1046-1050 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative) in Esztergom.
Huszár rating 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 100, Unger rarity 60, Frynas rarity N.Stkp
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Hungary. András/Andreas I (1047-1060). Huszár 9; Tóth-Kiss 4.4 sigla a4b1.1/195; Unger 5; Réthy I 12-14; Frynas H.4.2; Lengyel 4/3; Adamovszky A15v1; Kovács p.101Hungary. András/Andreas I (1047-1060)
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovszky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel, Kovács and Gyöngyössy) (average .69 g., 15.5-18 mm.); .48 g., 14.18 mm. max. (clipped), 0°
Obv: + REX ANDREAS (with D shaped like a P), Cross with three spokes forming each arm, with a small circle in the center, all surrounded by a double border broken by four sets of three perpendicular lines.
Rev: + PANONEIA, Cross with a small circle in the center, wedges between the arms.
Struck 1050-1060 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative) in Esztergom.
Faintich speculates that the central obverse devices on this coin represents the supernova of 1054.
Note: Due to cutting, this emission appears in three sizes; 17 mm., 14 mm. and 10 mm. (per Huszár).
Huszár rarity 8, Toth-Kiss rarity 80, Unger rarity 60, Frynas rarity NStkp
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Hungary. Salamon/Solomon (1063-1074). Huszár 14 var.; Tóth-Kiss 7.1 sigla b3.1/14; Unger 8; Réthy I 19; Frynas H.6.1; Lengyel 6/1; Adamovszky A20, Kovács pp.114-115Hungary. Salamon/Solomon (1063-1074).
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovsky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel and Gyöngyössy) (average .70 g., 16.5-20 mm.); .65 g., 17.59 mm. max., 180°
Obv: S-ALOM-ONI RE-X, Crowned, kneeling figure of king facing.
Rev: VDVNNONENI (bungled PANNONENI + A), around globus cruciger, cross with four wedges in center.
Struck in Esztergom, ca. 1070 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative).
Huszár rarity R1. Toth-Kiss rarity 250, Unger rarity 100, Frynas rarity S.Stkp
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Hungary. Salamon/Solomon (1063-1074). Huszár 17; Tóth-Kiss 7.5 sigla a1.4/5; Unger 10; Réthy I 22; Frynas H.6.3; Lengyel 6/4; Adamovszky A26; Kovács pp. 117-119Hungary. Salamon/Solomon (1063-1074).
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovsky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel and Gyöngyössy) (average .70 g., 16.5-20 mm.); .68 g., 17.38 mm. max., 0°
Obv: + • REX SALOMONI, Half-figure facing, with upright right hand and cross in left hand
Rev: + PA / NON / IA
Struck in Esztergom, ca. 1064-1070 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative).
Huszár rarity 6, Toth-Kiss rarity 80, Unger rarity 45, Frynas rarity N.
Stkp
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Hungary. Duke Géza (Duke, 1064-1074; King, 1074-1077). Huszár 18; Tóth-Kiss 8.1 sigla b5.5/7; Unger 12; Réthy I 23; Frynas H.7.1; Lengyel 7/1; Adamovszky A28v3; Kovács pp.124-126Hungary. Duke Géza (Duke, 1064-1074; King, 1074-1077).
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovszky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel, Kovács and Gyöngyössy) (average .70 g, 17-19 mm.); .76 g., 18.72 mm. max., 0°
Obv: + DVX MVONVS or MAGNVS, Cross.
Rev: + PANONAI (decaying legend, with the P shaped as a D), Cross with wedges
The obverse legend is deciphered either as + DVX MVONAS (per Huszár, Frynas, Kovács and Gyöngyössy) or + DVX MAGNVS (per Réthy). The former interpretation deciphers all A/V letters consistently as inscribed (so that the fifth letter is a V and the eighth is an A) and assumes that the sixth letter is an O. The latter interpretation inverts the second and third A/V letters (so that the fifth letter is an A and the eighth is a V), and assumes that the sixth letter is a G. Tóth-Kiss and Kovács explain that Magnus was the Christian given name of Géza. According to Adamovszky, the standard legend reads MVONAS but there is a variety in which it reads MAGNVS.
Struck in Esztergom, 1064-1074 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative).
From 1048-1074 a third of the kingdom was ruled by the duke, who issued autonomous coinage on a heavier weight standard than the royal coinage. Upon becoming king, the weight of his coinage was reduced to the royal standard.
Huszár rarity 6, Toth-Kiss rarity 120, Unger rarity 30, Frynas rarity N.
