HANDBOOK OF THE COINS OF GEEAT BEITAIN AND IEELAND IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY HERBERT A. GRUEBER, F.S.A., ASSISTANT KEEPER OP COINS. W.TH S.XTY FOUR PLATESj CROFORMED BY W.TH S.XTY-FOUR PLATES4 p RSERVAT | O N SBLVJCES Wi 2 5 199! DATE.. LONDON: POINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM : BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly* W. ; HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press Warehouse, Amen Corner, E.G.; C. KOLLIN & FEUARDENT, 6, Bloomsbury Street, W.C., and 4, Kue de Louvois, Paris ; A. ASHER & Co. ; KEQAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co. ; LONGMANS, GREEN & Co. 1899. [All rights reserved.] LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. PREFACE BY THE KEEPEK OF COINS. THIS Handbook contains descriptions of all the specimens exhibited in the window-cases of the Corridor of the Department of Coins and Medals ; viz. 974 English, 234 Scottish, and 134 Irish Coins, ranging from the earliest Anglo-Saxon issues, circ. A.D. 600, down to the present day. Much additional historical and descriptive matter, together with lists of the mint-marks chronologically arranged under each reign and translations of the mottoes (given in the Appendices), will it is hoped make this work a comprehensive guide to the entire coinage of Great Britain and Ireland. It has been written by Mr. H. A. Grueber, who is also responsible for the historical Intro- duction. The sixty-four Collotype Plates, by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, give representations of all the more interesting specimens. The proof sheets have been read throughout by myself. BARCLAY V. HEAD. British Museum. CONTENTS. PEEFACE iii INTRODUCTION v ji ANGLO-SAXON COINS ...... 1 ENGLISH COINS ........ 34 SCOTTISH COINS 162 IRISH COINS 213 APPENDIX A. SEQUENCE OP MINT-MARKS ON ENGLISH COINS FROM EDWARD IV TO CHARLES II 249 APPENDIX B. MOTTOES, ETC., ON COINS ....... 253 INDEX 258 PLATES . . i-lixv INTRODUCTION. THIS Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland is mainly ARRANGE- inteuded as a guide to the series of coins exhibited in electrotype in HENT- the corridor of the Department of Coins and Medals in the British Museum. The sections illustrated comprise the Anglo-Saxon, English, Scottish, and Irish, and an attempt has been made to present to the public such a series as will convey a good general idea of these sections of British numismatics. In the case of the Anglo-Saxon coins, the types of which are very numerous and varied, a few- examples only of each reign or period are given ; but in the English, Scottish, and Irish sections nearly every denomination is shown, and, so far as possible, those of each separate issue. The classifi- cation is chronological : thus the gradual development of the coinage is brought before the eye of the spectator. The descriptions in this work are limited to the pieces actually exhibited ; but, in order to make it a general guide to British numismatics, copious notes are added throughout which give a history of the coinage. At the head of each period or reign a general summary is given of the denomina- tions, issues, weights, standard of metal, &c., of the coinages, the descriptions of which immediately follow. The aim of this Introduction will be to give in outline a general historical view of British numismatics from the Anglo-Saxon period onwards. We shall, however, refer briefly to the earlier coinages current in Britain, as it is from the later of these that many of the Anglo-Saxon types were derived. Specimens of these coinages are not shown in this exhibition, as they are included in the series of the Coins of the Ancients. Previous to the Anglo-Saxon period the coinages current in Britain BRITISH were the Ancient British and the purely Roman and Romano-British. The unit of the first class was the gold stater, the type of which was derived from the stater of Philip II of Macedon. In its transit across the Continent but few signs of the original type of the coin of Philip remained : and it is only by tracing it back through its successive degradations that its source can be ascertained. The early pieces are mostly without inscriptions. No certain date can be fixed for the introduction of this coinage into Britain ; but it must have been about the middle of the second century B.C. The issues were for the most part Vlll INTBODUCTION. BRITISH in the central and southern districts, as it is in these localities that the INAGES. nn( j s occur. Quarter-staters were also struck, and at a later period small silver and copper pieces. The advent of the Romans is clearly to be traced in the types of the coins, which now more nearly follow those of the Roman money. Many of these coins struck during the later half of the first century B.C. are remarkable examples of the die-engraver's art, and rival in execution some of those purely Roman. Inscriptions now often occur, and in them we meet with the names of British chiefs who are known to us from history, and of some of whom history makes no mention.* There is Commius, the King of the Atrebates, who was in Britain at the time of Caesar's second invasion in 54 B.C., and his sons Tincommius, Verica, and Eppillus ; also Cunobelinus, King of the Trinobantes, the Cymbeline of Shakespeare, whose mint was at Colchester, and Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes, who is mentioned by Tacitus. j" This coinage did not last much after the invasion and conquest of Britain by Claudius (A.D. 43), and from that time for centuries only Roman money circulated here. Judging from the hoards which are constantly unearthed, the importation of Roman money must have been very considerable. It consisted almost entirely of silver and copper, as gold coins are but rarely found, and then generally singly. No Roman mints were established till the end of the third century, when we find Carausius and Allectus striking coins at London and Colchester. The London mint was continued by Constantine the Great, and the last Roman Emperor to strike coins in Britain was Magnus Maximus, who died in A.D. 388. SAXON There is now an interval of over two centuries during which time we COINS, have no numismatic records ; but it may be concluded that the Britons continued to use Roman money, chiefly the small copper pieces which were extensively imitated. In this interval Britain had passed under the sway of other invaders, the Saxons, who after a while instituted a new coinage of a very different character from that which had preceded. This coinage was in a measure like that which was in currency in Gaul ; but it differed from it materially. The Gaulish or Merovingian coinage was essentially a gold currency ; though some silver was struck. | The money introduced by the Saxons into England was mainly of silver. In their own country, since early times, they had possessed a silver currency ; and when Rome debased her coinage and issued pieces of copper washed with silver, Germany adhered to the imperial denarius, and in the 4th and 5th centuries the silver coins of Nero and those of Diocletian were current together. |j In establishing this money in England the Saxons were but continuing the currency they had been accustomed to for centuries. Also in Germany, as in England, silver was more easily obtained than gold. Finds of Anglo- * Evans, Coins of the Ancient Britons, p. 130 et seqq. t Ann. xii. 36. | Little silver was found in Gaul, but there was a good deal of gold. Diod. Sic. v. 27. Keary, Coinages of Western Europe, p. 112. Mommsen, ed. Blacas, torn. iii. p. 132. INTBODUCTION. ix Saxon sceattas mixed with the small denarii of the Rhine show that in ANGLO- Northern Germany, and more especially in those parts of the Continent CO?NS! opposite our own shores, these coins had a wide and important circulation. Before proceeding to trace the progress of the Anglo-Saxon coinage DENOMINA- it may be well to mention briefly the various denominations of which TIONS - it is composed. The actual pieces current were three in number, or at most four. These were the sceat in gold and silver, the penny in silver, and the styca in base silver and copper. Not more than one of these denominations was struck at one time in the same district ; and the sceat and the penny could only have been current together for a few years. The fourth denomination is the gold solidus, which is imitated from the Roman coin of that name ; but as so few specimens are known it is quite possible that they may only have been intended for ornaments and not for currency. The sceat the name of which signifies treasure, value, or payment is a small and thick gold or silver coin weighing about 20 grs. The gold sceat is properly a triens or tremissis, i.e. a third of the solidus, and by that name it was known in the Roman and Merovingian coinages. It may also, when in currency, have been known as the thrymsa. The silver sceat was at the rate of 5/ or 4^ to the shilling, according to the district in which it was current; the Wessex pound being equivalent to 48 shillings and that of Mercia to 60 shillings. The penny, which is derived from pening, penig or pending, is intimately connected with the old German pfand signifying a pledge or value. As compared with the sceat it is a much thinner and broader coin. Its full weight was 22^ grs. troy, and 240 were equivalent to the Saxon pound of silver. This coin is of Frankish origin, and dates from the middle of the 8th century. The styca, etymologically " piece " (Germ. Stuck), in its form and character was very nearly allied to the sceat. At first it was of base silver, but it soon degenerated into copper. Its weight varied from about 19 to 14 grs. ; but there is no record of its current value as compared with the sceat or the penny or the moneys of account. The solidus, as already mentioned, was similar in type and weight to the Roman coin of that name. Besides the above denominations there are several others mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon laws and literature : but they were not current coins, but merely money of account. These are the pound, the mark, the mancus, the thrymsa, the shilling, and the ora.* Their respective values were as follows :-. the pound was equivalent to 240 pennies or 250 sceats ; the mark, a unit of weight in use north of the Baltic, was half the pound; the mancus, a word of uncertain derivation, was ^ of a pound, and therefore equal to 3Qd. ; the thrymsa, which may be the same as the tremissis or triens, was equivalent to ^ of the old solidus, and perhaps the same as the sceat of gold ; the shilling (der. scilling, = a ' ' division ") varied in value as has been mentioned according to the * Cat. Eng. Coins, Vol. I., p. xxxiii. X INTRODUCTION. DEXOMIXA- district, being in Wessex at 48 to the pound and in Mercia at 60 to the pound ; and the 6m (Icel. = e:,rir, - Lat. aurum), also a Danish money of account, was y 1 ^ of the pound, or equivalent to 3 or 3f shillings according to the locality. SOEAT The earliest Saxon coin struck in Britain was the sceat. It is a SERIES small and somewhat thick coin, measuring in diameter from * 5 to '45 in. Those in silver weigh from 20 grs. to 12 grs., but the gold pieces keep fairly to the standard weight of 20 grs. It is at this point that the descriptions of the coins in this Handbook begin. The date of the commencement of this Anglo-Saxon money is somewhat uncertain ; but, comparing it with the Frankish and German coinages, it may be fixed at about the beginning of the 7th century. The gold solidi, if intended for currency, might be placed to a somewhat earlier date. TYPES. The types of the sceat are very numerous, and fall generally into the three following classes * : (i) Those which have Roman coins as their prototypes ; (ii) Those which are of Frankish origin ; and (iii) Those which appear to represent native art. Of these three classes the first is the most common, and the second the least so. In copy- ing the Roman coin-types the engraver had before him coins which he was accustomed to handle, and it is not at all remarkable that he made use of them for his designs. In the case of the gold sceattas we have direct copies of Roman types. No. 1, pi. i, with the head on the obverse and three busts on the reverse, is a direct copy of the solid us of the 4th century. No. 2, pi. i, gives a type of the solidus of the 5th century, though frequently found on Merovingian coins. The most common type of the silver sceattas is that which shows a bust on the obverse and a square compartment enclosing the letters VOTT, etc., on the reverse. These types are taken from the bronze coins of Con- stantine II, &c. Others have a figure holding one or two crosses, which is also a Byzantine type of the 5th and 6th centuries. The more common of the Merovingian types are a bird standing on a cross, or a plain cross on steps, with the head on the obverse in profile or facing. Those designs, which show some native art, are birds, dragons, fan- tastic animals, and ornaments of various forms, roses, annulets, wheels, arabesques, &c. Most of the early sceattas are uninscribed, but some have legends in Roman characters, whilst a few are in Runic. The legends in Roman characters are mostly blundered and meaning- less, showing that the engraver of the dies did not know what he was copying, but on some the name of London is to be read, often however crudely written. Coins with Roman legends are chiefly of Roman types. The only name in Runic characters on the uncertain sceattas which has been recognised is that of Epa, Apa, of the 7th century, and they extend down to the second half of the 9th century, when Northumbria came under the rule of the Danish invaders. The first king to whom stycas can be assigned is Ecgfrith (670-685), and the latest, Osberht (849-867). The series is not quite continuous, as there are several Northumbrian kings known to history of whom at present we have no coins. Of the last three kings also we have no money (see p. 16). ARCH- The ecclesiastical coins of this class are those which were struck O? IS YORK. by the Archbishops of York. These do not begin till some time after the regal coinage. The first Archbishop of York, of whom coins are known, is Ecgberht (734-766), who was a brother of King Eadberht, and from whom he appears to have received the right of issuing money. In acknowledgment of this privilege Ecgberht placed his brother's name on his coins (see No. 89). It was precisely a parallel case to that of the Archbishops of Canterbury, who placed the name of their overlord on their coins (see p. xv). The coinage of the Archbishops of York ceased with that of the Anglian kings. The types are precisely similar to those of the regal series. There is, however, one piece of a very exceptional character : the so-called solidus of Wigmund (see No. 91). Whether this is a trial-piece, which is very improbable, or an ornament, or an offering penny of the same nature as Aelfred's large silver coin (see No. 134), it is not easy to determine. The facing bust is of most unusual occurrence, and in this form is only found on a few Roman coins of the 4th century. Its appearance amongst a copper coinage seems so out of place that it scarcely could have been intended for currency. It may therefore be looked upon as an offering penny (Munus divinum, " divine offering "), or it may have been intended to mark Wigmund's accession to the archiepiscopate, which he designates as "Munus divinum, a divine office." DANISH The conquest of Northumbria by the Danes and the expulsion of the line of Anglian kings brought about a complete change in the monetary system. In their foraging expeditions south of the Humber the Danes had been accustomed to meet with the penny as the coin in currency. Its introduction, therefore, into Northumbria followed almost as a matter of course. The first Danish ruler in Northumbria of whom we have coins is Halfdan (875-877) ; but it is possible that these were issued before he obtained his new kingdom. Only two specimens are known, and they are both of Aelfred's types (see Nos. 9495). A regular coinage was, however, established by his successor Guthred-Cnut, who modelled his money on that of the Frankish coinage. From Guthred-Cnut the coinage is fairly con- secutive, though with breaks occasioned by internal dissensions or by the encroachments of Wessex, which now began to extend its power north of the Humber. In its general character the coinage is quite un-English, and rather Scandinavian or Frankish. The types are varied and of interesting designs. Uncultured as these Northmen were, they must have had skilful workmen. INTEODUCTION. XIX ST. PETER COINAGE. The last Danish king to strike coins in Northumbria was Eric, who NORTH- was expelled by Eadred of Wessex in 954. Northumbria was now incorporated with Wessex, which extended from the southern shores to the borders of Scotland, and whose monarchs henceforth styled them- selves " Kings of England." The ecclesiastical or quasi-ecclesiastical coinage of Northumbria under Danish rule is that known as the " St. Peter " coinage. It was struck at York, and is very similar in character to the St. Eadmund coinage of East Anglia. It is difficult to fix the precise limits of its issue, but from the evidence of finds and also from the nature of its types it may be assigned to a period extending from about 920 to 940. This would be contemporaneous with the accession of the second Scandinavian dynasty in Northumbria, whose first king was Regnald (919-921). Several of the types of Regnald's coins are met with on the " St. Peter " money. The extent of the issue also shows that it must have lasted several years. It is not beyond the bounds of possibility that it may have been struck by the Archbishops of that time, who continued to have their see at York. The coinage of Wessex dates from the reign of Ecgbeorht. Previous WESSEX. to that time Wessex does not appear to have struck any money ; and the absence of finds of coins of an earlier date within the old limits of the Wessex kingdom, tend to show that it did not feel the need of a currency. Ecgbeorht succeeded to the throne of Wessex in 802 ; but there are no coins which can be attributed to him for at least the first twenty years of his reign. The beginning of the West Saxon coinage was one of the consequences of Ecgbeorht's conquest of Kent in 825 and the expulsion of its king, Baldred. This conquest placed Canter- bury with its mint in the hands of Ecgbeorht, and the coins themselves show that he at once availed himself of the opportunity of establishing a coinage of his own. His early money not only bears the types of Baldred's and his predecessor's coins ; but we find all Baldred's moneyers' names on his coins. Ecgbeorht's coinage is therefore in its origin entirely Kentish, and is of the penny class only. Having thus assumed this right, Ecgbeorht looked upon it as a mark of kingly power ; for when, a few years later, in 829, he drove out Wiglaf from Mercia, he seized also the London mint and struck coins there (see No. 125), and did not allow any Mercian coins to be issued during the rest of his reign. The types of Ecgbeorht's coins are numerous, but the large majority are only copies either of Kentish, Mercian, or East Anglian coins. A few, however, such as the monogram of Canterbury, the " Rex Saxoniorum " type, &c., show a certain amount of originality. The coinages of Ecgbeorht's more immediate successors present but little change. Aethelwulf somewhat increased the number and variety of his types, and styled himself " Rex Cantiae," or " Rex Saxoniorum," or " Rex axoniorum Occidentalium," thus marking his extended jurisdiction ; but from his reign to that of Aelfred the coinage assumes a more simple form. During this period the Canterbury mint only appears to have been in use, so that the Wessex money preserved its Kentish character. b 2 XX INTRODUCTION. AELFRED. AETHEL- RED n. It was at this period that the Vikings began to renew their raids on England, and on his accession Aelfred found himself beset on all sides by this foreign foe. We have seen how these invasions affected the coinages of East Anglia and Northumbria, and though they left their mark in Wessex, yet that state was not affected in this respect to the same extent. The greater part of Aelf red's reign was occupied in resist- ing the attacks of the Danes ; but he emerged from the conflict with success, and saved his kingdom from the threatened annihilation and England from becoming entirely Danish. By the treaty with the Danish leader Guthorm, made after the battle of Ethandune, the Danes drew off to the district north of the Thames, whilst Aelfred added the greater part of Mercia to his dominions. This accession of territory is marked by a large issue of coins at London and Oxford. Besides minting at these places and at Canterbury, he also struck coins at Bath, Exeter, Gloucester, Winchester, &c., which show that from this time the coinage becomes more general, and is not, as before, limited to Kent. Aelfred's coins present a considerable variety of types, and the most remarkable are those with the mint-name in monogram. The coinages of the following reigns clearly mark the growth of Wessex. Eadweard the Elder on his coins perhaps commemorates the building of the burgs, which were erected to keep the Danes in check ; Aethelstan, his successor, strikes coins as far north as York on his victory over Anlaf of Northumbria; and the increasing power of Wessex is witnessed by mints at Norwich, Nottingham, Shrewsbury, and Warwick. The expulsion of Eric Blothox from Northumbria by Eadred in 954, placed that kingdom under the rule of Wessex, which now established its power over the whole of England. It must not be assumed that after the conquest of Northumbria the country remained undisturbed by the Northmen. There was a lull of about twenty-five years, during the reigns of Eadwig, Eadgar, and Ead- weard II, in which time there was a marked expansion and increase of the coinage, and mints were established at no less than thirty-six places, which extended from Exeter in the south-west to York in the north. The output of coins was very remarkable, not only for their number, but also for their excellence of design and workmanship. Soon after the accession of Aethelred II the troubles with the North- men and Danes recommenced, and England was attacked in the north and in the south. Then began the dangerous practice of tribute. Large sums of money were paid to the invaders, whose greed could not be satisfied, and again and again fresh demands were made. At last Aethelred committed a rash act which brought down on him the vengeance of his enemies. In the year 1002 he ordered a general massacre of Danes, which is known as the Massacre of St. Brice, as it occurred on the mass-day of St. Bricius (13th Nov.). This act was fraught with serious consequences for Aethelred and for England. In revenge, Svend, King of Denmark, invaded England with a large force, and the country was for some years at the mercy of the invaders, who when worsted in battle took to their ships, but when successful exacted large tributes. In 1013 Aethelred fled to Normandy; but, INTEODUCTION. XXI Svend dying shortly afterwards, he was restored to his kingdom after AETHEL- a short struggle with Cnut, the son of Svend. Aethelred died in 1016. It is an interesting fact that, in spite of all the trouble and disorder into which England was plunged during this reign, there was not only a considerable increase in the amount of coinage, but also an increase in the number of mints and in the types of the coins. A much greater regularity appears also to have been introduced in the striking of the coins, since we find the same types used at nearly all the mints, the only difference consisting in the names of the moneyer and the mint. The uniformity of fabric and style of each separate type is most remarkable. With a single exception the types consist of the king's head on one side, helmeted or diademed, and on the other side some form of ornament, generally a cross. The one exception is the Agnus Dei and Dove type (see No. 176), which at one time was thought to be Danish ; but, as it only exists of English mints, it should be given to the Anglo-Saxon series. The discovery of very large hoards of English coins in Scandinavian countries, larger than those found in England, suggests that much of the tribute was paid in actual money. This wide-spread circulation of Aethelred's coins led to their being copied in Denmark and Norway, and even in Ireland, where the Danes had already formed settlements. After a short contest with Edmund Ironside, son of Aethelred, CNUT - which was followed by his early death, Cnut became master of the realm, and England was for a time subject to Danish rulers. Passion- ate and revengeful at first, Cnut soon showed himself a wise and temperate king, and during his reign the land continued to prosper, being now freed from the continuous invading hosts. Nearly all the Danish troops were sent back to Denmark, only a small force being retained for the protection of the king. This quiet state of the country is reflected in the coinage, which in general appearance shows a continuity with that of the previous reign. The number of mints does not decrease, and at first Aethelred's types are copied. A slight divergence, however, soon sets in ; but there is no material change. There are only two varieties of the obverse type worth noticing ; these are those on which the king is represented wearing (a) a high pointed helmet such as he wears in the Bayeux Tapestry, or (6) wearing a crown, which it is possible Cnut may have copied from German coins.* After the death of Harthacnut, whose coinage, as well as that of his EDWARD brother Harold I, resembles Cnut's, the restoration of the house of CON SSOR. Cerdric in the person of Edward (the Confessor), Aethelred's son, brought with it a new element into the history of England the intro- duction of Norman influence. The sympathies of the young king lay with the home and friends of his youth. He spoke their language, he introduced their habits, he adopted a seal of Norman form for his charters, and Norman favourites occupied the highest posts of Church and State. Thus was laid the foundation of the great events which * Cat. Eng. Coins, Vol. II., p. Ixxxix. XX11 INTEODUCTION. EDWARD were soon to follow. As this influence is not to be detected on the CONFESSOR, coinage of this reign, it is not necessary to trace its course in the history of the country. The coinage of Edward the Confessor is only a continuation of what preceded ; and its general character therefore was unchanged. There are as usual the same variations in the types, some of which had a lasting effect, while others were only ephemeral. An attempt at portraiture was also introduced. On his early coins Edward the Confessor is represented without a beard : but his later pieces show him with a beard, which he wore towards the end of his life, " barba canitie insignis lactea." The facing bust too appears for the first time : but it is a type destined to survive all the others. The so- called sovereign type (see No. 189) was also an innovation, the obverse representing the full-length figure of the king seated, facing, holding sceptre and orb, being probably adopted from Byzantine coins, whilst the reverse, the four martlets in the angles of a cross, is commonly called the arms of the Confessor. There is no reduction in the number of mints, and we meet with the same uniformity of style and fabric as in the money of Aethelred II and Cnut. Edward's last type, that with PAX between two lines on the reverse, was the only one used by his successor, Harold II, during his short reign. With the death of Harold II at the battle of Hastings, and the usurpation of the throne of England by William of Normandy, the second period of the English coinage since the coming of the Saxons is brought to a close. We have already noticed how the general history of Mercia is reflected in its coinage, its rise, its fall, and its absorption by other powers. This equally applies to all the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In following up the history of the coinage which we have briefly summarised, we first see how Kent came under the rule of Wessex. East Anglia and the greater part of Mercia for a short time were a prey to the Danish invaders, who after a while had to yield to the advancing power of Wessex. In the meanwhile in the north the Anglian kings of Northumbria had also to give way to the Danes, who like their fellow-countrymen in the south were unable to stem the irresistible force of Wessex. Thus after a struggle which extended over a century and a half England was united- under one rule, and subsequent invasions did not destroy this unity. This gradual progress of the history of England finds an exponent in the coinage. We can trace the rise and fall of each state through its coin issues, and we can follow throughout the whole period the gradual growth of the power of Wessex by the extension northwards of her minting places ; so that when England was united under one rule the coinage of Wessex extended from the Scottish border to the southern shores, and it continued thus without any break down to the Norman Conquest. Before proceeding to the next section of the English coinage, that under the Norman kings, it may be well to refer briefly to the con- stitution of the mints and to the position of the moneyers during the Anglo-Saxon period. ANGLO- The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the other chronicles of the time M^re. afford us no information respecting the constitution of the mints and INTBODUCTION. XX111 the rules by which they were governed ; and it is not until the reign ANGLO- of Aethelstan that any mention of mints is made in the laws. During MINTS. the existence of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, whose coinages have been described, each state had at least one central mint, and generally only one. The principal Mercian mint was at London ; but for a time, as we have shown, the Mercian kings occasionally made use of that at Canterbury. The only mint of Kent was at Canterbury, which served both for the regal and the archiepiscopal money. The East- Anglian coins, we may presume, were struck at Colchester, where a mint had been established under the later Roman emperors ; and the mint-place of the Anglian and Danish kings of Northumbria was at York. Of this, there is abundant proof. Wessex used Canterbury as a mint as soon, as Kent was annexed to that state, and with the exception of a few coins struck by Ecgbeorht at London, this was its only mint until the time of Aelfred. When that king added a part of Mercia to his dominions, he extended his mints to Bath, Exeter, Gloucester, London, Oxford, and Winchester, those of Castle Rising and Lincoln being somewhat doubtful. It is from the laws of Aethelstan that we first obtain any information about the mints. By the Synod of Greatley (A.D. 928) it was ordered that there should be one kind of money throughout the whole realm, and that no one should coin save in a town. This would imply that hitherto there had been occasionally some irregularities in the issuing of the coins ; but it may also have some reference to the Danish imitations of Anglo-Saxon money which at that time had an extensive currency. The edict then proceeds to declare that each burg was entitled to one moneyer ; but certain places, on account of their importance, should have two or more. London was to have eight, Canterbury seven four for the king, two for the bishop, and one for the abbot Winchester six, Lewes two, &c. The result was a large increase in the number of mints, which however somewhat decrease during the successive reigns of Eadmund, Eadred, and Eadwig. There are however a considerable number of coins of this period without a mint-name of precisely the same type as those with mint-names, but of such different fabric and style that they cannot belong to the same localities. Under Aethelred IT, whose coins all bear the mint-name, there is an enormous increase of mints, and with this increase there is introduced a much greater uniformity in the general appearance of the money ; and were it not for the occurrence of the names of the mints, coins of the same type are so much alike that it would not have been possible to determine whether they were struck at London, Exeter or York, or any other place. There is no contemporary record of this apparent re-organization of the coinage, which must have been brought about by some system of centralization, under which the dies were issued from one common source. Otherwise such uniformity could not have been attained. The clue is to be found at a somewhat later date. From Domesday * we learn that " in the city of Worcester Edward the Con- * Vol. I. Ed. 1783, fol p. 176, s. v. Wirecestre. XXIV INTRODUCTION. ANGLO- fessor had this custom. When the money was changed each money er was to P a J 20 solid! in London on the receipt of the irons (or dies) for striking the coins." This custom was not confined to Worcester, as several other places are also mentioned. If this practice of issuing dies from one centre prevailed under Edward the Confessor, why should it not have existed under Aethelred II. If it was so, we have a complete explanation of the almost sudden uniformity of type throughout the kingdom. The dies would be made from one pattern, and the only difference would be in the names of the moneyer and the mint, which would be varied to suit the circumstances. The want of a common centre for the making of the dies would also account for the variety in fabric of coins of the same type issued before this reign. The increase of mints inaugurated by Aethelred II was continued to the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, during all which time there was a great output of coins, and throughout a general uniformity of style and fabric. MONEYBRS. If the chronicles are silent about the mints, they are equally so as regards the money ers. They give us no information whatsoever as to the mode of their appointment, how they were chosen, what were their duties and what was their status, whether mere artisans or men of position. This has led to some controversy and great diversity of opinion. We can only obtain our knowledge by a process of induction, which may be gathered either from the coins themselves or from later custom or practice. The earliest mention of the moneyer, or myntere, is in the laws of Aethelstan, where it was ordered that certain punish- ments should be inflicted on those who were guilty of misdemeanour in their office. One punishment was that the guilty moneyer should have his hand struck off, and that it should be placed in the smithy.* This would imply that at this time the moneyer was the actual engraver of the dies ; and this last supposition is somewhat confirmed by the words ' ' me fecit," which are occasionally found after his name. If this was his position under Aethelstan, we may conclude that it had existed previously. When the change to the making of the dies at one centre was introduced, the moneyer must have ceased to be a mechanic, as there was no need of technical skill in his office. He became now an overseer, and he was only responsible for the purity of the metal from which the coins were struck and for their proper manufacture. From the passage in Domesday already referred to we are told that for each month that the dies were in use the moneyer had to pay a fine of 20 solidi, besides the sum he had already disbursed on receiving the dies. To be responsible for so large a sum he must have been a man of some substance. Madox, in his Hist, of the Exchequer, gives a good deal of information about the moneyers during the reigns of Henry II and Ill.f Like the other officers of the mint he was elected by the burgesses, and it was a stipulated qualification that he should be a trusty and prudent man. It was not required that he should have any technical knowledge. He was to be a person * Cat. Eng. Coins, Vol. I., p. xxxiii. t Num. Chron., 1899, p. 109 et seqq. INTEODUCTION. XXV selected for his integrity, to be possessed of means, and one fully MONEYERS. responsible for the performance of the duties of his office. He was also liable to be summoned to Westminster to take part in the assays of the coins and in the trials of the Pix, and if necessary to bring his workmen with him. His position, therefore, was a very different one from that of the money er, who for a dishonest act ran the risk of losing a nlember. As the constitution of the mint under Henry II appears to have been the same as under William I and Edward the Confessor, may it not be inferred that the same conditions prevailed in the time of Aethelred II, who, judging from the nature of his coinage, first instituted the custom of having the dies engraved at one central place, and then sent for distribution to all the local mints. If this were so, then the change in the status of the moneyer dates from his reign, and it continued without any material alteration so long as the office lasted. The Norman Conquest did not produce any immediate change in the monetary system of England, and the silver penny continued to be the only current coin, and it remained practically so until the end of the reign of Henry III. There was no alteration in its general type, and it preserved its standard of fineness and weight. This was probably an instance of the policy of William of Normandy, who, wishing to be looked upon by the people as the rightful heir of Edward the Con- fessor, promised that they should be governed according to the old laws of the land. In the number of types, as compared with those of Edward the WILLIAM I- Confessor, there was a slight diminution under William I and II, HENRYlL whose respective coinages have not up to the present been definitely separated (see p. 34). This diminution of types continued under Henry I and Stephen, and when we come to Henry II we find that they are reduced to two only during his whole reign. Of the coins assigned to Richard I and John, which always bear their father's name, there is only one type ; but under Henry III the number is again in- creased to two. This fixity of type was an outcome of the deteriorated condition of the money under the later Norman kings. As all the types are given with the descriptions of the coins or in the notes, it will not be necessary to mention them here except when any important change occurs. It will be seen from the plates that the early coinage of William I in type and fabric resembles that of the later Anglo-Saxon kings. The most remarkable change occurs in the king's bust being generally presented full-face, holding a sword or a sceptre. This soon super- des the profile bust. The fabric of the coins too shows that at first e dies were engraved by skilled workmen, but before the end of the ign of William II a considerable falling off in technical skill is notice- le. It becomes more marked under Henry I, and the climax of adation is reached under Stephen, whose money artistically is the worst that had hitherto been struck in this country. The impress of the dies was very imperfect and the inscriptions almost illegible. An exception, however, is to be found in some of the semi-regal and XXVI INTRODUCTION. WILLIAM I- baronial coins issued during the civil war. It was this state of ' things that induced Henry II to establish a greater fixity of type, and at the beginning of his reign to introduce a general type for all his money, " which should be continuous." The type was therefore only once changed by him, and this occurred in 1180, when the so-called " short- cross type " was adopted. This remained in use till the middle of the reign of Henry III. Greater care was taken in the actual striking of the coins, which were of more uniform roundness and thickness, and the inscriptions were clearly legible. This uniformity was adhered to in the future, and became still more marked in succeeding coinages. The mints under the Norman kings are as numerous as those under the later Anglo-Saxon kings ; but towards the reign of Henry III their number is so much reduced that they are limited to the chief centres only. The same may be said of the moneyers' names, and even to a still greater degree ; for with one exception only, that of Robert de Hadley (see No. 243, p. 44), they disappear altogether after the time of Henry III. This abolition of the office of moneyer as it had existed since early Anglo-Saxon times, may have been caused in some degree by a centralization of the working of the mints under the superintendence of a general overseer. This officer appears to have been first appointed by Henry II, when he carried out his reform in the coinage in 1180. The change however was not a sudden one, but took some time to develop. The rolls of the period of Henry III furnish us with a complete list of the officers of the mint at that time. The principal of these were : i. the Master, who was the general superintendent of the mint ; ii. the Warden, whose principal duty was the payment of the salaries of the other officers ; iii. the Assayer, who was responsible for the purity of the metal ; iv. the Cuneator, who had under his orders the engravers of the dies : this office was hereditary ; v. the Keeper of the dies ; and vi. the Moneyer, whose duty it was to receive the dies and to deliver them up after use, and generally to superintend the striking of the coins and to keep a record of the amount struck. Besides these there were a number of minor officials. In our remarks on the coinage since the Norman Conquest reference has been made to the semi-regal and baronial coins issued during the reign of Stephen, and to the fact that neither Richard I nor John placed their own names on their English coins, but retained that of their father, Henry. These points merit some special notice. The semi-regal and baronial coins were those which were issued during the civil war, when the Empress Matilda, the daughter of Henry I, attempted to wrest the crown of England from Stephen on behalf of her son Henry, whom she claimed to be the rightful heir. This series is of two classes : that struck by the partisans of Stephen and his own relations ; and that issued by the adherents and supporters of the cause of the Empress. Of the former are the coins of Stephen and Matilda, his wife, showing on the obverse their figures in full length ; of Stephen's son Eustace, who was governor of York, and to whom the right of coinage had been granted ; and of William, INTRODUCTION. XXV11 Earl of Boulogne, who appears to have usurped the right of issuing WILLIAM i- money. Of the latter class there are coins of the Empress Matilda HENRY IL herself; of Henry, Bishop of Winchester, who at various times supported both sides ; and of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, Eustace FitzJohn, and Roger, Earl of Warwick, who commanded Matilda's armies. Many of these coins are remarkable for the exceptional merit of their work, so entirely differing in that respect from the coinage of Stephen. They are also interesting as showing the places which from time to time were held by Matilda and her generals. Besides these there are a number of rude pieces, many of them counterstruck coins of Stephen himself, which are said to have been issued by the turbulent barons, who seized Stephen's castles and then turned them into mints. Many of these pieces are of excessive rarity, and are much prized and sought after by collectors. The next point, the absence of the names of Richard I and John on their English coins, is not easily explained. The pennies which are classed to these reigns only vary from those of Henry II in slight changes in the form of the bust. The name of Henry is on all of them. This circumstance is the more noticeable as Richard struck coins in his own name for his French dominions, and John did the same in Ireland, when he was lord of Ireland, and after his accession to the throne. Moreover there are English halfpennies of John struck at London and Winchester, which bear his portrait and name (see p. 42). The records also show that during both reigns the mints were in active operation. In 1194 Richard ordered that one kind of money should be current throughout the realm, and it is further stated that this was carried into effect to the great advantage of the people. In 1199 John granted dies to Canterbury, and confirmed the right of coinage to the Archbishops, and in 1208 writs were issued to the moneyers of no less than sixteen different cities and towns to appear at Westminster to receive dies, and it would seem that these dies were actually delivered. It can therefore only be presumed that in Richard's case, during his long absence from England, no steps had been taken to stamp his name on his coins, and that on his return he did not enforce a change. John, however, may have been actuated by other motives. He had usurped the crown to the exclusion of his nephew Arthur, and therefore, having no rightful claim, he may have thought it better to follow the example set by his brother. Passing on to the reign of Henry III we find that he made only one HENRY III. change in his silver money. He retained for some years the short- cross type of Henry II without any material alteration; but in 1248, on account of the debased state of the coinage through clipping and counterfeiting, he instituted a new one, the long-cross type, which consists of a double cross on the reverse extending to the edge of the coin. This device was adopted in order to make it more apparent whether a coin had been clipped or not. To distinguish this coinage further from the money which had preceded it, Henry placed either the Roman numerals III or TERCI after his name. No alteration was made either in the fineness or weight of the coins. XXV111 INTBODUCTION. HENRY ill. The most remarkable feature in the coinage of this reign was the attempt to introduce a gold currency in the form of a penny, which was to be current for twenty pence, but which was soon raised to twenty- four pence. It occurred in 1257 (see No. 238). This innovation, which had followed closely on the introduction of the fiorino d'oro into Italy, was not a success; partly because the coin was rated too high in comparison to the silver, and partly because the country was not prepared to receive a coin of so high a value in general currency. Notwithstanding the circumstance that at the time there was in the country a large amount of foreign gold, which passed by weight, the citizens of London protested, and the king listening to their protest, the new coin was promptly withdrawn. It was not for nearly a hundred years that a further attempt was made in this direction. EDWARD I. The attempt at uniformity in the coinage begun by Henry II and continued by Henry III was more effectually carried out by Edward I. For the first few years of his reign he does not appear to have issued any money, unless possibly he continued to use the dies of Henry III, but in 1279 he ordered a new coinage of a new type. It was to consist of the penny, halfpenny, and farthing, which were to have the king's bust facing and crowned on the obverse, and a long cross pattee with three pellets in each angle on the reverse. " Edward did smyte rounde peny, halfpeny, ferthyng Ye croice passed ye bounde of all yorghout ye ryng Ye kynges side salle be ye hede and his name writen Ye croyce side what cite it was incoyned and smyten." * With the exception of the small issue by John (see p. xxvii.), the halfpenny had not been in use since Anglo-Saxon times, and the farthing was a new denomination. Groats of the value of four sterlings were also ordered ; but there is considerable doubt whether any were struck even as patterns, and whether or not pieces similar to No. 242 may not belong to Edward IIL| This large silver coin had also been ordered during the reign of Henry II on two separate occasions.! The new type is a strong illustration of the stability of the English coinage, as it became at once absolutely stereotyped, and was the only one used for the silver money till the reign of Henry VII. Another important change took place on the introduction of this type. With the exception of Robert de Hadeley, who was the moneyer at the Abbot's mint at St. Edmundsbury, the name of the moneyer was now entirely omitted, and in its place was inscribed VILLA or CIVITAS, which thus preceded that of the mint. This further innovation was probably carried out under the orders of William de Turnemire of Marseilles, who was appointed to the office of master of the mint of England in 1279, and who was to have control of all the mints, the number of which was now much reduced. In consequence of the purity of the metal of this new coinage and * Langtoft's Chronicle, see Bud., Vol. I., p. 194. t Ib. Vol. I., p. 206. | 16. Vol. I., pp. 182, 186. INTBODUCTION. XXIX the admirable manner in which it was struck, numerous imitations EDWARD I. were soon made in the Low Countries and in Germany. These coins were as a rule lighter in weight and of baser metal than the English penny, and very strict regulations had to be passed to prevent their introduction into this country.* The principal ports were watched, and every incomer had to expose under pain of forfeiture all the money he possessed. Besides these pennies there was much other foreign base money brought in. These were known as pollards, crocards, scaldings, brabants, eagles, leonines, sleepings, James I the type of the silver money was definitely settled, and Charles I modelled his whole coinage after that of his father. Nothing could have been more simple and uniform than the coinage xliv INTEODUCTION. CHARLES of the Commonwealth, and the climax was reached when the milled GEOKGEII. money of Charles II was introduced, which formed a pattern for future reigns. It will therefore not be necessary to give any detailed account of the coinage throughout the period from Charles II to George III, as it would be only to repeat what has already been said in the descriptions of the coins. There are, however, a few points which may be specially mentioned. SPECIAL In 1663, when the African Company sent some gold to the mint, ON Coras, permission was given to have their stamp of an elephant, or an elephant with a castle on its back, placed upon the coins struck from this bullion. This mark is also found on some of the silver coins of this reign ; and ib occurs frequently on the coinages of subsequent reigns to George I. This permission was extended, and at various times the following stamps or marks are met with: Thus E.I.C. is for metal imported by the East India Company; VI GO for bullion obtained at the victory in Yigo Bay in 1702 ; LIMA for bullion taken by Admiral Anson from the Spaniards in South America during his famous voyage round the world (1739-1743) ; SS.C. for silver supplied by the South Sea Company, and W.C.C. for the Welsh Copper Com- pany. Also roses denote that the silver came from the west of England, and the plume is the mark of the Welsh mines. These marks do not occur after the reign of George II. THE The original current value of the guinea was, as we have seen, 20s., ITS U VALUE, and it remained so till the time of William and Mary. In the mean- ETC. while the silver money was getting into a very bad state, partly on account of the prevalence of clipping, partly through forgery, and partly because some of the old hammered money had not been with- drawn from circulation. The effect was to send up the value of the guinea, which in 1694 rose to 30s. This state of things was found to be very injurious to the trade of the country, and it was determined to call in all the silver money then in circulation, and to issue an entirely new currency. In order to facilitate a speedy issue local mints were established at Bristol, Chester, Exeter, Norwich, and York, so that within two years the project was completed (see p. 138). The issue of this new money brought with it a fall in the current value of the guinea, which in 1698 was fixed at 21s. Qd. It was further reduced in 1717 to 21s., and henceforth it remained at that value. COPPEK It was subsequent to the Restoration that a copper coinage was established on a fixed basis. Early in Charles IPs reign the trades- men's tokens were still in wide circulation; but as these pieces intrinsically were of small value, they were only locally current. The dearth therefore of small change caused considerable inconvenience, and the matter was frequently brought before the parliament. At last, in 1672,* an authorized copper coinage of halfpence and farthings was undertaken, and the tradesmen's tokens were at once declared illegal, and their circulation forbidden. Except during the reigns of James II and William and Mary, when halfpence and farthings in tin were * Patterns had been prepared in 1665 (see Bud., Vol. II., p. 12). INTEODUCTION. xv struck, no change was made till the reign of George III. The weight of COPPER these coins varied from time to time according to the price of copper. During the latter part of George II's reign the currency had been GEORGE in. allowed to drift into a very unsatisfactory state, especially the silver. Crown pieces had almost disappeared, and the other silver coins were much defaced and worn. The gold money had not suffered to the same extent. No steps however were taken to bring about an improve- ment. Guineas and half-guineas, and on one occasion the quarter- guinea, continued to be struck, but the issue of the silver money was practically abandoned, with the exception of small coinages of the shilling in 1763, 1787, and 1798, and of the sixpence in 1787. This was the only official silver money issued from 1760 to 1816, a period of over fifty-six years. In 1797 an attempt was made to improve the copper money by the striking of twopences and pennies, but the former were found too large and heavy for convenient circulation. In consequence of the dearth of a copper currency there had been a return to the tradesmen's tokens, pennies, halfpennies, and farthings, which were struck in enormous quantities throughout the country. These pieces were an improvement on the tokens of the previous century, for intrinsically they represented nearly their current values. In the same year, 1797, one-third guineas were struck to provide smaller change, and the Government also resorted to a curious method of providing silver money by issuing Spanish dollars counter- marked with the head of the king, In 1804 the Bank of England obtained permission to strike dollars in silver, and subsequently pieces of three shillings and eighteenpence. At length, in 1816, the Govern- ment resolved to meet the expense of an entirely new coinage of gold and silver, but no new copper money was ordered, as a fresh issue had occurred in 1806. The guinea, half -guinea, and third-guinea were superseded by the sovereign and half-sovereign ; but no change was made in the denominations of the current silver coins, which consisted of the crown, half-crown, shilling, and sixpence. The sovereign was struck at 123 T 2 ^ grs., and there was a slight reduction in the weight of the silver money, which was at about 87 grs. to the shilling. The dies for most of these coins were made by Pistrucci, and it was at this time that the type of reverse of St. George slaying the dragon was introduced ; the other reverse type was generally a shield. The coinages of George IV and William IV were of precisely the same character as the last issue of George III. A few variations occurred in the reverse types, such as the lion shilling, &c., and the two pound piece was instituted by George IV ; but it was discontinued by William IV, who, however, in 1836, revived the groat. The coinage of Queen Victoria is too well known to need any detailed VICTORIA. account. Her early money was based on that of the previous reign. In 1845 the threepence was put into general circulation ; hitherto, since 1662, it had only been used for Maundy money. In 1848 the florin was first issued, and the striking of the groat was discontinued in 1856. A bronze coinage, with a fresh portrait of the Queen, was substituted for a copper one in 1860, as being more convenient for xlvi INTRODUCTION. VICTORIA, general use. Since the recoinage of 1817 the silver and copper coins had become mere tokens. On the occasion of the Queen's jubilee in 1887 a great recoinage of gold and silver was determined on to celebrate the occasion, and the opportunity was taken to change the royal portrait, which on the gold and silver money had remained unaltered since the Queen's accession. Some of the reverse types were also modified, the St. George and the dragon made by Pistrucci being revived for several denominations, and former types of Anne and George IV were also made use of. The new denominations were the five pounds and two pounds in gold, and the double-florin in silver. No alteration was made in the bronze money. Again, in 1893, on account of the unfavourable reception of the Jubilee money, a third portrait of the Queen was adopted for the gold and silver ; new reverse types were prepared for the half-crown, florin, and shilling, and the double-florin was discontinued. The last event connected with the coinage was a new issue of the bronze money in 1895, when the bust of 1893, was used and a slight alteration made in the reverse type by eliminating the representation of the lighthouse and the ship, which had been placed on the bronze coinage of 1860. COINAGE ^ ne co ^ na S e ^ Scotland is not of very remote antiquity, and there are no traces of any Scottish money which would correspond in date to the period either of the ancient British coins or of the subsequent coinages of the Anglo-Saxons. The statements of the early writers that Donald I was the first king of Scotland who struck gold and silver coins, and that Donald V set up a royal mint and coined money at Stirling, and even that Reutha had a currency, have no historical value,* and no such coins are known to exist. The attribution by later numismatists of coins to Malcolm III and Alexander I has been called in question, and it is now generally admitted that it is to the reign of David I (1124-1153) that the first issue of purely Scottish money is to be assigned. It must not however be assumed that the absence of Scottish money involved the absence of a currency in Scotland till a date so comparatively late. Finds show that in the first three centuries of the Christian era there was a considerable circulation of Roman money in Scotland, which was followed by that of the Anglo-Saxons. No sceattas however are known to have crossed the border, though hoards of Northumbrian stycas of the ninth century have been occasionally unearthed. The importa- tion of Anglo-Saxon money does not appear to have been carried on to any considerable extent until the tenth century. This date would coincide with that of the so-called Commendation to Eadweard the Elder, king of Wessex, by the terms of which Constantine II of Scotland acknowledged him as " father and lord." It was on this compact that the subsequent claims of the English to the overlordship or suzerainty of the Scots was based. The homage done to Eadweard was repeated and renewed to nearly every subsequent English monarch down to Edward I. It was a cause of constant strife between the two nations, Cochran-Patrick, Records of Hie Coinage of Scotland, Vol. I., p. civ. INTEODUCTION. xlvii the English king asserting his right, the Scottish king protesting but SCOTTISH finally always submitting. This English domination continued down COINAGK - to the peace of Northampton in 1328, which followed the famous battle of Bannockburn, as a result of which the original Commendation of 924 and all subsequent submissions to England were annulled. This period in the history of Scotland is generally known as the " English period." We shall see what was the effect of this English influence on the coinage of the country. During the early times it is possible that, like the Irish, the Scots imitated largely the Anglo-Saxon money, especially that of Aethelred II, which is more commonly found than any other series. The absence of a coinage has been attributed by some writers to a scarcity of metal and to a dearth of skilled native workmen ; but the chronicles rather negative such suppositions, and the references not unfrequently made to gold- and silversmiths' work show that the country was not altogether deficient either in native art or in the precious metals.* The cause must rather be attributed to the unsettled state of the country and the imperfect civilization of the people, and to the absence of any form of central government. The numismatic history of Scotland, therefore, begins in the reign DAVID I of David I (11241153). His coinage consists of pennies only, which BIUKJE. in type, as well as in weight and in standard of metal, resemble the contemporary currency of England. David's residence in England before his accession had imbued him with English ideas, and this was no doubt the cause of his introducing a native coinage into Scotland after the English pattern. He also encouraged the settlement of Norman barons in his country, much to the discontent of his own nobles. The coins therefore of David I resemble those of Stephen, and the copying of English types is continued for a considerable period. The money of Henry, Earl of Northumberland, and of William the Lion, follows that of Stephen and of Henry II in type, and the short double-cross type is continued by Alexander II. The long double-cross type, which was introduced by Henry III in 1247, is used by Alexander III, and later on he changes this for the single- cross pattee type first adopted by Edward I.^ Still more closely imitating the English money, Alexander III strikes halfpennies and farthings, and excludes the moneyers' names. No change of type occurred during the following reigns of John Baliol and Robert Bruce, when the " English period " in Scottish history comes to an end. During all this time, from David I to Robert Bruce, the Scottish coinage was extensively supplemented by the importation of English money, which formed the bulk of the currency, so that during the interregnum from 1296-1306, when Scottish affairs were under English control, the ratio of English and Scottish coins was about thirty to one. * Cochran-Patrick, op. cit., p. ciii. t The Scottish coins, however, have the difference that on the obverse the king's head is in profile, not facing, and on the reverse there are mullets in the angles of the cross instead of pellets. xlviii INTBODUCTION. MINTS At no time were the mints in Scotland so numerous as in England. MONEYERS. At first they were few in number, being limited during the reign'of David I to Berwick, Carlisle, Edinburgh, and Roxburgh ; and there was no increase till the time of Alexander III, when with the introduction of the long double-cross type we find about sixteen places issuing money. The change of type to the long single-cross brought with it an exclusion of mint-names as well as those of the moneyers ; and during the reign of John Baliol the only mint-name met with is that of St. Andrews ; * but under Robert Bruce even this one disappeared. Under David II and his successors they were renewed, but only to a limited extent. The constitution of the Scottish mint in early times appears to have been not unlike that of the English mint, but on a much more limited scale. The chief officials were the warden (custos monetse) and the master moneyer, who was assisted by printers and strikers (operarii), and whom he himself appointed.! The chief duties of the warden were those of a general overseer. He received and took charge of the bullion, he kept a register showing the amount of money coined, and he was also guardian of the dies. In the absence of historical evidence the duties and status of the moneyer cannot be so well defined. He had charge of the mint-house ; he appointed, as we have mentioned, the workmen under him, and he was responsible for the weight and purity of the coins, and he had to render to the warden an account of the amount struck. His status is not defined ; but he evidently was not a mere mechanic, but a man of some position and standing. The occurrence of the same moneyer's name on coins of different towns rather points to the fact that he was not stationary, but that he moved about from place to place coining money as required. He may have been in the same position as the moneyers in France in early times, who accompanied the king on his journeys and struck coins at the various towns that were visited. Sometimes there were two or three moneyers working together, as their joint names are found on the same coin. After the time of Alexander III, when their names no longer occur on the coins, we lose sight of them altogether. The office, however, was not abolished. DAVID II. When Scotland threw off the English yoke she formed an alliance with France, who was henceforth to make common cause with her against England. Scotland also pledged herself to invade England whenever France should declare war against that country. French influence is, however, not at first to be traced on the coinage, which continued to follow the English pattern ; and the silver money con- tinued English in character clown to the time of James V. Only in the later gold can any trace of French influence be found. At first David II struck coins similar to those of his predecessors ; * A special exception was made in the case of St. Andrews by Alexander III in 1283, the right of striking money being claimed by the See. See Cochran-Patrick, op. cit., p. xlii. t Cochran-Patrick, op. cit., p. xvii. INTRODUCTION. xlix but. soon after his return from captivity in England in 1357 he DAVID u. instituted a gold coinage, consisting of nobles, and he also struck groats and half-groats. All these were of English types. This attempt to inaugurate a gold currency does not appear to have been success- ful, as from the rarity of the specimens it is evident that but few were struck (see No. 24, p. 167). The Scottish coinage was regulated on the English standard, and in consequence Edward III allowed the money of England and Scotland to be current interchangeably on equal terms. By this arrangement a considerable amount of English gold crossed the border, and so took the place of a native currency in that metal. Subsequently, when the coinage became debased, this mutual arrangement could no longer be upheld, and its abrogation gave rise to continual complaints on both sides, and on several occasions the importation of Scottish gold and silver into England was prohibited. Robert II, the successor of David, struck only silver coins of the ROBERT n same denominations as before and of the same types ; but Robert III introduced in 1393 a gold coinage of quite a novel pattern. It consisted of the St. Andrew or lion, and its half the demi-lion or demy, which were current for 5s. and 2s. Qd. respectively. Both have the shield of Scotland on the obverse, and St. Andrew on his cross, or the cross only, on the reverse. This issue marked the real beginning of the gold coinage of Scotland, which now becomes continuous. Robert Ill's silver coins, which are of the same denominations as before, are more after the English type, having the bust facing instead of being in profile. He also struck billon money, consisting of the penny and halfpenny, which are of the same type as similar pieces in silver. It was the introduction of this base money which put an end to the monetary arrangements between England and Scotland, and which produced many remonstrances from the English parliament. The mint records of the reign of James I are so meagre that any JAMES I. information about the coinage can only be obtained from the coins themselves. From these we learn that his gold money consisted of the demy and half-demy, and his silver of the groat only ; though later records would make it appear that pieces of smaller denominations were ordered. He also issued billon money. Only in the case of the gold was any variation made in the types. With the reign of James II the multiplicity of issues begins. These JAMES li-v. increase reign by reign till they arrive at their maximum under James VI. These constant fresh issues generally involved some change of type, and more often some alteration in the standard of metal, which was accompanied by an enhancement of the current values. Other causes too tended to this result, viz. the issue of base money, the importation of foreign coins of all kinds, and the practice of clipping. As a result the current value of the groat, which in David II's reign stood at 4d., rose gradually to 8d., and in 1456 to I2d. ; under James III it reached 14cZ., and when James VI came to the English throne, the ratio between the current values of Scottish and English money was at 12 to 1. d 1 INTRODUCTION. .TAMESII-V. As the various changes in the types and the different issues are noticed at the head of each reign before the descriptions of the coins, it will only be needful to refer to some of the more important new denominations and their types. From James II to James V, with the exception of the introduction of the one-third groat (see No. 89, p. 183), the denominations of the silver money remained as before, and English types continued in the main to be adopted. The full-face bust is the prevailing one ; but this occasionally gives way to the three-quarter face bust, to which there is no precise parallel in the English coinage ; and finally, under James V, the profile bust resembling Henry VII's is met with.* Amongst the gold coins of the same period there are several new denominations, some of which are of special interest. Jarnes II issued the lion and half-lion, somewhat similar to the St. Andrew and the demi-lion of Robert III. James III struck the rider, and the unicorn and half-unicorn, about the same time that the unicorn became the supporter of the Scottish shield. James IV adds the half and quarter- rider to the list, and James V the ecu and the bonnet piece with its parts. The bonnet piece is one of the finest coins of the Scottish series. Its current value was midway between that of the English half-sovereign and angel, and it represented on the obverse the king's bust wearing a bonnet or cap. The head is seen in profile, and there is a decided and successful attempt at portraiture. It is also the first dated coin of the Scottish series, in which respect Scotland took the lead of England. The ecu was modelled on the pattern of the French coin of that name, and this is practically the first instance we meet with of the influence of French art on Scottish money. The billon coinage, which had been introduced by James I, was continued by his successors. At first the only denominations were the penny and halfpenny, but to these were added the plack and half-plack, and under James V the bawbee and half-bawbee. James III also struck copper money ; but it was discontinued, and was not resumed till James VI's time. This base money was issued to provide small change for the people, of which there was great need. The idea was a good one, and if it had been carried out on sound principles it would not have affected the gold and silver money in the manner we have shown. MARY. The accession of Mary witnessed many changes in the coinage. New denominations were introduced and the types throughout were altered. In these respects there is practically no connexion between Mary's coinage and that of her father, James V. All traces too of English prototypes disappear, and the coinages of England and Scot- land are almost as distinct from each other as the money of England * The absence of any numerals after the king's name from Robert II-III and James I-III has raised many difficulties in the classification of their coins, and there still exists much uncertainty. In our order we have not followed the view of any one writer; but have adopted such a classification as the coins themselves would appear to warrant. INTRODUCTION. li and France. This may be in some degree attributed to the fact that MART. many of the designs were prepared in France. Mary's money may be divided into five periods, which correspond in date to the chief epochs of her life (see p. 184). On some of her earlier gold and silver coins we meet with an excellent portrait. This occurs on the ryal and half-ryal in gold and the testoon in silver. Other pieces bear the Scottish arms and her name in monogram or her initials. After her marriage with Francis the Dauphin, his portrait is found with that of Mary, and the French arms are impaled with the Scottish. Their money consisted of the ducat in gold, the testoon and half-testoon in silver, and the twelve penny groat and hardhead in billon. Mary's last gold piece was the crown struck after the death of Francis, and from this time her currency consisted of silver only, and chiefly of coins of a larger denomination than had as yet been used in Scotland. These were the ryal and its parts. On the reverse is shown a tree, formerly supposed to represent the yew tree at Crookston Castle, to which a sentimental but legendary story was attached (see No. 118, p. 189). Mary's billon coins, which were mostly issued early in her reign, are of various denominations and types. If Mary's money was distinct from that of her father, equally so JAMES vi. was James VI 's from that of his mother. His coinage is of two periods, that before his accession to the English throne, and that after that event. The coinages of these two periods are quite separate from each other, the latter being modelled after the English pattern in every respect. His first coinage is the most remarkable of any Scottish monarch's, both for its extent and variety. It was a time of continual change, of the withdrawing of one issue and of the striking of another. During this period, in fact, we count no less than eleven denomi- nations in gold, twenty-four in silver, five in billon, and two in copper ; and of the issues there were seven in gold, eight in silver, four in billon, and one in copper. This frequent change in denomination and type and these numerous issues were due in some measure to the alterations in the fineness of the metal, and to the rise in the value of silver, caused partly by its growing scarcity. This brought with it an increased current value of the coins. At the beginning of the reign an ounce of silver was coined into 40s. From this it rose to 44s., then to 50s., and finally in 1601 to 60s. These changes in value necessitated the calling in of the current coins, and either the re-issuing them at an enhanced value or the striking of fresh ones of a different type, and the only resulting advantage was the profit made by the mint. For an account of the various denominations, and their issues, we must again refer the reader to the descriptions of the coins. Almost every piece presents a new type, and to give particulars would be to repeat what has already been said. Amongst the gold coins we may, however, specially mention the twenty pound piece (No. 123, p. 191), which is the largest gold piece hitherto struck in Scotland, and which from its size and rarity was regarded as a medal rather than a coin. In the thistle noble of 1588 (No. 126, p. 192), we recognise the type of the old English noble. The rider and its parts were (I Zt Ill INTKODUCTION. JAMES vi. adapted from similar coins of James IY. Amongst the silver coins the ryal and its parts resemble similar pieces of Mary ; and on some of James's later coins, both in gold and silver, there are good attempts at portraiture at various periods of his life. The inscriptions are as varied as the types. Whether they were suggested by the king himself is uncertain ; but, as the types were generally devised and directed by the Council, it may be presumed that James had a voice in their selection and also in the choice of the legends. Many of these savour of his ideas of kingly power and of his notions of the divine right of kings. James continued to strike billon coins similar in character to those of previous reigns, but of varied types. He also revived the copper money, issuing twopences and pennies of a better standard than before. On his accession to the English throne James did not at first make any change in his Scottish money, but continued the issue of the sword and sceptre piece in gold, and the thistle merk in silver, with their respective divisions. Steps were also taken to regulate the current values between the English and Scottish money. This led to some confusion, and in 1604 the Council ordered that henceforth the Scottish coinage should conform precisely to that of England. An exception was necessarily made in the case of the copper money, as there was then no copper currency in England. It continued to consist of the twopence and penny, or as they were now called the turner and half-turner. From this time the denominations in gold and silver were the same for Scotland and England. They were also of precisely the same pattern and weight, except that the arms of Scotland were placed, after 1610, in the first and fourth quarters. The king wears the Scottish crown (see p. 197), and the mint-mark is a thistle. The relative current values remained the same, that is, the English shilling was equal to twelve shillings Scottish. CHARLES I. The early coinage in gold and silver of Charles I was similar in type, weight, standard of fineness, and denominations to the last issue of his father. So close was the copy that on some pieces the portrait was not even changed ; but only the name of the king altered in the dies. It continued so till 1637, when Nicolas Briot, the engraver to the English mint, was appointed master of the Scottish mint, having as his assistant John Falconer, his son-in-law. The gold coins, with the addition of the eighth-unit or half-crown, were the same as before ; but some new pieces, the half-merk, the forty penny piece, and the twenty penny piece, were added to the list of the silver coins. The coins issued by Briot and Falconer are some of the best specimens of the die- engraver's art of the 17th century. In point of workmanship they quite equal Briot's English money. They were struck by the mill and screw, which machinery, after much opposition, Briot was allowed to erect at the mint. Throughout the reign the standard of gold was at 22 cts. fine, and that of the silver 11 pts. fine to 1 pt. alloy. Many enactments and orders were issued prohibiting the exportation of the native currency and the importation of base foreign money. The circulation of the English farthing tokens was forbidden in Scotland, and the copper currency was supplied by the turner and half-turner. There INTRODUCTION. liii were no billon coins, those of James previous to 1603 being the last CHARLES I. issued in Scotland. During the period of the Commonwealth no money was specially CHARLES II. struck for Scotland, and there are no silver coins of Charles II until four years after his restoration. His money is of silver and copper only. "When Thomas Simon, the English engraver, was ordered in 1662 to prepare puncheons for the silver coins, he was also directed to make those for a twenty merk piece in gold, but he does not appear to have carried out this portion of the order. He prepared models for the silver pieces, which comprised the four, two, and one merk pieces, the half- merk, and the elevenpence, and for these he was paid .100. He did not however make the actual puncheons, but this work was entrusted in 1663 to Joachim Harder, the engraver to the Scottish mint. Compar- ing these Scottish coins with the English pieces also by Simon, we can easily see how signally Harder failed to reproduce the exquisite model- ling of that famous engraver. A similar failure is noticeable in the case of Briot's models, which had been imperfectly copied by the Scottish engraver Dickesone (see p. 201). The four merk piece was current at 53s. 4^., and the divisions in proportion. Each coin was marked with its current value on the reverse. The types differed some- what from those of the English silver coins, the bust of the king being turned to the right instead of to the left. In 1675 a new coinage was ordered, and the making of the dies was entrusted to Jan Roettier of the English mint. The denominations were the same as those of the previous coinage, but the forty penny piece or sixteenth-dollar was added, and a difference was made in the reverse die, the marks of value being omitted. The bust of the king was also turned the other way, i.e. to the left. The reverse of the forty penny piece varied from that of the other silver pieces. The four merk piece is better known as the dollar, the two merk piece as the half-dollar, &c. The copper coins consisted of the turner and bodle, each current at 2d., and of the bawbee at Gd, On account of certain irregularities the mint was closed in 1682. The coinage of this reign was of silver only, and the current pieces JAMES vn. were the forty and ten shillings. The sixty shillings was only struck as a pattern, and the dies were not prepared for the twenty shillings and five shillings which were, however, ordered. The puncheons were made by Jan Roettier, and the reverse types were varied from those of the previous reign. Each coin also bore its current value. The standard of fineness was raised T L but as the weight of the coinage was to be at 427 35 grs. to the sixty shillings, this made a further difference in the ratio of the current values between the Scottish and English coins, which now stood at 13 / s to 1 instead of 12 to 1.* It remained thus till the Union in 1707, when the 12 to 1 rate was restored. All the silver coins ordered by James VII were struck by William WILLIAM and Mary, and the types generally assimilated with the exception of MAR Y . Burns, Coinage of Scotland, Vol. II., p. 503. liv INTKODUCTION. WILLIAM the five shillings. No alteration was made in the standard of fineness AkS. and current values. The copper money too was revived, the pieces struck being the bawbee and bodle, current respectively as under Charles II. roF^ENQ 1 After *^ e death of Mary, William continued the coinage in silver LAND), and copper on the same lines as during their joint reign, but his sixty shilling piece appears to have been only struck as a pattern. For a short time, from July 1695 to June 1696, the current values of the coins were raised ^, i.e. from 40. to 44s., and in consequence it was proposed that the new values should be stamped on the coins. But as the Privy Council only looked upon this alteration as a temporary one, no change was effected in this respect, and in fact within twelve months a return was made to the former current values. Of William II there are two interesting pieces in gold, the pistole and half -pistole, which however from their present scarcity do not .appear to have been issued in any considerable number. These pieces were struck from gold supplied by the Darien Company, which had been established for the purpose of founding a new colony on the Isthmus of Darien. A charter was granted to this Company which .gave it a monopoly for thirty-one years of the trade with Asia, Africa, and America. It was from Africa and the Indies that this gold was obtained. This was the only gold money that had been issued for Scotland since the reign of Charles I, and it was the last struck separately for Scotland. As an encouragement to the Company a profit of ten per cent, was allowed upon the metal brought to the mint, so that the intrinsic value of the coins was ten per cent, less than the current value. A special request was made by the Company that a suitable mark should be placed on these coins to distinguish them from other coins, and this was allowed. ANNE. Anne's Scottish money is of silver only, and of two periods, that before and that after the Union. The first consisted of the ten and five shillings only, which were of the same standard as before. In the Act of Union it was specially stipulated that from and after the Union the coinage of the United Kingdom should be of the same standard and value, and that a mint should be continued in Scotland under the same rules as the English mint. Arrangements were at once made to carry out this order. The English money was first called in, and then the Scottish and foreign money, and the new coinage was substituted. The pieces issued were the crown, half- crown, shilling, and sixpence, which varied only from the English money in having an E, or an E with a star, under the bust (see Nos. 230-233, pp. 211-12). Two years later the Scottish mint, for some unascertained reason, ceased operations, and since that time English money only has been issued for Great Britain. The series of the Scottish coins is brought to a close with the description of a crown of "James VIII," more generally known as the Elder Pretender, the dies for which were prepared in Paris (1716) at the time of his second attempt to regain the throne of England (see No. 234, p. 212). A mention is also made of other pieces struck at INTRODUCTION. Iv IRISH COINAGE. that time and in 1708, but they must be relegated to the class of ANKK patterns, as they were never required for currency. The coinage of Ireland presents a remarkable contrast to the coinages of England and Scotland ; more especially to the former. In England, as a general rule, great care was taken to preserve the integrity of the coinage and to furnish it in sufficient abundance. Its exportation was prohibited and the importation of foreign money forbidden. In Ireland the case was very different. Ill supplied at any time, Ireland became the refuge for the base moneys of all countries, not even excepting those of England ; its own coins were often of so low a standard that they were refused as media of exchange, and they suffered heavily when placed alongside those of finer metal. The entire absence, too, of a native gold coinage added a still further difficulty ; and at no time was it even proposed that such a coinage should be issued. No country in Europe for its size and importance can show such a poor record as regards its money as Ireland. In referring to the temporary debase- ment of the English coinage under Henry VIII and Edward VI it has been shown how much the nation at large suffered from this unwise act ; how the price of every commodity was increased ; how commerce was affected generally ; and how, after a time, the necessity to institute reforms was acknowledged. England suffered in this manner only for a short time, but Ireland had to bear the burden through centuries, as the records of the coinage amply prove. The nature of the early coinage of Ireland is somewhat doubtful. The few hoards of Roman money found there point to a very limited circulation of that class of coins, and the rings in gold, silver, and copper, of which at times considerable quantities have been unearthed, scarcely warrant the presumption that these formed any important currency, though from an examination of such hoards it has been ascertained that many of these rings graduate according to their weight in multiples of the half pennyweight or twelve grains.