Stkp
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Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192). Huszár 22; Tóth-Kiss 10.2 sigla d1.1/14; Unger 16; Réthy I 26; Frynas H.8.2; Lengyel 8/2, Adamovszky A33; Kovács pp. 141-142Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192)
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovszky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel, Kovács and Gyöngyössy) (average .72 g., 18-20 mm.); .53 g. 16.14 mm. max. (clipped), 180°.
Obv: + LADISCLAVS RE (retrograde s's), cross with wedge in each angle.
Rev:[ + LA]DISCLA[VS RE] (decaying legend), cross with wedges in each angle.
Struck ca. 1079 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative) in Esztergom/Gram
Huszár rarity 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 150, Unger rarity 45, Frynas rarity N.Stkp
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Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192). Huszár 23; Tóth-Kiss 10.3 sigla ?; Unger 19; Réthy I 27; Frynas H.8.5; Lengyel 8/4, Adamovszky A34; Kovács pp. 42-144Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192).
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovszky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel, Kovács and Gyöngyössy) (average .65 g, 18-21.5 mm.); .69 g., 20.56 mm., max. _°
Obv: + LADISCL[AV]S RE, Head facing. The border is broken four times by three lines.
Rev: + L[ADISCLAVS RE] (decaying legend), Cross
Struck ca. 1090 per (Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative) in Esztergom.
Huszár rarity 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 80, Unger rarity 35, Frynas rarity N. Due to the soft strike between six o'clock and nine o'clock, the sigla cannot be determined.Stkp
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Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192). Huszár 24; Tóth-Kiss 10.4 sigla a1.1/2; Unger 17; Réthy I 29; Frynas H.8.4; Lengyel 8/5; Adamovszky A35a; Kovács pp. 144-145Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192).
AR denomination unknown (per Huszár and Adamovszky) or denár (per Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Lengyel, Kovács and Gyöngyössy) (average .54-.75 g, 14-20 mm.); .47 g., 15.86 mm. max., _°
Obv: + LADISCLAVS RE, Head facing, edge circle not discontinuous
Rev: [+ LADISCLAVS RE] (decaying legend), Cross
Struck 1083-1089 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative) in Esztergom.
According to Huszár, this coin appears with 20 mm., 17 mm. and 14 mm. diameters, corresponding to Réthy I 28, 29 (smaller) and 30 (much smaller), and roughly corresponding to Lengyel, who does not indicate size but notes a smaller (15.5 mm.) variety, and to Adamovszky A35 (18.5 mm.) and A35a (16 mm. with reverse decaying legend variety). Gyöngyössy classifies both large (19.6 and 17.2 mm.) and small (14.4 mm.) specimens as Réthy I 28.
Huszár rarity 9, Toth-Kiss rarity 100, Unger rarity 45, Frynas rarity N.
Stkp
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Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192). Huszár 25; Tóth-Kiss 10.5 sigla b1.5/6; Unger 20; Réthy I 31; Frynas H.8.6; Lengyel 8/6, Adamovszky A36; Kovács pp. 146-147Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192)
AR denar (average .62 g, 18-21 mm.); .53 g. 19.52 mm. max.
Obv: + LAD-ISL-AVS-REX (retrograde letters S), Long cross with small cross at each end, small cross in each angle.
Rev: [+ LADISCLAVS RE, cross with wedges in each angle], but obliterated by mirror image from obverse due to thin flan.
Struck 1083-1089 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative) in Esztergom/Gram
Huszár rarity 8, Toth-Kiss rarity 120, Unger 35, Frynas rarity N.
Explanation of minting process resulting in reverse mirror image courtesy of József Géza Kiss (http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=114019.msg697671#msg697671 2/26/18 messages)Stkp
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Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192). Huszár 27; Tóth-Kiss 10.8 sigla 0.1/1; Unger 22; Réthy I 33; Frynas H.8.8; Lengyel 8/9; Adamovszky A39; Kovács pp. 148-150Hungary. (Saint) László/Ladislaus I (1077-1095; canonized 1192).
AR denar (per Huszár, Tóth-Kiss, Unger, Frynas, Kovács and Gyöngyössy) or denomination unknown (per Adamovszky) (average .77 g., 18.5-20.5 mm.); .76 g., 19.88 mm. max., 0°
Obv: LAD-ISL-AVS - REX, Three long-crosses with two ball-like knots in each cross
Rev: + LADISCLAVS RE (decaying legend), c ross with wedges
Struck 1089-1093 (per Gyöngyössy, whose dating has not been accepted by later catalogers and appears to be speculative) in Esztergom
Huszár rarity 8, Toth-Kiss rarity 120, Unger rarity 40, Frynas rarity NStkp
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