* The earliest money which we know with certainty to have been current in Ireland is the Anglo-Saxon penny. This was not imported by the Irish themselves, but by the Danish invaders, who already in the 8th century had formed settlements in the country. Finds of such coins have not been numerous, but they prove that this importation of English money began at an early date. A find at Delgany in co. Wicklow was a very remarkable one, and comprised some of the oldest coins of Mercia and Kent. The burial of the hoard cannot be ascribed to a date much later than A.D. 835, and it has been conjectured that the money was conveyed there by a party of Danes, who shortly before had made a raid on the Isle of Sheppey.f Lindsay J has attempted to assign to the Danish invaders who founded kingdoms in Dublin and Waterford a series of uncertain coins copied from English pennies, but his arguments will not bear the test of a critical examination. Dr. Aquilla Smith, on the other hand, has EARLY COINAGES. Lindsay, Coinage of Ireland, p. 3. f Num. Chron., 1882, p. 61. J Coinage of Ireland, p. 6. Ivi INTRODUCTION. EAKLY produced conclusive evidence which shows that the first money issued COINAGES. ^ i re i an( } was tnat s t ruc k by the Danish ruler Sihtric III (989-1029), who was a contemporary of Aethelred II of Wessex, and the types of whose coins he closely followed.* It is some of the degraded forms of these coins that Lindsay unsuccessfully ascribed to earlier and even to later Danish rulers. From this time until the dominion of England was established in Ireland under Henry II (A.D. 1172) there are no coins which can be assigned to any ruler, whether native or Danish. Ireland was however not wholly without a currency, for imitations, not only of Sihtric's coins, but also of those of Aethelred II, Cnut, and Edward the Confessor, and even of the early Norman kings, were extensively fabricated, and must have provided a considerable coinage. Besides these there are some curious pieces called bracteates, which could not have been struck before the beginning of the 12th century, and which added to the supply. A very large hoard of these pieces was found at Fermoy in 1837, the prototypes of many of which were coins of Harold I, William I, and Henry I. In 1172 Henry II of England crossed over to Ireland, landed at Waterford, and took possession of his new dominion. Within a few days of his arrival he was proclaimed king at Dublin, and shortly after- wards received the homage of most of the native princes. At first English rule was limited to the counties of Dublin and Meath, and the tract included between the city of Waterford and Dungarvan. This district was afterwards known as the Pale. Such was the beginning of the English rule in Ireland. JOHN. Henry did not strike any money ,for Ireland in his own name ; but when, in 1177, he appointed his son John, Lord of Ireland, he granted to him the right of coinage. The Irish coins of that prince are of two series, those struck during his lordship and those after his accession to the English throne. The first series consists of halfpennies and farthings issued at Dublin and Waterford ; the second of pennies, halfpennies, and farthings struck at the same mints and at Limerick. The types of each series vary, and they also differ considerably from the English money. This money appears to have been of the same standard of fineness as that of England, and it was in order to dis- tinguish the two series that the type was varied. Simon f says that the arms of Ireland, the harp, were derived from the triangle on the obverse enclosing the king's bust ; but he does not offer any suggestion about the reverse devices, a flaming star and a crescent, or a cross and a crescent. So far as we are aware no explanation of these has ever been given. Besides these semi-regal and regal coins there are some farthings known as " St. Patricks," which were struck by John de Curcy, Earl of Ulster, who was Governor of Ireland from 1185 to 1189. Some of them bear his own name, but others have only the name of St. Patrick. They are of Carrickfergus and Downpatrick, both places situated in Ulster. * Num. Chron., 1892, p. 308. f Essay on Irish Coins, p. 13. INTKODUCTION. Ivii Of Henry III there are pennies and halfpennies, and of Edward I-III HENRY m- the same denominations and also farthings. The coins of all these EDWARDIIL reigns follow the English types except that the head of the king on the obverse is within a triangle instead of being within a circle. The dies were made in London and then sent to Ireland. As yet no satisfactory classification of the coins of Edward I-III has been proposed (see p. 216). The same difficulty has till lately existed with the English coins of these monarchs which were issued before the introduction of the groat. It is known from proclamations and orders that several issues in Ireland took place under Edward I and III, and it may reasonably be presumed that Edward II also qontributed to the Irish money. There are no Irish coins of Edward III of a later date than 1339 ; but in 1354 the new English gold money was ordered to be current in Ireland, and shortly afterwards a similar order was extended to the silver money. During the reigns of Richard II and Henry IV and V there are RICHARD li- no Irish coins, although the first of these monarchs twice visited the HENRT v< country in circumstances of great pomp. Groats formerly attributed to Henry V have of recent years been transferred to Henry VII. Under Henry VI the mint of Dublin was twice revived, in 1425 and HENRY VL 1460 ; and this king also struck money during his short restoration in 1470-71. Of the first issue only the penny is known, which is of the English type; but as only very few specimens have been met with, there may be some uncertainty about this attribution though their weight is in favour of it. Of the second issue (1460) we have the t and penny in silver, and the half-farthing or Patrick in copper. ther silver pieces, called "Irelandes d'Argent," were ordered and eir type prescribed ; but no specimens are at present known, and they were probably never struck. The type of the groat and penny this issue is of a very distinctive character. It consists on the ibverse of a large crown, and on the reverse of a cross with pellets and the name of the mint. The type was prescribed by the order, and in this instance there can be no doubt of the correctness of the classification, especially too as it is the same as on the earliest pieces of Edward IV. The small copper coins, like the money of John de Curcy already mentioned, received their name from their type. The groats and pennies which we have given to the period of Henry VI's short restoration have been classed by Dr. Aquilla Smith to Henry VII.* On this point we have ventured to differ from that able numismatist : and for the following reasons. First of all, they are similar in type to the then current coins of Edward IV (see No. 31, p. 221) ; secondly, as on the English coins of that time, the letter R is represented by B ; and thirdly, because the obverse legend reads " Dominus Hybernie " instead of " Rex Anglie." This change of title was made by Edward IV in 1478, and it is found on all the coins classed to Henry VII. Moreover, the fabric of these coins is not * Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XIX., Pt. II., 1840. Iviii INTKODUCTION. HENRY vi. that of Henry VII's but of Edward IVs money. There is no mention of this coinage in the records, so that this attribution rests entirely on internal evidence. EDWARD iv. Almost immediately after his accession Edward IV turned his attention to the coinage of Ireland, and in 1461 he ordered Germyn Lynch, who was master of the mint at Dublin and Trim, to make the coinage upon the same terms as in the statute of the 38th year of Henry VI.* Like Henry's issue it consisted of the groat and penny. From this time onwards Edward continued to regulate the Irish money, making such alterations in its standard as the necessity of circumstances required. These changes of standard were caused by the varying value of silver. In 1467 silver, on account of its scarcity, rose to double its usual value. In 1470 it again fell, and the groat was restored to nearly its former weight; but in 1475 another rise took place, and the English groat was ordered to be current in Ireland at 5d. It is from this date that the difference in the ratio between the current values of the English and Irish money begins, and it continued down to the present century. The changes in the standard produced frequent alterations in the types : so that in this respect there were no less than seven distinct issues in this reign. The earlier issues followed, as we have seen, the type of Henry VI's coinage. Gradually the type conformed more to the English pattern with the full-face bust : but when the standard of metal was varied between the two countries, a distinct type, that of the three crowns, was adopted for Ireland. In 1467, on account of the rise in the price of silver, a new coin called the double was issued. It was only a new coin in name, as it was of precisely the same type as the Irish groat ; but it was double its weight and current value. It was however of the same weight as the English groat. There was a large increase in the number of mints, most of which were in active operation for a con- siderable time, and at no other period in the history of its coinage was Ireland so well provided with currency. The copper money consisted of farthings and half-farthings, which belong to the early part of Edward's reign. RICHARD There are no Irish coins known of Edward V, and if he did issue any they were probably, like his English money, of precisely the same type as his father's. Under Richard III some attempts were made to improve the money, which during the last three years, on account of the dishonesty of Germyn Lynch, had became much debased. Lynch was removed from his office, and it was ordered that a coinage should be issued of the same type as the last one of Edward IV : and that it should be of metal of the same standard as the English money. Neither of these orders was strictly adhered to. An earlier type of Edward's was used, and the standard of fineness was lower than prescribed. Simon says that the difference between the English and Irish groat of Richard was about sixty per cent.f This however may Eliding, Vol. I., p. 281. t Essay on Irish Coins, p. 32. INTRODUCTION. Hx be a slight exaggeration. Richard's coins are of two denominations RICHAIO only, the groat and the penny ; and of two types, the second being that which was prescribed for the first issue but not used, viz. the three crowns type. On account of the dearth of any official records relative to the Irish HENRY vn. coinage of this reign, its classification rests almost entirely on the internal evidence afforded by the coins themselves. From these it appears that Henry's first issue resembles in type the last of Edward IV and Richard III, but it is easily distinguished by the king's name. His next two issues follow his English coins, which have first the open crown and then the arched crown. His last issue is however a return to the old type of the open crown, but in a somewhat crude form. This last coinage was formerly attributed to Henry V ; but the weight of the coins and the legends, in which the king is styled * Rex Anglie," do not admit of this classification. The denominations struck were the groat, half-groat, and penny. Of the standard of fineness there is also no record ; but the difference in current value between the English and Irish money appears to have been about one- third.* The continued scarcity of records during the reign of Henry VIII often places us at a disadvantage, and for the classification of his earlier money we must once more follow the coins as our guide. The lack of official information has caused some diversity of opinion respecting the date of the first Irish coinage of this reign. Arguing from official documents, Dr. Aquilla Smith considered that none was ued before 1537.f Simon, on the other hand, who took the coins his guide, assigned the first issue to about 15304 Imperfect quaintance with the English series has led both these learned umismatists astray, as they have both assigned to Katherine Howard .d Anne of Cleves coins which should have been given to Katherine Aragon and Anne Boleyn (see p. 227). It may be assumed that, as we find the same initials, H. K., H. A., &c., on English coins as on the Irish, they refer to the same personages. Such being the case the first Irish coinage would be contemporaneous with the second issue of Henry VIII's English money, and this would give us the period from 1526-1543, to which we assign it. This first issue consisted of groats and half-groats of a type different from any before used. On the obverse is the royal shield, and on the reverse the crowned harp. This is the first instance of this badge on Irish coins, and henceforth it is the prevailing one. It formed a good distinctive mark between the coinages of the two nations. Henry's assumption of the title of " king of Ireland" is commemorated by a special issue of groats in 1541, but there was no change of type. Both these coinages appear to have been about ^ fine to alloy, and as they were below the standard of the English money their importation was prohibited. When Henry debased his English money in 1544-5, he ordered that a coinage of * Simon, Essay on Irish Coins, p. 32. f Num. Chron., 1879, p. 163. J Op. tit., p. 33. Ix INTEODUCTION. HENRY a similar standard should be issued for Ireland, and to distinguish it VIIL from that previously struck he introduced entirely new denominations, the sixpence, threepence, three halfpence, and three farthings. These were struck in London under the direction of Sir Martin Bowes, the master of the mint, and then conveyed to Ireland. It does not appear that at any time during this reign that Irish coins were struck in Ireland itself. A further coinage of sixpences took place in 1546-7, though of this there is no official record. They are of a somewhat different type to the previous issue, but being dated the 37th and 38th year of the king's reign, and bearing the monogram of Sir William Sharington, the master of the Bristol mint, there is no uncertainty as to their date or place of mintage. Being of a low standard of metal this may be the brass money referred to by contemporary writers.* EDWARD VI. The question as to the existence or non-existence of an Irish coinage during the reign of Edward VI has been discussed ;f but it may here be remarked that the fact that the records show that at different times a coinage was ordered is strongly in favour of its existence. The great difficulty has been to identify any specimens which could be attributed specifically to this class. It may be presumed that the order of February 10, 1548, to MartynPiri J to coin groats, half -groats, pennies, and halfpennies, under certain restrictions and of a certain standard, was never carried into effect, as no such pieces have been met with. It probably failed for want of bullion, which was to be purchased beyond the seas and not in England or in Ireland. If therefore there was a currency in Ireland at this time it must be sought for amongst the base money issued in England, the coining of which appears to have lasted some time after the standard of the English money was raised. MAKY. Passing on to the reign of Mary before and after her marriage with Philip of Spain, it will be seen that no material change took place in the coinage, which was based on the last issue of Henry VIII. The types were similar, and there was a sligkt improvement in the standard of the metal; but from 1554 to 1558 it fell back into a worse condition than it had been in at any time previously. The metal was fine to f alloy. The coins consisted of shillings, groats, half-groats, and pennies. The base money too of Henry VIII and Edward VI, the circulation of which had been prohibited during this and the previous reign in England, was passed over to Ireland. ELIZABETH. When Elizabeth turned her attention to the general state of the coinage at home, she did not show the same sympathy for Ireland as for England. The base money, which was withdrawn from circulation in England, was recoined into shillings and sixpences and sent over to Ireland, and these were of so low a standard that the intrinsic value of the shilling was not more than 4d., and later on fell to 2d. In 1561, when Elizabeth had completed her reform of the English money, she also made an improvement in the Irish, which was ordered to be at 1 1 oz. * Simon, op. cit., p. 34. f See p. 229. i Num. Chron., 1886, p. 152. INTEODUCTION. Ixi fine to 1 oz. alloy. The shillings and groats of this issue were however ELIZABETH. lighter than the English pieces of those denominations, so that the Irish shilling was equivalent only to ninepence in English money. In 1598, when the country was in a disorganized state caused by the Tyrone rebellion, there was such a dearth of money that none could be found to pay the troops, who were engaged in quelling the rebellion. A new issue of shillings and sixpences was in consequence ordered, but a return was made to the former base standard of 3 oz. fine to 9 oz. alloy, and in 1601 a further debasement appears to have occurred (see p. 232). The types of these coins were varied to distinguish them from previous issues. This money was coined in London and sent to Ireland. In 1601 a copper currency of pence and halfpence was instituted for Ireland. These were struck at the rate of 190 pence to the pound avoirdupois. When James succeeded to the English throne the Tyrone rebellion JAMES i. was at an end, and the king was able to take steps to improve the coinage, which the last issue of Elizabeth had thrown into a great state of disorganization. Shillings and sixpences were issued of the standard of 9 oz. fine and 3 oz. alloy, and the base money of the previous reign was reduced to one-third of its former current value. Later on the English shilling passed at sixteenpence. The new money was of a uniform type similar to the English, but with the harp on the reverse ; and excepting for a change in the king's title, no alteration was made throughout this reign. The copper farthing tokens current in England were extended to Ireland. Charles I issued no special coins for Ireland before the outbreak CHARLES I. of the Civil War, and the only currency before that date consisted of farthing tokens similar to those which had been struck by James. During the rebellion however there are several interesting series of " money of necessity " similar in character to the coinages of the local mints in England (see p. 234). Some of this money was struck by the " rebels," but the greater part was issued by order of the Council or under the direct warrant of the king. Their types somewhat resemble those of the English siege pieces, and are of the simplest description; one important group, the Inchiquin money, bearing for the most part only the marks of the weight stamped on an irregularly shaped piece of silver.* Others, like the Ormonde money, have the royal crown and initials on the obverse, and the marks of value on the reverse. The copper pieces too are of the rudest kind. It is to this series that the crown and half-crown struck in the name of Charles II belong (see Nos. 101-102, p. 239). From this time onwards until the middle of the reign of George III COMMON- the Irish coinage consisted of copper, pewter, or some mixed metal. Only copper, however, was used for the official money. Under the Commonwealth the only coins struck in Ireland were the tradesmen's penny, halfpenny, and farthing tokens in copper. At the * It is in this group that we have the only gold coin in the whole Irish series, namely, the pistole, which was current for 20s. (see p. 235). Ixii INTEODUCTION. COMMON- restoration of Charles II the issue of farthings somewhat similar to those V KORGE H fv f James I and Charles I was resumed ; but these gave way at a later period to a coinage of halfpence and farthings, which was founded on a much sounder basis, and resembled closely the English copper money of that time. These continued to be issued without any appreciable change till the reign of George III, their weight only varying from time to time according to the market price of the metal. During this time, however, there were several coinages which have a certain amount of interest attached to them. They were not strictly official. These are the St. Patrick money of the reign of Charles II (see Nos. 104105, p. 240) ; the date of issue of which has now been fairly ascertained ; the gun money and pewter money, &c., issued by James II during his attempt to recover the throne of England (see Nos. 108-115, pp. 241-243), and the " Voce Populi" pieces of the reign of George II (see No. 124, p. 246). As full particulars of these coinages have been given with their descriptions they need not be repeated here. In the meanwhile Ireland had been supplied with money in gold and silver from various sources. A certain amount had been imported from England, but the bulk came from France, Spain, and Portugal. As no attempt was made to stop this importation of foreign money, its current value was from time to time prescribed by the govern- ment. This was necessary on account of changes in standard and weight. The importation of English money does not appear at any time to have been very general, and no mention is made of its relative value during the whole of the reign of Charles II. James II however, during the rebellion rated the shilling at its usual current value. In 1695 the guinea was rated at 26s., the crown in silver at 5s. 10cZ., and the other pieces in proportion. Later on in 1701 the guinea was reduced to 23s. and the crown to 5s. 5d., and in 1737 the guinea was rated at 1 2s. 9d. and the silver money, most of it English, was not worth melting, the shilling being hardly worth ninepence or tenpence and the sixpence not worth a groat.* From this time we have no data except that, in spite of its worn condition, the guinea was ordered to pass at its former current value p>ILIR/D] in two lines bomtrophedon ; triple border. JR -5. Wt. 19-2. ^Ethelred was the brother of Peada and Wulfhere, and succeeded the latter in 675. This is the only type known of his coinage. Possibly, however, it may be East Saxon. Penny Series.* 9. OFFA, A.D. 757-796. Obv. .-. + OFFA RX + .-. Bust to r., hair elaborately arranged. Rev. fiLHTUNO in spaces left by an elaborate pattern ; viz., an ornamental and a plain cross formed into a star of eight rays. JR '65. Wt. 19-1. Offa was the ninth king of Mercia in succession from Wybba, the father of Peada (see No. 7). He introduced into England the Penny, tiirc. A.D. 760, the form of which, but not the type, was derived from the Carlovingiaii denier. Offa's coins are of two series, those with the bust and those without. They are remarkable for their artistic- excellence both in design and execution, and in this respect far surpass succeeding issues. The types are numerous and varied ; the following being but a small selection. The bust on the obverse is original in character, and shows undoubted attempts at portraiture, and the reverse designs are distinctly ornamental, and comprise for the most part elaborately formed crosses or floral patterns. Offa is said to have employed foreign artists. Though no mint-names occur, it is very probable that after the conquest of Kent in 774, the greater part, if not all, of Offa's money was struck at Canterbury. 10. OFFA. Obv. + OFFA REX + Bust to r., draped, hair much curled. Bev. + ClOLHRRd. A serpent coiled, dividing legend. jR-7. Wt. 17-7. 11. OFFA. Obv. + OFFR REX + Bust to r., bare, diademed; in front, branch. Bev. + DW.Q in spaces formed by a cruciform pattern, in centre of which quatrefoil with trefoils between the leaves. JR '65. Pierced. With the exception of the Styca series struck by the Anglian kings of Northumbria and the Archbishops of York, that of the penny now extends throughout the whole of the Anglo-Saxon period. It is very uniform in weight and size, and although of infinite variety the general types are : (1) Obv. A profile bust ; rev. some form of cross or ornament ; or obv. and rev. some form of ornament or cross or other religious symbol (see Cat. Eng. Coins, Brit. Mus., p. xxii.). The exceptions are numerous. The name of the sovereign is on the obverse, and on the reverse that of the inoiieyer, accompanied at a later period by the place of issue or mint. B 2 4 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plate i. 12. OFFA. Obv. + OFFA REX MERCIORUM. Bust to r., draped and diademed; in front, cross. Rev. + DUD between leaves of large quatre- f oil ; trefoils within and between leaves. Ai'l. Wt. 16-3. 13. OFFA. Obv. + OFFA REX MERCIOR . Bust to r., draped, hair plaited. Rev. + EfiDHVN. Lozenge with incurved sides containing cross sur- rounded by dots ; each cusp of lozenge ends in cross and divides legend. n -7. Wt. 17-2. 14. OFFA. Obv. '. OFFA '. Bust to r., draped, hair plaited. Rev. + EAdHVUN. Similar to the preceding, JK -65. Wt. 18'2. 15. OFFA. Obv. OFFA REX TEREIORU. Bust to r., draped, hair simply plaited. Rev. + E/KUTU-NO. Lozenge-shaped compartment dividing legend, with floral ornament in centre, JR '7. Wt. 15 -8. 16. OFFA. Obv. '. GALRAeD. Bust to r., draped, diademed. Rev. -E R T ( = 0ffa Bex Merciorum) within limbs of cruciform pattern with cross in centre and floral ornaments between limbs. JK 65. Wt. 18 0. The occurrence of the inoneyer's name on the obverse, and that of the king on the reverse, is exceptional (see also next coin and that of Cynethryth, No. 28). 17. OFFA. Obv. I BBS. Bust to r., in armour, diademed; cross behind and another above the head. Rev. O JE R T. Lozenge with incurved sides containing cross with dot in each angle ; each cusp of lozenge floriated and dividing legend. JR -65. Wt. 20-7. 18. OFFA. Obv. + FFA REX + Bust to r., bare, diademed. Rev. + LULLA divided by four bosses; in centre, quatrefoil with trefoils between leaves. j& -65. Wt. 16-5. 19. OFFA. Obv. OFF/K RX on two bands divided above by a serpent, coiled. Bust to r., draped, hair plaited. Rev. + REND RED in two lines, divided by oblong compartment, within which two serpents intertwined. At '65. Wt. 16-7. 20. OFFA. Obv. OFFA REX. Bust to r., draped, hair curled. Rev. O _E R T within limbs of cruciform pattern with cross in centre and floral ornaments between the limbs. JK -65. _Wt. 17 -8. 21. OFFA. Obv. + OFFA REX T. In centre, circle enclosing rosette of pellets. Rev. BABBA between two lines; above, OHTO ; below, scroll and pellet ornaments, .at '75. Wt. 19 '5. 22. OFFA. Obv. + OFFA - REX : T .' in three lines and divided by two dotted lines. Rev. + BEAINEARD in two lunettes; traces of a double cross between them, zj '75. Wt. 19-7. 23. OFFA. Obv. / ^^ '.. ." a i . Lozenge-shaped compartment dividing in- scription ; in centre, circle enclosing quatrefoil with trefoils between the leaves. Rev. EffiD. : BERH T T in three lines and divided by two dotted lines. JR -65. Wt. 18-3. 24. OFFA. Obv. OFFA on standard surmounted by cross between ornaments of dots ; below, R T. Rev. g ^ in angles of cross pomm6e voided in centre and having cross of dots within ; limbs ending in broken circles. JR -7. Wt. 17-8. This type of obverse may be compared with the reverse of No. 7 (Peada). 25. OFFA. Obv. -f OFFA -.' REX -I T ! in three lines and divided by two straight lines. Rev. E[>EL NOJ> in two lines divided by oblong compartment with bi-lobed ends. AI -75. Wt. 21-7. 26. OFFA. Oln\ +:O-F-FAR EX in angles of cross botonnee with quatre- foil in centre. Rev. HE ft L R in angles of cruciform ornament with floral design on each limb and ornamental cross in centre. AI -7. Wt. 17 -8. MERCIA. 27. OFFA. Obv. + OF FA REX between limbs of cross botonnee, over which is Plate i. a small cross of same kind. Rev. SM D between limbs of cross botonnee, voided in centre. M '65. Wt. 18 '8. 28. CYNETHRYTH, widow of Off a, A.D. 796. Obv. '. GOBfi ' Bust to r., draped, hair in long curls. Rev. CYNEfcRYfc RE6IN7X. In centre within circle of dots, T. js -65. Wt. 15-9. The name of Cynethryth, as Queen of Mercia, appears on charters with that of her husband from A.D. 780-788. She also signs charters with her son Ecgferth in 796. The coins with her name appear to have been struck after Offa's death. Not only are the style and work, and even the types of her coins similar to those of Offa, but her only moneyer " Eoba " also worked for Offa (see No. 24). Of Ecgferth no coins are known. He only reigned 141 days ; so it is possible that his mother arrogated his sovereign rights. Some of Cynethryth's coins have the Mercian T on the obverse instead of her bust. On these the queen's name is on the obverse, and that of the moneyer on the reverse. 29. COENWULF, A.D. 796-822. Obv. + COENVVLF REX T. Bust to r. Rev. DERLLR MONETfi. Circle from which proceed three crosses dividing legend; within circle, cross crosslet, pellet in each angle. & '8. Wt. 21-8. Coenwulf was of another branch of the descent of Wybba. He succeeded Ecgferth. The reverse types of his coins are very varied. They are similar to those of Offa's, but much more conventional in design, and of much less artistic beauty. Some are without the king's bust on the dbv. (see No. 34). 30. COENWULF. OUtv. + COENVVLF REX T. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. OBR TONETK. Same type as the preceding ; but within circle, eightfoil. m -85. Wt. 22-3. 31. COENWULF. Obv. ^ COENVVLF REX T. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. + 5VVEFHEPD MOHETA. Cross fourchee with dots in angles. JR -85. Wt. 22-3. 32. COENWULF. Obv. * COENVVLF REX T. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. VERhERRDI TONETR. Cross pomniee over cross pattee. 2R '75. Wt. 21-0. Werheard was also a moneyer of Cuthred of Kent. 33. COENWULF. Obv. * COENVVLF REX T. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. >%* f>ERhERRDI TONETR. Cross fleury of peculiar form with dot in centre, ja -8. Wt. 21-2. 34. COENWULF. Obv. * COENVVLF REX. In centre T. Rev. EpELMOD. Tribrach moline, voided, dividing legend. M '75. Wt. 21 '0. The tribrach is supposed to represent the archiepiscopal pall. This strengthens the opinion that not only were the coins of Coenwulf struck at Canterbury (see No. 37), but also many of those of Offa. The same moneyers' names occur also on the Kentish coins (see No. 53). 35. CEOLWULF I, A.D. 822-824? Obv. * CIOLVVLF REX T. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. TO NET. Cross crosslet. JR '85. Wt. 19-2. Beornwulf, the successor of Ceolwulf I, was defeated at Ellandune by Ecgbeorht, king of Wessex, in 825, and in the same year was slain in battle against the East Anglians. This led to the downfall of Mercia, which became tributary to "Wessex. His mints were at Canterbury and Rochester ? (see No. 35). 39. BEORNWULF. Obv. * BEORNPVLF REX. Bust to r. Eev. PER BALD TONE in three lines. JR -75. Wt. 22-2. All Beornwulf's coins have his bust, and except one, with three St. Andrew's crosses on the reverse, the above are his only types. 40. LUDICAN, A.D. 825. Obv. ^ LVDIERR + HE. Bust to r. Eev. * EADNOp> TOHET. Cross crosslet. M '8. Wt. 22-7. Ludican, the successor of Beornwulf, whose death he sought to avenge, was himself slain by the East Anglians after a reign of a few months. His coins are of similar types as his predecessor's, and bear the same moneyers' names. They are very rare. 41. WIGLAF, A.D. 825-839. Obv. * VVILLfiF R.E.X : T. Cross with . . D pellet in each angle. Eev. I REDTA (Redmond). The letters D and h . h are enclosed in two lunettes of dots, xi -8. Wt. 25- 7. Wiglaf was deposed by Ecgbeorht in 829, but was restored the next year and held his kingdom as tributary to Wessex. His coins belong to the early part of his reign, and he does not appear to have MERCIA. 7 exercised the right of issuilig money after his restoration. His mint Plate i. was probably in London as Ecgbeorht had asserted his authority over SH.VKR. Kent in 825. Other coins of this reign have the bust of the king on the obverse and a cross crosslet on the reverse. 42. BERHTWULP, A.D. 839-853. Obv. BERfi~VLF REX. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. * BRID TOHETA. Cross crosslet. JB, "8. Wt. 17-3. Berhtwulf succeeded Wiglaf in 839, and the right of coinage was restored to Mercia early in his reign by Aethelwulf of Wessex. His coins have for the most part his bust on the obverse and some form of cross on the reverse. There are a few exceptions (seeNos. 43 and 44). His mint was in London. 43. BERHTWULF. Obv. BERHTVLF REX. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. Plate ii. * BVRHVfiLD. In centre $. M '85. Wt. 19-7. This reverse type, like most of -the types of this reign, is of a religious character, and is a combination of the Greek letters A and U). It also occurs on coins of Ceolwulf I (see No. 35), Ecgbeorht, &c. It is in no way connected with his claim to sovereignty over East An.gJia as suggested by Hawkins (Silver Coinage, 3rd ed., p. 50). 44. BERHTWULF. Obv. + BERHTVVLF REX T. Cross potent over plain cross. Rev. + TfiTEL MONETA. Cross potent. JR '8. Wt. 22-3. A variety without the bust has the Christian monogram on the obverse and a Saxon Y on the reverse. 45. BURGRED, A.D. 853-874. Obv. BVRDRED REX + Bust to r., diademed. Rev. BEfiGZTXf '. HMON v ETA . in three lines, the upper and lower ones enclosed in lunettes, & -75. Wt. 20*8. With the defeat and deposition of Burgred by the Danes in 874, the independent kingdom of Mercia came to an end. It was held by the Danes for a few years, and at the peace of Wedmore in 878 it was divided between Aelfred and Guthorm (^Ethelstan II). Burgred's coins are all of the above type but slightly varied. They are very numerous and his moneyers' names supply a long list. He is generally styled REX M (Merciorum) ; but one specimen reads REX A (Angliae?), which may refer to some authority in East Anglia. 46. CEOLWULF II, A.D. 874. Obv. CIOLVVLF REX. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. LIOFVALD MO. Lozenge with cross at each angle, one limh extending to edge of coin and dividing legend ; small cross in centre of lozenge. M "8. Wt. 21-2. On the defeat of Burgred the Danes set up Ceolwulf II on the throne of Mercia, but deposed him either in the same year, 874, or shortly afterwards. He was the last king of Mercia. The above coin is unique. The type is also found on coins of Aelfred (see No. 145). Another unique coin of this reign has on the reverse two figures seated with a Victory between them : similar to pieces of Halfdan (No. 94 olv.) and Aelfred (No. 146, note). These are the only known types of this reign. 8 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. KENT. riatc ii. The coinage of Kent consists of silver pennies only and is of two SILVEE. classes, regal and ecclesiastical. The regal series extends from about A.D. 765 to A.D. 825 (Ecgberht to Baldred), in which last year Kent became an appanage of Wessex. The ecclesiastical series, struck by the Archbishops of Canterbury, commences about the same date as the regal series ; but continues down to the beginning of the 10th cent. The coinage of the archbishops appears to have come to an end shortly after Aelf red's death in 901. All the Kentish coins were struck at Canterbury. 47. ECGBERHT, A.D. 765-791. Obv. + E6CBERHT. In centre, R. Rev. V D D : between two dotted lines ; above and below, cross within floral ornament, a -65. Wt. 17-3. Ecgberht, king of Kent, is mentioned in charters only. His reign appears to have lasted about twenty-six years. He was formerly supposed to be the son of Offa, and this idea was strengthened by the fact that his only two moneyers' names, Udd (Dud) and JBabba, are found on Ofia's coins. The only other type of this reign has the same obverse as the above : but on the reverse a lozenge from three angles of which issues a plain cross dividing legend. Both are similar to Offa's types. EflD 48. EADBERHT II, PRJEN, A.D. 796-798. Obv. BEKRHT divided by two plain REX lines. Rev, B ER HT ^^ v ^ e ^ by two plain lines ; below, ornaments [+] M'75. Wt. 22-3. Eadberht was taken prisoner by Coenwulf, king of Mercia, in 798, and carried into Mercia. He struck coins of the above type only. Jaenberht is the name of the moneyer and not of the Archbishop of Canterbury of the same name, who died in 790 (see No. 55). 49. CUTHRED, A.D. 798-807. Obv. + CV-DRED REX CANT. Bust to r., dia- demed. Rev. * SIGEBERH"! MONETA. Cross pommee over cross pattee. st. -75. Wt. 18-1. On the deposition of Eadberht Cuthred was made king by Coenwulf ; but Kent remained under the supremacy of Mercia, and contemporary coins of the Archbishops of Canterbury bear the name of the Mercian king as overlord (see No. 56). The coins of Cuthred are of two series, with and without the bust ; the former are of remarkably good work. The reverse types are some form of cross or a tribrach. These are also the types of the obverse without a bust. Cuthred styles himself " King of Kent." 50. CUTHRED. Obv. CV-DRED REX. Tribrach voided in centre and dividing legend ; in centre, smaller tribrach with wedges in angles. Rev. D V D A divided by cross moline with circle in centre containing pellet. M '75. Wt. 21-1. 51. CUTHRED. Obv. CV-DRED REX. Tribrach voided in centre and dividing legend, annulet at end of each limb ; in centre, small tribrach with dots in angles. Rev. SIGEBERFT. Tribrach moline with wedges in angles, .ai -8. Wt. 21-5. Sigeberht and Duda also struck coins for the overlord Coenwulf. KENT. 9 52. BALDRED, A.D. 807-825. Canterbury. Obv. * BflLDRED REX CfiNT. Plate iu Head _to r., diademed. Rev. ^ DIORTOD TONETfi. In centre, SILVER. DR VR >7_e (Dorovernia Civitas). 2R '85. Wt. 20 '7. i_ITo After a reign of nearly twenty years Baldred, who had succeeded Cuthred under the supremacy of Mercia, was expelled by Ecgbeorht of Wessex in 825. Kent then became an appanage of Wessex and was generally ruled by the heir to that throne. Like Cuthred Baldred styles himself " King of Kent." The above is probably the earliest known coin bearing the name of the Canterbury mint, and is also the first occurrence of a mint-name on Anglo-Saxon pennies. 53. BALDRED. Obv. BALDRED REX II v Bust to r., diademed. Rev. b EDELTOD TOI/ETfi. Star of six rays pattes, issuing from a circle. x, '&. Wt. 20-7. The coins of Baldred are of three varieties (1) those with the bust and mint-name ; (2) those with the bust and no mint-name ; and (3) those without the bust or mint-name. The usual type of the reverse and of the obverse without a bust is some form of cross. The above is the only exception known. 54. BALDRED. Obv. <%> BELDRED RX CfiKT. Cross patte~e with pellet in each angle. Rev. >J O B K divided by four limbs of cross moline with voided centre, within which cross pattee with pellet in each angle. JR -8. Wt. 22-0. Archbishops of Canterbury. 55. JAENBERHT, A.D. 766-790. Obv. * IffENBERHT fiREP. Star of eight points. Rev. FFft within ornamental compartment ; inscription divided REX by dotted line. M -65. Wt. 18-2. Jaenberht is the first Archbishop of Canterbury of whom coins are known. During his episcopate Offa, King of Mercia, conquered Kent, and as Jaenberht's coins were struck under his supremacy, they always bear that ruler's name on the reverse. The obverse types are a star, a cross potent or pomrnee, or the name of the archbishop in three lines only. The reverse is always the same with one exception, viz., with OfFa's name at the end of a cruciform object. 56. AETHELHEARD, A.D. 793-805. Obv. fiEDILHEARD fi-R. In centre EP (Archiepiscopus). Rev. COENVLF REX-!- divided by a tribrach V rp voided. JR -75. Wt. 21-9. Aethelheard was elected archbishop in 791, but did not receive the pallium till 793. During this interval he appears to have struck coins with the title of Pontifex instead of Archiepiscopus. His early coins bear the name of Offa ; but those struck after 796 that of Coenwulf. Those with the name of Offa have for obv. and rev. types a star, a cross, the Christian monogram, &c. There is only one other variety with 10 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plate ii. Coenwulf's name. It has the Mercian T instead of a tribrach on the SILVER, reverse. 57. WULFRED, A.D. 805-832. Canterbury. Obv. <%* VVLFRED : ARCHIE PL Bust facing, head tonsured. Rev. ^ $AEBERHT MONETfi. In centre, monogram <^X^? ( = Dorobernia Civi.). & -Q. \Vt. 20-9. Wulfred, who was engaged in disputes with Mercia, first espoused the cause of Baldred of Kent and then allied himself to Ecgbeorht of Wessex. This may account for the omission of the king's name on the reverse. On some of the coins his bust is in profile and the reverse types consist of the mint-name in letters or in monogram of a more or less abbreviated form. 58. "SEDE VACANTE" COINS, Canterbury, A.D. 832-833? Obv. ^ LVNING MONETA. Bust facing, head tonsured. Eev. * DOROBERNIA C I VITA 5 in four lines across the field, si '8. Chipped. The coins of this type, which do not bear an archbishop's name, were probably struck in the interval between the death of Wulfred and the consecration of Ceolnoth, his successor. They are of the same type as coins of Wulfred (Cat. Eng. Coins, B.M., vol. i., pi. xii. 6) and were struck by his moneyers. Similar pieces, but with a bust in profile, were coined at the same time by the late king Baldred's moneyers. 59. CEOLNOTH, A.D. 833-870. Canterbury. Obv. * CEOLNOO ARCHIEPI. Bust facing, head tonsured. Rev. + DOROVERNIA-:- In centre, C I VITAS arranged in angles of plain cross. M P 8. Wt. 17"'2. With one exception, when it is in profile, the bust of this archbishop is always facing. The reverse types are varied and are similar to those of contemporary kings of Wessex and Mercia (1) mint-name in monogram (Ecgbeorht) ; (2) money er's name on limbs and in angles of cross (Aethelwulf and Aethelbearht) ; (3) Christian monogram (Aethelwulf) ; (4) moneyer's name in three lines (Burgred). CO. CEOLNOTH. Obv. ^ EEOLNOO ARCHIEP". Bust facing, head tonsured. Rev. >%* HEBE ! CZf MONETZf upon limbs and between angles of outlined cross. JR -8. Wt. 19-5. 61. ^THEKED, A.D. 870-889. Obv. & E>ERED ARCHIEPT. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. EOERED MONETfi witbin and without leaves of quatre- foil, over which cross patte'e with circle in centre and wedges in angles. 21 -8. Wt. 31-1. Of this archbishop only two coins are known although he occupied the see for nearly twenty years. The above type is similar to a coin of Aelfred (Cat. Eng. Coins, B.M., vol. ii., pi. vi. 6). The other piece is like the ordinary type of Plegmund's coins, and has on the obverse a small cross and on the reverse the moneyer's name in two lines (see next coin). 62. PLEGMUND, A.D. 890-914. Canterbury. Obv. * PLEEMVND 7XRCHIEP. In centre, ^"^ (Dorobernia). Rev. ^jj^ divided by three crosses pattees and two dots, arranged crosswise, m '8. Wt. 27'1. Plegmund was the last Archbishop of Canterbury during the Anglo- Saxon period to strike coins. The series appears to have come to an EAST ANGLTA. 11 end soon after the death of Aelfrecl, from which time the coins of Plate ii. Canterbury are all of the regal class. The above is the usual type SH.VEK. of Plegmund's coins. The reverse is only varied in the position of the crosses ; but on the obverse instead of the mint-name is a cross, a pastoral staff, or x. D. F. (Christus Defensor ?). On some the name of Aelfred precedes that of the archbishop. Many of the coins are of barbarous work. These are probably Danish imitations. EAST ANGLIA. Of East Anglia there are also two series of coins, regal and quasi- ecclesiastical, similar in character to those of Kent. The regal series, which consists of sceattas and pennies and halfpennies in silver, extends from the reign of Beonna (circ. 760) to that of the Danish king, ^Ethelstan II (Guthorm), who by the treaty of Wedmore in 878 received East Anglia as part of his dominions. ^Ethelstan II dying in 890 East Anglia merged into Wessex. So few are the records of East Anglia, that of eight kings, of which we have coins, only three are known to history. The quasi-ecclesiastical series, pennies and halfpennies, is that which bears the name of the martyred " St. Eadmund." These belong to the end of the 9th cent., and though some appear to have been minted at York, their chief circulation was in East Anglia. The types of the coins are not very varied. A few only have the bust of the king. The letter A for " Anglia " and a cross on the reverse is the most general one. Sceat Series. 63. BEONNA (BEOBN?), circ. A.D. 760. Obv. + EOHF REX [BEONNA REX]. Cross in centre. Rev. -f- EFE in angles formed by cross with open lozenge in centre, enclosing X ; before and after each letter . JK '6. Wt. 16-3. Probably the same as Beorna, who is mentioned by Florence of Worcester and Alured of Beverley. His date, circ. 760, would suit that of the coin. The above is the only type of Beonna's coins. His name also occurs in Roman characters only. The use of Runic letters on the East Anglian coinage survived to a somewhat late date. 64. JETHELBERHT, d. A.D. 794. Obv. + EfclhBERKT mt> [=LVL]. Bustto r., diademed. Rev. REX above dotted compartment within which are the wolf and twins; below, cross and pellets, at '65. Wt. 16*8. JEthelberht was the son of JEthelred, the successor of Beonna. He was murdered by Offa. This is the only known coin of this king. The type of the reverse is derived from copper coins of Constantine the Great. " Lul " on the obverse is probably the money er. Penny Series. 65. EADWALD, circ. A.D. 819-825. Obv. EADVZfTD REX in three lines divided by two dotted lines. Rev. EfiD MOO within compartments of quatrefoil. . -7. Wt. 21-0. Eadwald and the following kings, ^Ethelstan I and JEthelweard, are unknown to history and their dates therefore are only conjectural. 12 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plate ii. Only one other type of Eadwald's coins is known. It has on the SILVER, reverse the moneyer's name arranged between the limbs of an ornamental cross. The obverse is the same as the above coin. 66. ^ETHELSTAN I, circ. A.D. 825-837. Obv. <% E>ELZAH REX. Bust to r. Eev. *fr COOH OOOHETA in three lines. M -75. Wt. 18-8. From the evidence of a recent find ^Ethelstan was probably a contemporary of Ecgbeorht of Wessex, and he may be the East Anglian king who sought the protection of Wessex against the Mercians. The coinage of ^Ethelstan I is the most extensive of any East Anglian ruler. The types, however, are few and are almost limited to those here described. They occur with and without the bust. On the earlier pieces traces of Runic letters are found. 67. JETHELSTAN I. Obv. ^ Ef>ELc0TANI. Cross pattee. Rev. * EKDHOp NNOH. Cross pattee. AI -8. Wt. 21-5. 68. ^ETHELSTAN I. Obv. * EpELcoTAN. In centre, ft. Eev. & REX A A I C (Rex Anglise). In centre, X- & '8. Wt. 21-0. "the reverse type is the Greek CO, making a sacred symbol in con- nection with the s (for Anglia) on the obverse. It is not the letter HP, the symbol of Mercia, as has been conjectured. Plate iii. 69. ^THELWEARD, circ. A.D. 837-850. Obv. >%* ED-EL f> . RRD REX. In centre, ZK. Eev. 4* DVDDR OOOflE. In centre, cross pattee with pellet in each angle. at -8. Wt. 20-3. Varieties of JEthelweard's coins have on the obverse (1) a cross with a crescent in each angle ; (2) a cross springing from CO ; and (3) a cross crosslet. None have the bust. The reverses only vary in having wedges or pellets in the angles of the cross. 70. BEOBHTBIC, circ. A.D. 852. Obv. + BEORHTRIC REX. In centre, Zf. Eev. ! . ErCHRRD. In centre, cross pattee, with pellet in each angle. JR -75. Wt. 18-1. The name of Beorhtric as filius regis occurs as a witness on charters from 840 to 845 of Berhtwulf , king of Mercia. A variety of the above coin has three pellets in each angle of the cross on the reverse : and another has the Greek CO on the reverse. These are the only known types of Beorhtric's coins. 71. EADMUND (ST. EADMUND), A.D. 857?-870. Obv. * EfiDMVN D REX fiN. In centre, ^ (A transformed). Eev. B6ORNFE v R> - WO. Cross pattee with pellet in each angle. JR -8. Wt. 21-0. Eadmund succeeded about 857, and was slain by the Danes when in East Anglia in 870. His martyrdom is commemorated by the St. Eadmund coinage (see Nos. 73-74). His coins show very little variety of type. They all have on the reverse the cross with pellets or wedges in the angles, and on the obverse the letter A variously formed, a cross with crescents in angles, or a cross issuing from two united annulets. 72. JETHELSTAN II (GuTHORM), A.D. 878-890. Obv. ^ ED EL I7X RE. Small cross pattee. Eev. ^p^ (me fecit) across the field; in centre, pellet. jR-8. Wt.21-0. Guthorm, the Danish leader, having been defeated by Aelfred at EAST ANGLIA. 13 Ethandune, made peace in 878 and received East Anglia and a part of Mercia for his dominions. He was at the same time baptised under the name of JEthelstan. His coins are therefore subsequent to this event. They are of the above type only, which is copied from coins of Aelfred (see No. 146) ; and of his eleven known moneyers, seven worked also for Aelfred. The coins of Guthorm, twenty-four in number, were all found at Cuerdale. 73. ST. EADMUND. Memorial Coinage. Obv. %* SC EfiDMVND R. In centre, IK. Rev. SC E7XDMVND RE. Cross pattee. zt -75. Wt. 23-6. These coins were issued as a memorial of Eadmund, king of East Anglia, who was murdered by the Danes in 870 (see No. 71). Though some bear the name of York (Ebriace Civ.) it is probable that they were mostly struck in East Anglia. Their issue appears to have begun before the death of Guthorm and to have ceased before 905, the probable date of the burial of the Cuerdale hoard, in which such a large number of specimens occurred. Varieties have the name of the money er on the reverse (see No. 74), and, as stated above, the name of York ; but the types on all are the same. 74. ST. EADMUND. Memorial Coinage. Zf. Eev. & GILENART MONE. Halfpenny. Obv. * SC. EADMVNDE. In centre, Small cross pattee. 211 -55. Wt. 9-0. 75. ST. MARTIN OF LINCOLN, circ. A.D. 925-940. SCIM Obo. ART I divided by sword to c, Rev. + LIUCOIA CIVIT. Small cross within limbs of large cross voided. M -75. Wt. 17-5. This coin is of Danish origin, and from its type is closely connected with those pieces which bear the name of St. Peter (see Nos. 120122). As Lincoln was taken from the Danes by Eadmund, king of Wessex, in 943, it must have been struck before that date, but probably subsequent to the burial of the Cuerdale hoard in which no specimen occurred. The name of St. Martin also occurs on the reverse of the St. Eadmund coins. Plate in. SILVER. NORTHUMBRIA. The coinage of Northumbria may be divided into two classes, that struck by the Anglian kings and archbishops of York (A.D. 670-867), and that issued during the Danish occupation (A.D. 875-954). The coins of the first class are of base silver or copper, and are known as stycas (i.e. piece, Germ, stiick.) Those of the second class are of silver, pennies and halfpennies. The Danish coins, like the Anglian, are of two series, regal and ecclesiastical or quasi-ecclesiastical. The latter, struck at York, bear the name of St. Peter, and are analogous to the archiepiscopal coinage of the styca series. They are similar in character to the East Anglian coins of St. Eadmund. The types of the early coins of the Anglian series are at first some- what of the character of the early sceattas ; but those of the later pieces 14 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. are very conventional, being simply a cross, an annulet, fcc. The types of the Dano-Norse coins are varied, and many are of considerable interest. Besides the Carlovingian monogram we meet with repre- sentations of the raven, the Danish flag, the Divine Hand, the bow and arrow, the hammer of Thor, and the sword. (See Cat. Eng. Coins, vol. i., p. Ixxx.) Anglian Kings. Styca Series. LV COPPBK. 76. ECGFRITH, A.D. G70-685. Obv. + ECGFRID REX. Cross. Rev. ^^. Cross with rays. JE '5. Wt. 19-0. Ecgfrith is the first Anglian king of Northumbria of whom coins are known. He was sixth in succession to Ida, the founder of the Bernician House. He is styled by Symeon of Durham " rex piissimus et Deo dilectissimus," which may in some way account for the reverse legend of the above coin. This is the only type known. SIMM 77. ALDFRITH, A.D. 685-705. Obv. + MLOERIdU.3 (Aldefridus). Circle of dots enclosing pellet. Rev. Fantastic animal walking to 1. & ' 45. Wt. 19 3. Aldfrith was the elder, but illegitimate brother of Ecgfrith. He married Cyneburg, dau. of Penda, king of Mercia. This is the only known type of his coins. Of his successors, Eadwulf, Osred I, Coenred, Osric and Coelwulf, no coins up to the present have been identified. 78. EADBERHT, A.D. 737-758. Obv. EDTBEREhTVr. Cross within circle of dots. Rev. ECGBERhT A. Mitred figure to r., holding two long crosses. * -5. Wt. 17-7. Eadberht succeeded his cousin Coelwulf. He took the tonsure in 758 and died two years later. His brother, Ecgberht, who strikes coins with him, was Archbishop of York, 734-766 (see No. 89). 79. EADBERHT. Obv. EdTBEREhTVr. Cross pattee. Rev. Animal to r., horned and with barbed tail ; in field, four circles, each enclosing a pellet. 20. '5. Wt. 19-2. These are the only known types of Eadberht's coins. The animal on the reverse shows some variety of form. Of Eadberht's successor Oswulf (758-760) no coins are known ; but of JEthelwald (called Moll) who reigned from 760-766 two pieces ln-ar his name, but struck by Ecgberht, Abp. of York. They have on both sides a small cross and read ATHBALDIV, &c.,on the obverse and EGBERhT AR on the reverse. 80. ALCHRED, A.D. 76G-774. Obv. + ALCHRED. Cross. Rev. Animal walking to r., horned and with barbed tail; below, cross. M '5. Wt. 17 '0. Alchred, who succeeded Moll JEthelwald, was of direct descent from Ida. No other type of Alchred's coins has been met with ; nor are there any which can !>< attributed with certainty to his successor ^Ethelred I (774-778 and 790-796). NORTHUMBBIA. 15 81. ^ELFWALD I, circ. A.D. 778-788 ? Obv. EbVAhQVS. Cross. Eev. Fantastic Plate Hi. animal as on the previous coin ; above, circle enclosing pellet ; below, SILVER cross, zi -5. Wt. 15-0. JElfwald succeeded on the expulsion of ^Ethelred I in 778 and was slain by one Sicga or Sicgan (a quodam viro Sigan) in 788 or 789. On the few coins which are attributed to JElfwald, all of the above type, his name is misspelt. Of Osred II, son of Alchred (789-790), and Oswald (796), who succeeded ^Ethelred I, no coins are known. 82. EARDWULF, A.D. 796-808? Obv. HEARDALF. Cross pattee. Eev. COPPER. XHERRE-D. Cross pattee. ^-5. Wt. 16-0. Eardwulf was expelled in 806, but was restored two years later through the intervention of Charlemagne and Pope Leo III. He died in 808 or 810. Other specimens of his coins have for obverse type a circle of pellets, and for reverse a cross pommee, a single pellet, &c. His name is frequently written retrograde. Coins are known of ^Ifwald II, who reigned during Eardwulf's expulsion. They are similar to Eardwulf's. 83. EANRED, A.D. 808?-841. Obv. + ESN RED REX. Circle enclosing pellet, Eev. CYI/IVVLF. Pellet in centre. *: -5. Wt. 19'0. Of Eanred's reign of over thirty years there is a large series of stycas, some of which are of base silver. Varieties have a cross, a cross of pellets, an annulet or a circle of pellets on the obv. and rev. Some of the earlier pieces have Runic letters in the legends. In the hoard of stycas found at Hexham in 1833 over 2000 coins of Eanred were present. His money ers are numerous. II, A.D. 841-849? Obv. REDILRED R. Cross in centre. Eev. ALSHERE. Cross as on obverse. M -5. Wt. 18' 7. II, son of Eanred, was expelled in 844 ; but restored the le year after the death of Redwulf (see No. 87). Ordinary varieties. of his stycas have a cross of pellets, or a circle sometimes of dots enclosing pellet on obv. or rev. Like Eanred's his moneyers are numerous. JETHELRED II. Obv. + EDILRED REX. Cross pattee within circle of pellets. Eev. LEOFDESN in three lines divided by an animal prancing to r., head turned to 1. ^E -5. Wt. 18-7. This money er struck a large series of coins, and, unlike other meyers, introduced a variety of designs for his types. These consisted mainly of various forms of ornamental crosses (see also next coin). 86. ^ETHELRED II. Obv. + EDELRED REX. Within circle, four annulets arranged in form of cross. Eev. LEOFDESh TO MET. Cross voided,. pellet in centre and on each limb. M '5. Wt. 18 '7. 87. REDWULF, A.D. 844. Obv. + REDVVLF REX. Cross in centre. Eev. + HVAETNOD (retrograde). Cross in centre, m -5. Wt. 18-5. Redwulf succeeded on the expulsion of ^Ethelred II in 844, but was slain in the same year by the Danes. There are numerous small varieties of types 011 his coins, consisting of crosses with one or more 1(3 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plate Hi. pellets in the angles, pellet within circle of dots on obv. and rev., and 0'iTKK. sometimes on the rev. one to five pellets only. 88. OSBERHT, A.D. 849 ?-867. Obv. * OcoBERII . . (retrograde). Circle of dots enclosing pellet. Rev. ^ EAAVVLF. Cross in centre. ^-5. Wt. 14-7. This is the general design of Osberht's coins. Sometimes the obv. and rev. types are interchanged, whilst others have an annulet enclosing a cross, a cross with pellets in angles, a cross of five pellets, &c. With the death of Osberht, who was slain by the Danes, the Anglian dynasty of Northumbria virtually ended. Of his successors, Ecgberht I (867-872), Ricsig (872-875), and Ecgberht II (875-876), who were set up by the Danes and who were only kings in name, no coins are known. Archbishops of York. SILVEF. 89. ECGBERHT, A.D. 734-766. Obv. ECGBERhT3. Mitred figure to r., holding two crosses. Rev. DTBEREVhTEf (Eadberhtus Rex). Cross within circle of dots, ja '5. Wt. 16-8. Ecgberht was the brother of Eadberht (see No. 78), in conjunction with whom, as already noticed, he struck coins. He also issued coins with the name of ^Ethelwald (see No. 79). These are the only types known. Of his successors Ethelbert (766-780) and Eanbald I (780- 796) no coins have been discovered. COIM-KR. 90. EANBALD II, A.D. 796-808. Obv. + EANBALD AREP. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. Rev. + EADVVLF. Same type as obverse. M -5. Wt. 16-3. On account of their similarity of fabric all the coins bearing the name of Eanbald are attributed to this archbishop. The types and moneyers are the same as on Eanred's coins. Varieties have a cross sometimes in a circle on obv. and rev. Some sixty specimens were found at Hexham (see No. 83). Of Wulfsig, who succeeded Eanbald II, no coins have been met with. GOLD. 91. WIGMUND, A.D. 837-854. Gold Solidus. Obv. VISMVND AREP. Tonsured bust facing. Rec. MVNVS DIVINVM. Cross pattee within wreath. AT -8. Wt. 68-2. This remarkable coin has the same reverse type as the solidus of Louis le Debonnaire, Emperor (A.D. 814-840), on which, however, the bust on the obverse is in profile. The facing bust is only found at this period on a few Prankish coins struck in Italy. It may however have been suggested by the Byzantine solidus. The issue of this piece is difficult to account for as it could scarcely have been intended for circulation. COPPER. 92. WIGMUND. Obv. + VISMVND IRE P. Cross in centre. Rev. + EDIL- VEARD. Same type as obverse, xz -45. Wt. 16-6. Others have crosses of pellets, crosses with pellets in angles, and pellet in circle on obv. and rev. About 800 specimens were in the Hexham hoard. NORTHUMBBIA. 17 93. WULFHEEE, A.D. 854-900. Obv. VVLFHERE-PEP (retrograde). Circle Plate iii. enclosing cross. Rev. VVLFR + ED (retrograde). Four crescents outwards, COPPFR pellet in centre. JB -5. Wt. 14-6. Wu If here abandoned his see on the invasion of Nor thumb ria by the Danes in 867, was expelled with king Ecgberht I in 872, but returned in 873. His coins were struck before 867. Varieties have a cross on both sides. With this archbishop the Styca series of York ceases, Northumbria being now under the rule of the Danes, by whom the'following coins (pennies and halfpennies) were issued. Danish or Norse Kings. Penny Series.* 94. HALFDAN, A.D. 875 ?-877. London. Obv. VLF DEN xRx+ (transposed and SILVER, in part retrograde). Within a compartment of three sides, two seated figures holding a globe ; above, Victory. Rev. Monogram of London (LONDONI); above, cross; below and on 1., pellets, zi -8. Wt. 21-4. Halfdan, the Viking leader and first Danish king of Northumbria, attacked Mercia about 874, deposed Burgred and took possession of London. The following year he settled with his army in Northumbria, but was expelled in 877 and went to Ireland. The above coin, which is unique, was probably struck by Halfdan during his occupation of London. The obverse type is similar to the reverses of two coins (also unique) of Coenwulf II of Mercia and Aelfred, struck about the same time. It is copied from the Roman solidus (see No. 1). The reverse rpe is similar to that of the London coins of Aelfred, of which it have been a copy (see No. 140). HALFDAN. Obv. + ALFDEUE RX. Cross in centre. Rev. RAINOAfD HPO in two lines, divided by pellets. AI '6. Wt. 9*1. Halfpenny. This coin is copied from coins of Aelfred, and was probably issued )ut the same time as the preceding piece. Like the penny it is unique. Both coins came from the Cuerdale hoard. 90. CNUT (GUTHBED), circ. A.D. 877-894. York. Obv. C N V T arranged at extremities of limbs of cross pattee; between limbs, REX (dots). Rev. * EB\- lAK-CECv IVIv (Ebraice Civitas). Cross pattee, pellet in two angles. 21 -75. Wt. 21'2. Guthred, who succeeded Halfdan, is said to have been rescued from slavery by Abbot Eadred, and at his baptism to have taken the name of Cnut, in which name all his coins were struck. A similar instance occurred in the case of Guthorm (see JEthelstan II, No. 72). Being brought by Eadred to the Danish army, he was acknowledged as their king. The types of this and the next coin are of Carlovingian origin. They were minted at York, at which place most of the Northumbrian coins were struck (see Nos. 102, 104 and 120-122). This and the following are the chief types of Cnut's coins, but of each one there are slight varieties. * All the coins of this series are pennies unless otherwise stated. C 18 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. puteiii 97 CNUT (GUTHRED). York. Obv. Similar to the preceding, but cross patriarchal, SIIVKR ' inverted, with pellet in each angle. Eev. * EBRAICE C I VITA. In D centre, monogram of KO-S. 2R -75. Wt. 22-5. 98. CNUT (GUTHRED). Obv. Similar to No. 96. Eev. % : CVN '. NET v Tl : Cross pattee, pellet in two angles. JR -8. Wt. 21-1. One of Cnut's principal acts was the restoration at Cuncacaestra or Cuneta-ceastre {Chester le Street) of the Order founded by St. Cuthbert. Mr. Rashleigh (Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ix. p. 71) connects these coins with that place. Others have suggested Cuneet (Salop), Cunetio (Marlborough) and Condseum (Conde), or that it may be another form for the town of Quentovic (see No. 100). This last suggestion seems highly improbable. 99. CNUT (GUTHRED). Obv. Similar to No. 97. Eev. & CVN -.' NET : Tl '. Cross pattee surrounded by dots. JR -6. Wt. 8 - 9. Halfpenny. 100. CNUT (GUTHRED). Quentovic. Obv. C^IR-LENA (CNVT REX?). Cross pattee, pellet in each angle. Eev. ^ QVENTOVICI. Cross pattee. JR -8. Wt. 21-5. On account of similarity of type these coins have also been attributed to Cnut (Guthred). The legend on the obverse is always blundered. Quentovic was the well-known sea-port at the mouth of the Canche, where these coins may have been struck ; perhaps when Cnut was on some marauding expedition. 101. CNUT AND SIEFRED, circ. A.D. 894. Obv. C N V T at extremities of limbs of patriarchal) cross, inverted, with pellet in each angle ; between limbs, REX (dots). Eev. ^ SIEFRED VS. Cross pattee, pellet in two angles. & -75. Wt. 20-8. Siefred (Siegfred, SiegferS, or Sievert) was the Viking leader, who assisted Hasting at Exeter in 892. Compelled by Aelfred to retreat he went to Northumbria and succeeded Cnut. As Siefred does not add the title of king to his name, it may be that this coin was struck before the death of Cnut. 102. SIEFRED, A.D. 894-898? York. Obv. * SIEFREDVS REX. Cross crosslet. Eev. >% EBIAICE CM. Small cross pattee, triangle of dots at each angle. The letter C, which sometimes precedes Sief red's name on coins of this class, may stand for " Comes," i.e. Earl Siefred, king. This and the following pieces to No. 106 give all the types of Sief red's coins. Of each type there are also halfpennies. 103. SIEFRED. Obv. %* SIEFREDVS. Cross pattee, pellet in two angles. Eev. k REX at ends of large cross pattee. JR -8. Wt. 20-3. 104. SIEFRED. York. Obv. RSI EVERT between limbs of cross crosslet, dots ( ) in each angle. Eev. * EB->IAI ; CEC v IVI v Small cross patt6e in centre. x, -7. Wt. 19-8. The form Sievert for Siefredus does not occur in any of the Chronicles. There can however be no doubt that Sievert and Siefredus are one person. NOETHUMBBIA. 19 105. SIEFRED. Obv. ^ SIEUERT REX. Patriarchal cross, dots in angles and at ends. Eev. *%* MIRABILA FECIT. Cross pattee, pellet in two angles. * -7. Wt. 21-6. Struck at York (see No. 107). The inscription on the reverse is from the Cantate, " Cantate Domino canticum novum, quia mirabilia fecit." It is also found on coins of Cnut (Guthred). 106. SIEFRED. Obv. %* SIEUERT REX. Patriarchal cross, dot in each angle. Rev. ^D-NS-DS-REX. (Dominus Deus Bex). Cross pattee, pellet in two angles, si -75. Wt. 22-3. Also struck at York. The inscription on the reverse may be com- pared with the passage in the Gloria in excelsis, " Domine Deus, rex coelestis." It is also found on coins of Cnut (Guthred). 107-108. CNUT OR SIEFRED. York. Obv. p EBRA 1C EC. Patriarchal cross as on No. 106, but sideways to 1. Eev. J< MIRABILIA FE : Cross pattee as on No. 106. m '8. Wt. 21-2. 108. Same type but legend on reverse * D NS DS REX. JR -75. Wt. 21-2. The issue of these coins from the York mint may have extended over both reigns, viz. of Cnut and Siefred. 109. CNUT OR SIEFRED. Obv. *k MIRABILA FECIT. Cross pattee, pellet in two angles. Eev. DNS DS *t* R E X in two lines divided by a cross between two dots. M -7. Wt. 20-5. This coin may also be attributed to York. The type is copied from coins of Aelfred. Plate iii. SILVKI;. 110. EARL SIHTRIC, circ. A.D. 895. Shelford ? Obv. GOMEZ' In field *** Plate iv. Rev. below between QVIIDI BERTV5 in three lines; above Wt. 19-2. and The Earl Sihtric who struck this coin has not been identified. The statement that he was a son of Ivar seems to be without sufficient evidence, nor can he be either of the Sihtrics who fell at Ashdown in 871, as the type of the coin is the same as those of Aelfred struck at Oxford some twenty years later. Nor can it be of Sihtric Gale (see No. 114) as the only two extant specimens of these coins were in the Cuerdale hoard, the burial of which could not have been later than 905. " Sceldfor " may possibly be Shelford in Nottinghamshire, called Sceldford in Domesday. 111. ALWALD, circ. A.D. 901-9_05._0fcw. * AL-VVALDV. Cross pattee, pellet in two angles. Eev. DNS DS REX in two lines. JR '8. Wt. 23-2. This coin has been ascribed to Aethelwald, tlie Aetheling, son of Aethelrecl I and cousin of Eadweard the Elder, who laid claim to the throne of Wessex on the death of Aelfred. He was afterwards received by the Northumbrians as king, and later 011 by the Danes in Essex and East Anglia. Killed 905. The type of reverse connects this coin with the preceding ones of Cnut and Siefred. It is there- fore Danish or Norse. Only two specimens are known, and both were in the Cuerdale hoard. c 2 20 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plait- iv. 112. BEQNALD I?, A.D. 919-921. York. Obv. * RAIEMALT. Head to r. Rev. SII ,,,,. *k EARICE CT (Ebraice Civit.). In centre, blundered monogram of Charles the Bald, COS. ja -75. Wt. 17-3. L The attribution of this and the next coin to Regnald I is somewhat uncertain. They resemble in type some of the St. Peter coins (see note No. 122), the issue of which may have begun as early as Regnald's time. He was grandson of Ivar, took York in 919, did homage to Eadweard I in 921, and died in the same year. A variety with the same reverse has for obverse type a hand. 113. REGNALD I ? York. Obv. R v fiCIIOIAT. Hammer. Rev. & RABIOCIT (Ebraice Civit?). Bow stretched, with arrow in it. ^'75. Wt. 19-8. This obverse type is also found on the St. Peter coins (see No. 121). The obverse legends on all the coins are blundered. The types here mentioned are the only ones known. 114. SIHTRIC GALE, A.D. 921-926? Obv. * 8ITRIC - DUNVNC - A. Trefoil ornament of three bucklers? Rev. I-A-SCOLV MONETR-A. Triangular pennon, fringed, and bearing cross. M -75. Wt. 15 '9. Sihtric Gale, grandson of Ivar, driven from Ireland, succeeded Regnald I, and married in 926 the sister of Aethelstan. Varieties of his coins have for obverse type a sword, and for reverse, a cross, a hammer, fec. 115. REGNALD II (GODFRESSON), A.D. 943-944? Obv. & REGN A-LD CtfNVC. Cross moline. Rev. * - AVRA MONIT RET (Aura Moneta Regis or Regnaldi?). Small cross pattee in centre, jii -8. Wt. 20-5. Regnald II appears to have reigned jointly with Anlaf in Northumbria, as both were expelled by Eadmund of Wessex in 944. The word " Aura " is probably the old Norse Aura (Ore) signifying a thing of value, hence a coin (Cat. Eng. Coins, vol. i., p. 232). Another type of Regnald's coins is similar to Nos. 114 and 116. 116. ANLAF (QUARAN), A.D. 940-944 and 948-952? Obv. fiNL A F CVNVNC i Trefoil ornament of three bucklers? Rev. ^ FA R M ft N -JVIONET A. Triangular pennon, fringed, and bearing cross, jn -8. Wt. 17*3. Anlaf, son of Sihtric Gale, driven from Northumbria by Aethelstan of Wessex in 927, received at York as king in 940, expelled with Regnald II in 944, restored in 948, but again expelled in 952 ? Died 981. 117. ANLAF (QUARAN). * ANL7\F CVNVNC v Raven, wings displayed head tol. Her. * AOELFERD MINETREP pIineter=Monetarius?). Small cross pattee in centre. JK '8. Wt. 19-8. The obverse type appears to represent the Viking war standard, the raven, probably derived from the Roman aquila. 118. ANLAK (QUARAN). Obv. * ANLAF REX -TOD. Small cross pattee. her. RADVLF. Above legend a straight line, from which springs rose- branch; below, flower. JR -85. Wt. 20-5. Tliis type is copied from coins of Eadweard the Elder (see No. 152). NORTHUMBEIA. 21 TOD is possibly a corruption of TOT. B. (Totius Britanniae), which Plate iv. occurs on coins of Aethelstan. Varieties have a cross on obv. and rev., or the money er's name, J LBIOEVITR. Hammer, ja -75. Wt. 19-7. The legends on these coins are often blundered. That on the averse of the above may be intended for " Eborace Civ." (see next )iece). A variety with this obverse type has a mitre or pall. O O I D CT ST. PETER. York. Obv. -rDiiui divided by three crosses in pale, pellet on each side of centre one. Eev. < EBORACE CIV. Cross pattee in centre. 2R -75. Wt. 20-0. This is the most common type of the St. Peter coins ; the naments on the obverse are very varied. Others with the same >verse type have the Carlovingian monogram on the reverse as on No. 112. ] latf iv. SILVER. ANGLO-SAXON COINS. WESSEX. The coinage of Wessex, which is of silver, and of the penny class, is purely regal in character ; for though the Archbishops of Canterbury continued to strike coins for nearly a century after Kent became subject to Wessex, their money is Kentish, and has already been described with the coins of that State. The first king of Wessex to issue money was Ecgbeorht, but it is possible that his earliest coins were not struck before A.D. 825, when he drove Baldred from his kingdom, and Kent became an appanage of Wessex. From this time the money of Wessex is continuous to the Norman Conquest ; for as that State gradually absorbed the other kingdoms, so the area of its coinage extended until it merged into that of the kings of All England. At first the mint-names are few ; but the increasing domination of Wessex was accompanied by a corresponding growth of mint- towns. The last king to strike coins without a mint-name was Eadgar, the first king of All England, and even his mint-towns extend from York in the north to Totnes in the south-west. The types are very varied. The majority however present on the obverse a bust and on the reverse some religious symbol. It will only be possible in most cases to give but a few examples of each reign. 123. ECGBEORHT, A.D. 802-838? Canterbury. Obv. * EEZGBEfiRHT REX. Bust to r., diademed. Eev. *k BOSEL mOHETfi. Monogram for DOROB. C? (Dorobernia Civitas). xt &. Wt. 22-0. Ecgbeorht, son of Ealhmund, an under-king of Kent, succeeded Beorhtric as king of Wessex. He overcame Kent in 825, and Mercia in 829. These dates are important in connection with his coinage, and it is very probable that he did not issue any money till after the first event. The types of many of his coins are copied from those of the kings of Mercia and Kent. The reverse type of the above piece consists of the monogram of the city of Canterbury, and is without doubt adapted from the Karolus-monogram of Charles the Great, at whose court Ecgbeorht had resided many years. Canterbury and London (see No. 125) are the only mint-names which occur during this reign. 124. ECGBEOEHT. Obv. jf EEGBEORHT RE. Head to r., diademed. Rev. i DYNYN OOOISET. Four crescents, points outwards; in centre, lozenge. JR -8. Wt. 21-0. This coin has a prototype in the coins of Coenwulf, king of Mercia A.D. 796-822. 125. ECGBEORHT. London. Obv. ^ ECLBERHT REX CO. Cross potent within dotted circle. Rev. * LVN DONIA CIVIT in three lines, divided by two beaded straight lines. 211 &. Wt. 21-3. This remarkable and unique coin, on which Ecgbeorht styles himself king of the Mercians, and which bears the mint-name of London, was WESSEX. 23 struck between 829 and 830, during which time he had banished Plate iv. Wiglaf and held Mercia (see No. 41). It is the earliest Anglo-Saxon SILVER. coin bearing the mint-name of London, and it also commemorates one of the principal events of Ecgbeorht's reign. 126. ECGBEOBHT. Rochester? Obo. ECGBEORIT RE. Bust to r., diademed. Bev. %* ILl SNDRE7U- In centre $ (A and U)). M -8. Wt. 20-0. As St. Andrew was the patron saint of Rochester, this coin may have been struck in that city. The reverse type is derived from coins of Ceolwulf I of Mercia (see No. 35). Ecgbeorht also styles himself on the coins " Rex Saxoniorum." Other types of his coins are (1) cross potent on both sides ; (2) V and A in monogram and cross potent ; (3) cross and star ; (4) " Saxon " (mon.) or " Saxoniorum " and cross, &c. 127. AETHELWULF, A.D. 838 ?-858. Canterbury. Olv. & E-DELVVLF REX. In centre DORIBI irregularly written. Bev. ^ WEAL WEAR D. Incentre, JR -8. Wt. 19-0. Aethelwulf, son of Ecgbeorht, succeeded to the West Saxon dominions ; but gave Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey to his eldest son Aethelstan, at whose death, in 852, they reverted to Aethelwulf. Of Aethelstan no coins are known. In 856 the kingdom was again divided between Aethelwulf and his son Aethelbald, the former retaining Kent only. The above coin may have been struck after 856 if we read it " Aethelwulf Rex Cantiae." Canterbury is the only mint-name which occurs on the coins of this reign. L28. AETHELWULF. Obv. ^ E-DELVVLF REX. Bust to r., diademed. Bev. fr nANNA nONETA. Cross crosslet. JR -8. Wt. 20-5. AETHELWULF. Obo. >k fi E-DELVVLF REX. Busttor. Bev. & E-DELNOO MONETft upon limbs and in the angles of cross formed of beaded lines. M -8. Wt. 19-3. This is probably the last type struck by Aethelwulf, as it occurs coins of Aethelbald and Aethelbearht. On other coins Aethelwulf styled "Rex Saxoniorum" or "Rex Saxoniorum Occidentalium." ler types of his coins are without bust (1) " Doribi " and letter ft ; 2) CANT (mon.) and cross pattee, with CANT in the angles; (3) Saxonu " (mon.) and cross pattee ; (4) cross pattee and " Saxoniorum " ; with bust, rev. cross of various forms, the letter R, Christian mogram, &c. Of Aethelbald, second son of Aethelwulf, who reigned in Wessex >m 856 to 861, only four coins of doubtful authenticity are known. 3y are all of the same type as No. 129. AETHELBEABHT, A.D. 858-866. Obv. fiE-DELBEfiRR" REX. Bust to r. Bev. <% DEC-L X RF MONETfi upon limbs and in angles of cross formed of beaded lines. M -8. Wt. 22 -2. Aethelbearht succeeded his father, Aethelwulf, in Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex in 858, and his brother Aethelbald in Wessex in 861. He only strikes coins of two types, as this and the next. The first is like Aethelwulf 's and is the more general one, They are without mint-name, 24 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plate iv 131. AETHELBEABHT. Obv. p AE-DELBEARF REX. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. & CENVEALD MONETA. Floriated cross, leaf in each angle. *-8. Wt.19'0. 132. AETHELBED I, A.D. 863-871. Obv. AE-DELRED REX. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. MANN MONETA in three lines, upper and lower in lunettes, JR -8. Wt. 19-7. Though Aethelbearht left children, he was succeeded by his brother Aethelred who had held Wessex since 863. This and the next coin are similar in type to those of Burgred, the contemporary king of Mercia. The only other type of this reign has on the obverse the fagade of a Christian temple, and on the reverse a cross crosslet, or pattee. It is copied from the "Xristiana Religio" coins of Charlemagne. None have mint-names. 133. AETHELBED I. Obv. % AE-DELRED REX. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. CVOHELM MONETA : A ! in four lines divided by three straight lines, upper and lower ones with curved ends. JR '8. \Vt. 20 '0. 134. AELFBED, A.D. 871-901. Offering Penny. Obv. * AELFRED REX $AXO- NVM in four lines and within two circles; inner one of dots. Rev. ELI MO in two lines, divided by three dots; all within two circles as on obv. jRl-S. Wt. 162-4. Aelfred (the Great) was the youngest son of Aethelwulf and succeeded to the kingdom of all Wessex on the death of his brother Aethelred. The above coin is considered to be an " offering penny," denarius oblatorius, which the king was wont to offer at mass on certain festivals. It weighs a little more than seven pennies. It was struck in the latter part of Aelfred's reign, and from its type and moneyer's name appears to be not unconnected with the coins issued at Bath during this and the next reign. 135. AELFBED. Canterbury. Obr. LFR-.-ED X. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. GLEAPA/ET (Gleawacaestre). A T shaped ornament with limbs extended by beaded lines to the edge of the coin and dividing legend. The obverse type is similar to that of coins of London (see No. 140), WESSEX. 25 but that of the reverse is unlike any other known. This coin was in Plate v. the Cuerdale hoard and is unique. SILVER. 139. AELFBED. Lincoln. Obv. HER I BERT. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. (LINCOLLA or LINCOLIA). ^ -8. Wt. 21-0. This type is similar to that of London (see No. 140). On account of the absence of the king's name and the rude work of the coin, it may be a Viking imitation. Another coin of Lincoln has the king's name on the obv., and on the rev. that of the same moneyer, but in monogram and dividing name of mint. 140. AELFBED. London. (>1>v. /ELFRED REX. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. ^Jj) (LONDONIA); above ^ ; below v at -75. Wt. 25-0. The reverse type of this coin is like the obverse type of the penny of Half dan the Viking leader (see No. 94). Some of the London coins of Aelfred are of very rude work ; they may be Viking imitations. 141. AELFBED. London. Obv. /ELFR '. ^ ED RE. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. AELF ! ZTAN in two lines, divided by monogram of London as on the preceding ; small cross to 1. M '75. Wt. 22'0. Probably of later issue than No. 140. 142. AELFBED. Oxford. Obv. ELFRED ^ ORSHAFORDA in three lines, name of king in centre ; above and below, '. Rev. BERNVALR NO intwo lines divided by three crosses. M - 8. Wt. 20-9. Probably struck towards the end of Aelfred's reign. The obverse type is similar to the coins of Exeter (No. 137) and Winchester (No. 144). Bernvald is the only moneyer who strikes coins at Oxford uring this reign. 143. AELFBED. Roiseiig (Castle Rising?). Obi: /ELFRED REX. Bust to r. Rev. XEOELVF MO in two lines divided by PtySC (ROIXENCP). a$ '8. Wt. 22-9. The attribution of this coin to Castle Rising is somewhat uncertain, bhers have read the monogram as CROINDEN, and suppose the coin to lave been struck at Croydon. Its issue was probably contemporary with No. 141. L44. AELFBED. Winchester. Obv. ^ KELFRED REX XfiXOMVM in four lines across the field. Rev. PI N (Winceastre) reading downwards ; ornament of four pellets on each side. AI &. Wt. 24*6. The obverse is like the " Offering Penny " (No. 134), and the sverse is like that of the penny of Exeter (No. 137). Halfpennies of the above types are known of Bath, Canterbury, )ndon and Oxford. 145. AELFRED. Obv. ft... ELFRED REX. Bust to r., diademed. Rev. *J DIARMVND. Lozenge with cross at each angle, one limb extending to edge of coin and dividing legend; small cross in centre of lozenge. JR '8. Similar to coins of Ceolwulf II of Mercia (see No. 46), of which it is )bably a copy. This and the next coin are without a mint-name. ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plate v. HO. AELFRED. Obv. /E-DELTAN REX. Bust to r., crowned. Rev. % BIORNERRD MO LOND El. Small cross pattee. zt -85. Wt. 23-0. Aethelstan was the son of Eadweard, and his power is evidenced by the titles which he assumed on his coins as well as in his charters, as " Rex Saxonum," " Rex Totius Britanniae," or " Rex Britanniae." The early types of his coins are like those of his father, and there is a great increase in the number of mints.* Many coins however are without mint-names. 159. AETHELSTAN. Gloucester. Obv. ^ /E>EL*TfiN REX BR\E (Britanniae). Small cross pattee. Rev. *? 3P-DEL PO l/MO . GLEfiqRZ (Gleawa- ceastre). Small cross pattee. .at -9. Wt. 28-8. This is one of the more common types of this reign. Varieties have a rosette instead of a cross on both sides, or on one side only. 160. AETHELSTAN. York. Obv. ^ REDEL$TRN REX .-. Cross pattee. liev. ' MON * below a straight line, on which is a church dividing the legend 7XC 7XC- * ' 85 ' Wt> 22 '- The reverse gives a view of the minster of York. This coin is of some historical importance as it shows how completely Aethelstan took possession of Northumbria, when he drove out Anlaf, son of Sihtric Gale, in 927. Coins of this reign also occur of Exeter, from rhich place Aethelstan drove out the Welshmen in 935. They are lilar to No. 158. 31. AETHELSTAN. Obv. X /E)EL$TAN REX. Small cross pattee. liev. FRE-BMO ^ v ^ e ^ by three crosses; above and below triangle of dots. AI -9. Wt. 24-6. This is probably the earliest of Aethelstan types. It occurs also on father's coinage. , AETHELSTAN. Obv. /E>EL$TAN REX. Small cross pattee. Eev. MDN DELN Divided by three pellets ; above and below, floral ornament. JK -9. Wt. 24-2. This is also a survival of a type of Eadweard the Elder's coinage, ler types are with the bust diademed, crowned or helmeted, and rev. moneyer's name in two lines, or cross crosslet. * This increase in the mints is mainly due to an enactment of the Council of rreatley, A.D. 928, which ordered that there should be one kind of money throughout the realm ; and that each burg was entitled to one moneyer, but certain places on account of their importance should have more. The money struck by the bishops and abbots is of the same types as the regal coins. _>S ANGLO-SAXON COINS. HaU . > 103. EADMUSD, A.D. 941-946. dbv. & EfiDMVND REX. Small cross pattee. SH.NKI ^ ev ' ^?Pr(X divided by a cross between two lis, points inwards; above A KUm and below co. zi -9. Wt. 24*6. Eadmund was the half-brother of Aethelstan. Varieties of the ;il)Dve type have crosses or rosettes dividing the legend on the rev. As compared with the last reign the mints are few ; but coins of this type show such variety of style and work that they must have been issued at a great number of places. 164. EADMUND. Obv. *k EADMVND REX. Small cross pattee. Rev. >E-DELMOD. Above, line from which springs a floral ornament ; below, a flower. JK -85. Wt. 24-6. Copied from a type of Eadweard the Elder (see No. 149). Other- types are : without the bust, rosette and moneyer's name in two lines, or small cross and rosette : with the bust, rev. small cross, or cross crosslet. 165. EADBED, A.D. 946-955. Norwich, (.br. EADRED REX. Bust to r., crowned. Rev. * HflMHE HO l/!ORD> .-. X. Small cross pattee. JR -8. Wt. 22-3. Eadred was the third son of Eadweard the Elder. The types of his coins are like those of the previous reign, and the mint-names are still fewer. 160. EADRED. Obv. ^ EADRED REX. Small cross pattee. Rev. divided by three crosses; above and below, rosette. M 8. Wt. 22-2. Varieties of this type have rosettes or pellets between the moneyer's name. Other types without the bust are : small cross pattee and rosette ; or rosette and moneyer's name in two lines with ornaments ; or small cross pattee and floriate stem enclosing moneyer's name as No. 151. 167. EADWIG, A.D. 955-959. York. Cbv. * EADVVIG RE. Small cross pattee. Rev. V |_pj^j divided by mint-name O3 *k NO (Eoferwic) ; above and below, rosette. JR -85. Wt. 22-3. Eadwig was the son of Eadmund. This coin is historically interesting as it marks the supremacy of Wessex over Northumbria, Eric Blothox, the Northumbrian king, having been driven out by Eadred in A.D. 954 (see No. 119). York from this time was a mint of the kings of Wessex. A variety of this type has the moneyer's name only on the reverse, divided by crosses. 168. EADWIG. York? Obv. EADPIC REX. Small cross pattee. Rev. O$P7XLD divided by mitre-shaped ornament ; below which J. M -8. Wt. 15-0. This coin is unique ; it may be of York. Other types, without the bust, have small cross pattee and moneyer's name in one line across the field ; or small cross pattee on both sides. There is only one type with the bust, which is crowned ; it has on the rev. a small cross pattee. KINGDOM OF ENGLAND. 29 KINGDOM OF ENGLAND. 169. EADGAR, A.D. 957-975. Derby, dlv. * EADLAR REX ANLLOX. Bust Plate vi. to 1., diademed. Itev. ^ OSVLF MO DEORBY. Small cross pattee. SII.VKK. M -8. Wt. 20-0. Eadgar, younger son of Eadrnund, became king of all Britain on Eadwig's death, having already been king of Mercia since 957. In him were united all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. His coinage shows a considerable increase in the number of mint places, and the coins themselves are of excellent design and work. Their number too carries out the impression of magnificence and prosperity attributed by the chroniclers to this reign. FWR F 170. EADGAK. Obv. 3? EADCAR R . Small cross pattee. Rev. ERJ^MQ divided by three circles ; above and below, rosette. JJ '9. Wt. 18 '8. Varieties of this type have crosses, rosettes or pellets, symmetrically arranged on the rev., and another has the mint-name dividing that of the moneyer. Other types are : without the bust, cross pattee on both sides, rosettes on both sides, or cross and mitre-shaped ornament as No. 168 ; and with the bust to r., rev. small cross pattee or four crosses. There is a unique halfpenny, similar to No. 164, with money er's name " Hildulf." Eadgar was the last king to strike coins without a mint-name ; and from this time they have almost invariably * for the obverse type, the bust or head of the king, which is either bare, diademed, crowned or helmeted. 171. EADWEABD II (The Martyr), A.D. 975-979. Stamford. Obv. 4* EADPARD REX ANIL. Bust to 1., diademed. Rev. >fr E$CMAN M"O $TANF. Small cross pattee. JR -8. Wt. 21-3. Eadweard II was the eldest son of Eadgar. He was murdered at Corfe in Dorsetshire. He struck coins of two types only. The second type has the king's bust on the obverse and on the reverse the Hand of Providence between A. U). This coin is unique. 172. AETHELRED II, A.D. 979-1016. Lewes. Obo. * /E-DELR/ED REX TXfSGL. <;ou>. Bust to 1., in armour and radiate helmet. Rev. >%* LEOFPINE MO L/EPE v Long cross voided, dividing legend, above quadrilateral ornament with three pellets at eacb corner. A7 -75. Wt. 51-5. Aethelred II, son of Eadgar, succeeded to the throne on the death of his half-brother Eadweard II. He was deposed by Svend of Norway in 1013, but restored the next year. Svend did not strike any coins in his own name for England. This gold piece is probably a proof of a penny or a trial -piece. As there was no gold currency at this time, it cannot be considered as an attempt to introduce it. During this reign the number of mints was greatly increased and the output of the coinage was much larger than at any previous time. The heavy tribute paid to the Yiking invaders was probably the chief cause of this large * The chief exceptions are the coins of Aethelred II with the " Agnus Dei " (see No. 176), which however maybe Danish, and the " sovereign " pennies of Edward the Confessor (No. 189). 3Q ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plate vi. coinage. It was nevertheless a sign of the increased wealth of SII.VKI;. England. 173. AETHELBED II. Bath. Obv. * /EBELR/ED REX ANCLOX. Bust tor., diademed ; in front, sceptre. Rev. ^/EOELRIC M O BADAN. Handof Providence downwards, between A Cx). 2R '8. Wt. 21-1. This type is copied from coins of Eadweard II (see note No. 171). 174. AETHELBED II. Cambridge. Obv. * /E-DELR/ED REX AIVCLOX. Bust to 1. ; in front, sceptre. Rev. ^ EDRIC M O CRANT. (Grantebrycge). Short cross voided ; in the angles, CRVX. A\ -8. Wt. 23-4. This type, so general in later reigns, occurs for the first time under Aethelred II. It was adopted early in his reign and is one of the most common. 175. AETHELRED II. London. Obv. & /E-DELR/ED REX ANIL. Bust to 1., of rude form. Ren. ^ LEOFNO-D MO LVND. Long cross voided, each limb terminating in three crescents. JR '75. Wt. 20'6. This is a late type and the most common of all Aethelred's coins. It was copied by the Scandinavian rulers, more especially by the Norsemen in Ireland, where Aethelred's money constituted a regular currency. 176. AETHELBED II. Thetford. (ibn. * E-DELRED REX ANC. Bust to 1., diademed. Rev. % /ELFPOLD M"O -DEO. Small cross pattee. JR -75. Wt. 20-0. Identical with Eadweard's II's type and therefore probably an early one. The above constitute the chief types of Aethelred II's coinage ; but of each one there are several small varieties, consisting chiefly in the bust, whether to r. or 1., or wearing a radiate helmet, or with or without a sceptre. A very scarce type has the " Agnus Dei " on the obverse and the Holy Dove on the reverse (see Cat. Eng. Coins, Vol. II, p. 207). 177. CNUT, A.D. 1016-1035. Bath. Obv. * ENVT REX 7XNDLORVM. Bust to 1., crowned, within a quatref oil. Rev. >fr /E-DESTAN ON BfiOAN. On quatrefoil, long cross voided, each limb terminating in three crescents. JB -75. Wt. 22-7. Cnut was the son of Svend, king of Denmark, who had obtained part of England and forced Aethelred II to take refuge in Normandy (see No. 172). He succeeded his father in 1013, but to maintain his authority in England he was involved in an arduous struggle with Aethelred and subsequently with the latter's son, Edmund Ironside. Ultimately in 1016 Cnut obtained possession of the whole kingdom, which he held till his death in 1035. He does not appear to have struck :uiy coins before 1016. Of Edmund Ironside no coins are known. The coinage of Cnut is very similar to that of Aethelred II. The chief type of reverse is that of a double or voided cross. It was already common in the previous reign. This type facilitated the cutting up of the coin into halves and quarters to pass current tor halfpence and farthings (see No. 195). Cnut's mints are still more numerous than those of Aethelred II. His coins are in general fry li.nht, rarely reaching 24 grs. and often descending to 12 grs. KINGDOM OF ENGLAND. 31 178. CNUT. Bristol. Obv. <% ENV-T RE-E. Bust to 1., diademed, holding Plate vl. sceptre. Rev, ^ /EDEL PINE ON BRIE. Short cross voided; in SILVER. centre, circle enclosing pellet. JK -1 . Wt. 17 '7. This is one of the later issues of Cnut. The type occurs on coins of Harold I and Harthacnut. 179. CNUT. Chichester. Obv. >fr CNVT REX ANCL. Bust to 1., wearing pointed helmet; in front, sceptre. Rev. <%* /ECELM ON EIEESTR. Short cross voided, limbs united in centre by two circles ; in each angle, annulet enclosing pellet. M '75. Wt. 16-0. It is in a helmet of this form that Cnut is represented on the Bayeux tapestry. 180. CNUT. Cambridge. Obv. f /ELFPINE ON -DEOD. Long cross voided, limbs united by circle enclosing pellet ; in each angle, lis. JR -75. Wt. 18-2. This type is the Jatest of this reign. It was copied by Harthacnut. Varieties have the bust to 1. and in the angles of the cross on the rev. three pellets. Other types have on the rev. PA EX in the angles of a long cross voided, or a short cross voided with a circle in centre, or a quadrilateral ornament over a short cross voided ; the bust on the o/>r. is with or without sceptre. HARTHACNUT, A.D. 1040-1042. Oxford. Obv. ^ HAR-DCNVT. Bust to 1., diademed; sceptre in 1. hand. Rev. ^ /EGELPINE ON OXA. Quadri- lateral ornament over short cross voided. M '15. Wt. 15*3. Harold I was succeeded by his younger brother Harthacnut, king of Denmark, whose reign only lasted two years. His coins are more Dmmon in Scandinavian countries than in England, which circum- mce shows how extensive was their export and how heavily England ras drained to support the Danish army and fleet. Though Hartha- lut struck coins of nine types more or less varied, only two are repre- mted in the National Collection (see Cat. Eng. Coins, Brit. Mus., Vol. II, pp. 321-324). '.^2 ANGLO-SAXON COINS. Plate vi. 184, HARTHACNUT. Winchester. fibv. HAR-DALNVT RE. Bust to r., SIIVKI , diademed. Rev. ^ /ELFPINE ON PICE. Cross composed of four ovals ; bases united by two circles. M "1. Wt. 16-0. Both these types occur on the coinage of Harthacnut's predecessor. Other reverse types are small cross pattee ; ERVX or PAEX in angles of short cross voided ; annulet in each angle of short cross voided ; short cross voided with angles plain, or a long cross voided with lis in each angle. The bust of the king is varied, being to r. or 1., with or without sceptre, and crowned or wearing a high peaked or crested helmet. 185. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, A.D. 1042-1066. Ipswich. Obv. >k EDPE RD REX : Bust to 1., diademed; in front, sceptre. Rev. 4 LIFIE ONO GIPESPIIE. Short cross voided, the limbs gradually expanding and united at bases by two circles. JR -75. Wt. 27 -0. Son of Aethelred II, an exile at the court of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, during the reign of Cnut and his sons ; was raised to the throne chiefly through the influence of Earl Godwine. His mints are very numerous, and the types of his coins very varied ; those described below being however the chief ones. On his later coins Edward is represented with a beard. There is great diversity in the weight of the penny ; sometimes it reaches 28 grs., at others it falls to 15 grs. 186. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Hastings, (tbv. EADPARD REX. Bust facing, crowned and bearded. Rev. & DVNNINE ON H/E. Small cross pattee. X. -65. Wt. 17-4. The facing bust appears now for the first time on English silver coins. This type may have been derived from the German coinage. It ultimately for a time survived all the others. 187. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Hereford, dbv. ^ EDPERD RE. Bust to 1., diademed. Rev. %* ERNDII ON HERE. Short cross voided. M -6 Wt. 17-4. 'I'h is is one of the earliest types of this reign. The king's name is spelt in various ways on his coins, "Edwerd, Edward, Eadward, Ead- weard, or Eadweardus." The first two occur mostly on his early coins, the others on the later pieces. 188. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Hereford, CJbv. ^ EDPRD--D REX. Bust to r., bearded, wearing pointed helmet; in r. hand, sceptre. Itev. % PVLFPINEON HER. Cross voided, each limb terminating in three crescents; in centre, circle with pellet. At -75. Wt. 21*4. This is the most common type of this reign. 189. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Horndon. Obv. EADVVRD RAX ANSORV. Full-length figure of the king seated front on throne ; long sceptre in r hand; orb in 1. Rev. * DVDINC ON HORNIDVNE. Short cross voided, martlet in each angle, ju -75. Wt. 19-9. Known as the "Sovereign type." The obverse is derived from Byzantine coins : and the reverse is commonly called the arms of the Confessor. This type of reverse also occurs with the bust of the king to r., wearing ;i pointed helmet as on the preceding. KINGDOM OF ENGLAND. 33 190. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Taunton. Obv. >p EDPER--D RE:X : Bust Plate vi. to L, diademed ; sceptre in front. Eev. >%> BOIA ON TANTVNE. Quad- SILVER. rilateral ornament over short cross voided. AI "7. Wt. 17 '6. This type occurs on coins of Harthacnut. 191. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Wallingford. Obv. EADPARD R EX. Bust to r., bearded and crowned; sceptre in front. Rev. % BRAND ON PALLI. Short cross voided, each limb terminating in an incurved segment of a circle. M -8. Wt. 20-5. A new type of this reign ; and one which does not recur. This reverse is also found with the obverse of No. 189. 192. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Wallingford. Obv. EADPARD REX A. Bust to r., bearded and wearing arched crown. Eev. *P BRIHTM/ER ON PA : Short cross voided ; at end of each limb, segment of circle outwards ; in each angle, pyramid springing from inner circle. M "75. Wt. 20-5. This obverse type was copied by Harold II. 193. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Wilton. Obv. 3* EDPERD REX -A. Bust tor., wearing radiate crown. Rev. 3? LI FIN EC ON PILTVN. Small cross pattee. JR '65. Wt. 16 -8. 194. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Winchester. Obv. EDPERD REX AUG. Bust to L, diademed; sceptre in front. Eev. ELPINE : ON PINC : Long cross voided ; each limb terminating in crescent ; in centre, annulet ; in angles, PACX. JR -75. Wt. 16-4. This type was first introduced by Cnut and survived to William I and II. 195. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Obv. % EDPAR . . . Similar to the last coin. Eev. * BRVRNR . . . . Similar to the last coin. M '7. Wt. 8 '7. Halfpenny. To supply a smaller currency than the penny, that coin was often ivided into halves and quarters to pass for halfpence and farthings, .e coins usually selected for this purpose were those with a voided on the reverse, as facilitating the division into equal parts. This tice began in the reign of Aethelred II. The only other type of this reign which need be mentioned is that similar to the next coin of Harold II. HAROLD II, A.D. 1066. Chichester. Obv. * HAROLD REX ANG. Head to 1., crowned and bearded; sceptre in front. Eev. %* /ELEPINE ON CICEI. Across the field and between two lines, PAX. & -75. Wt. 20-3. Harold, son of Earl Godwine, was chosen king on the death of Iward the Confessor : but was killed at the battle of Hastings after short reign of nine months. This is the only reverse type of irold's coins. Of the obverse there are three varieties (see next coin). 197. HAROLD II. Southampton. Obv. * HAROLD REX ANGLO. Same as the last, but no sceptre. Eev. ^ LEOFSTAN ON HA (Hamtume). Same as the last. M '75. Wt. 21-2. A variety has the bust of the king to r., without a sceptre. ( 34 ) Plati- vi. toTBL ENGLISH COINS. William I.* 1066-1087. COINAGE. The Conquest of England by the Normans brought about no change in the monetary system of England, and a coinage, consisting of silver pennies only, continued to be issued of precisely the same character as under the later Anglo-Saxon kings. Not only were the weight and the fineness of the metal retained, but even some of the types were adopted. The mints too were increased in number. The average weight of the penny during the reigns of William I and II is 21 grs. ; and the standard of metal 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine and 18 dwts. alloy. A difficulty has always existed in determining the respective coinages of William I and his son Rufus ; no distinctive marks distinguishing each issue. Taking the obverse type as a criterion, the coins of the two kings may, however, be divided as follows : I. William I. (a) Profile bust to 1. with sceptre ; (b) bust facing with crown having fillets, Bonnet type ; (c) bust facing under a canopy, Canopy type ; (d) small bust facing between two sceptres ; (e) similar bust with star on each side of neck. II. William I or IT. (a) Bust to r. with sceptre ; rev. cross with trefoils in angles and also the PfiXS type ; (b) bust facing with sceptre, PftXS type ; (c) bust facing with sword ; rev. cross with trefoils in angles. III. William II. (a) Bust to r. with sword ; (b) bust facing with sword ; (c) bust facing with sceptre, star on r. of crown ; (d) bust facing without sceptre, sword, or star ; (e) bust facing, a star on each side. This third series is marked by a general coarseness of work as compared with the earlier ones, and the coins are slightly lighter in weight. The type of reverse throughout consists of a cross, usually with ornaments or letters in the angles. 198. Obv. }< PILLEMVS REX I. Bust to 1., crowned ; in front, sceptre. Rev. ^ ORDRIC ON LLEPEC (Gloucester). Cross fleury; in centre, circle. JR -7. Wt. 20-0. This is considered to be William's first coinage. 199. Obv. >k PILLEMVS REX. Bust facing, wearing large crown, from which depend fillets on either side. Eev. * 6ODRIC ON LVNDEI (London). Cross voided, each limb terminating in two crescents; in each angle, pyramid outwards; in centre, annulet. M -75. Wt. 16 '5. From the shape of the crown this is known as the " bonnet type." A variety has the obverse as No. 198. 200. Obv. * PILLEMVS REX. Bust facing, crowned, beneath canopy. Eev. * /ESELPI ON OXENEFO (Oxford). Lozenge-shaped ornament, each angle terminating in a trefoil ; in centre, circle, st, -75. Wt. 20-0. Known as the " canopy type." * Son of Robert le Diable, Duke of Normandy, claimed the throne as heir designate of Edward the Confessor, defeated and slew Harold II at Hastings, A.D. 1066. Succeeded by his sons, William Rufus and Henry I. WILLIAM I. 35 201. Obv. * PILLEM REX AN6LOR. Bust facing, crowned, between two Plate vi. sceptres. Eev. ^ MAN ON CANTVLBI (Canterbury). Cross botonnee SILVKK. over cross floury, annulet in centre. Si. -75. Wt. 20 '0. 202. Obv. ^ PILLEM REX AN3L. Bust facing, crowned, between two stars. Rev. >fr PVLFPINE ON IEXE (Exeter). Quadrilateral ornament with pellet at each angle on cross botonnee; in centre, circle. 2R '75. Wt. 20-4. The above are the types usually classed to William I. It will be noticed that on these the name of the king is spelt " Willemus " or " Willem " ; whilst on all subsequent types it reads " Willelm." William I or William IT. 203. Obv. i PILLELM REX. Bust to r., crowned; in r. hand, sceptre. Eev. % CINSTAN ON DOFI (Dover). Cross pattee, circle in centre ; trefoil in each angle, inwards. & -75. Wt. 21 -0. 204. Obv. i PILLELM REX. Bust facing, crowned ; sceptre on r., held by r. hand. Eev. 3? PESELMIE ON BA-DN (Bath). Cross pattee; in angles, PfiXS, each letter within circle. M -75. Wt. 20-0. A variety has this reverse with the obverse of the preceding. The reverse type is copied from coins of Cnut, &c. It may be the last issue of William I, and would mark the generally quiet state of the country, or else it may be the first of William Rufus and points to his peaceful succession. 205. Obv. >%* PILLELM REX I. Bust facing, crowned; in r. hand, sword. Eev. ^ PICHXSCI ON SIFLI (Ilchester). Quadrilateral ornament on cross pattee, each point of ornament terminating in trefoil. JR '15. Wt. 21-6. William II (Rufus). 1087-1100. COINAGE, see under William I. Obv. %* PERERIC. Bust to r., crowned; in front, sceptre in r. hand. Rev. *fc (3ODRICVS : ON LV (London). Cross moline, pierced at ends; the tressures fleury. M '15. Wt. 22-0. This type is copied from coins of Henry I and Stephen (see No. 218). All Warwick's coins are of this type. The bust may be intended either for that of Stephen or Matilda, but more probably for the latter. 40 ENGLISH COINS. Plate vii. The only other coins of the above class struck during the reign of SH.VKI;. Stephen are those which have on the obverse a full face and the legend LVILLEM DVO or WILLELMVS, and on the reverse a quadrilateral ornament over a short double cross. These have been attributed to William, son of Stephen. The mints are Chichester 1 (CRST), Warwick (WAR), and Wisbeach (WIS). This attribution is however somewhat doubtful. Henry II. 1154-1189. COINAGE. Silver. Penny. ISSUES, tfec. Two. The first issue, which consisted of coins of an uniform type (see Nos. 229-230), took place in 1156. Owing, however, to their being imperfectly struck and the legends often partly illegible, a new coinage, known from its reverse type as " the short-cross coinage " (see No. 231) was ordered in 1180. This second issue continued with but very slight variations in type till the middle of the reign of Henry III (A.D. 1248). The pennies therefore struck by Richard I and John do not bear their names, but that of their father. The coins of Richard and John are, however, to be distinguished from those of Henry II by slight changes in the portrait of the king, especially in the arrangement of the hair, and in their being somewhat smaller and neater in design. (For a full explanation of this classification, see Num. Ckron. 1865, p. 255.) The weight and fineness are as the coinage of William I. ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. Silver. Denier d' Argent and Half-Denier. Henry II was the first English monarch to strike money for the French domains. The issue was apparently limited to the Duchy of Aquitaine. This coinage must have taken place before 1168, in which year that province was ceded by Henry to his son, Richard Cceur-de- Lion. The weight of the denier is about 17 grs., and the standard of fineness about 3 parts silver to 9 parts alloy. 229. 1st issue. Obv. [^ h]ENR REX fiN(o. Bust nearly full face, crowned; in r. hand, sceptre. Eev. >%* RENCSRD : ON : BRIS (Bristol). Cross pattee with small cross pattee in each angle. ^ -8. Wt. 22-0. This is the only type of Henry's first money. The mints are more numerous than in the previous reigns. 230. Obv. * hENRI REX 7\N6L. Bust, nearly full face, crowned, as on the preceding. Rev. * WILLEM : ON : NIVCfi (Newcastle). Crosspattee, etc., as on the preceding, ji -8. Wt. 22-4. 231. 2nd issue. Obv. hQNRICXVS RQX. Bust facing, crowned; in r. hand, sceptre. Eev. * IS7\a . ON QV3RWI (York). Short cross voided; cross botonnee in each angle. A\. -75. Wt. 22-0. . . . . . This also is the only type of the second issue. The name of Isaac of York has been immortalised by Sir Walter Scott in Ivanhoe. 232. ANGLO-GALLIC. Denier of Aquitaine. Obv. *% hENRICVS REX. Cross pattee. Rev. 0*0 flQVITfiNI 060 arranged in four lines across the field. jt -7. Wt. 10-6. Henry succeeded to the dukedom of Aquitaiue by right of his HENEY II. 41 marriage with Eleanor, daughter of William, 9th Duke of Aquitaine and Earl of Poitou. The half-denier of Henry II, which is unique, has on the obv. a cross pattee and around <%* ENRICVS, and on the rev. REX across the field with ftl above and a cross pattee below. Eleanor, his wife, also struck deniers for Aquitaine. They are, obv. 3* DVCISIT and two crosses dividing letters M and l\ (Moneta Alienora?); rev. ^ A6VITANIE, cross pattee. These coins were probably not struck till after the death of Henry, when Eleanor assumed the title and exercised the authority of Duchess of Aquitaine. Richard I. 1189-1199. COINAGE. Silver. Penny. As noted above (see coinage of Henry II) the types of the coins attributed to Richard I are very similar to those of his father, even to the name on the obverse. The slight difference consists in the shape of the bust ; the crown having more than five pearls or being frequently in the form of a beaded line, and the head quite full face with the number of curls varying from five to one on each side. ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. Silver. Denier and Half-Denier or Obole d' Argent. These were struck for Aquitaine, Rouen (Normandy), Issoudun (Berri), and Poitou. Richard is also said to have coined money for Anjou, Le Mans, and Tours. The denier weighed from 17 to 13 grs. and varied in fineness from 8 parts silver and 4 of alloy to 3 parts silver and 9 of alloy. 233. Obv. hQNRIQVS R9X. Bust facing, wearing crown with pearls in a beaded line, four curls each side of head ; in r. hand, sceptre. Eev. *k STIVQNS ON LVN (London). Short cross voided ; cross botonnee in each angle. M -75. Wt. 21-6. . ANGLO-GALLIC. Denier of Aquitaine. Obv. RICRRDVS in two lines; above, *fr ; below, U). Eev. ^ TC6VIT7XNIE. Cross pattee. M "75. Wt. 16-5. As the title of Rex is omitted on the Aquitaine coins it is probable hat they were issued before Richard's accession to the English throne. Aquitaine was granted to him in 1168. The half -denier of Aquitaine is of the same type as the denier, and only differs from it in size and weight. (5. DENIER OF BERRI. Obv. RICARD' RGX. Cross pattee. Jlev. <%< 6XOLDVNI (Issoudun). In centre 5U ; above, straight line; below, annulet. JR '7. Wt. 12 : 1. Issoudun, in the province of Berri, was ceded to Richard by Philip II France, and he held it from 1188 to 1195. The reverse type is opposed to be a degraded form of the Greek omega inverted. 236. DENIER OF POITOU. Obv. %* RICTXRDVS REX. Cross pattee. Eev. PICT7WIENSIS in three lines across the field, jj '75. Wt. 15-6. In 1196 Richard ceded the revenues of Aquitaine and Poitou to Otho, the Emperor. The Poitou coins were therefore struck between 1189 and that date. The half -denier or obole is of the same type as the denier. . The coins (deniers) struck at Rouen have the same 061;. us the preceding, and on the rev. { RODCSDVCO ; in centre DVX. 42 ENGLISH COINS. Plate iii. sn.vKi; John. 1199-1216. COINAGE. Silver. Penny and Halfpenny. Like Richard's coins those of John are the same as his father's (see coinage of Henry II) and only differ in the bust, which has a long face, and beard formed by straight lines ; two curls generally on each side enclosing pellets, and five or seven pearls in the crown. The halfpennies vary in type from the pennies and have John's own name (see below). No Anglo-Gallic coins are known of this reign. 237. Penny. Obv. hQNRICVS RQX. Bust facing, crowned, with beard, two curls on each side of head; in r. hand, sceptre. Rev. hVQ ON QfiNTQ (Canterbury) ; m. m. cross botonn6e. Short cross voided, cross botonnee in each angle, jj -75. Wt, 23-0. The halfpennies have on the obc. the head of the king in profile, and around, his name lOhANNES; and on the rev. a cross pattee with Us and pellet in each angle, and around, the moneyer's name and mint (London or Winchester). Only a few specimens are known. Henry III. 1216-1272. COINAGE. Gold. Penny. Silver. Penny. ISSUES, &c. The gold penny, the first gold coin of ^he English series since the Conquest, was struck in pursuance of a writ dated at Chester, 16 Aug. 1257. It was of pure gold and was to be current for 20 pence sterling. The silver coins of this reign, pennies, are of two issues. The first issue (12161248) was of the short-cross type as Henry II's, but the coins varied from those of the previous reigns in being smaller in size, of neater workmanship, and in having the bust placed low down showing hardly any neck and usually three curls on each side of the head. The second issue (1248-1272) is known as the long-cross type, having on the reverse a long double cross extending to the edge of the coin, dividing the legend, and with three pellets in each angle. These coins have for the most part the numerals III or TQRCU after the king's name, showing that they were struck by the third king of that name. They present three small varieties of type (see descriptions). The weight and fineness are as the coinage of William I. The number of mints was much reduced during this reign. No Anglo-Gallic coins were issued by Henry III. GOLD. 238. Penny. Obv. hGNRICC RQX l-l-l. Full-length figure of the king, crowned, seated facing on throne ; in r. hand, sceptre ; in 1., orb. Rer. WILL0M : ON LVNDQ : (London). Long cross voided, rose with three pellets in each angle. AT -85. Wt. 45-2. In 1265 the current value of this coin was raised to 24 pence sterling ; but on account of its meeting with little public favour it was withdrawn from circulation circ. 1270. No further issue of gold took place till 1344. Only a few specimens are known of the gold penny. Varieties read LVND or LVNDSN. HENRY III. 43 239. Short-cross Penny. Obv. hSftRlflVS R6(X. Bust facing, crowned; three Plate viL curls on each side, the lowest one small ; in r. hand, sceptre. Rev. SILVKK. J< PIQR6(S ON DVR (Durham). Short cross voided ; cross botonnee in each angle, xt -65. Wt. 23-0. 240. Long-cross Penny. 1st type. Obv. hQNRIQVS R8X III. Bust facing, Plate viii. crowned; r. hand holding sceptre. Rev. RRNDVLF ON S'QD (St. Edmundshury). Long cross voided, dividing legend ; in each angle, three pellets. M -7. Wt. 23-4. This reverse type of a cross with three pellets in each angle continued on all the silver coins almost without variation till the middle of the reign of Henry VII, and was not abandoned on the smaller ones till that of James I. 241. Long-cross Penny. 2nd type. Obv. fc hQNRICCVS RQX TSROCI. Bust facing, crowned ; no sceptre. Rev. NICOLS ON LVND (London). Long cross voided, &c., as on the preceding piece. M '75. Wt. 23-0. Pennies of the second type differ from those of the first in reading III or TflROCI, in having a mullet before the king's name as mint- mark, and in there being no sceptre. The third type varies from the second in reading hQNRIQVS RQX RNG, in omitting the numerals or TQRCU after the king's name, and in having a crescent under the mullet. On some of the last type, however, the reverse legend continues that on the obverse, as LI6( TQRCU QftN., LVN., &c. Edward I. 1272-1307. COINAGE. Silver. Groat ?, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. The attribution of the groat (No. 242) to Edward I is somewhat doubtful. Some look upon this coin as a pattern, whilst others would assign it to Edward III. The penny, halfpenny and farthing are of uniform type having on the obv. the crowned head facing, and on the rev. a long cross pattee with three pellets in each angle. This type remains unchanged till after the first coinage of Henry VII. With one exception, " Robert de Hadley " (see No. 243 note), the money ers' names no longer occur, and that of the mint is usually preceded by CIVITAS or VILLA. The earlier pennies weigh 22^- grs., but in Edward's 28th year the standard was reduced to 22 grs. and remained so till the end of the reign, of Edward II. No change took place in the fineness of the coins. Considerable difficulty has hitherto existed in separating the pence, halfpence and farthings of Edward I, II, and III. The general principle of assigning the pennies with the clothed bust to Edward I and II, and those with the so-called unclothed bust to Edward III, and again those reading " Edw " to Edward I and " Edwardus " to Edward III, and the intermediate forms to Edward II, is now hardly altogether tenable in the light of recent discoveries. The clues are to be found in the shape of the bust, the style of lettering, which in the earlier pieces is larger, and also in the spelling of the king's name. The pennies reading ' ' Edw " and without stops after the words may be assigned to Edward I ; those reading " Edwa, Ed war and Edward," 44 ENGLISH COINS. i. also without stops after the words, to Edward II, and those with MI.VKI:. Edw, Edwa, Edward and Edwardus" usually with stops, annulets or saltires, to Edward III. These general rules do not apply to halfpence and farthings. (For a full discussion of this question see Num. Citron., 1898, pp. 8-72.) ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. Base Silver or Billon. Gros, Denier d' Argent, Lion, and Demi-Lion. These were struck for Gascony, Aquitaine (Bordeaux, Guessin, i.e. Guiche, and Limoges), and Ponthieu. The lion and demi-lion, attributed to Gascony, were struck before Edward's accession to the English throne. The fineness varies from 7 parts silver to 5 of alloy, and 4 parts silver to 8 of alloy. 242. Groat. Obv. * 6DWKRDVS : D'l : SRE' : R6X : HR6L'. Bust facing, crowned and clothed, within quatrefoil ; mullet on breast and at each side of head; trefoil in each spandril of quatrefoil. Rev. : DN'S hIBITG DVX 7XQVT LORDOrilft Gl VI (in two concentric circles). Long cross fleury, three pellets in each angle. 2R 1-15. Wt. 87 '4. These groats vary in weight from 138 grs. to 80 grs. ; which is a strong argument in favour of their being patterns. The mullet on the king's breast would indicate a late issue, if this piece is of Edward I (see No. 244). 243. Penny. Obv. DW R AN6L DNS hYB. Bust facing, crowned and clothed. Rev. * CIVITftS DVR6M6 (Durham). Long cross pattee with three pellets in each angle. M &. Wt. 21-4. The cross moline is the badge of Anthony Beck, Bishop of Durham (12831311), by whom this coin was struck. The number of mints during this reign was much reduced, and pennies were only struck at Berwick, Bristol, Canterbury, Chester, Durham, Exeter, Kingston (Hull), Lincoln, London, Newcastle, St. Edmundsbury, and York, and by Robert de Hadley who resided at St. Edmundsbury. Those of Berwick have a bear's head in one of the angles of the cross on the reverse. 244. Penny. Obc. 3? DW R ANGL DNS hYB. Bust facing, as on the last. Rev. CIVITRS LONDON. Long cross pattee with pellets in angles. JR -75. Wt. 22-0. The pennies may be divided into three classes from their obverse type ; (i) with large letters and large m. m. a cross ; (ii) with smaller letters, smaller m. in., and the coin itself smaller ; (iii) similar to the last, but mullet or star on king's breast. The last were probably not struck till after 1300. (Hawkins, 3rd ed., p. 200.) 245. Penny. Obv. DW R - 7XN6L - DNS - hYB. Bust facing, crowned and clothed, within a triangle; below, pellet. Rev. CUVITAS CANTOR (Canterbury). Long cross pattee with pellets in angles. JR -75. Wt. 21-2. This is the usual obverse type of the Irish coins ; similar pieces also occur of London. Irish pennies also have the English obverse type. As the dies for the Irish coins were made in London, these pieces are probably only so-called " mules." This coin may be of Edward II. EDWARD I. 45 24G. Halfpenny. Obv. * DW R ANGL DNS hYB. Bust facing, &c., as on Plate viii. No. 243. Rev. C I VITAS LONDON. Long cross pattee with pellets in SILVER angles. 2B -6. Wt. 11 -0. Others read eDWARDVS RX, 6DWARDVS R6X A_AN ANGL or ANSLI. Halfpennies were also struck at Berwick (with a bear's head in two or one angle of the cross on the rev.), Bristol, Lincoln, New- castle, and York. 247. Farthing. Obv. * 6DWHRDVS : R6X. Bust facing, &c., as on No. 243. Eev. LONDONI6NSIS. Long cross pattee with pellets in angles. ^-5 Wt. 5-5. The general reverse legend of the London farthing is Cl VITAS LONDON. Others read on obverse DWARDVS RGX A. or AN. Those reading 6. R. AN6LI, or . R. ANGL. D. H. and without inner circle are doubtful Edward I or II. The other mints are Berwick (with a bear's head in two angles of the cross), Bristol, Lincoln, and York. 248. ANGLO-GALLIC. Lion of Gascony. Obv. ^ GDVVARD' : FILI'. Lion BILLON passant, guardant, to 1. Eev. J h : R66IS ; ANSLI6. Cross pattee. Bil. -75. Wt. 13-0. Lions and demi-lions of this type are classed to Gascony, as Henry III resigned that province to Edward in 1252, and in 1254 on Edward's marriage to Eleanor of Castile his rights were confirmed by Alphonso XII. This coin was struck in Henry Ill's lifetime. 249. Gros of Aquitaine. Obv. EDOVARDVS REX_J< BftDICTTV : SIT : n,OM : DR I : riRI : DGI : (in two concentric circles). Cross patt6e, dividing inner legend only. Rev. *% DVX AQITAftlE. Lion rampant, guardant, to 1. ; around, ornamental border of arches enclosing trefoils Bil. 1-05. Wt. 47-6. It is somewhat uncertain by which Edward this coin and No. 251 were struck. If by Edward I, the issue probably did not take place till after 1302, when his possessions in France were confirmed by Philip IY. The gros is very similar in type to the coins of that denomination of Philip IY (1285-1314). :. Lion of Aquitaine. Obv. J DVVARDVS RX. Lion passant, guardant tol. Eev. * DVX A^VlTANie. Cross pattee. Bil. --7. Wt. 13-6. Che demi-lion is of similar type. ] 251. Gros of Bordeaux. Similar to No. 249, but the legend on the rev. reads i* MOnETA & BVRD (Bordeaux). Bil. 1-0. Wt. 40-0. 252. Lion of Guessin. Obv. ^ GDVARDVS RGX. Lion passant, guardant, to 1. ; above, 6 (Guessin) ; below . Eev. 3? DVX AQITAniG. Cross pattee. Bil. -7. Wt. 16-0. Guessin or Guiche was a castle near Bayonne. The lions of Bordeaux are of similar type, but have AQT. under the lion on the obv. and the name of the mint, BVRD. in the rev. legend. The deniers of Ponthieu have a cross with the king's name on the obv. and MONETA PONTI, in two lines, with ornaments on the rev. 46 ENGLISH COINS. Platevil1 Edward II. 1307-1327. COINAGE. Silver. Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. These are of the same weight, fineness and type as the later coinage of Edward I ; but the letters of the legends are generally smaller and the workmanship neater. No star occurs on the king's breast and his name reads " Edwa, Edwar, or Edward " (see under Edward I). There are no Anglo-Gallic coins which can be attributed to Edward II. SILVER 253. Penny. Obv. %> SDWARD R AN6L DNS hYB. Bust facing, crowned and clothed. Rev. tflVITAS DVRSMQ (Durham). Long cross pattee with three pellets in each angle. & "1. Wt. 21-3. This coin was struck by the king's moneyer. Those issued by the bishops of Durham have for mint-mark a cross moline (Bp. Beck), one limb of cross in form of crozier (Bp. Kellow), and a lion rampant (Bp. Beaumont). The mint name of Durham also reads DVR9MIQ, DVNQLM, or DVNQLMI. Pennies were also struck at Berwick, Bristol, Canter- bury, London, Newcastle, St. Edmundsbury, and York. 254. Penny. Obv. * 8DWAR R AftSL DftS hYB. Bust as on the last. Rev. CUVITAS etBORACIl (York). Long cross pattee with quatre- foil in centre and three pellets in each angle ; three dots outside the pellets in the second quarter. M -7. Wt. 20-6. On some of the coins of this mint there is no quatrefoil in the centre of the cross on the reverse. This coin may be of the early issue of Edward Til. 255. Halfpenny. Obv. ^ QDWAR R AN6L DNS hYB. Bust facing, &c., as on No. 253. Rev. CO VITAS LONDON. Long cross pattee, &c., as on No. 253. JK -6. Wt. 10-5. The only other mint, to which halfpennies of this reign have been attributed, is Berwick. They read QDWA R ANGL DNS hi and VILLA BQRQWia. The farthings of this reign cannot be distinguished from those of Edward I or III. Edward III. 1327-1377. COINAGE. Gold. Florin, Half-Florin, Quarter-Florin, Noble, Half- Noble, and Quarter-Noble. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Half- penny, and Farthing. ISSUES.* Gold. Four: 1st issue (1343), Florin, Half-Florin, and Quarter-Florin. 2nd issue (1 344), Noble and Quarter-Noble. 3rd issue (1346), Noble, Half-Noble, and Quarter-Noble. 4th issue (1351-1377), Noble, Half-Noble, and Quarter-Noble. (For sub-divisions of this last issue see note No. 260). Silver. Two : 1st issue (1327-1351), Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. 2nd issue (1351-1377), Groat, Half-Groat, * For particulars relating to the changes in the types, &c., see the descriptions of the coins. When numerous changes occur in the issues this order will, \vlinrf> pnn v^rnnnf. V\n orlrvrtf.ci/1 i*- +V*r> fn+n..,. wi. MM WUAVi rVUOJU UlUUOJtVUD Ullitlit'tiS where convenient, he adopted in the future. EDWARD III. ' 47 Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. (For sub-divisions of this issue see note No. 263.) WEIGHT. Gold. Florin 108 grs. ; Noble (1344) 138^ grs.; (1346) 128} grs. ; (1351-1377) 120 grs. Silver. Penny (1327-1344) 22| grs. ; (1344-1346) 20grs. ; (1346-1351) 20 grs. ; (1351-1377) 18 grs. The weights of the other denominations in gold and silver are in proportion. FINENESS. Gold.* 23 carats 3 grs. pure gold to J gr. alloy. This is known as the " old standard." Silver. 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine silver to 1 8 dwts. alloy ; as William I's coinage. The current value of the Florin was 6s. and that of the Noble 6s. 8d. ; the other denominations in proportion. The gold coins are all of the Tower mint ; the mints of the silver are noted with the descriptions. ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. Gold. Noble, Half -Noble, Guiennois, Leopard, Ecu or Chaise, Mouton, and Florin. Silver. Double-Hardi, Hardi, Double, Gros, Demi-Gros, Denier, and Demi-Denier. Billon. Gros, Demi- Gros, Double Tournois, and Denier Tournois. MINTS. Abbeville (?), Aquitaine (Acquen, Agen (Dax), Bergerac, Bordeaux, Guessin or Guiche, La Rochelle, Lectoure, Limoges, and Poitiers), Bayonne and Calais. The types were for the most part copied from contemporary French coins, but those struck at Calais are similar to the English coins. The gold coins are 23^ carats pure to ^ alloy ; and the silver coins were ordered to be of the same fineness as the English money. 256. Florin. Obv. 9DWR' D' 6R7V RSX AH6L' 5 FRAflCC DUS MB' (stops, annulets). King crowned and robed, seated facing, under a canopy ; in r. hand, sceptre ; in I., orb ; on either side of throne, leopard ; field sem6 with lis. Eev. * IhCX : TRAaSlQRS : PQR : ttlSDIVm : ILLORVM : I BAT : (stops, saltires). Floriated cross with crown at end of each limb, within quatrefoil foliated at angles ; outside each angle, a lion or leopard. A71-3. Wt. 106-3. This new money marks the introduction of a permanent currency in gold in this country. It was ordered to be current by proclamation, 27th January, 1343 (o.s.), but on account of the high value at which it was rated in proportion to the silver it was not generally accepted, and was withdrawn from currency in the following August. Only two specimens each are known of the florin and the half-florin. 257. Half-Florin. Obv. *fr SDWAR' D' (3R7V R6(X AR6L' 5 JDFIS hIB (stops, annulets). Leopard to 1., crowned and guardant, with banner of arms of France and England fastened to his neck and flowing back on his shoulder. Rev. $* : DOtfliriS : US : 1ft : FVRORS : TVO : ARGVAS : SRQ. : (stops, annulets). Quatrefoiled cross with three trefoils at end of each limb, within quatrefoil with lis at each angle : outside each angle, a lion. AT -95. Wt. 53-4. . Quarter-Florin. Obv. 9DWR' : R' : AftGL' : 5 : FRAftC(' : D' : hIB' : (stops, annulets). Lion, crowned and guardant, standing to 1. on a cap of maintenance on helmet ; field seme with lis. Rev. >^ : SXALTABITVR : IP. : GLORIA : (stops, annulets). Floriated cross with quatrefoil in centre. A7 '7. Wt. 27-0. Several specimens are known of this piece. * The fineness of gold is computed upon an ideal pound, the " carat pound," which is divided into 24 parts, called carats, and the carat into quarters, caDed grains. Thus pure gold is gold of 24 carats. |^ ENGLISH COINS. i-iatt- viii 259. Noble, 2nd i*ue (1344). Obv. QDWER' : D' : 6Rff' : RQX s 5 : FRftftCC : DftS : hYB' (stops, saltires). King crowned, standing, facing in ship, holding sword and shield ; three ropes from stern and two from prow of vessel. Rev. * lhC( : TRffftSIQftS : PQR : mQDIVM : ILLORVJTl : IBZTT : (stops, saltires). Within a tressure of eight arches having a trefoil in each spandril, a floriated cross with lis at end of each limb, and L (London) within an ornamented compartment in the centre ; in each angle of cross, a lion passant, guardant, with crown above. A^l-35. Wt. 135-0. After the withdrawal of the florin a new coinage consisting of the noble, its half and quarter, was ordered to be struck. The noble was to be coined at 39 to the Tower pound, and to be current for 6s. 8d. Its type is supposed to refer to the victory over the French fleet off Sluys in 1340. Of the origin of its name no satisfactory explanation has been suggested. Ruding thought that it was derived " from the noble nature of the metal of which the coins were composed." No half-noble of the second issue is known. For the quarter-noble see No. 262. The noble of the third issue is precisely the same as that of the second except that it has the letter Q for Edwardus instead of L in the centre of the cross on the reverse. This is also one of the distinguishing marks of the later coins. The weight also is a criterion. Plate ix. 260. Noble, 4tfi issue (1360-1369). Obv. o QDWfiRD : DQI : 6Rfi fill<3L : DHS : hYB : 5 7\QT (stops, saltires). King crowned, standing in ship, &c., as on the preceding. Rev. +jp lhC( ? 7WTQSTI : TRfiftSIQftS : PSR : JTIQDIV : ILLORVm : IBfiT (stops, saltires). Floriated cross within eight arched tressure as oil the preceding; but in centre of cross, the letter Q for " Edwardus." K 1'35. Wt. 118 '5. The gold coins of the fourth issue may be separated into three periods according to the titles of the king on the obverse, namely (1) from 1351-1360, when he is styled King of France, but not Lord of Aquitaine ; (2) from 1360-1369, when the title of France is omitted in accordance with the treaty of Bretigny and that of Aquitaine substituted ; and (3) from 1369-1377, when, the treaty of Bretigny having been broken, both titles are assumed. This rule does not apply in all cases to the half and quarter-nobles. There are also many other small differences in the type and in the forms of letters and stops. On the earlier pieces the letter N is generally Roman, and the stops are MI mulcts, but on the later ones we get the English ft and saltires eta stops. The above coin bearing the Aquitaine title belongs therefore to the second period. A flag at the stern of the vessel occurs on the nnl.lcs and half-nobles of the last issue, but the more common type is without the flag. (For gold coins of Calais see No. 272.) 261. Half-Noble, '4M issue (1360-1369). Obv. QDW7XRD : DQI : 6 : RQX : fift<3L : D : hYB 5 AQT (stops, saltires). King crowned, standing in ship, &c., as on No. 259. Rev. DOJftlftQ - ftQ Ift FVRORQ TVO fiRGVTXS 5UQ (stops, saltires). Floriated cross within eight- arched tressure, etc., as on the preceding. A r l-05. Wt. 60-4. The half-noble of the third issue is similar in style and work to the noble of the same period. That struck between 1369-1377 omits tin- Aquitaine title, and may be distinguished from the 1351-1360 I ii -cos by the flag at the stern. EDWAED III. 49 262. Quarter-Noble, 2nd issue (1344). Obv. * QDW7XR' R6(X : fiftGL' : 5 : P i a te ix. FRfiftCC D' hYB'. Royal shield within six arched treasure, having a trefoil in each spandril. Rev. ^ : etXTXLTfiBITVR : in. : SLORIfi : (stops, saltires). Within eight arched tressure floriated cross with lis at end of each limb, and L (London) in centre ; in each angle, lion passant, guardant. A7 -8. Wt. 33-5. The quarter-nobles of the third issue, like the nobles, have an 6( in the centre of the cross on the reverse ; but those of the fourth issue have always an ornament annulet, pellet, quatrefoil, lis, &c. On quarter- nobles struck between 13511360 the name of France always appears in the legend : but on those issued subsequently (1360-1369 and 1369- 1377) both the titles of France and Aquitaine are omitted. 263. Groat, London (1360-1369). Obv. * QDWfiRD : D6(l : 6 : R6(X : SILVER. firi6L : DftS : hYB 5 fiQT (stops, annulets). Bust facing, crowned, within tressure of arches with trefoil at each angle. Rev. !< POSVI : DCXV5TI : fiDIVTORGUTl : m6V_C(IVITfiS LOI/1DOH (in two concentric circles; stops, saltires). Long cross patt6e dividing legends ; in each angle, three pellets. JBl-05. Wt. 70-5. The groats and half -groats, first issued in 1351, may also be divided into three periods on the same principles as the gold coins of the fourth issue (see No. 260). They show similar differences in the king's titles. They also correspond in the forms of the letters and the stops between the words, as well as in the workmanship. On the half -groats struck after 1369 the title of Aquitaine does not appear, and generally the groats of that date have only that of France. The type of these coins remained unchanged till the reign of Henry VII. During the present reign they were struck only at London and York. (For a full account of the classification of the silver coins of Edward III, see Num. Chron. 1898, pp. 8-72.) 264. Half-Groat, London (1351-1360). Obv. ^ 6DW7XRDVS R6X 5 FRfil/lC(l (stops, annulets). Bust facing, crowned, &c., as on the last. Eev. * POSVI DV fiDIVTORlv1_CIVITfiS LO M DO H (in two circles). Long cross pattee, &c., as on the last. JR '95. Wt. 34-3. This half -groat with open G'S and Roman M'S belongs to the earliest issue of 1351-1360. There are corresponding nobles, groats, and pennies. 265. Penny, London (1360-1369). Obv. * QDWTXRD : ARSL : R : DttS : hYB (stops, annulets). Bust facing, crowned. Rev. CXI VITAS LO ft DO ft (stop, saltire). Long cross patte, dividing legend ; in each angle, three pellets. M -7. Wt. 15-5. Struck also at Canterbury, Durham, Reading, and York. The pennies issued before 1351 can only be distinguished from those of previous reigns by slight differences in the bust, in the shape of the crown, which in most cases has a large lis in the centre, in the lettering, which is small, and in having stops generally between the words on the obv. The king's name is usually spelt "Edw"or " Edwa." The later pieces from 1351 have "Edward " or " Edwardus." (See p. 43.) 266. Halfpenny, London (1351-1360). Similar to the Penny, but reading on obv. SDWfiRDVS RSX fift (stops, annulets). M -6. Wt. 10-3. Struck also at Berwick, Canterbury, Reading, and York. The penny and halfpenny of Reading have an escallop in one angle of the E 50 ENGLISH COINS. plate i.\. cross instead of pellets. Others read " Edwardus Rex " or " Rex SII.VKH. A," and " Londoniensis " for " Civitas London." The halfpence and farthings, on account of their small size and few varieties, do not admit of such minute classification as the larger pieces. 267. Farthing. London. Obv. J SDWARDVS R6(X. Bust facing as on the Penny. Rev. ai VITAS LONDON. Long cross pattee and pellets as on the Penny. JR -5. Wt. 4-6. Struck also at York. The farthings show the same varieties of legends as the halfpence. <;<>u.. 268. ANGLO-GALLIC. Guiennois. Obv. 9D DSI : 6RA : RSX DftS : AQVITAftia F (stops, annulets). King in armour standing to r., beneath portico; in r. hand, sword; in 1., shield; at his feet, two leopards couchant, guardant. Ren. ^ 6LIA : in : QXa0LC(IS : DSO : ST : in,:T6(RRA : PAX : hO I BV (stops, annulets). Within tressure of arches, floriated cross ; in alternate angles, lis and leopard, tj !!. Wt. 59*2. Edward III was the first English king to strike gold coins for France. The letter F in the obverse legend may be for " Francie." As Edward did not assume the title of ''Lord of Aquitaine" till 1360, these coins were probably struck after that date. Some have in the field on the obverse the mint-letter ; as B (Bordeaux), L (Limoges), P (Poitiers) and R (Rochelle). This is the only gold coin with the mint-letters. 269. Leopard. Obv. * QDWARDVS : DQI : 6RA : ANSLia R6(X : (stops, quatrefoils). Within tressure of arches a leopard to 1., passant, guardant and crowned; quatrefoil in each spandril. Rev. * XPa : VinaiT : XPa : RaSNAT : XPa : IMPaRAT (stops, quatre- foils). Within ornamented quatrefoil floriated cross with leopard passant, guardant in each angle ; small quatrefoil in each spandril of large quatrefoil. jjl-15. Wt. 36-6. Struck about 1344. 270. Ecu or Chaise. Obv. ^ aDVVARDVS : D6(l 6RA A6L : R6(X (single stops, quatrefoils). Within tressure of arches, king seated facing on throne ; in r. hand, sword ; in 1., shield with arms of France. Rev. ^f xpa : yinaiT : xpa = RSSNTXT : xpa . IMPSRAT. within quatrefoil foliated at each angle, trefoiled cross with quatrefoil in centre and at end of each limb ; in each spandril, trefoil. M 1*2. Wt. 69-4. This coin was probably struck soon after 1337, as the king is styled King of France. The type was first used by Philip VI on his coins in 1336. 271. Mouton. Obv. * A6fl : D9I : QVI : TOLL' KWA : MVDI : MISQRS : NOB (stops, annulets). Within tressure of arches, the Agnus Dei to 1. ; below, QD YARD. Rev. * XPC( : VINCUT : XPa : R6K3NAT : XPa : I M P9RAT (stops, trefoils). Within ornamented quatrefoil with lis in each spandril, floriated cross with rose in centre and lis in each angle. AT 1-2. Wt. 71-0. This type first occurs on coins of Philip III of France (1270-1285). 272. Florin of Aquitaine. Obv. & S lOHANNSS B (crown before and after legend). St. John the Baptist standing, facing, r. hand raised ; staff in 1. Rev. * DVX : AQITARie(. Large fleur de lis. AT '85. Wt. 53-0. This is a direct copy of the fiorino d'oro first coined at Florence in 1252. This and the mouton were probably struck before 1337 as they do not bear the French title. EDWAED III. 51 The noble and half -noble were struck at Calais and are of the Plate ix. same type and legends as the English coins of those denominations, but they have the letter C( for Calais instead of 9 in the centre of the cross on the reverse. They are of the fourth issue, 1360-1369 and 1369-1377. Quarter-nobles, if any were struck, cannot be distinguished from the English pieces. 273. Denier of Aquitaine. Obv. * QDWARD' R9X AftSL'. Bust three- SILVER. quarters to 1., crowned ; below and in line of inscription, leopard passant to 1. Rev. ^ DVX AQVITAftieC. Cross pattee with quatrefoil at end of each limb, dividing legend ; in each angle, open crown, s. -75. Wt. 21-4. On account of their weight this and the next coin were probably the earliest Anglo-Gallic pieces of this reign. As such they would correspond to the English pennies of the first issue. 274. Demi-Denier of Aquitaine. Obv. ^ SOWAR D' x R9X AftSLI. Bust three-quarters to 1., as on the last. Rev. DVX AQVITARieC. Cross pattee, as on the last. JB -6. Wt. 8'7. 275. Double-Hardi of Bordeaux. Obv. ^ SDWARD DQI SRA R6(X A n,6 L I . Within tressure of arches, half-length figure of king to r. ; sword in r. hand; thel. raised. Rev. SLA Ifl flXSL DO - 6(T IN - T : RA PAX DftS AQVITAfliet (in two concentric circles). Long cross pattee dividing legends; in each angle, three pellets. M 1-05. Wt. 34 -4. Sometimes called a gros (see similar piece of Edward the Black Prince, No. 290). A variety has the bust on the obv. facing. 276. Hardi of Bordeaux. Obv. * QDWAR DGC SRA - R6(X AftSLIfl (stops, annulets). Half-length figure of king to r., as on the preceding, but no tressure. Rev. DftS AQITAftlS B (Bordeaux). Cross pattee dividing legend ; in each angle, three pellets. & -1. Wt. 15 '6. 277. Double of Bordeaux. Obv. * ai VITAS BVRD6(SALG(. Bust to L, crowned ; on either side, crown. Rev. SD' [R6X AITJSLI0;. Cross pattee dividing legend; crown and three pellets in alternate angles, st -85. Wt. 37-5. Supposed to be unique. The denier or sterling of Bordeaux has a crowned head facing, and on the rev. a cross cantoned with pellets (in two quarters), a lis and a crown ; legends as on the double. 278. Gros of Calais. Obv. * QDWARD : DQI : S : R9X : AHSL : DttS : hYB 5 AQT (stops, annulets). Bust facing, crowned, within tressure of arches, each terminating in a trefoil, except the lowest one which has an annulet. Rev. * POSVI DQVm : ADIVTORQm : 5Tie(V_VILLA - QALe(SlS (in two concentric circles; stops, saltires). Long cross pattae dividing legends ; in each angle, three pellets, s.1'05. Wt. 72-3. The silver coins and also the gold of Calais (see note No. 272), have always the same types as the English money. Those of silver were struck during 13601369, as they are similar to the English pieces with the Aquitaine title. 279. Demi-Gros of Calais. Obv. %* 9DWARDVS : RQX : ARXoL : DflS : hYB (stops, annulets). Bust facing, &c., as on the last. Rev. Similar to the Gros, but reading A D I VTO R6(. x. 85. Wt. 33-2. E 2 52 ENGLISH COINS. i-iiuix 280 Denier of Calais. Obv. ^ 8DW7XRD : AftGL : R : DRS : hYB (stops, annulets). Bust facing, crowned. Rev. VILLA cmLSSIQ. Long cross patt6e with three pellets in each angle. JR 7. Wt. 17 2. The demi-denier and the quart d'argent, i.e., halfpenny and farthing, do not appear to have been struck at Calais during this reign. 281. Gros Tournois of Aquitaine. Obv. * BnDICTTV : SIT : ftOma : DRI : n,R| : D _ J QD : R9X : A # n,6LI6( (in two concentric circles). Cross pattee in centre. Eev. DVX : AQITfi * ftlQ. Representation of a building, a triangular figure between two towers, &c. ; outside, ornamented border. jBl'l. Wt. 62-0. The gros and the demi-gros of this type occur in very base metal. 282. Demi-Gros Tournois of Aquitaine. Similar to the Gros in type and legends, but in two angles of the cross pattee on the obverse is a lis. M '9. Wt. 38-7. BILLON. 283. Double Tournois of Aquitaine. Obv. * EDVVAR[DVS REX]. A large crown in centre. Rev. [i JTlOftETjft DVPLEX. A cross calvary fleured. Bil. -8. Wt. 22-7. Of this coin there are several types. For these and other Anglo- Gallic silver and billon coins of this reign, see Lt.-Gen. Ainslie, Anglo- French Coinage, pis. iii-iv, nos. 20-37, and pi. vii, nos. 9295, and Poey d'Avant, Monnaies Feodales de France, vol. ii, pp. 87-103. Henry Duke of Lancaster, d. 1361. Henry Earl of Lancaster was the great-grandson of Henry III, and grandfather of Henry IV; created Earl of Derby 1338, and Duke of Lancaster 1352. For his successes in Guienne, Edward III granted to him and his heirs in 1345 the town of Bergerac, with the privilege of striking coins. These are in silver, the Denier, and in billon, the Gros, Demi-Gros and Denier. They all bear the mint-name of Bergerac. 284. Gros of Bergerac. Obv. * BftD. [SIT.] Rpmet. DRI. [BSRQDI]C(I_ ^* 9n : DftS : B Rfi6 1 1 9 (in two concentric circles). Cross calvary, limbs pattes. Rev. Leopard couchant to 1., guardant; above, LftRQfilieC : DVX in two lines ; outside, border of arches and trefoils. Bil. 1 0. Wt. 27 0. All the coins bear the mint-name of Bergerac and the early pieces give the title of " Comes." The types are copied from coins of Edward III. Others are similar to the denier of Bordeaux (No. 277 note), and to the gros and demi-gros tournois of Aquitaine (Nos. 281-2). Edward the Black Prince. 1330-1376. COINAGE. ANGLO-GALLIC. Gold. Noble, Guiennois, Leopard, Chaise, Demi-Chaise, Hardi d'Or, and Royal d'Or. Silver. Gros, Demi-Gros, Hardi d' Argent, and Denier. Billon. Double and Denier. Edward the Black Prince was granted by his father, Edward III, the Duchy of Aquitaine in 1362, which was erected into a principality. His coins are all subsequent to that date. His mints are Agen, Bordeaux, Fontenoy or Figeac, La Rochelle or La Reole, Limoges or EDWAED THE BLACK PRINCE. 53 Lectoure, Poitiers, and Tarbes ; the initials of which places generally occur on the coins. The gold is 23J carats fine to carat alloy, and the silver 9 parts fine to 3 parts alloy. 285. Guiennois of Bordeaux. Obv. QD' P' 6ftS' RG((3IS RftGLIS P'in,C(PS Plate x. RQITAftlQ. Full length figure of the Prince in armour, standing to r., GOLD. under a Gothic canopy ; in r. hand, sword ; in 1., shield ; beneath, two leopards, couchant. Rev. * QUA : 111 SXOetLSIS : DSO : 6(T !ft : TRA : PAX : hO5UI ni BVS (stops, quatrefoils). Within tressure of arches, floriated cross ; in centre, B (Bordeaux) ; lis and leopard in alternate angles. A; 1 '2. Wt. 56 '3. The Guiennois appears to have been struck only at Bordeaux. The types of the Black Prince's coins are copied either from those of his father or from French contemporary money. The noble, of which only one specimen is known, is of the same type as the English coin of that denomination, but it has on the obv. the legend as on the Guiennois above. 286. Leopard. Obv. ^ SD' : PmO' : SflS : RQSIS : RQITKftlS (stops, quatrefoils). Leopard passant to 1., guardant, crowned, within tressure of arches ; quatrefoil at each point and in each spandril. Rev. * XPa : VinaiT :: XPC( : RS6NAT : XPC( : IMPSRST (stops, quatrefoils). Floriated cross within ornamented quatrefoil, with small quatrefoil in each spandril ; in centre of cross, compartment with six roundels; in each angle, leopard passant, guardant. & 1'15. Wt. 53-6. Like Edward Ill's type. It is uncertain at which mint this coin was struck. 287. Chaise of Bordeaux. Obv. * 3D' - 6flS R6K3IS filKoLIQ PrtS - fiQITRftiet . (stops, roses). The Prince in armour, robed and crowned with roses ; seated facing on throne ; in r. hand, sceptre. Rev. %* DSVS IVpe(X IVSTVS FORTIS 5 PfiCXianS B (Bordeaux; stops, roses). Within ornamented quatrefoil with cinquefoil in each spandril, cross collarino, floriated, centre voided and containing cinquefoil ; lis and leopard in alternate angles. AI 1-05. Wt. 51-3. Struck at Bordeaux and Tarbes. The demi-chaise is of similar type but smaller. 288. Hardi d'Or of Limoges. Obv. * 3D' PO' SRS - R6CSIS P IT, S flQ V I ' (stop s, rosettes) . Half-length figure of the Prince facing, robed and wearing bonnet, within tressure of arches ; in r. hand, sword ; 1. raised. Rev. * : ffVXILIVm mam IK DOminO L : (Limoges; single stops, roses). Within tressure of arches, cross collarino, quernee, with quatrefoil in centre ; lis and leopard in alternate angles. A7 1*1. Wt. 61 '8. Struck also at Bordeaux and La Rochelle or La Reole. A variety shows the prince wearing a wreath of roses. 289. Royal d'Or of Bordeaux. Obv. SD : PO : SflS : RQG fiftSL : PftC(PS : "A (stops, roses). The Prince, robed, standing facing, under a Gothic portico ; in r. hand, sword ; 1. raised ; beneath his feet, two leopards couchant, and at each side ostrich plume ; on either side of portico, tressure of arches. , Rev. * DHS : 7XIVTO : 5 : PTSaTO : JTIQ : 5 : IIPO : SP7WI : QOR : JTIGWSR : B : (Bordeaux ; stops, roses). Within ornamented quatre- foil with trefoil in each spandril, cross collarino, querne'e, centre voided and containing cinquefoil; lis and leopard in alternate angles. AT' 1*25. Wt. 83-0. Struck also at La Rochelle (or La Reole), Limoges, Poitiers, and Tarbes. This beautiful coin was only issued by Edward the Black 54 ENGLISH COINS. 1'iati- \. Prince. It does not occur before or after in the Anglo-Gallic series. It is commonly called the pavilion or pavilion ; but the coin of that denomination in the French series shows the king seated in a tent. The type is taken from coins of Philip VI of France. The plumes on the obv. were the badge of the Prince. SILVER. 290. Gros of Agen. Obv. * GDWfiRDVS : PRI5TIO : 6RS : R6(GIS ft (Agen ; stops, annulets). Half-length figure of the Prince to r., within tressure of arches; in r. hand, sword ; 1. raised. Rev. 6LITC : IP, QXQQLSIS DSO : 0CT in TRA : PfiX_PRinae(PS TXQITTmifl (in two concentric circles; stops, annulets). Long cross pattee dividing legends ; in each angle, three pellets. JRI'1. Wt. 67-5. The silver coins were struck at all the mints ; but the billon only at Bordeaux, Fontenoy or Figeac, and Poitiers. The types are all taken from Edward Ill's coins. 291. Demi-Gros of Agen. Obv. * : 3D : PO : 6H.S : RS6IS : finSLia : A (Agen; stops, annulets). Half-length figure of the Prince as on the last. Rev. 6Llfi : 111 Xaed-CClS DQO : Q in TRfi : Pfi_PRnC(PS fiQITfin : (in two concentric circles ; stops, annulets). Long cross patt6e as on the last, ji -95. Wt. 31-6. 292. Denier of Tarbes. Obv. ^ : Q.D : PO : SnS : R6(SIS : T (Tarbes; stops, annulets). Half-length figure of the Prince, as No. 290, but no tressure of arches. Rev. PRnQPS AQITRn (stops, annulets). Same as No. 290. & -75. Wt. 18-4. 293. Hardi d'Argent of Poitiers. Obv. SD PO SSnT RSCI fiSlfl . Half-length figure of the Prince, facing, beneath canopy, robed and wearing chaplet; in r. hand, sword; 1. raised. Rev. PRnCXPS AQPITTW. Long cross patte; leopard and lis in alternate angles, zj -8. Wt. 16-8. The small p after 7XQ on the reverse is the initial letter of Poitiers. BILLON. 294. Denier of Bordeaux. Obv. ^ ED 1 PRIJUO : GEniTVS (stops, annulets). Leopard to 1., couchant, guardant; below B (Bordeaux). Rev. % PRin- aEPS : AQITfiniE (stops, annulets). Cross pattee. Bil. '75. Wt. 12-4. A variety of the denier has on the obverse a cross with a lis and a leopard in the alternate angles (see No. 307). The double has a crown above TCQITfilQ on the obverse, and a cross calvary fleury on the reverse. These and the above give all the types of Edward the Black Prince's coins. Richard II. 1377-1399. COINAGE. Gold. Noble, Half-Noble, and Quarter-Noble. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. The coinage, gold and silver, of Richard II is of precisely the same denominations, types, weights, and standard of fineness as the last issue of Edward III ; the only difference being in the name of the monarch. The gold coins are of the Tower mint only, but the silver were struck at Durham, London, and York. ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. Gold. Hardi d'Or and Demi-Hardi d'Or. Stiver. Double-Hardi d'Argent and Hardi d'Argent. Billon. Denier. The only ascertained mint is that of Bordeaux, and there are no coins, either of gold or silver, struck at Calais of the English type. The gold is 23J carats fine to j carat alloy, and the silver 9 parts fine to 3 parts alloy, as the coinage of Edward the Black Prince. RICHAED II. 55 295. Noble. Obv. RIC(ARD' D6U : 6RA' - RSX : AnSL' DnS' hIB' Plate x. X AQT (stops, saltires). King standing in ship as on No. 259 ; but three COLD. ropes from stern and one from prow; and at stern, flag. Rev. <^* lhC( : Avreun : TRAnsisns : PQR : mecoiv : iLLORvm : IBAT (stops, saltires). Floriated cross within tressure of arches, &c., as on No. 259 ; but in central compartment of cross, R for RIC(ARDVS. AT 1'35. Wt. 118-6. Varieties of the noble as well as of the half -noble (see No. 296), are without the flag at the stern. Others, struck from old dies of Edward III, have the letter e( in the centre of the cross on the reverse instead of R. The only mint-mark on all the coins, gold and silver, of this reign is the cross pattee. 296. Half-Noble. Obv. RIC(ARD' D : 6 : R(X : 7XR6L' X F : D : hIB' X AO (stops, saltires). Same as the Noble, but no flag at the stern of the vessel. Rev. * DOminS : R6( : in : FVRORS : TVO : AR6VAS : JUS (stops, saltires). Same as the Noble, u 1'05. Wt. 60-1. 297. Quarter-Noble. Obv. * RIC(ARD' D6U : 6RA : R3X : AnSL' (stops, saltires). Royal shield within arched tressure with trefoils at angles. Rev. * (JXALTABITVR : in : GLORIA (stops, saltires). Floriated cross within arched tressure, lis at end of each limb and in centre ; in each angle, lion passant, guardant. AT '8. Wt. 29-2. This is the type of the quarter-noble of the third and fourth issues of Edward III (see No. 262). Of each denomination of the gold coins there are numerous varieties of readings in the legends. 298. Groat. London. Obv. ^ RIC(ARD' Dl : <3RA : RSX : ~M16L' X SILVKR. FRANQ' (stops, saltires). Bust of king facing, crowned, within arched tressure. Rev. * POSVI D6[Vm : ADIVTOR6(m : me(V. 01 VITAS LOW DOM (in two concentric circles; stops, saltires). Long cross pattee with pellets. * 1-0. Wt. GO-: 4 . Groats and half-groats were struck in London only. The legends on the silver coins, like those on the gold, vary. 299. Half-Groat. London. Same as the preceding ; but the legend on the obv. reads * RICXARD' Dl : 6RA : RSX : AnSLI6(. JR '9. Wt. 35'7. 300. Penny. York. Obv. >k RICXARDVS : RSX : AnGLiet (stops, saltires). Bust facing, crowned. Rev. CUVITAS SBORACd. Long cross pattee with quatrefoil in centre and three pellets in each angle. 2R -1. Wt. 16-3. Struck also at Durham and London ; but on these there is no quatrefoil in the centre of the cross on the reverse. 301. Halfpenny. London. Similar to the Penny ; but no quatrefoil in centre of cross and reading on the obv. RIC(ARD' RQX l\fl<3 ; and on the rev. aiVITAS LOnDOn. M -55. Wt. 9'6. Halfpence and farthings are of London only. On the pence and halfpence there are many private marks such as a lis, a saltire, a cross, or a quatrefoil on the breast ; and additional pellets in the angles of the cross on the reverse. These show various issues and take the place of the changing mint-marks, which occur in later reigns. 302. Farthing. London. Same as the Halfpenny, but reading on the obv. f RiaARD' - RQX AnSL. a* -45. Wt. 3'5. A variety has roses instead of pellets on the reverse. 5(> ENGLISH COINS. Plate x 303. ANGLO-GALLIC. Hardi d'Or of Bordeaux. Obv. 3* RIC(flRD' : D : SRZf : GOLD ^ SL ' Q : FRACOQ : D : flQITffft. Within tressure of arches, each terminating in a roundel, half-length figure of the king facing, robed and crowned; in r. hand, sword; 1. raised. Rev, ^ ZWXILIVJTl mQVJTl A DOftiinO B (Bordeaux; stops, roses). Within arched tressure, each arch terminating in a roundel, a cross collarino, quern6e, with quatrefoil in centre; lis and leopard in alternate angles. AT I'l. Wt. 57 '7. The gold coins, of which there are only two denominations, appear to have been struck at Bordeaux only. The types of Richard's coins are similar to those of his father, Edward the Black Prince. 304. Demi-Hardi d'Or. Obv. RICXfiRD : RX : 7m6LI6( : FR7YC(I. Similar to the Hardi d'Or, but bust only showing, no sword or hands. Rev. * TWXILIVm : me(Vm : A : DOmin. Cross collarino, &c. } as on the preceding, but no arched tressure. A; 75. Wt. 29 0. A variety has the letter B at the end of the rev. legend, which shows that these coins also were struck at Bordeaux. SILVKR. 305. Double-Hardi d' Argent. Obv. RICXfiRDVS : RQX : TmSLIS. Half-length figure of the king facing, robed and crowned, beneath canopy ; in r. hand, sword; 1. raised. Rev. FR7\n,C(ia . DftS TXQVITfimS. Cross pattee dividing legend, lis and leopard in alternate angles, zi '95. Wt. 30 '0. This and the next coin are frequently called billon money ; but the analysis shows that they are to be classed amongst the silver. No mint-letter or name occurs on them ; but from their type they are pro- bably of Bordeaux. 306. Hardi d' Argent. Same as the preceding, but reading on obv. RIQfiR R fiRGLia; and on rev. FRTXaiS DflS 7XQI. JR -75. Wt. 11-7. BILLON. 307. Denier. Obv. ^ RICXfiRD RX TXnGLIS FR7\ai6(. Cross with lis and leopard in alternate angles. Rev. J DOJUIRVS fiOITfirUS. Crosspattee. Bil. '7. Wt. 14-3. A variety has a cross on the obv. and a leopard passant on the rev. ; and the legends RICARDVS RX 7m<3L and DVX Henry IV. 1399-1413. COINAGE. Gold. Noble, Half-Noble, and Quarter-Noble. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. There were two issues of gold and silver money during this reign. They are known as the heavy and light coinages, and each consists of all the denominations in both metals. Of the first issue the noble weighed 120 grs., and the penny 18 grs., as in the previous reign ; and of the second issue they weighed 108 grs. and 15 grs. respectively. The fineness in both metals is as Edward Ill's money ; and the mints as in the previous reign. ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. Gold. Hardi d'Or. Silver. Double-Hardi d'Argent, Hardi d'Argent, and Gros Tournois. Billon. Denier. As in the reign of Richard II, the only mint which can be identified is Bordeaux, and there are still no coins which can be classed to Calais. The gold is of the same standard of fineness as in the last reign, but the silver is 7 parts fine to 5 parts alloy. HENEY IV. 57 308. Noble. Heavy coinage. Obv. hQnRICC Dl' - 6R7V RSX : fiNGU - Plate x. X FRfinCC DftS' , hIB S 7\Q (stops, saltires). King standing in GoLD- ship as on No. 259 ; but the French arms on the shield are represented by three lis only ; four ropes from, stern of vessel and one from prow. Rev. k ma 1 . Twreun : TRTxnsisns : PSR : msoiv : ILLORVJU : IBTXT (stops, saltires). Floriated cross within tressure of arches, &c., as on No. 259; but in central compartment of cross h for h(HRIC(VS. A7 1'35. Wt. 118-8grs. On other nobles of the heavy coinage there are three ropes and a flag at the stern of the vessel. The only half-noble of this issue known has a crown, for mint-mark. This sign also occurs on a noble of the same period, but not as a mint-mark. Nobles, half -nobles, and quarter-nobles of the light coinage, besides being distinguishable by their weight, have generally a trefoil slipped, or an annulet in the field on the obv. or rev., i.e., on the ship, or in one angle of the cross. In both series the number of lis in the French arms varies ; being either three, or more than three, i.e. seme de lis. On nobles and half-nobles of the light money, however, only three lis are found. 309. Quarter-Noble. Light coinage. Obv. * hHRiaVS : D : 6RA : R6(X : 7\n,(3L (stops, saltires). Royal shield within arched tressure as on No. 297; but arms of France sewd de lis. Eev. >%* QXfiLTfiBITVR : in : GLORIA : (stops, saltires). Floriated cross, &c., as on No. 297. AI '75. Wt. 18-8. The quarter-noble of the first issue is of the usual type, but it has a crescent above the shield which is seme de lis and a pellet in the centre of the reverse. A variety without crescent and with three lis has a crown for mint-mark (see the preceding and No. 340, note). Only a few specimens are known. Others of the light coinage have three lis in the arms and vary in the legends. 310. Groat. London. Light coinage. Obv. >fr hetRRICC D9I : GR7V - *ILVER. R6(X : 7Xn,SLie( (stops, saltires). Bust facing, crowned, within arched tressure ; pellet to 1., and annulet to r. of head. Rev. * POSVI DSVni : ADIVTORetm : me(V __ ai VITAS LOU DOM (in two circles; stops, saltires). Long cross pattee with pellets. M 1-05. Wt. 59 -0. Groats and half-groats of both coinages are of London only. On those of the second the old English n is sometimes found in the mint-name. They are also to be distinguished from the earlier pieces by pellets, annulets, trefoils, *fec., in the field on the obverse. The bust on the early coinage bears a very strong resemblance to that of Richard II. Only one specimen of the groat, and two of the half-groat of the first issue are known. 311. Penny. Durham. Light coinage. Obv. * hSflRiaVS : RSX (stops, saltires). Bust facing, crowned ; on breast, cross. Rev. QIVITfiS DVnVia. Cross pattee with pellets in angles. JR -7. Wt. 10'3. The usual reading of this mint is " Dunolm." The mints of the smaller coins are : pennies, heavy coinage, London and York ; light coinage, Durham, London, and York; halfpence and farthings of both issues, London only. Like the groats, the smaller pieces of the second issue can be distinguished by the presence of pellets, annulets or mullets in the obv. field, as well as by their weight. On the farthings of both issues the king's head only is shown, without 58 ENGLISH COINS. Plate x. shoulders. One specimen only of each is known. The only mint- SILVKI: marks during this reign are the cross pattoe and the crown for gold, and the cross pattee for sih r er. 312. ANGLO-GALLIC. Double-Hardi d'Argent. Obv. QRRIQVS RQX 7\n,SLI6( (stops, roses). Half-length figure facing, crowned, under canopy; sword in r. hand; 1. raised. Bev. FRTXOdQ DRS fiQITfiRIQ. Long cross pattee ; leopard and lis in alternate angles. M '95. Wt. 26*5. The hardi d'or, of which there is no specimen in the National Collection, is of two types or varieties of types : (1) crowned half-length figure of king facing, holding sword, between a leopard and a lis ; rev. floriated cross with lis and leopard in alternate angles, XPC( VI ROUT, &c. ; (2) similar, but leopard and wild boar on shoulders of figure ; and on the reverse the legend reads TWXILIVJTl m9Vm A DOttllRO, B (Bordeaux). The types of the silver coins are similar to those of the preceding reign. Plate xi 313. Hardi d'Argent. Same as the preceding, but reading on obv. QRRICX R 7\6LIS; and on ret'. FRfiCUQ DRS 7\QI. JR -75. Chipped. The gros tournois is of three types or varieties : (1) bust facing crowned ; rev. castle, within tressure, name and titles of king on both sides ; (2) cross and legend in two circles, aiT ROmQR, &c., and SRI R6(X fiR6Lie( ; rev. crowned leopard, DVX AQVITfiRIS; (3) same, but with rev. leopard on castle. They are generally called " gros Bordelais." r.ii.i.i.v 314. Denier. Obv. >%* hQRRIQ RQX AR6LIQ (stops, roses). Cross with leopard and lis in alternate angles. Bev. ^ FR7\RC(ie( D TXQITfiRIQ (stops, roses). Cross pattee. Bil. -7. Wt. 18-8. Varieties have leopard and cross, or cross and leopard, or branch and cross with leopard and lis in alternate angles, for obv. and rev. types. Henry V. 1413-1422. COINAGE. Gold. Noble, Half-Noble, and Quarter-Noble. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. No change took place either in the denominations, types, weights or fineness of the coins of this reign as compared with those of the second issue of the previous one. The gold pieces may however be distinguished by the occurrence of certain marks or signs, which are generally found in the field of the coin either on the obverse or reverse, or on both sides. Thus on the noble there is a mullet, an annulet, or a lis, above or below the sword-arm of the king, and a quatrefoil in one angle of the cross on the reverse. The mullet and lis occur above the shield on the half-noble, and at the side or above the shield on the quarter-noble. Other marks are the annulet or broken annulet, which is placed on the ship on the nobles and half-nobles, and at the sides of the shield on the quarter- nobles. The mint-mark is a plain or pierced cross, and the French arms are represented by three lis only, never seme de lis. The silver HENRY V. 59 coins are of three classes, distinguished as follows : (1) those with egg- Plate xi. shaped swelling on neck ; (2) those with egg-shaped swelling on neck and mullet on breast or shoulder ; and (3) those without the mullet on breast, and with annulets between the pellets on the reverse, and in the legends. Other marks are the broken annulet, cross, mullet, star, or pellet. These occur on the half-groats and smaller coins and are placed at the sides of the crown. On the earlier pieces the mint-mark is a cross pattee, but on the later ones a plain or pierced cross. Gold coins still continued to be struck at the Tower mint only ; and those of silver are of Durham, London and York. ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. Gold. Mouton d'Or or Aignel, and Salute. Silver. Gros, Demi-Gros, Denier, Demi-Denier, and Quart d'Argent. Billon. Double Tournois and Denier Tournois. The Aquitaine coinage appears to have ceased with the last reign. The attributed mints of Henry "V, with their marks, are Rouen (leopard), and St. L6 (lis). The Calais coins are, as before, after the English pattern. The line- ness of the gold appears to have been 22 parts fine and 2 parts alloy, and that of the silver, exclusive of the Calais coins, 7 parts fine and 5 parts alloy. 315. Noble. Obv. haftRICC Dl' 6R7V RSX fiRSL' 5 FRfiRCC GOLD. DnS : hYB (stops, saltires). King standing in ship as on No. 308; but the ship has one rope from prow and two from stern, and in front a broken annulet; mullet near king's sword-band. Eev. # lhC( 7XVT6WTI : TRfiRSIQllS : P3R : mQDIV ILLORV IB7TT (stops, saltires). Floriated cross witbin tressure of arcbes as on No. 308, with hi in centre of cross, and pellet behind lion in first quarter and quatrefoil before lion in the second one. AT 1-25. Wt. 107-2. The nobles only vary in the position and nature of the marks in the field, in the mint-mark, and in the number of ropes at the stern and prow of the vessel. None are known with the flag at the stern. 31G. Half-Noble. Obv. hSftRiq' Dl GRfi - R6(X fiftGL' 5 FR' D' hYB (stops, saltires). King standing in sbip as on the preceding, but two ropes from prow and tbree from stern ; mullet over sbield. Rev. ^ poming na in, FVRORS TVO ARCV^S ma (stops, saltires). Floriated cross as on the preceding ; but broken annulet above lion in second quarter; no other marks. A7 1*0. Wt. 51'0. The marks are varied as on the nobles : also the number of ropes at the stern and prow of the vessel. 317. Quarter-Noble. Obv. fc hSriRia' RQX - AH6L' 5 FR7WCX (stops, saltires). Eoyal shield within arched tressure similar to No. 309, but annulets at angles, three lis in French arms ; above, lis ; on r., mullet ; on 1., trefoil. Eev. fc QXC(VLTABITVR : IP, : GLORIA (stops, saltires). Floriated cross with lis in centre, &c., similar to No. 309. Af '75. Wt. 27-0. " Excultabitur " is a blunder for " exaltabitur." The marks vary as on the nobles, but they occur on the obverse only. All the quarter- nobles of Henry IV-VI have a lis in the centre of the cross on the reverse. 60 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xi. 318. Groat. London. Early issue. Obv. * hgnRIGC DP <3RA' - RSX : .SILVEB AflCLIGC 5 : FRAflC( (stops, saltires). Bust facing, crowned, within arched tressure ; egg-shaped swelling on neck. Ecv. *i* POSVI D6CVITI : ADIVTOR6C - me(Vm __ a I VITAS LOnDOn : (in two circles; stops, saltires). Long cross pattee with pellets in angles, si I' 05. Wt. 59*4. Struck only in London. Pieces of the second issue, as stated above, have a mullet on the shoulder. Those without a mullet, but with annulets between the pellets on the reverse, are often classed to Henry VI, but their issue was begun by Henry V. The York groats, half-groats, &c., of this class are usually assigned to Henry VI. 319. Half-Groat. London. Second issue. Obv. hQftRia' Dl' 6R7V RQX AftGLIQ 5 FR (stops, saltires). Bust of king, similar to the last, but mullet on breast and broken annulet to 1. of crown. Eev. POSVI DQVm ADIVTORa' CTieC __ C(l VITAS - LOnDOn (in two circles; stops, saltires). Long cross patt6e as on the last. 2& -85. Wt. 28*0. Struck only in London. The earlier pieces are like the groats with the egg-shaped swelling on the neck ; the latest are of the annulet series. 320. Penny. London. Annulet issue. Obv. hQftRIC(VS ": RSX : AR6LIS (stops, saltires). Bust facing, crowned ; mullet to 1. of crown. Eev. Q I VITAS LOriDOn. Long cross pattee with pellets in angles ; in two of which they are joined by an annulet. JR '1. Wt. 14 '8. Struck also at Durham and York. On the earlier pennies and halfpence the egg-shaped swelling on the neck is scarcely perceptible ; but they can easily be distinguished by the broken annulet, mullet or pellet at the sides of the crown. 321. Halfpenny. London. Annulet issue. Similar to the Penny, but reading on obv. <& hEnRIGC : RQX : AF16L ; annulet on each side of crown; and none in pellets on the reverse. & '55. Wt. 7 '6. Varieties of this issue have the annulets on the reverse or a trefoil and an annulet at the sides of the crown. The early pieces have broken annulets at the sides of the crown or head. Halfpence and farthings are of London only. 322. Farthing. London. Obv. * hSriRICC : RSX - Afl6L (stops, saltires). Bust facing, crowned. Ecv. (XI VITAS LOnDOFl. Long cross pattee with pellets. & -35. Wt. 3-3. The absence of any special marks and their rarity render it impossible to separate the issues of the farthings. GOLD. 323. ANGLO-GALLIC. Mouton d'Or. Obv. ^ ASft : DSI : OVI TOLL : PQGA : mVDI MISS noeiS (stops, annulets). Within tressure of arches, the Agnus Dei to 1. ; below, h F RX. Rev. ^ XPCX VINCUT XPO - RS6NAT XPCX IMPSRAT (stops, cinquefoils). Within ornamented quatrefoil with lis in each spandril, floriated cross with lis and leopard in alternate angles; in centre, cinquefoil. A; -95. Wt. 39-2. Only three specimens of this coin are known. There is a variety which has the staff of the banner ending in a lozenge and three Q's, and on the reverse a lis in each angle of the cross. The legends are the same. The salute of Henry V is similar to No. 343, but varies in having on the obverse one shield instead of two before the Virgin and 61 the Angel. Only three specimens are known, one of which has lately Plate XL been acquired for the National Collection. On account of the absence of mint-marks on most of the coins their locality of issue cannot be identified. 324. Gros of Calais. Obv. $ hQflRia' - Dl' GR7V . R6(X - 7WGLie( . 5 SILVER. FRAflCC (stops, saltires). Bust of king, facing, crowned, within arched tressure ; annulet at each side of neck. Rev. & POSVI D6(VJTi : ADIVTOR6C . mSVm __ VILLA : cmiJSia : (in two circles; stops, annulet and saltires) . Long cross pattee with pellets ; annulet between pellets in two quarters. jRl-I. Wt. 59 '6. As in the reign of Edward III the Calais silver coins are of the same types, denominations, &c., as the English money. This series corre- sponds in date to the annulet coinage of the English money. It was therefore issued somewhat late in the reign. The pieces of the various denominations only vary in the legends and stops. No gold was struck at Calais in this reign. 325. Demi-Gros of Calais. Similar to the Gros ; but the legends read, obv. * hQftRICT Dl' 6R7V RQX firiSLieC 5 F (stops, saltires); and rev. POSVI DSVIU : ADIVTORS' m -_VILLfi : CXfiLIS' : (stops, annulet and saltires). M -9. Wt. 25 '5. 326. Denier of Calais. Obv. fc hSflRiaVS : R6(X : 7m6LI6( (stops, saltires). Bust facing, crowned, annulet at each side of neck. Rev. VILLA : C(ALIS : (stops, saltires). Long cross pattee with pellets and annulets, as on No. 324. M "1. Wt. 15-0. 327. Demi-Denier of Calais. Same as the Denier, but the obv. legend reads hSiiRicr . Recx : TSHSL' M -6. wt. 7-1. 328. Quart d' Argent of Calais. Same as the Demi-Denier; but no annulets between the pellets on the reverse. 2R "45. Wt. 3'8. 329. Gros d'Argent. Obv. * h j RSX : Kl/IGLIS : 5 j hSRlECS : FRKH- GI(J. Leopard passant to 1., guardant, crowned ; above, two lis surmounted by crown; below, lis. Rev. * SIT : n,OSTie(n : DOMim : BQU9- DiaTVm. Cross fleury ; h in centre. M 1-05. Wt. 42-2. By an ordinance dated at Gisors 25 Sept. 1419, Henry directed that all his coins should be distinguished by the letter h in the centre of the cross on the reverse : and the title of Heres was inserted in con- formity of the treaty of Troyes in 1420. A variety has on the obv. three lis surmounted by a crown and with supporters, two leopards r and on the rev. a cross fleury with crown and leopard in two angles : legends same. Another variety of the gros with this reverse has for the obv. three lis surmounted by a crown. These last having no letter on the cross were struck before 1419. 330. Double Tournois. Obv. * h j R6(X | KI/I6L : hQRQS | FRSHCX. BILLON. Leopard passant to 1., guardant, and crowned; above, lis. Rev. *fr SIT flOJTlQ Dni j B9l/I6(DICn~V. Cross pattee; in centre, quatrefoil with open trefoil at each angle and enclosing h. Bil. '9. Wt. 33'0. The denier tournois has a leopard passant on obv. and a cross pattee with TVROFIVS CXI VIS on rev. 62 ENGLISH COINS. Henry VI. 1422-1461 ; restored 1470-1471. pi.-it i- xi. COINAGE. Gold. Noble, Half-Noble, Quarter-Noble, Angel, and Half- Angel. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. The coinage of Henry VI is of two periods, namely, that struck before his deposition in 1461, and that during his short restoration in 1470-71. The former is known as the " heavy money " : the latter as the " light money." Period I. (1422-1461). The gold coins are of four series or issues, distinguished by certain marks or series of marks which are usually found between the words of the legends. Their order is : annulet (noble, half, and quarter-noble) ; rosette or rosette and mascle (noble, half, and quarter-noble) ; pine-cone or pine-cone and mascle (noble) ; and trefoil (noble, half, and quarter-noble). The silver coins may be similarly arranged into six series, alike distinguished by similar marks in the legends, &c. Their order is : annulet, rosette and mascle, pine-cone and mascle, pine-cone and trefoil, pine-cone and pellet, and cross and pellet. These marks appear on all the denominations except the farthing. The weight, fineness, and mints of both gold and silver are as during the last reign. Period II. (1470-1471). The denominations of this period are in Gold, the angel and half-angel; and in Silver, the groat, half-groat, penny, and halfpenny. The weight of the angel was 80 grs., and that of the penny 12 grs. as Edward IV's money (see descriptions). ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. Gold. Noble, Half-Noble, Salute, Angelot, and Franc a Cheval. Silver. Gros, Demi-Gros, Denier, Demi-Denier, and Quart d'Argent (Calais) ; Grand-Blanc, and Petit or Demi-Blanc. Billon. Denier Parisis, Denier Tournois, Obole, Double, and Triple. The attributed mints of Henry VI, with their marks are : Amiens (Agnus Dei), Auxerre (mill-rind or/er demoulin), Chalons-sur-Marne (crescent), Dijon (St. Veronica), Le Mans (root), Nevers (star), Paris (crown), Rouen (leopard), St. Lo (lis), St. Quentin (mullet), and Troyes (rose). The Calais coins in gold and silver remained of the same type, weight, &c., as the English money. The fineness of the gold was 23J pure to ^ alloy, and that of the silver 7 parts pure to 5 parts alloy. The Anglo-Gallic series belongs to the first period. Heavy Money (1422-1461). GOLD. 331. Noble. Trefoil coinage. Obv. heCRRICT Dl' <3RA' R8X - 7m6L' 5 FRARCC DftS' hYB' (stops, lis and trefoils). King standing in ship as on No. 308 ; but the ship has one rope from prow and two from stern ; annulet at king's wrist ; lis above stern of vessel. Rev. I hCX TWT TRTmsians PGR metpivm ILLORV IBKT (stops, mullet and annulets) ; m. m. lis. Floriated cross within tressure of arches, as on No. 308 ; but in spandril of one arch, annulet. A7 1*35. Wt. 107 -4. The nobles and the half and quarter-nobles of the various series or issues only differ in the marks as given above, annulets, rosettes, &c. Varieties of the noble have a flag at the stern of the vessel. The gold coins correspond to the first four series of the silver coins. The mint- marks are on the 1st issue a pierced cross, on the 2nd a plain cross or lis, and on the 3rd and 4th, a lis only. HENRY VI. 63 332. Half-Noble. Trefoil coinage. Same as the Noble but the legend on the obv. pj a te xi. ends at FRAHCf; and that on the rev, reads DOflllftet net Ift - FVROR6C - TVO - AR6VAS MS (stops, mullet and annulets) ; w.m.lis. Afl-05. Wt. 53-3. The flag also occurs on the half -nobles. 333. Quarter-Noble. Trefoil coinage. Obv. hSnRICC Dl' 6RA' R9X - AftGL' (stops, lis and trefoils); m. m. lis. Royal shield within arched tressure similar to No. 317, but trefoils at angles, lis above shield, and no marks at sides. Rev. 8XALTABITVR in 6 LOR I A (stops, mullet and annulet) ; w. m. lis. Floriated cross with lis in centre, &c., similar to No. 317. AT -75. Wt. 26-7. 334. Groat. London. Bosette-mascle coinage. Obv. $ h6(HRIC( Dl 6RA R6(X SILVER. AlKoU 5 FRAftd (stops, mascle and rosettes). Bust of king facing, crowned, within arched tressure. Rev. + POSVI DSViTl : ADIVTOR6C JneCVJTC QIVITAS LORDOn (in two circles; stops, rosettes, mascles and saltires). Long cross pattee with pellets. JR 1'05. Wt. 57-0. Groats and half-groats were struck at London and York only ; those of the latter place are of the annulet or first issue only and have a lis on each side of the king's neck on the obverse. For the succession of the marks on the silver coins, see above. The mint-marks are on the earlier issues the cross pierced or plain cross, and on the later ones the cross patonce. 335. Half-Groat. London. Pine-cone and mascle coinage. Obv. Dl - (3RA R9X Aft6L 5 F (stops, pine-cones, mascles and saltires) ; m. m. cross patonce. Bust facing as on the Groat. Rev. + POSVI Dsvm : ADiVTORet : mecvm_c(i VITAS . Lonoori (in two circles ; stops, mascle and pine-cones). Long cross pattee as on the Groat. JR -85. Wt. 27 -5. 336. Penny. London. Cross and pellet coinage. Obv. hSnxRICC R9X A US LI (stops, trefoil and mascles); m. m. cross patonce. Bust of king facing, crowned ; cross on breast and pellet at each side of crown. Rev. C(l VITAS LOftDOn, : (stops, saltires). Long cross pattee with [pellets ; a fourth pellet occurs in two angles. M '15. Wt. 13 -5. Struck also at Durham and York. Pennies exist of all the issues at each mint. The Durham coins bear the special marks of the bishops : thus, mullet for Langley, interlaced rings for Neville, and B for Booth. Those of York with a quatrefoil in the centre of the cross the reverse probably belong to the mint of the archbishops. . Halfpenny. London. Rosette-mascle coinage. Similar to the Penny, but reading AftSL, and stops between legends on both sides, rosettes and mascles; no extra pellets on reverse. M '55. Wt. 8'0. Halfpence and farthings are of London and York only. Half- pence of York are only known of the annulet and the pine-cone and pellet coinages. Those of London are of all six series. 338. Farthing. London. Obv. + hQRRId RQX AftSL. Bust of king, facing, crowned. Rev. Q I VITAS LO ft DO ft. Long cross pattee with pellets. m -45. Wt. 6-4. As this coin has no peculiar marks it belongs to one of the earlier issues. Others of London are of the pine-cone mascle, pine-cone pellet, and cross and pellet coinages. 64 ENGLISH COINS. Light Money (1470-1471). Plate xi. 339. Angel. Obv. hQHRiaVS Dl GRfi . RQX 7W6L X (stops, trefoils). The Archangel, St. Michael, standing, facing, on the dragon, which he pierces with his spear. Rev. * P6(R . aRVS6( TVfi SfiLVfi flOS XPCX RQDQT (stops, trefoils). Ship to r., with mast in form of cross surmounted by top-castle ; in front of mast, shield with arms ; at sides of mast, h and lis. A? 1-15. Wt. 79*3. During his short restoration, 1470-1471, Henry struck gold and silver coins of the same denominations and standard, as were then current. The angel, which appears to have been first issued by Edward IV about 1470 (see No. 357) was current for 6s. and Sd. and weighed 80 grs. Those of Henry VI were struck at London and Bristol, the latter being distinguished by having the letter B on the ship. 340. Half-Angel. Obv. h^RICC DQI GRfi RSX AnSL X FR (stops, trefoils). The Archangel, St. Michael, &c., as on the Angel. Rev. O CRVX 7WQ SP6(S V .-. RlCm : (stops, trefoils); m. m. lis. Ship to r., similar to the Angel. tJ '85. Wt. 36-1. Struck at London only. The only gold coins of this period are the angel and half-angel. The quarter-noble with the mint-mark, a crown, which is given to this period of Henry's reign, is a very doubtful attribution (see Kenyon, Gold Coins of England, p. 54). If Henry had struck any other gold coins than the angel and half-angel, he would have adopted the types and standard then in use. It probably belongs to the first issue of Henry IV. SILVKK. 341. Groat. London. Obv. $ hSnBiqV Dl GBfi BQX TyftGL' . X FBTXftG (stops, saltires). Bust of king, facing, crowned, within arched tressure. Rev. * POSVI DSVfll 7\DIVTOBe(' JTie(Vm_aiVIT7XS LOnDOn (in two circles ; lis after DSVJTl). Long cross pattee with pellets. jKl-0. Wt. 42-5. A peculiarity very marked of the silver coins of the restoration is that the letter R is often written as B. This is found occasionally on the gold pieces. Groats were struck at London, Bristol, and York ; half-groats and pennies at London and York ; and halfpence at London only. The groats of Bristol and York have a B or an Q on the king's breast. 342. Half-Groat. London. Same as the Groat, hut reading FR for FBAHC( : the letter R is correctly written throughout. , j* -75. Wt. 23 -7. The York half-groat has a lis for mint-mark and the letter Q on the king's breast. The York penny has the letter 6 (for Abp. George Neville) and a key at the sides of the neck. Both the penny and halfpenny have generally B's for R's in the legends. Plate xii. 343. ANGLO-GALLIC. Salute of St. L6. Obv. h6(l/1RIC(VS : DQI : 6RE : <;UM.. FRSaORV : 5 : K6LIS : RQX ; m. m. lis. An angel saluting the Virgin, type of the Annunciation ; between them on scroll KVQ ; in front, two shields, one with arms of France, the other with those of England Rev xpcr-vinaiT xpa RQSMST XPCC . impaRKT (stops, muiiets) ; m. m. lis. Cross calvary within arched tressure ; at sides, leopard and lis ; below, h. vl-l. Wt. 53-0. The names of the salute and angelot are derived from their types. It is said that Henry V adopted this type so that his coinage should HENRY VI. G5 have a distinct difference from that of the French monarch. The mint-marks as given above are all found on the salute, except those of GOLD - Chalons, Nevers, and St. Quentin. These however occur on silver coins. 314. Angelot of Paris. Obv. hQNRiaVS : FRKNCCORy : 6(T : KNSLIQ : RQX ; m. m. crown. Angel facing, holding shields of France and England. Rev. XPC( : VINaiT : XPC( : RQ6NST : XPC( : IHlPe(RKT ; m. m. crown. Cross calvary between lis and leopard. *J '9. Wt. 35 '8. The aiigelot appears to have been first struck in 1427. The mint- marks are varied as 011 the salute, but the series is not so complete. The " Franc a cheval " has on the obv. the king on horseback holding sword ; around, his name ; and on the rev. a floriated cross within a ijuatrefoil ; around, XPCX : VlftCUT, &c. This coin is only known from illustrations ; no specimen having been met with in recent years. It is aid to have been issued in 1423. 345. Gros of Calais. Rosette-mascle coinage. Obv. hGCRRICC Dl' (3RA SILVER. R6(X AH6L' X FR7\riC( (stops, mascle and rosettes); m. m. cross patonce. Bust of king facing, crowned, within arched tressure. Rev. + POSVI - Dewn : ADIVTORGC . mavm VIL-LA : a^Lisis (in two circles; stops, mascles, rosettes and saltires). Long cross patt6e with pellets, zil'05. Wt. 58-5. The Calais money in gold and silver is, as before, of the same types, denominations and standard as the English money. The nobles and half-nobles are distinguished by having the letter (X instead of h in the centre of the cross on the reverse. They are with and without the flag at the stern of the ship. There are no quarter-nobles. The silver coins bear the same distinguishing marks as the English ones; but they belong only to the annulet (or annulet-trefoil and annulet- rosette), rosette-mascle, and pine-cone-mascle series. The marks of the Later issues do not occur, so that the Calais silver coinage must have )me to an end about the middle of Henry's reign. The nobles and lalf-nobles are of the trefoil coinage only. Their issue therefore did lot commence till after that of the silver had ceased. 16. Demi-Gros of Calais. Rosette-mascle coinage. Same as the Gros, but reading F for FRAftC(; stops, same. M '85. Wt. 27-6. 17. Denier of Calais. Rosette-mascle coinage. Obv. h9n,RIC(VS RQX AflSLIfl (stops, rosette and mascle); m. m. cross patonce. Bust of king facing, crowned. Rev. VILLA : QALIS' (stops, saltires and rosette). Long cross pattee with pellets. JR -7. Wt. 14-4. M8. Demi-Denier of Calais. Rosette-mascle coinage. Similar to the Penny ; but the obv. legend reads + h6(n,RIC(' R9X AftGL (stops, rosette and mascle). 2R -55. Wt. 8-0. 319. Quart d' Argent of Calais. Rosette-mascle coinage. Same type and legends as the Demi-Denier, .at -4. Wt. 3-6. The quart d'argent appears to be only known of this issue. 350. Grand Blanc of Bouen. Obv. FREMCXORVm : GO" j l/IGLie( : RQX ; m. m. leopard. Above shields of France and England, h&RIQVS. Rev. SIT ; HOme(H ; Dill : Bed/lSDiarV; m. m. leopard. Cross calvary between lis and leopard, and above h6(RIC(VS. JR !!. Wt. 48-3. The grand blanc and petit blanc were current for ten and five deniers respectively. The grand blanc was first ordered to be struck F 66 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xii. at Paris in 1422, and they are sometimes of such base metal that they SILVER, are classed with the billon series. 351. Petit Blanc of Paris. Obv. hQNRICCVS RSX ; m. m. crown. Shields of France and England, side by side. Rev. SIT : FlOCTiet : DHI : BQNQDIQTV; m. m. crown. Cross calvary between h R. M '9. Wt. 23-1. The petit blanc was not issued till 1423. These and the gros blanc.s appear to have been struck at all the mints. BILLON. 352. Denier Parisis. Obv. FRECXORV -Z K6L' RQX. Crown above hfiRI. Rev. PKRISIVS CdVIS (stop, rosette); m. m. crown. Cross pattee, ends fleured. Bil. -85. Wt. 14-0. A variety has a lis and a lion under the king's name. 353. Denier Tournois of Auxerre. Obv. hQNRICXVS o RQX ; m. m. millrind. Fleur de lis before leopard passant. Rev. TVRONVS o FRKNGIg; m. in. millrind. Cross pattee. Bil. -75. Wt. 14-7. The mint-mark shows that this piece was struck at Auxerre. The obole or denier has on the obv. a cross pattee above a leopard, and on the rev. a cross pattee above a lis, and the legend OBOLVS CUVIS- The triple has for type two shields surmounted by a crown and on the rev. a cross between a lis and a leopard, TVRONVS TRIPLEX FRKNQ : and the double, a lis, and on the rev. a cross fleury, TVRONVS DVPLQX. With the exception of a few groats struck by Henry VIII (see Nos. 439-440), the Anglo-Gallic series virtually came to an end during this reign. Edward IV. 1461-1483. COINAGE. Gold. Noble, Hose Noble or Ryal, Half-Rose Noble, Quarter-Rose Noble, Angel, and Half-Angel. Silver. Groat, Half- Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. Gold. Three: 1st issue (1464?), Noble. 2nd issue (1465-1470), Rose Noble or Ryal, Half-Rose Noble, Quarter-Rose Noble, and Angel. 3rd issue (1471-1483), Angel and Half-Angel. Silver. Two: 1st issue (1461-1464), Groat, Half -Groat, Penny, Half- penny, and Farthing; heavy coinage. 2nd issue (1464-1483), same denominations ; light coinage. The weight of the noble was 108 grs. as during the previous reign ; that of the rose noble 120 grs. ; and that of the angel 80 grs. In the silver coinage the penny of the first issue was 15 grs. and that of the second issue 12 grs. The other denominations in gold and silver were in proportion. No change took place in the fineness of the metals ; the gold being at 23 carats 3^ grs. fine to \ gr. alloy, and the silver 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine to 18 dwts. alloy. For the mints see the descriptions. 'I'-i-i-. 354. Rose Noble. Obv. EDWARD' Dl . (3R7V RQX 7\n6L' X FRfirta' DRS' -IB' - (stops, lis and trefoils); m. m. lis. King standing, facing in ship, holding sword and shield, as on the Noble ; one rope from prow and three from stern ; full-blown rose on side of ship, and at stern flag with letter Q. licv. IhCT - 7WT - TRTWSISnS : P6(R mSDIVm : ILLORVHl . I BAT (stops, trefoils) ; m. m. sun. Within arched tressure EDWABD IV. 67 with trefoil in each spandril, floriated cross with rose on sun in centre and Plate xii. lion surmounted by crown in each angle. A7 1'4. Wt. 119-4. GOLD. The -rose noble, first struck in 1465, is so-called on account of the rose, which is stamped on both sides. There is a considerable variation in the mint-marks, which show the different issues (see note, No. 359 and Appendix A), and from which it would appear that no rose nobles, half-rose nobles, or quarter-rose nobles were struck after 1470. The rose and sun were the badges of Edward IV. Hitherto gold coins had been struck at the Tower only. Edward extended their issue to several of the local mints. These coins are distinguished by the initial letters of the towns which are placed under the ship; thus, B (Bristol), (X (Coventry), Q (York = Eboracum), and n. (Norwich). These letters are found on rose nobles and half -rose nobles, but not on quarter-rose nobles. The weight of the rose noble being 120 grs., its current value, in accordance with the reduced standard of the silver money of 1 464, was 1 Os. This coin was much imitated in the Low Countries. These copies can be easily distinguished by their coarse style of work. The noble of the first issue was of precisely the same type as that previously struck ; but as its current value was fixed at 8s. 4d., instead of 6s. $d. as formerly, it was probably not issued before 1464, when the change occurred in the weight of the silver money. No half-nobles or quarter-nobles of this issue are known, and of the nobles only two specimens have been identified. These have a lis mint-mark and on the reverse the letter 9 in the centre of the cross is struck over h showing that an old die of Henry VI had been used. 355. Half -Rose Noble* Obv. eCDWARD' . Dl 6RK RQX . 7\n,SL' X FRfiftQ (stops, trefoils). King in ship, &c., as on the Rose Noble. Rev. oomiria : us in. FVRORQ TVO : KRGVAS met (stops, trefoils); m. m. crown. Floriated cross within arched tressure, &c., as on the Rose Noble. A? 1-1. Wt. 59-0. 356. Quarter-Rose Noble. Obv. QDWfiRD . Dl SRft : R6(X 7WGLOR - (stops, lis and trefoils) ; m. m. rose. Within quatrefoil shield between sun and rose ; above, Q ; below, lis ; trefoil in each spandril. Rev. aXTXLTTXBITVR : Ift : 6LORIA 0(11 (stops, trefoils) ; m. m. sun. Within arched tressure floriated cross with rose on sun in centre ; lion in each angle. AT -85. Wt. 29 -3. The earliest issue of this coin varies slightly in having on the obverse a tressure of eight arches instead of a quatrefoil. The meaning of the letters an, in the reverse legend of the above piece is uncertain. They can scarcely refer to Coventry. Similar pieces with the lis mint-mark on both sides are supposed to have been struck at York, of which mint this is a common mark. As the gold coinage was a very large one, there are numerous small varieties of each denomination. 357. Angel. Obv. 6(DW7\RD' . D6(l : 6R7V : RQX ARSL X FRTmCX (stops, saltires) ; m. m. cinquefoil pierced. The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon as on No. 339. Rev. PSR (XRVCXemi TV A' -SfiLVfi ftOS - XPOC ReCDQmPT (stops, saltires); m. m. cinquefoil pierced. Ship to r. as on No. 339 ; but 6( and rose at sides of mast. A/ I'l. Wt. 79 '7. The angel, though ordered to be struck in 1465, when the change took place in the other gold coins, was probably, from its mint-marks, F 2 68 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xii. not actually issued much before 1470. It weighed 80 grs. and was GOLD. current for 6s. 8d., the original value of the noble. The above type is that used from 1471. Those issued before that date vary in having sun-rays above the mast, which has no top-castle, and at the sides sun and rose, or rose and sun. On the earlier angels of 1471 a sun instead of a rose is found at the side of the mast. It is an intermediate type. The only provincial mint which struck angels was Bristol. Those have a B under the ship, and are subsequent to 1471. 358. Half-Angel. Obv. O CCRVX . AV3 SPSS Vn.lC(A (stops, trefoils). The Archangel, St. Michael, &c., as on the preceding. Rev. QDWARD' Dl 6RA' R8X An,<3L' X FRA Ship to r., as on the preceding. v -85. Wt. 39-7. The transposition of the obv. and rev. legends is an unusual variety. The half-angels all belong to the period from 1471, and none were struck at the provincial mints. SILVER. 359. Groat. London. Heavy coiiiage. Obv. QDWARD' Dl 6RA RSX AM6L' X FRAn,C(' (stops, saltires) ; m. ?n. rose pierced. Bust of king, facing, crowned, within arched tressure ; crescent on breast ; quatrefoil on each side of neck. Rev. POSVI D6(Vm : ADIVTORe(' me(Vm_. QIVITAS LOnDOn (in two circles; stops, saltires); m. m. rose pierced. Long crosspattee with pellets. JBl'15. Wt. 58 -5. The types of the silver coins of the heavy and light issues are the same. They vary chiefly in the weight and mint-marks. Groats of the first coinage were struck in London only, and those of the second at Bristol, Coventry, London, Norwich and York. The local issues have the initial of the mint on the king's breast. The use of the changing mint-mark, to note the various issues, was first generally adopted during this reign, and continued down to the time of Charles I. From these it is possible to ascertain the sequence of the issues both in gold and silver. This sequence on the groats of Edward IV appears to have been : heavy coinage, cross (patonce or plain) and rose pierced ; light coinage, rose pierced, sun, crown, cross fitchee, annulet, cross pierced, cross and pellets, annulet enclosing pellet, cross pierced or plain with one pellet, plain cross, and cinquefoil. On the later pieces a sun or a rose, or both, occur in the legends. Besides these there are numerous marks in the field of the coins which also connect the issues. 3GO. Half-Groat. London. Heavy coinage. Obv. QDWARD' Dl' <3RA' R0X AfKoL' X FRA (stops, saltires) ; m. m. plain cross. Bust of king as on the preceding ; but lis on breast and pellet at each side of crown. Rev. Similar type and legends as on the Groat ; m. m. plain cross. JR -9. Wt. 29-0. Struck at the same mints as the groats and also at Canterbury. The heavy pieces are of London only. Some struck at Canterbury and York bear the private marks of the archbishops as on the pennies (see next coin). 361. Penny. London. Light coinage. Obv. 3DWARD' DQI 6RA' Aft6; in. in. cinquefoil. Bust facing, .crowned. Rev. QIVITAS LOnDOn. Cross pattee with pellets. at -65. Wt. 12-4. Pennies of the heavy coinage have been attributed to Durham and York ; those of the light are of Bristol, Canterbury, Durham, London and > EDWARD IV. 69 York. The coins of the ecclesiastical mints often bear the private mark Plate xii. or initial of the prelate by whom they were struck ; thus, the knot for SILVER. Abp. Bourchier (Canterbury), B for Booth, and D for Dudley (Durham), and G for George Neville, B for Booth and T or R for Rotherham (York). 3G2. Halfpenny. London. Liylt coinage. Same as the Penny, but legend on obv. QDWARD' - Dl 6R7V R(X ft; quatrefoil at each side of neck, and m. m. cinquefoil on obv. M '6. Wt. 8'0. Heavy halfpence were struck in London only, and the light ones at Bristol, Canterbury, Durham, London and York. The light halfpence often exceed their legal weight. 363. Farthing. London. Heavy coinage. Same as the Penny, but legend on obv. SDWfiRD' : RflX : 7Xn6L; m. m. plain cross on obv. zi -4. Wt. 3-3. Farthings are of both coinages, but of London only. Edward V. 1483. COINAGE. Gold. Angel and Half -Angel. Silver. Groat. ISSUES, etc. The coins of Edward V, which are limited to three denominations, two in gold and one in silver, are precisely similar to those of his father, and can only be identified by their mint-marks, a rose and a sun united or a boar's head. The former was the well- known cognisance of Edward IV (see the rose noble), and the boar's head the badge of the Protector, Richard III. The weight and fine- were the same as Edward IVs coinage. Angel. Obv. SDWfiRD' Dl - 6R7V R6(X 7\n.6L' - X FRTmCX :: GOLD (stops, saltires) ; m. m. boar's head. The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon as on No. 357. Rev. P8R (XRVaeUTl TVA SfiLVfi ROS XPO(' RetDQHlP' : (stops, saltires) ; m. m. rose and sun united. Ship to r., &c., as on No. 357. AT 1-1. Wt. 78-2. A variety has the mint-mark, rose and sun united on both sides. lese coins are very rare. Half-Angel. Obv. etDWfiRD 1 Dl' 6RA R3X fiflS (stops, saltires); m. m. rose and sun united. The Archangel, St. Michael, &c., as on the preceding. Rev. : O : C(RVX : 7W9 : SPSS : VPUC^ : (stops, saltires) ; TO. m. as on obv. Ship to r. &c., as on the preceding. A? -75. Wt. 38'1. No half-angels of Edward V are known with the boar's head mint- mark. All the gold coins were struck at the Tower. . Groat. London. Obv. 6CDW7XRD' - Dl' <3R7V RSX 7SRSL X SILVER. FRfiRCC (stops, saltires) ; m. TO. boar's head. Bust of king, facing, crowned, within arched tressure ; pellet below bust. Rev. POSVI DSVJft : fiDIVTORet meCVm_aiVITES LOnDOn (in two circles; stops, saltires) ; m. TO. rose and sun united. Long cross pattee with pellets. jRl-05. Wt. 42-8. Struck in London only. Varieties have for mint-marks the rose and sun united, or the boar's head only on both sides ; and a further variety of each of these issues has a pellet under the king's bust. 70 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xii. Richard III. 1483-1485. COINAGE. Gold. Angel and Half- Angel. Silver. Groat, Half -Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. ISSUES, &c. No change took place in the coinage of this short reign. The types are the same as those of the two preceding ones, and the coins are of the same weight and fineness. The denomina- tions in gold were limited to the angel and half -angel, and in the silver no farthings have hitherto been recognised. Richard used the same mint-marks, a rose and a sun united and a boar's head, as his nephew. They are found on all his coins except the pennies struck at Durham. The gold coins are of the Tower mint only, but those of silver are of Durham, London and York. OOLI)> 367. Angel. Obv. RlflARD Dl <3Rfi R9X TWSL . X - FRTXRd : (stops, saltires) ; m. m. rose and sun united. The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon, &c., as on No. 357. Rev. PflR QRVCCQ TVfi SALVfi ROS XPC( RSDeUUPT (stops, saltires); m.m. as on obv. Ship to r., &c., as on No. 357 ; but R and rose at sides of mast. A T 1-1. Wt. 78 '5. Richard's early angels were struck from altered dies of Edward V. On some, Edward's name is left, and only the letter 6( changed into R in the field on the reverse. On others the first three letters "Ric" have been substituted for " Edw." Varieties have for mint-marks the united rose and sun and boar's head on opposite sides, or the boar's head on both sides. 368. Half-Angel. Obv. RIC(fiRD Dl - GR7\ RQX APXoL (stops, saltires); m. m. boar's head. Same type as the Angel. Rev. O QRVX 7W8 SPSS VniC(fi (stops, sa-ltires);m. m. asonofev. Same type as the Angel. A: -8. Wt. 38-8. The half-angel also has the mint-mark, rose and sun united, on both sides. The two mint-marks, however, are not found on the same piece. Plate xiii. 369. Groat. London. Obv. RltfARD' Dl' 6R7T - R6[X SILVER. FR7\n,C( (stops, saltires) ; m. m. boar's head. Bust facing, crowned, within arched tressure. Rev. POSVI DaV5U : fiDIVTORS' mavm __ (XIVITffS LOnDOn, (in two circles; stops, saltires); m. m. rose and sun united. Long cross pattee with pellets. JR 1*05. Wt. 46 '5. Struck also at York, but with mint-mark rose and sun only. The mint-marks vary on the London pieces as on the angels. A unique variety in the National Collection has an arched crown, as in Henry VII's second issue, and a rose on the king's breast. It is of coarse work, and not above suspicion. 370. Half-Groat. London. Same as the Groat, but reading FR for FRfiRCX; no stops after words on either side, and m. m. rose and sun united on obv. and rev. JR -75. Wt. 16 -5. Half-groats are only known of London, with the exception of one of Canterbury, which having blundered legends may be a contemporary forgery. Some have the mint-mark a boar's head on the obv. only and none on the rev. EICHAED III. 71 371. Penny. York. Obv. RIC(fiRD Dl 6RA R9X fiRS; m. m. boar's head. Plate xiii Bust facing, crowned; T (Thomas Rotherham) and key at sides of neck, siivrr Rev. QIVITfiS QBORfiCU. Long cross pattee with pellets in angles and quatrefoil in centre. 2B -65. Wt. 11-5. Struck also at London and Durham ; that of London being unique. It has for mint-mark the boar's head. Varieties of the York pennies have the mint-marks, a rose and sun united or a rose with T and key at sides of king's neck. The Durham pieces have for mint-mark a lis, S for Bishop Sherwood on breast, and D in centre of cross on reverse. 372. Halfpenny. London. Obv. RIC(fiRD Dl GRfi ; m. m. rose and sun united. Bust facing, crowned. Rev. C(IVIT7\S LOMDOn. Long cross pattee with pellets. JR -5. Wt. 6 -3. These coins are only known of London and of the above mint-mark. Henry VII. 1485-1509. COINAGE. Gold. Ryal or Noble, Sovereign, Angel, and Half -Angel. Silver. Shilling, Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. Gold. Two : 1st issue (1485), Ryal, Angel, and Half- Angel. 2nd issue (1489), Sovereign or Double Ryal, Angel, and Half- Angel. Silver. Three : 1st issue (1485), Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny with front face and open crown. 2nd issue (1489 ?), Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing with front face and arched crown. 3rd issue (1504), Shilling, Groat, Half-Groat, with profile crowned bust, and Penny, sovereign type. The gold coins were of the same weight, fineness and current values as those of the second issue of Edward IV ; but the sovereign, which weighed 240 grs., was current at 20s. The silver money remained throughout at 12 grs. to the penny, as fixed in 1464 (see under Edward IV), and no change occurred in the fineness. Two new denominations were struck by Henry VII, viz., the sovereign in gold and the shilling in silver. The gold coins still continued to be issued from the Tower mint only, and the silver from Canterbury, Durham, London, and York. 373. Ryal. Obv. hG(n,Ria Dl - 6R2C R6(X JKriSL X FRffnGC GOLD. DftS IBZfR (stops, trefoils). King wearing arched crown and holding sword and shield, standing, facing in ship with two ropes from prow and three from stern ; flag with h at prow and another with dragon at stern t Rev. mcx avTecm TRansians . PSR msoiv - ILLORV - I BZTT (stops, trefoils) ; m. m. cross fitchee. Small shield with arms of France only on double rose and within arched tressure with trefoil at each arch and in each spandril. AT 1-45. Wt. 118 '4. Of this coin only three specimens are known. The ryal was equivalent to half the sovereign so may have been known by that name, as half-sovereigns are mentioned in late charters of this reign. All the known specimens bear the mint-mark a cross fitchee, which 72 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xiii. only occurs on silver coins of the first issue, i.e. with the king wearing GOLD, an open crown. It is therefore probable that none were struck after 1489. 374. Sovereign. 4th type. Obv. K6NRICVS : DGI : SRACIA RGX - AN6LI6 : T : FrtANCI : DNS : IBAR (stops, cinquefoils) ; in. m. dragon. King enthroned, facing, holding sceptre and orb ; the throne has a high canopy on each side of the king's head, and on arms a greyhound and a dragon ; the field of the coin is scmt dc Us. Rev. I K6SVS AVT6M - TRANSI6NS : PR : M6DIVM ILLORVM : IBAT :: (stops, cinque- foils) ; in. m. dragon. Shield with arms of France and England quarterly on large double rose within arched treasure ; a lion and a lis alternately in the arches, v 1 6. Wt. 239-1. This handsome gold coin was first struck in 1489. It weighed 240 grs., or double that of the ryal or noble, and was current for 20s. There are four series or distinct varieties of this coin, which can be identified by changes chiefly in the obv. type as follows : (1) king seated on throne with concave back ; on rev. large crowned shield on rose, no tressure ; (2) similar, but back of throne straight and not so> high, and field chequered and covered with lis ; on rev. small shield, not crowned, on rose within tressure ; (3) similar to type 2, but canopy of three arches above throne and field on obv. not chequered ; and (4) similar, but the throne has no arch over the king's head, the back is high, and on the arms at the sides are a greyhound and a dragon. This seems to have been the order of issue. 375. Angel. 1st issue. Obv. x hQRRICX Dl 6RA RSX 7W6L . Z - FRAftCX DFIS x (stops, trefoils). The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon as on No. 339, his left foot only on the beast. Rev. Ihd - TWTec TRAnsians . PSR mecoiv ILORV . (stops, trefoils), ship to r., as on No. 339 ; but h and rose at sides of mast, jj I'l. Wt. 79 '9. The angels and half -angels of the first and second issues differ in the position of the Archangel ; in the former he has only only one foot on the dragon, but in the latter both feet. This change probably took place in 1489. The more common reverse legend is as that on the next coin, but both legends occur in each series. 376. Angel. 2nd issue. Obv. hERRIcr Dl' 6R7V - RX l\n<3L Z - FRT^n (stops, rosettes) ; m. m. escallop. Same as the preceding, but the Archangel has both feet on the dragon and his body is slightly turned away from it. Rev. PR - (XRVaGM TVfi . SfiLVfi - ROS XP - RGD6M (stops, rosettes); m. m. as on obv. Same type as the preceding. A71-05. Wt. 77-7. The mint-marks on these coins are numerous and appear to fall into the same order as those on the silver coins (see Appendix A). 377. Half-Angel. 2nd issue. Obv. hetnRICC : Dl' : 6R7T : RSX Z (stops, saltires) ; m. m. pheon. The Archangel as on the preceding. Rev. O : CXRVX : TWfl : SPSS : VniC(fi . (stops, saltires); m. in. as on obv. Same type as the Angel (No. 375). jv -85. Wt. 38 '7. Only one specimen of the half-angel of the first issue is known. It is of the same type as the angel, and it has for mint-mark the rose and sun united on both sides as on coins of Edward V and Richard III. HENEY VII. 73 378. Groat. London. 1st issue. Obv. hSRRiaVS - Dfll 6RZf RQX - Plate xiii ftFNoL S FR : (stops, saltires) ; m. m. cross fitchee. Bust facing, SILVER. wearing open crown, within arched tressure ; cross at each side of neck. Rev. +POSVI DQVm EDIVTORS me(Vm_aiVITBS LOftDOn (in two circles). Long cross pattee with pellets. M 1*0. Wt. 38'3. Groats of this issue are only known of London. Each of the three issues of the silver money is marked by a change of type. On the first issue the king's bust is facing and he wears an open crown ; on the second issue the bust is also facing but the crown is arched ; and on the third issue the king's bust is in profile, and on the reverse, instead of the usual cross pattee and pellets, there is a shield on a cross fourchee. This change of reverse type was gradual, as in the second issue the cross fourchee was substituted for the cross pattee. An exception occurs in the obverse type of the pennies, which is known as the "sovereign type" (see No. 391). For reasons stated below (see No. 385) it is very probable that this new type had already been partly introduced during the period of the second issue. The groats and half-groats of the first and second issues bear many small marks showing differing series, and throughout the whole coinage the mint-marks are very numerous. For ' their probable sequence see Appendix A. 379. Half-Groat. Canterbury. 1st issue. Obv. hSnRIC( Dl 6Rfi - R6(X 7\nSL X FR7X (stops, trefoils) ; m. m. ton. Same type as the Groat and with cross at each side of the king's neck. Eev. POSVI D6CVJTI fiDIVTORS mavm CUVITAS CmnTOR (stop, Eye of Providence). Same type as the Groat ; but with fll (Abp. Morton) in centre of cross. A\ ' 8. Wt. 23-8. Struck also at London and York. Archbishop Morton, who struck this coin, held the see of Canterbury from 1487-1500. The m. m. ton is a rebus on the name of Morton. Penny. Canterbury. 1st issue. Obv. hSRRia [Dl <3R7\] R8X ATK3L ; m. m. ton. Bust facing, crowned, with cross at each side of neck. .Bey. CU VITAS GAP-TOR. Long cross pattee with pellets; JTl (Morton) in centre. JR 6. Broken. Struck also at Durham, London, and York. The Durham pieces have an S (for Bp. Sherwood) on the king's breast. Those of London can be identified by the mint-mark, a rose and lis united ; whilst those of York have the letter T (for Thomas Rotherham, 1480-1 500) and a key, or two T's, or T and a lis, or T and a trefoil at each side of neck. Some have also the letter h or a quatrefoil in the centre of the cross on the reverse. 1. Halfpenny. London. 1st issue. Obv. hQRRICC [Dl <3RA] RQX ; m. m. lis on rose. Bust facing, with open crown. Rev. GIVITAS LOftDOft. Long cross pattee with pellets. M '45. Wt. 4 -4. Struck also at Canterbury with mint-mark ton. Pennies and halfpence of this issue are very scarce, and no farthings have hitherto been identified. 382. Groat. London. 2nd issue. Obv. heCRRIC(' Dl' - GR7V j RQX : A6L' Z FR' (stops, saltires) ; m. in. heraldic cinquefoil. Bust facing, wearing arched crown ; around, tressure of arches ; annulet at each side of neck. Rev. POSVI DflV ADIVTO6C me(V_ai VITAS LOftDOn. (in two circles). Long cross fourch6e with pellets in angles. 2R 1*1. Wt. 46-3. Only struck in London. On the earlier pieces of this issue the ai : 74 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xiii. arches of the crown are plain ; but on the later ones they are SILVER, ornamented. The cross fourchee on the reverse is the first attempt at a departure from the stereotyped form of the cross pattee which had been in continuous use since the reign of Edward I. 383. Portcullis Groat. London. 2nd issue. Obv. hQRRICX Dl R0X ZfftSL X FRftnCC (stops, trefoils); m. m. cross. Bust with arched crown, similar to the preceding. Rev. POSVI D8VJTI TSDIVTORS iTieCVfll _ CdVITZtS LOnDOn (in two circles; stops, trefoils) ; m. m. lis. Long cross fourchee with portcullis in centre. JR I'O. Pierced. As only one other specimen of this variety is known, it may be a pattern. It belongs to the early period of this issue as the arches of the crown are plain. The portcullis was the badge of the Beaufort family. 384. Half-Groat. Canterbury. 2nd issue. Similar to the Groat No. 382 ; but F for FR and mint, QIVIT7XS CtAFlTOR : in. m. ton, and no stops between words. JR -75. Wt.20-3. Struck by Abp. Morton ; some having the letter jn in the centre of the reverse as on No. 379. Half -groats were also struck at London and York ; those of York have generally a key on each side of the neck. Some early half-groats of this issue have the crown breaking the tressure and not arched. They are sometimes classed to the previous issue. 385. Penny. Canterbury. 2nd issue. Obv. hSftRICC Dl' 6R7V RQX 7\n.6 , m. m. ton. Bust facing, with arched crown. Rev. CUVITAS CXT^RTOR; m. m. as on obv. Long cross fourchee with pellets. M '65. Wt. 10 -0. Pennies of this type are only known of Canterbury, and they all have the mint-mark ton (for Morton). From this circumstance and the occurrence of early mint-marks it is conjectured that the "sovereign type " (see No. 391) was introduced at this period : otherwise there are no pennies of the second issue which can be classed to London and York. 386. Halfpenny. London. 2nd issue. Same as the Penny, but legend on rev. CUVITAS LOftDOn. : in. m. cinquefoil on obv. xt -55. Wt. 6-0. Struck also at Canterbury and York ; on some of the latter there is a key under the king's bust. 387. Farthing. 2nd issue. Similar to the Halfpenny, but the cross on the reverse is pattee ; legends obliterated, zi -45. Wt. 3-0. This attribution is doubtful. Farthings are only known of London. They are very rare. 388. Shilling. London. 3rd issue. Obv. h^RRICC SQPTim 1 Dl' (3R7V - RSX 7\a<3L' Z FR' (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. Bust of king in profile to r., draped and wearing arched crown ; around, double circle, inner- one plain. Rev. POSVI DQVm 7XDIVTOR9' mavm (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. The royal shield within double circle as on obv. upon a cross fourchee with lis or trefoil in each fork. M I' 15. Wt. 141-3. This is the first issue of the shilling in the English coinage, and also the first instance, except in the reign of Henry III, in which the numeral or number occurs after the king's name. The reverse type is ,-dso new for the larger coins (see Nos. 389 and 390); the shield occupying the place of the pellets and the name of the mint being dis- continued. For the first time also we have a genuine portrait, and one which is executed with considerable skill. Varieties have the numerals HENRY VII. 75 VII after the king's name, or are without these or SQPTim. The Plate xiii shilling was current for twelve pence, and its full weight was 144 grs. SILVER. 389. Groat. London. 3rd issue. Obv. hSriRia' : VII' DP 6R7V RSX - 1\<3L' Z FR' (stops, saltires) ; m. m. cross crosslet. Bust of king, similar to the preceding, but only one circle. Rev. POSVI D6CV : fiDIVTORGC : JYl&V (stops, saltires); m. m. as on obv. The royal shield 011 cross fourchee. ^1-05. Wt. 45-0. The groat like the shilling occurs also without the numerals after the king's name. They also read SQPTIJTI. Both the shillings and groats of this issue appear to have been struck in London only. None bear any mint-name or special local mint-mark. 390. Half-Groat. London. 3rd issue. Similar to the Groat, but FR in obv. legend omitted, and m. m. lis on both sides. JR "8. Wt. 22 '3. Struck also at York ; these may be distinguished by having two keys below the shield on the reverse, and the mint-mark a martlet or a rose. 391. Penny. Durham. 3rd issue. Obv. hSRRia D <3RA R8X A. Full length figure of the king seated facing on throne and holding sceptre and orb. Rev. CUVITfiS DIRhAJTl. Royal shield on cross fourchee ; at sides, D S (Dunolmeiisis Senhouse). JR -65. Wt. 11-2. Struck also at London and York. This type is known as the " sovereign type." It only occurred once previously in the English coinage, viz., in the reign of Edward the Confessor (see No. 189), and only survived to the reign of Edward VI. William Senhouse was Bp. of Durham, 1502-1507. Other pennies of Durham bear the initials B D or D B probably of Christopher Bainbridge, . 1507-1509, the successor of Senhouse. The York pennies have two keys under the shield, whilst those of London can only be distinguished by small varieties from the earliest of Henry VIII. Those with the mint-mark cinquefoil, lis, and pheon are probably of Henry VII. There appear to be no halfpence and farthings of this issue ; at least none have been identified as such. Henry VIII. 1509-1547. COINAGE. Gold. Double-Sovereign, Sovereign, Half -Sovereign, Crown, Half-Crown, Eyal or Rose Noble, Angel, Half- Angel, Quarter- Angel, George Noble, and Half-George Noble. Silver. Shilling or Testoon, Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. Hitherto the standard of the gold coins had been 23 carats 3^ grains fine and ^ grain alloy, and of the silver 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine and 18 dwts. alloy ; both known as "standard gold and silver." During this reign a new gold standard of 22 carats fine and 2 carats alloy was introduced. It was known as " crown gold." The change in the standard brought with it variations in the current values of the coins, especially as in each case a debasement occurred. The standard of the silver coinage was also much debased, so that at the end of the reign it stood at i fine to f alloy. ISSUES, &c. There were five issues both of the gold and silver which approximated to the dates 1509 (1st year), 1526 (18th year), 1543 76 ENGLISH COINS. (35th year), 1544 (36th year), and 1545 (37th year). The denomi- nations, weights, and current values of the different issues were : Gold : 1st issue (1509), Double-Sovereign (480 grs.), Sovereign (240 grs.), Ryal (120 grs.), Angel (80 grs.), and Half -Angel (40 grs.), current for 2, 1, 10s., 6s. Sd. and 3s. 4d. respectively ; all 23 cts. 3 grs. fine and ^ gr. alloy. 2nd issue (1526), Double-Sovereign (480 grs), Sovereign (240 grs.), Angel (80 grs.), George Noble (71^ grs.), Half- George Noble (30 | grs.), Crown (57f|grs.),and Half-Crown(28j grs.), current for 2 4s. or 5s., 1 2s. or 2~s. Qd., 7s. 4d. or 6(7., 6s. 8d., 3s. 4d., 5s. and 2s. Qd. respectively ; fineness as 1st issue, but Crown and Half- Crown 22 cts. (crown gold). 3rd issue (1543), Sovereign (200 grs.), Angel (80 grs.), Half- Angel (40 grs.), and Quarter-Angel (20 grs.), current for 20s., 8s., 4s. and 2s. respectively ; fineness 23 cts. 4th and 5th issues (1544 and 1545), Sovereign (192 grs.), Half-Sovereign (96 grs.), Crown (48 grs.), and Half-Crown (24 grs.), current for 20s., 10s., 5s. and 2s. Gd. respectively ; fineness 22 cts. for 1544 and 20 cts. for 1545. Silver : 1st and 2nd issues (1509 and 1526), Groat, Half- Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing at 12 grs. and 10} grs. to the Penny respectively ; fineness, standard silver 1 1 oz. 2 dwts. fine and 18 dwts. alloy. 3rd issue (1543), Shilling, Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny, at 10 grs. to the Penny ; fineness, two series, (a) fine silver, (b) base silver, 5 parts fine to 1 part alloy. 4th issue (1544), Shilling, Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny, at 10 grs. to the Penny; fineness half silver and half alloy. 5th issue (1545), Shilling, Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny, at 10 grs. to the Penny ; fineness ^ silver to alloy. The new denominations in gold of this reign were the double- sovereign, the half-sovereign, the quarter-angel, the George noble, the half -George noble, the crown and the half-crown. No additions were made to the silver coins. The mints were, for gold, London (the Tower and Southwark) and Bristol ; and for silver, Bristol, Canterbury, London (Tower and Southwark), and York. ANGLO-GALLIC SERIES. The only coins of this class consist of Groats struck at Tournay. They are of two types. Henry VIII was the last English monarch to strike money for the English possessions in France. First Issue (1509-1526). GOLD. 392. Double- Sovereign (?). Obv. hQRRiaVS : DQI : 6RACUA : RQX l\n<5Ll&. : e(T FRARCC OnS' hIB' (stops, saltires); m. in. lis. King enthroned, holding sceptre and orb ; at his feet, portcullis. Rev. IhQSVS : 7WTQM : TRAFlSIGnS : PQR : MQDIVM : ILLORVM : I BAT : (stops, saltires) ; m. m. cross crosslet. Royal shield on double rose, all within ornamented tressure. AJ 1-7. Wt. 788 '6. As the double-sovereigns differ only in weight from the sover- eigns, it is possible that they may be patterns or trial pieces. The above specimen is abnormally heavy ; the true weight would be about 480 grs. Only one other specimen, weighing 474 grs., is known. The mint-marks which occur on the gold coins of the first issue are the lis, cross crosslet, portcullis and castle. For the mint-marks on all the coins of this reign see Appendix A. I , HENRY VIII. 77 393. Sovereign. Same as the preceding, but reading on the reverse TRAftCUSriS ; pi a t e *iv. lion and lis alternately in the arches of the tressure and two crosses in each GoL1) spandril ; m. in. portcullis crowned on obv. and rev. AT 1*6. Wt. 236*1. The portcullis and cross crosslet mint-marks were also used by Henry VII ; but these coins are attributed to Henry VIII on account of the portcullis under the king's feet, which is a special mark of that king's coinage. A variety like the double-sovereign has no lions or lis in the tressure on the reverse. 394. Byal. Obv. hedlRKT VIII' - Dl' 6R7V RQX AUGL' Z FRAFICC DflS' I B' (stops, saltires). King, crowned, holding sword and shield, standing facing in ship, similar to No. 354, but flag at stern inscribed with the letter h. Rev. IhCX' AVT' TRAftSI6(nS : PQR : mSDIVm : ILLORVm : IBAT (stops, saltires); m. m. portcullis crowned. Floriated cross with rose on sun in centre, &c., similar to No. 354. AT 1-4. Wt. 117-9. This coin is excessively rare. Kenyon, Gold Coins of England, p. 84, only mentions the above specimen. 395. Angel. Obv. hSnRICC VIII' . Dl' <3RA' R3X - A6L' Z FR' - (stops, saltires) ; m. m. portcullis crowned. The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon as on No. 376. Rev. P8R C(RVC(e(' TV A' SALVA ftOS XP6C Re(De(T' (stops, saltires); m. m. as on obv. Ship to r., &c., as on No. 376. AT 1-1. Wt. 78-8. The angels and half -angels of this reign are of the same type as those of the second issue of Henry VII. 396. Half-Angel. Similar to the Angel, but with legends, obv. hgnRIGC VIII' Dl' <3RA' - R0X 1\L' Z ; and rev. O : CXRVX : AVS : SPSS : VftlQA (stops, saltires); m. m. portcullis crowned on obv. and rev. A? 'S. Wt. 38-6. Though there are many small varieties of the angel and half-angel of this issue, only two mint-marks occur. These are the crowned portcullis and the castle. 397. Groat. London. Obv. h^nRICX' VIII' Dl' <3RA' RQX A6L' SILVER. Z FR' (stops, saltires); m. m. portcullis crowned. Bust of king to r., in profile, draped, and wearing arched crown. Rev. POSVI D6CV : ADIVTORGC : JTIQV (stops, saltires); m. m. portcullis crowned. Royal shield on cross fourch^e. 2R I'O. Wt. 45 -2. Groats of this issue were struck in London only. There are three distinct portraits on the silver coins of Henry VIII. On the first issue of the groats and half -groats he used his father's last portrait which is in profile ; on the second issue he placed his own portrait also in profile ; and on subsequent issues his bust, which is either three- quarters or full-face, occurs on all the denominations. 398. Half-Groat. London. Same as the preceding, but FR omitted on obv. legend, and that on the rev. reads ADIVTOS ; in. m. portcullis crowned on both sides. ^'8. Wt. 24 -5. Half-groats of this issue were also struck at Canterbury and York. These have on the reverse the mint-name instead of the POSVI, &c., legend. An exception however occurs in the York piece, bearing the initials X B (see below). Those of Canterbury have on the reverse the initials W A for Abp. Wareham, and those of York X B for Christopher Bainbridge, and T W for Thomas Wolsey. Others also of York, and 78 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xiv. struck by Wolsey, have a cardinal's hat and keys under the shield (see SILVER, next coin). ; 399. Half-Groat. York. Obv. hQURlCT - VIII' - Dl' 6R7V - RQX . fi(3L' (stops, saltires) ; m. m. cross. Bust of king in profile as on No. 397. Rev. QIVIT7XS : QBORfiQI (stops, saltires) ; m.m. cross. Royal shield on cross fourchee ; at sides T W (Thomas Wolsey) ; below, two keys and cardinal's hat. &'S. Wt. 22-5. The placing of the cardinal's hat under the royal arms was the subject of one of the articles of the impeachment of Wolsey a few years later. 400. Penny. Durham. Obv. hQflRIQ' Dl' 6R7V RQX 7\<3L' Z - (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. King enthroned, holding sceptre and orb. Rev. IVIT7XS : DVRRfiJTl (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. Royal shield on cross fourchee ; above shield, T D (Thomas Ruthall). M -6. Wt. 10-8. Struck also at Canterbury, London and York, all with the mint- name. Those of Canterbury have W 1\ for Wareham ; those of York two keys ; and others of Durham D W (Dunolmensis Wolsey). 401. Halfpenny. London. Obv. hQftRKX' Dl' 6R7V RQX 7X6U - (stops, saltires) ; m.m. portcullis. Bust facing, wearing arched crown. Rev. CUVITfiS LOriDOn. Cross fourchee with pellets. JR '5. Wt. 7-1. Struck also at Canterbury and York. Those of Canterbury have W R (Wareham) at the sides of the king's head, and those of York a key under the bust. Halfpence of this and the next issue can be distin- guished for the most part by the change in the obverse legend ; though that of the first for a time survived into the second. These coins preserved their reverse type. 402. Farthing. London. Obv. hQURICC Dl' (3R7V RQX (stops, saltires); m. m. portcullis. In centre, portcullis. Rev. CUVITfiS LOftDOn,. Cross fourchee, rose in centre. M '45. Wt. 3*3. This is the only known legible specimen of the farthings of this issue. They were struck at London only. Second Issue (1526-1543). GOLD. 403. Double-Sovereign. Same as No. 392, but four crosses after I BAT and m. m. lis on 061;., pheon on rev. AT I' 65. Wt. 470-0. The pheon mint-mark also occurs on silver coins of the second issue. This coin is struck from the dies of the sovereign. 404. Sovereign. Same as No. 393, but the legend on the reverse reads TRfiflSIQriS, and there are no crosses in the spandrils of the tressure ; m. m. on obv. lis ; on rev. arrow. AT 1-65. W T t. 238'5. These coins can only be distinguished from those of the first issue by their mint-marks (see No. 392). A variety, as No. 393, has crosses in the spandrils of the tressure on the reverse. 405. Angel. Obv. hQnRICT VIII' Dl' <3R7V - RQX fi6L' Z F' - (stops, saltires) ; m. m. pheon. The Archangel, &c., as on No. 395. Rev. PQR - aRVQQ' TV7V STXLVfi ClOS XPQ' RQD - (stops, saltires) ; m. m. pheon. Ship to r., &c., as on No. 395. A/-1-15. W T t. 80'0. The angels of the 1st and 2nd issues are also attributed by their mint-marks. From these it would appear that there are no half-angels of the second issue. HENRY VIII. 79 406. George Noble. Obv. hariRICC' - Dl' 6' R' A6L Z FRAHCC piatexiv. DftS' h I B(R I (stops, saltires) ; m. m. rose. Ship to r., as on the reverse GoLD of the Angel (see No. 339), but a double rose instead of a shield on the cross, and at sides h and K (Henry and Katherine of Aragon). Rev. TALI : DIC(A' : SI6O : MSS' : FLVaTVARI : nQQVIT - (stops, saltires) ; m. m. rose. St. George in armour riding on horse to r. and piercing the dragon. AT 1'05. Wt. 70 '4. The George noble and half-George noble were ordered to be struck in 1526, and to be current at 6s. 8d. and 3s. 4d. respectively. They are all of the above type, and if the letter K on the reverse is the initial of Katherine of Aragon, they must have been struck between 1526 and 1533, in which last year that queen was divorced. The half-George noble, of which only one example is known and which is of the same type as the George noble, appears to be of a somewhat later date, as the legends, also similar, are in Roman and not in old English characters. The letter K in the lield on the reverse would in that case be the initial of Katherine Howard, who was married from 1541-1543. The inscription on the reverse in. full is " tali dicata signo mens fluctuare nescit." It is from a hymn by Prudentius written in the 4th cent., entitled " Hymnus ante Somnum." 407. Crown. Obv. h^RRICC . VIII' RVTILARS - ROSA : SIS' . SPIA' - (stops, saltires) ; m. m. rose. Double rose crowned between h K (Henry and Katherine of Aragon), both crowned. Rev. D6U : 6' R' A6LI6C Z FRAftCC DHS' hlBQRftl (stops, saltires); m. m. rose. Royal shield crowned, jj 1-0. Wt. 57 '0. Other crowns of this period have at the sides of the rose on the obverse the letters h A (Henry and Anne Boleyn), h I (Henry and Jane Seymour), and h R (Henricus Rex), always crowned. "These were the first gold coins issued of the new standard, consisting " 22 carats fine and 2 carats alloy. Half-Crown. Obv. hQRRICT : Dl' : 6' : R' : A6L' : Z : FRA' . (stops, saltires) ; m. m. rose. Royal shield, crowned. Rev. RVTI LAPIS : ROSA : SIRS : SPIFIA (stops, saltires); m. in. rose. Double rose crowned; between h K (Henry and Katherine of Aragon). AT '75. Wt. 27 '9. Others have the letters h I and h R not crowned on the averse (see the preceding coin). Most of the half-crowns of this issue have the numeral 8 after the king's name. This is the earliest coin of this reign, on which the Arabic numeral occurs. It was almost exclusively lopted on the later issues. The absence of any numeral or numerals on the above specimen is the exception. Groat. London. Obv. hENRIC' VIII' Dl' 6RK' REX : S6L' SILVER. Z FRS' (stops, saltires) ; m. m. rose. Bust to r., in profile, crowned and clothed. Rev. POSVI DQV : ADIVTOR6C : JTIQV' (stops, saltires); m. m. as on obv. Royal shield on cross fourchee with saltire in each fork. ,Rl-0. Wt. 41-3. The groats and half-groats of this issue bear the king's own portrait instead of that of his father. In the legend the letters are partly Roman and partly old English. This change is also found on the gold coins ; but it does not become general till the next reign. A very rare variety of the groat has 8 for VIII. The London groats and half- groats have always the POSVI &c. legend on the reverse ; those of York and Canterbury always the mint-name. 80 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xiv. 410. Groat. York. Obv. hQnRKX' VIM' D' G' R' A<3L' - Z - FRAflCC (stops, saltires) ; m. m. cross. Bust of king, &c., as on the preceding. Rev. CdVITAS : 9BORAC(I : (stops, saltires); m. m. cross. Royal shield on cross fourchee ; at sides T W (Thomas Wolsey) ; below, cardinal's hat. * 1-0. Wt. 39-3. London and York appear to have been the only mints which struck groats of this issue. Others of York have for mint-mark a voided cross or an acorn : both struck by Wolsey. 411. Half-Groat. Canterbury. Obv. h6(HRIC(' VIII' - D' <3' R' A(3L' - Z FR (stops, saltires) ; in. m. wheel. Bust of king as on No. 409. Rev. CUVITAS : CCAflTOR : (stops, saltires) ; m. m. as on obv. Royal shield on cross fourchee ; at sides T G (Thomas Cranmer). JR '75. Wt. 21'3. Struck also at London and York. Others of Canterbury have the initials W A (Wareham), and of York T W (Thomas Wolsey) and E L or L E (Edward Lee). The mint-mark, a wheel, is no doubt an allu- sion to Katherine of Aragon, whose cause Cranmer espoused. 412. Penny. Durham. Obv. h' D' 6' ROSA SIS SPIA (stops, saltires) ; m. m. trefoil. King enthroned as on No. 400. Rev. Ql VITA'S . . DVRRAJTl (stops, saltires) ; m. m. as on obv. Royal shield as on No. 400, with T W (Thomas Wolsey) at sides, and cardinal's hat below. M '6. Wt. 9-2. Struck also at London and Canterbury. Those of Canterbury have W A at sides of shield and others of Durham have C( D (Cuthbert Tonstall). The pennies and halfpennies of this issue may be dis- tinguished from those of the first by the change in the obverse legend (see Nos. 400 and 401). They all have the mint-name. 413. Halfpenny. Canterbury. Obv. h D 6 ROSA SIRS . SPIA (stops, saltires) ; m. m. wheel. Bust of king facing, crowned ; at sides T C( (Thomas Cranmer). Rev. 0. 1 VITAS :: QAFITOR (stops, saltires). Cross fourchee with pellets, jj -5. Wt. 7-6. Struck also at London and York. Others of Canterbury have the letters W A (Wareham) ; and those of York E L (Edward Lee). The farthing of this issue is of the same type as that of the first one ; but the legend on the obverse is RVTILAflS ROSA, and the king's name is on the reverse. The episcopal mints end with this issue, Archbishops Cranmer and Lee and Bishop Tonstall being the last to exercise this right. As also no more coins were struck at Durham from this time onwards, it may be concluded that this mint had been latterly a purely ecclesiastical one. Tliird Issue (1543). Plate xv. 414. Sovereign. Obv. hQRRia . 8 - Dl' . 6RA' AflGLIS FRARaiQ : GOLD ^T ' hlBQ : R0X (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. King with beard, enthroned, holding sceptre and orb ; at his feet, rose ; inner circle ornamented with lis. Rev. lh6(SVS : AVT0M : TRAnqiQRS : P6(R : MQDIVM : ILLORV : I BAT (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. Royal shield crowned, and with supporters, lion and dragon ; below, tablet inscribed H R (in mon.). A71-C5. Wt. 196-4. Besides the change in the king's 'portrait, a distinguishing mark of this issue is the use of the title of "King of Ireland" which Henry assumed in 1543. The Arabic numeral 8 instead of the Roman numerals HENRY VIII. 81 VIII too generally follows the king's name. The sovereigns with mint- Plate xv. mark W S (mon.), the initials of Sir William Sharington, were struck GOLD. at Bristol, of which mint he was the master. The only other mint- mark on the gold coins of this issue is the lis (see Nos. 415-417). Half-sovereigns of the above type appear from their mint-marks to belong to the later issues ; nor are there any crowns or half-crowns of this issue. 415. Angel. Obv. hG(RRIC(' 8 D' 6' A6U FRA' - Z hIB : R3X (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. The Archangel piercing the dragon, &c., as on No. 395; to 1. of head, annulet. Rev. P6(R : C(RVae(' TVA : SALVA - ROS : XPGC R6(D' (stops, saltires) ; m. m. as on obv. Ship to r., &c., as on No. 395 ; annulet on ship. AT 1-1. Wt. 78-8. 410. Half-Angel. Similar to the Angel ; but the legend on the rev. reads, O : C(RVX AV6( SP6CS VRIC(A (stops, annulets); m. m. lis on obv. and rev. A7 -85. Wt. 39-6. 417. Quarter-Angel. Same type as the Angel ; but the legends are, obv. hQRRICWS VIII D6U <3RA' A6Lie(; rev. FRARCIieC : 6(T : hIBSRnm RGCX (stops, saltires), and m. m. lis on both sides. A: -7. Wt. 19-8. These angels with their divisions are classed to this issue on account of the mint-mark, a lis, and because they bear the title of " King of Ireland." There are none of the later coinages of this reign. 418. Shilling or Testoon, fine. London. Obv. hemRICT VIII' Dl' - 6RA' SILVKK. A6U FRA' Z hIB' R3X (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. Bust of king facing, crowned, bearded and wearing mantle with fur collar. Rev. POSVI : D(VM : AIVTOR6WM : MQVM (stops, saltires) ; m. m. as on obv. Double rose crowned between h R, both crowned. Ml' 25. Wt. 121-3. The silver coins of this and the subsequent issues of this reign have bust of the king full face or nearly full face instead of in profile a.s before. The third issue consists of two series, one in fine silver, the other in debased silver. Those of fine silver have for mint-mark a lis only. The mint-marks of the baser coins are the lis, annulet, arrow, picklock, martlet, &c. The testoons of fine silver have Roman numerals after the king's name, and those of base metal the Arabic numeral. Both series appear to be of London only. The use of Roman letters in the legends becomes more general. 419. Groat, fine. London. Obv. hemRICX' 8 . D' - & A6L' - FRA' - Z - hIB' R(X (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. Bust of king as on the preced- ing. Rev. POSVI DSV - ADIVTORGC . mSV - (stops, saltires); m.m, lis. Royal shield on cross f ourchee ; annulet in each fork, & 1 0. Wt. 49-0. The groats and half -groats of fine silver are of London only : but the debased ones were struck at London, Bristol, Canterbury and York. The groats of London bear sometimes the legend CXI VITAS LOR DOR, and those of Bristol have the mint-mark W S (mon.) for William Sharington. 420. Half-Groat, fine. London. Same as the Groat, but reading FR. Z. hB. and ADIVTOS., and same m. m. M '7. Wt. 19'0. The debased Bristol half -groat has also W S (mon.) for mint- mark. 82 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xv 421. Peony, fine. London. Obv. h' D' <3' ROSA : SIRS : SPA (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. Bust of king facing, as on the Shilling, No. 418. Rev. a I VITAS LO ft DO ft (stops, saltires). Royal shield on cross fourchee. JR '6. Wt. 9-4. Pennies of fine silver appear to have been struck also at Canterbury and York, and debased ones at those mints and at Bristol. 422. Halfpenny, debased. Canterbury. Obv. h D 6 [ROSA SlftS SPI ] (stops, saltires). Bust facing, as on the Shilling, No. 418. Rev. aiVITAS aANTOR. Cross fourchee with pellets. JR -45. Wt. 4-7. No halfpennies of fine silver of this issue appear to be known. De- based ones were also struck at London and York. Fourth Issue (1544). GOLD 423. Sovereign. Southwark? Obv. hEftRICC 8 : DP 6RA' A6L' : FRAft(XIE : Z : hIBERft' REX (stops, saltires); m. m. S. King enthroned as on No. 414, but inner circle plain. Rev. IKS' AVTEM : TRAftSIEftS : PER MEDIVM : ILLOR' : IBAT (stops, saltires); m. m. S. Royal shield with supporters as on No. 414. A; I 1 5. Wt. 193-7. The mint-mark S may be the initial of Southwark, where a mint was established during the reign of Henry VIII. The letter 8, which also occurs as a mint-mark during this and the next issue, is probably the initial of Hugh Eglonby or Egleby, assayer and comptroller of the Tower mint. Sovereigns struck at Bristol have W S in monogram as mint-mark. It is somewhat difficult to distinguish the gold coins of the fourth and fifth issues as they are identical in type. It may however be presumed that those on which Roman letters predominate in the legends are of the later date, as they correspond more in that respect to the early coinage of Edward VI. 424. Half-Sovereign. Obv. H ERR 10' 8 : D' S' A6U : FRAftCU' Z HIB' REX : (stops, saltires); m. m. annulet enclosing pellet. Km.^ enthroned as on the preceding. Rev. IMS' AVTE' TRANSI' PER JTIEDI' ILLOR' : IBAT (stops, saltires); m. m. as on obv. Royal shield with supporters as on the preceding. A; 1-35. Wt. 97 -0. There are numerous varieties of this coin. Those with 9 or E under the shield on the reverse may belong to the first issue of Edward VI (see note No. 441). 425. Crown. Bristol. Obv. hQftRICiyS 8 : ROSE - SlftS - SPIftGt (stops, annulet and saltires); m. m. cinquefoil. Double rose crowned betwfvn h R, both crowned. Rev. D' S' EftSLIS FRE' Z hIB' R6(X (stops, saltires and trefoils) ; m. m. W S (mon.). Royal shield crowned between h R, both crowned. AT 1-0. Wt. 48 '1. Varieties have on the obverse the legend RVTILAftS ROSA SlftQ SPiriA after the king's name. The half-sovereigns as well as the crowns and half-crowns are all of London and Bristol. 426. Half-Crown. Bristol. Obv. hQftRIC(' - 8 D' 6' SftG' FR' Z hIB' RflX (stops, plain); no m. m. Royal shield crowned between h R. Rev. RUTILKftS : ROSS : SlftS : SPI' (stops, saltires); m. m. W S (rnon.). Double rose crowned between h R. A; -75. Wt. 22-2. Occasionally the obv. and rev. legends are in part transposed as on the preceding. HENRY VIII. 8H 427. Shilling. Bristol. Obv. hQRRICC : 8 : D' 6' - K6L' : FREIT : Z Plate xv. MB' RSX : (stops, saltires). Bust of king facing, as on No. 418. Rev. Sn vn , (3IVITSS . . . BRISTOLLI6C (stops, lis) ; m. m. W S (mon.). Double rose crowned, &c., as on No. 418. ^tl'4. Wt. 120-4. Struck also in London ; on the coins of which place the rev. legend is either POSVI DEVm, vereigii ; fineness, 22 cts. gold and 2 cts. alloy. Silver. Three : 1st sue (1547), Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny, at 10 grs. to le penny ; fineness, 4 oz. silver to 8 oz. alloy. 2nd issue (1547), ailling (80 grs.) ; fineness, two series, (a) 3 oz. silver to 9 oz. alloy, ^D) 6 oz. silver to 6 oz. alloy. 3rd issue (1551), Crown, Half-Crown, .Shilling, Sixpence, Threepence, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing, at 8 grs. to the penny ; fineness 11 oz. 1 d wt. silver to 1 9 dwts. alloy, except the halfpenny and farthing which were much debased. The penny was of two standards, fine and base. The new denominations were, in gold, the triple-sovereign, and in silver the crown, half-crown, sixpence, and threepence. The mints were, for gold, London, Southwark and Bristol ; and for silver, London, Southwark, Bristol, and Canterbury. 86 ENGLISH COINS. First Issue (Gold and Silver 1547). Plateivu 441. Half-Sovereign. Obv. EDWARD' : 6 : D' - G' AG' FRAN' Z HIB' - GOLD. REX .- (stops, mascles) ; m.m. E (Hugh Eglonby?). The king enthroned, holding sceptre and orb ; at his feet, rose ; on each arm of throne, angel. Eev. IMS' - AVTEM TRANSIE' - PER MEDI' ILUDR' - IBAT - (stops, mascles) ; m. m. as on obv. Royal shield crowned with supporters, lion and dragon ; below, 6( and H R (mon.) on tablet. A? 1-2. Wt. 93-0. For explanation of the m. m. see No. 423. The earliest half-sovereigns of Edward VI, as has already been mentioned (see No. 432), bear his own portrait but his father's name. The letters H R on the label below the shield on the above coin show that it is struck from an altered die of Henry VIII's coinage. The mint-marks on these coins trefoil and W S, cinquefoil and W S, and W S only, show that the Bristol mint continued to strike gold early in this reign, but it ceased to do so before 1549. 442. Crown. Obv. RVTILANS - ROSA SINE SPINE V.V (stops, mascles) ; m. m. arrow. Rose crowned between E R, each crowned. Eev. DQI GR7V . 7\6L' FR7V Z MB' . R6(X (steps, trefoils); m. m. annulet enclosing pellet. Royal shield crowned between h R, each crowned. A^l'O. Wt. 45-7. The reverse is also from an old die of Henry VIII's coinage. The arrow is the mark of Sir Martin Bowes, master of the mint under Henry VIII and Edward VI. Other marks of his, which occur on coins of this reign, are the swan, rose, and bow. A variety of the crown has the king's name preceding his titles on the reverse and E R crowned at the sides of the shield. Both these coins are unique specimens (see next coin). 443. Half-Crown. Obv. RVTILANS : ROSA : SINE : SPINE : (stops, mascles); m. m. arrow. Rose crowned between E R, not crowned. Rev. EDWARD' 6 - D' G' AG' - FR' - Z HI' REX (stops, mascles) ; m. m. arrow. Royal shield crowned between E R, not crowned. AT -8. Wt. 22-0. The few specimens known of this coin show no varieties. SILVER. 444. Groat. London. Obv. EDWARD' 6 : D' G' AG' FR' Z HIB' - REX (stops, mascles) ; m. m. E. Bust of king in profile to r., crowned and draped. Rev. : CIVI :: TAS :: LON :: DON : (stops, mascles); m. m. as on obv. Royal shield on cross fourchee. M I'O. Wt. 35 -7. Struck also at Canterbury. Some of the London groats have the POSVI DEVM, &c., legend on the reverse. 445. Half-Groat. Canterbury. Obv. EDOARD' 6' D' G' AGU FR' - Z HI' REX (stops, mascles). Bust of king as on the preceding. Rev. CIVITAS CANTOR. Royal shield as on the preceding; no in. m. on either side. M -7. Wt. 15-6. Struck also at London with the POSVI and CIVITAS legends. The legend " Edoard " is only a blunder, though it frequently occurs. 446. Penny. Bristol. Obv. BCD' 6 D' 6' ROSE SIRS - SPIRE (stops, cross after ROSS, trefoil after SIRQ ; others, plain) ; m. m. trefoil. Bust of king as on the Groat, No. 444. Rev. : CUVITES BR I STOLIQ (stops, cross andsaltires). Shield on cross fourchee, lis in each fork, zt '65. Wt. 10*6. Issued also in London with legend as on No. 444 : these have for m. m. an arrow and the letter E. EDWARD VI. 87 447. Halfpenny. Bristol. Obv. 0! 6 D' 6' ROSS : SINS SPIR, Plate xvi. (stops, plain or saltires). Bust of king as on No. 444. Rev. QIVITKS SILVER. BRISTOLI. Cross fourchee, three pellets in each angle, lis in each fork, zj -5. Wt. 4-3. Issued also in London with CIVITAS LONDON ; but of which mint only two specimens appear to be known. Second Issue (Gold 1549, and Silver 1547). 448. Triple-Sovereign. Southward Obv. EDWARD' . VI : DEI : GRA' GOLD. AGU FRAN' ET : HIBER' REX (stops, mascles) ; m. m. Y (Sir John Yorke). The king enthroned holding sword and orb ; on each arm of throne stands an angel. Eev. IMS' AVTEM : TRANSIENS : PER MEDT ILLOR' I BAT (stops, mascles); m. m. as on obv. Royal shield crowned with supporters ; below on tablet, E R. AI 1-5. Wt. 505*0. It is probable that this coin is a pattern as it only differs from the sovereign in weight. Sir John Yorke was master of the mint at Southwark, which had already been established during the previous reign (see No. 423). The gold coins of this issue are of the London and Southwark mints only (see No. 441). 449. Sovereign. Southwark. Same as the preceding ; the obv. is from the same die. A7 1-5. Wt. 171-3. Those struck in London have for mint-mark an arrow, one of the marks of Sir Martin Bowes (see No. 442). 450. Half-Sovereign. London. Obv. SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM - (stops, roses) ; m. m. arrow. Bust of king to r., in profile, head bare, wearing armour. Rev. EDWARD' VI : D' G' AGU FRA' Z HIB' REX (stops, lozenges) ; m. m. arrow. Oval shield, garnished and crowned, between E R. a 1'15. Wt. 83-2. 451. Half-Sovereign. London. Obv. EDWARD' VI : D' G' AGU FRA' Z : HIB' REX (stops, mascles); m. m. arrow. Bust of king to r., as- on the preceding, but crowned. Rev. SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM (stops, roses) ; m. m. arrow. Oval shield, &c., as on the preceding. AT 1-2. Wt. 76-7. Both the above types were also struck at Southwark and have the m. m. Y. 452. Crown. Southwark. Same as the Half-Sovereign, No. 450, but stops, lozenges on obv., roses on rev. ; and m. m. Y. A; '95. Wt. 41' 5. 453. Crown. London. Same as the Half-Sovereign, No. 451, but stops on both sides, lozenges, and m. m. arrow. AT '95. Wt. 41'5. Both types exist of London and Southwark. 454. Half-Crown. London. Same as the Half-Sovereign, No. 450, but the legend on the rev. is EDWAR' VI D' G' AGU FR' Z H' R ; the letters E R omitted at the sides of the shield, the stops are lozenges, and m. m. arrow. AT -75. Wt. 20-3. 455. Half-Crown. London. Same as the Half-Sovereign, No. 451 ; but the legend on the obv. is EDWARD VI D G FR Z HI REX, and other variations as on the preceding ; m. m. arrow. A/ *7. Wt. 20'7. Both types exist also of the Southwark mint and bear the m. m. Y. The mint-marks on the London gold coins of this issue are the arrow, swan, grappling-iron, martlet and 6. 88 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xvi. 450. Shilling. London. Obv. INIMICOS - EIVS - INDVAM CONFVSIONE SII vn , (stops, lozenges) ; m. m. bow. Bust of king to r., in profile, crowned and wearing embroidered doublet. Rev. EDWARD' - VI - D G ANGL - FRA Z HIB REX (stops, lozenges); m. m. bow. Oval shield, garnished, between E R. Jitl'25. Chipped. Shillings with these legends were struck at the Tower only, or perhaps at Durham House in the Strand where Sir Martin Bowes is said to have had a mint. They have a bow only for mint-mark. For the first time since the Conquest the cross on the reverse of the silver coins is omitted. The legend on the obv. is from Psalm cxxxii. 18. Sometimes those on the obv. and rev. are transposed. 457. Shilling, 1549. Bristol. Obv. EDWARD' VI : D' G' AGL' FRA' - Z : HIB' REX (stops, lozenges) ; m. m. t (Thomas Chamberlain). Bust of king to r., &c., as on the preceding. Rev. TIMOR : DOMINI : FONS : VIT/E : M : D : XLIX (stops, lozenges) ; m. m. as on obv. Oval shield &c., as on the preceding. JR 1'15. Wt. 75 '0. These shillings also have the legends transposed. Besides at Bristol they were struck at the Tower and Southwark mints. Those of the Tower are dated 1547-1551 ; those of Southwark 1549, 1550 and 1552 ; but those of Bristol are of 1549 only. The dates are in Roman letters. These are the first dated coins in the English series. The Southwark coins have the mint-mark Y ; those of Bristol t or t C (mon.), and all the others are of the Tower. The Southwark pieces dated 1552 may have been struck for currency in Ireland. As the coinage of fine silver had been established in England in the previous year, it is not probable that base coins were still issued for currency here. See Irish coins under Edward VI. 458. Shilling, 1551. London. Same as the preceding, but dated M D L I ; m. m. lis on both sides, and counter-marked on the obv. with a greyhound. jRl-2. Wt. 68-6. These base shillings were decried early in the reign of Elizabeth, and those counter-marked with a portcullis were ordered to be current for 4^<7. each, and those with a greyhound for 2^d. The portcullis and greyhound were both Tudor badges. Third Issue, Gold (1550). Plate xvii. 459. Double-Sovereign. Obv. SDWARD' VI' - D : 6 : ARGUa FRAHCUS : <;'>i,i>. Z : hlBQRR : R9X (stops, saltires) ; m. m. ostrich's head. The king enthroned holding sceptre and orb ; at his feet, portcullis ; around, arched tressure. Rev. IhQSV 7WTQM : TRAIlSIQnS : PSR : MEDIVM : ILLORVM : I BAT (stops, saltires); m. m. as on obv. Royal shield on double rose within arched tressure; two saltires in each spandril. M 1'7. Wt. 475-0. The mint-mark, an ostrich's head, is probably the crest of Sir Edmund Peckham, high treasurer of the mint from the reign of Henry VIII to that of Elizabeth. This is the only mint-mark of this issue, and all the coins were struck at the Tower, though the commission which ordered their issue was directed to Sir Edmund Peckham, Sir John Yorke of the Southwark mint and others. From the differences in the weight of the double-sovereigns, they may only have been pied- t'orts or patterns of the sovereign. The coins are of standard gold, EDWAED VI. 89 23 cts. 3| grs. fine and ?, gr. alloy, and from their rarity it would appear Plate xvii. that this restoration of the old standard metal was not successful in GOLD. the then debased condition of the silver money. 460. Sovereign. Same as the preceding, but reading h!B6(Rriie(. AT 1-7. Wt. 237-3. Half-sovereigns of this issue are not known. 461. Angel. Obv. EDWARD' -VI : D : S : ASL : FRA : Z - hIB : R6(X - (stops, saltires) ; TO. TO. ostrich's head. The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon as on No. 376. Rev. PSR : aRVOQ' TVAM : SALVA : ROS : XP3' R8D : (stops, saltires) ; TO. m. as onobv. Ship to r., &c., as on No. 339, but 8 and rose at sides of mast. AT 1-2. Wt. 81 -0. The half-angel is similar to the angel. It is exceedingly rare. The so-called six-angel piece in the British Museum is probably a pattern. It has the usual type of obverse, but on the reverse a ship with three masts rigged and with colours flying, Fourth Issue, Gold (1552) ; and Third Issue, Silver (1551). 462. Sovereign. Southwark. Obv. : 6CDWARD' VI : D' : (2' : ASL' : FRAft' : Z : hIB' : RflX : (stops, lozenges) ; TO. TO. Y. Half-length figure of the king to r., in profile, crowned and in armour, and holding sword and orb. Rev. IhS' AVT6Utt : TRAnCU' P6(R ttlQDI' : ILLOR' : I BAT (stops, lozenges) ; TO. TO. as on obv. Royal shield, crowned and with supporters ; below on tablet, E R. A7 1'45. Wt. 172-8. All the gold coins of this issue were struck at the Tower and Southwark mints. Those of the Tower have for mint-mark a ton, being a rebus on the last syllable of the name of Nicholas Throgmorton, 5ter of the mint, and those of Southwark the letter Y, the initial of >ir John Yorke. 33. Half-Sovereign. Southwark. Obv. : 8DVVARD' VI : D' - S' ASL' : FRA' - Z HIB' R6(X : (stops, lozenges); m. TO. Y. Half-length figure of the king, as on the preceding. Rev. IhS' AVT6C TRAftC(l' P3R mSD' ILLO' IBA' (stops, lozenges) ; m. TO. Y. Square shield crowned between E R. A7 1'25. Wt. 86-2. Both the sovereign and the half-sovereign vary slightly in the legends, but there are 110 varieties of the crown and half-crown. 464. Crown. London. Obv. Same as the Half-Sovereign, but m. TO. ton. Rev. SaVTVJTl : FID6U : PROTSSQT : SVm : (stops, lozenges); TO. m. ton. Square shield as on the Half-Sovereign. A7 1-0. Wt. 43-0. 465. Half-Crown. London. Same as the Crown but the legends are, obv. 6CDWARD' VI D' S : A' FR' Z hIB' R6(X : (stops, lozenges) ; rev. SCXVTVm FID6U PROTSS SVfll - (stops, lozenges ); TO. TO. ton on both sides. A/ -75. Chipped. 466. Crown, 1551. Southwark. Obv. 3D WARD' : VI : D' : S' : ASL' : SIIVEK. FRAIICC : Z : hIBSR' : R0X (stops, lozenges); TO. m. Y. King holding sword on horse richly caparisoned and cantering to r. ; below, 1551. Rev. : POSVI : DeWU : ADIVTOR6C : 5T16(V' : (stops, lozenges) ; m. m. as on obv. Square shield on cross fourchee. M 1'7. Wt. 479'0. This is the first silver crown in the English series. Those struck at the Tower with m. m. ton are dated 1551, 1552 and 1553 ; but those of Southwark with m. in. Y are of 1551 only. These are the only 90 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xvii. mints of the crown, half-crown and shilling. With the exception of SILVER, the smaller denominations the silver coins of this issue are 1 1 oz. 1 dwt. fine to 19 dwts. of alloy ; very nearly the standard at the time of the Conquest. 467. Half-Crown, 1551. Southwark. Same as the Crown, but the horse is walking and has a plume on its head, and the legends vary FR7V Z : hIB' and D3V - ; in. m. Y. M 1-4. Wt. 238'0. The half-crowns are of the same dates and mints as the crowns. On those of the Tower of 1551 and 1552 the horse is cantering, but 011 those of 1553 it is walking. On all the London pieces the horse is without a plume on its head. 468. Shilling. Tower. Obv. SDWARD' VI : D' 6' A6U FR7V Z' hIB' R6(X (stops, lozenges); m. m. ton. Bust of king facing, crowned, wearing ermine robe and collar of the Garter; a rose to 1., and XII ( = 12d.) to r. Rev. Same as the Half-Crown ; m. m. ton. JR 1-3. Wt. 90-5. Those struck at Southwark have the usual mint-mark Y . This is the first instance of the mark of value occurring in the English coinage. 469. Sixpence. York. Same as the Shilling; but mark of value VI ( 6d.) on obverse and inscription on reverse, COVITAS 6(BORAC(I ; m. m. mullet pierced, on both sides. JR 1-05. Wt. 47 -3. Struck also at the Tower and Southwark, but with the usual POSVI D6(V5Tl, &c., legend on the reverse and mint-marks ton and Y. 470. Threepence. London. Same as the Shilling, No. 468, but with mark of value III (= 3d.) on the obverse; in. m. ton on both sides. JR '8. Wt. 23-3. A variety has a rose for m. m. on the rev. None are known of Southwark, but those struck at York have the same rev. legend and mint-mark as on the preceding coin. 471. Penny. London. Obv. 8 D 6 ROSA SlftS SP (stops, lozenges) ; m. m. ton. King enthroned, holding sceptre and orb. Ecv. (XI VITAS LONDON ; in. m. as on obv. Square shield on cross fourchee. st '6. Wt. 8-3. The penny of fine silver is of the Tower mint only. 472. Penny, base. London. Obv. : E : D : G : ROSA : SINE : SPINA : (stops, lozenges) ; m. m. scallop. Full-blown double rose. Ecv. C I VITAS LONDON. Same as the preceding; no m. m. M -65. Wt. 12'5. Struck also at York with m. m. mullet pierced and CIVITAS EBOR ACI. 473. Halfpenny, base. London. Same as the preceding, but the rose is single and the obv. legend reads SPI for SPINA. M -45. Wt. 6'8. Halfpence and farthings of base metal were struck at the Tower only. 474. Farthing, base. London. Obv. E D G [ROSA ] SINE SPI (stops, lozenges). Portcullis. Rev. CIVITAS [LONDON]. Cross pattee, three pellets in each angle. M -3. Wt. 3 -2. With the reign of Edward VI the local mints came to an end, and henceforth, with two notable exceptions, all the coins both in gold and silver were struck at the Tower mint. The exceptions occurred during the reign of Charles I and the period of the Civil War, and in 1696 on the occasion of the great re-coinage of silver money (see p. 137). MAEY. 91 Mary (alone). 1553-1554. PlatexviL COINAGE. Gold. Sovereign, Ryal, Angel, and Half-Angel. Silver. Groat, Half -Groat, and Penny. Mary's coinage is of two periods, that struck before her marriage (1553-1554), and that after her marriage (1554-1558). The above are the denominations of the first period. ISSUES, &c. There was only one issue of gold and silver ; but the standard of both metals was varied from that of the last coinage of Edward VI. In the gold the old standard at 23 cts. 3^ grs. fine and 4- gr. alloy was restored ; but the silver was reduced to 11 oz. fine and 1 oz. alloy, an exception being made in the case of the base penny, which was 3 oz. fine and 9 oz. alloy. The weights and current values of the gold were : sovereign 240 grs., ryal 120 grs., angel 80 grs., and half-angel 40 grs. ; current for 30s., 15s., 10s., and 5s. respectively. The silver coins were at 8 grs. to the penny ; but the base penny weighed 12 grs. All the coins are of the Tower mint. 475. Sovereign. 1553. Obv. mi\R\l\ : : D' : 6' : AflSU FRfi' Z : hIB' : GOLD. RQSIIT.A : m : D : LIU (stops, annulets; pomegranate after JTlfiRlfi). Queen enthroned, holding sceptre and orb ; at her feet, portcullis ; around, arched tressure. Rev. K : DflO' F7XC(TV' - 9ST : ISTV Z : 8ST : JftlRTV IH : OQVL' : flRIS' : (stops, annulets; pomegranate after DUO). Eoyal shield on double rose within arched tressure, lis and leaf at alternate angles. A7 1-7. Wt. 235 -9. This type is copied from sovereigns of the third coinage of Edward VI. This coin is also dated MDLIIII. They are the first dated gold coins of the English series. The pomegranate was the badge tof Katherine of Aragon, mother of Mary. 176. Ryal. 1553. Obv. STlfiRlfi - D' 6' 7KR.G' FR7T - X hIB' Plate xviii. RQ6IR7X fll D Llll (stops, annulets; pomegranate after 5YlfiRIA). Queen holding sword and shield standing in ship, similar to No. 354 ; but the mast has a top-castle and at stern the flag is marked with the letter M. Rev. ft : DnO' FfiaTV 9ST : ISTVD . X 6(ST miRfiBI' IR, : OC(VL' RRI' (stops, annulets). Floriated cross with rose on sun in centre and lions and crowns in angles, &c., similar to No. 354. A; 1-4. Wt. 118-8. With but slight variations this coin is of the same type as the rose- noble of Edward IV ; but it has a different legend on the reverse. It is exceedingly rare and is only known of the above date. 477. Angel. Obv. 5TlfiRlfi : : D' S' ftHS' FR7V X : hIB' R9SIIT (stops, annulets ; pomegranate after JT17X R I ft). The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon as on No. 376. Rev. A DftO' F7\C(TV' 6(ST : ISTVD Z 9ST : JTURfiBI' ~& (stops, annulets; pomegranate after ISTVD). Ship to r., &c., as on No. 339; at sides of mast M and rose. AT 1-15. Wt. 80-5. The type of the angel and half-angel remained the same as previously ; but as in the case of the ryal the legends on the reverses were changed. The sign after JTllRfiBI is for etcetera. On some the obverse legend is in Roman letters. 92 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xviii. 478. Half-Angel. Obv. MARIA D' <3' ft' FR' Z hIB' RQSI' (stops, GOLD annulets; pomegranate after SYIARIA). Same as the Angel. Rev. A DRO' FACrrV 6(ST ISTVD : S : ~& (stops, annulets; pome- granate after QST). Same as the Angel, jv -85. Wt. 38-3. The half-angels are exceedingly rare and show but very slight varieties. SILVER. 479. Groat. Obv. MARIA . . D' 6' AftS' FRA' - X hIB' RSSr - (stops, annulets; pomegranate after HIARIA). Bust of queen to 1., in profile, crowned and wearing necklace with pendant cross. Rev. V6CRITAS T6UUPORIS FILIA (pomegranate after VSRITAS). Square shield on cross fourchee. JR 1-0. Wt. 29-6. The groats only differ in reading FR or FRA, and ET for X. During the reign of Elizabeth they were counter-marked with a portcullis and made current for 2\d. The motto on the reverse was adopted by Mary with the device of " Time drawing Truth out of a pit " ; an allusion to her attempts at a reconciliation with Rome. 480. Half-Groat. Same as the Groat, but TV for APIS and FR for FRA in the obverse legend, and T6UTIPO for T6URPORIS in that .of the reverse. K -75. Wt. 16-2. There are no varieties of the half-groat. 481. Penny. Obv. M' D' G' ROSA : SINE : SPINA (stops, lozenges; pomegranate after ROSA). Bust of queen as on No. 479. Eev. VERITAS TEMP FILIA (pomegranate after VERITAS). Square shield on cross fourchee. ja -6. Wt. 10-9. The penny with this reverse legend is exceedingly rare. A variety has the mint-name CIVITAS LONDON, and sometimes the date [15]53. The base penny is similar but has a full-blown rose on the obverse instead of the bust of the queen. The reverse is the same as No. 481, but with the mint-name as on the variety of that piece. Philip and Mary. 1554-1558. COINAGE. Gold. Angel and Half-Angel. Silver. Half-Crown, Shil- ling, Sixpence, Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny. ISSUES, tfcc. Gold. One : Angel and Half-Angel. Silver. Two : 1st issue (1554), Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny ; 2nd issue (1554- 1557), Half-Crown, Shilling, and Sixpence. The gold and silver coins are of the same weight and fineness as those of Mary, the silver being at 8 grs. to the penny, except the base piece of that denomination which weighed 12 grs. They were struck only at the Tower. OOLD. 482. Angel. Obv. PHILIP' . Z : MARIA : D' . G' REX Z : REGINA : AN' ; m. m. lis. The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon as on No. 477. Ecv. A' DNO' FACTVM : EST : ISTVD : Z EST - MIRABILE; m. in. lis. Ship to r., &c., as on No. 477; but at sides of mast P M. jvl'15. Wt. 79'3. The angels vary only slightly in the inscriptions. On the gold and early silver coins Philip uses the title of King of England only, but on PHILIP AND MARY. 03 the later silver pieces his Neapolitan and Spanish titles are generally Plate yiven (see Nos. 488, 489). The lis is the only mint-mark found on (; '" the gold coins and on those of fine silver. 483. Half-Angel. Same as the Angel, but the obv. legend ends REG I', and that on the rev. MIR'. ; m. in. lis. AT -85. Wt. 38 '7. There appear to be no varieties of this coin, which is very rare. . Groat. 1st issue. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA - D G REX ET su.v REGINA; m. in. lis. Bust of queen to 1., as on No. 479. Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO NOS ; m. m. lis. Square shield on cross fourchee, as on No. 479. JR -95. Wt. 30-0. Groats only differ in reading Z for ET in the obverse legend. 485. Half-Groat. 1st issiie. Same as the Groat, but a pearl instead of a cross is suspended from the necklace, and the legend on the reverse reads POSVIM for POSVIMVS. JR -75. Wt. 16-3. There are no varieties of the half-groat. 486. Penny. 1st issue. London. Obv. P Z M D G ROSA SINE SPINE; m. m. lis. Bust of queen to 1., as on No. 479; but pearl instead of cross attached to necklace. Rev. Cl VITAS LONDON; m.m. lis. Square shield on CBOSS fourchee. M -6. Wt. 9'0. A variety reads SPIN- This is the only variety known. 487. Penny, base. 1st issue. London. Same as the preceding, but reading SPI for SPINE and double rose instead of the queen's bust on the obverse; m. m. rose on obverse only. M '65. Wt. 12-0. These two types of the penny resemble those of Mary before her marriage (see No. 481 and note). The full weight of the base penny fs 12 grs. Varieties only differ in reading SPI, SPIN, or SPINfi. . Half-Crown. 1554. 2nd issue. Obv. PHILIPPVS D G R ANG FR NEAP PR HISP. Bust of Philip to r., in armour; above, crown; below, date, 1554. Rev. MARIA - D G R ANG FR NEAP PR HISP. Bust of Mary to 1., in high embroidered dress, cap and veil ; above, crown dividing date, 1 554. jsl'25. Wt. 229*0. This coin may have been a pattern, as only three specimens are known, and in the order for striking shillings and sixpences no mention is made of the half-crown. 489. Shilling. 2nd issue. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA D G R ANG FR - NEAP PR HISP. Busts of Philip and Mary face to face ; above their heads, a crown. Rev. POSVIMVS - DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Oval garnished shield, arms of Spain and England quarterly ; above, crown dividing mark of value XII. M 1'25. Wt. 96*0. There were several varieties of the shilling as follows : (a) without date or mark of value ; (b) with mark of value on the reverse, but no date ; (c) with dates, 1554 or 1555, above the heads and mark of value on the reverse ; (d) as last with date 1555 under busts. Some omit the Neapolitan and Spanish titles, and give the English ones only ; and also read ADIVTO R I VM. 94 ENGLISH COINS. iii. 490 Sixpence. 1554. 2nd issue. Same as the preceding, but date 1554 above SIIVK1 , the heads, and mark of value VI on the reverse. JR 1'05. Wt. 46' 1. Struck in 1554, 1555, and 1557, with dates above the busts. Varieties of 1554 and 1557 have the dates under the busts. Those dated 1557 have the lis mint-mark. The Neapolitan and Spanish titles only occur on those dated 1554. Quarter-shillings or three- pences were also ordered, but none are known, and if any groats or smaller coins were struck between 1554 and 1558 they must have been of the same types as those of the first issue. Elizabeth. 1558-1603. COINAGE. Gold. Sovereign, Ryal, Half -Sovereign, Crown, Half- Crown, Angel, Half- Angel, and Quarter-Angel. Silver. Crown, Half- Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, Three Halfpence, Penny, Three Farthings, and Halfpenny. ISSUES, &c. The gold coins hammered and milled are of the two standards, known as " standard gold " and " crown gold," the former being 23 cts. 3 grs. fine and ^ gr. alloy, and the latter 22 cts. fine and 2 cts. alloy. The issues and current values of the two standards w< Te- as follows: Standard Gold Coinage: Sovereign (15581561; 1584 1601), 240 grs., current for 30s. (20s. from 1561-1572); Eyal (1560- 1572; 1584-1601), 120 grs., current for 15s. (10s. from 1561-1572); Angel (1558-1578 ; 1578-1582 ;* 1582-1601), 80 grs., current for 10*. (6s. Sd. from 1561-1572); Half-Angel (issues as the Angel), 40 grs., current for 5s. (3s. 4d. from 1561-1572) ; Quarter- Angel (issues as the Angel), 20 grs., current for 2s. 6d. (Is. Sd. from 1561-1572). Crown Gold Coinage: Sovereign (1561-1572 ; 1592-1601 ; 1601-2 f), 174/' r grs., current for 20s. (13s. 4d. from 1561-1572) ; Half-Sovereign (1558-1572 ; 1592-1601 ; 1601-2), 87^ grs., current for 10s. (6s. Sd. from 1561- 1572) ; Crown (issues as the Half-Sovereign), 43 T 7 T grs., current for fix. (3s. 4d. from 1561-1572) ; and Half-Crown (issues as the Half- Sovereign), 21 r r grs., current for 2*. Qd (1*. Sd. from 1561-1572). The milled gold coins (see below) struck from 1561-1572, consisted of the Half-Sovereign, Crown, and Half-Crown. They were of crown gold, and were of the same weights and current values as the hammered money. Silver. The silver coins are also of two kinds, those struck by the old process of the hammer ; and those struck by the mill and screw, and known as milled money. The latter comprised the Half-Crow n, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, Penny, and Three Farthings only. The weight of the silver money was at 8 grs. to the Penny till 1601, when it was reduced to 7H , ! grs., and its fineness 11 oz. pure to 1 oz. alloy to 1561, when it was restored to 11 oz. '2 dwts. pure and 18 dwts. alloy, at which standard it has remained till the present time. * The weights of the Angel and its divisions were slightly reduced during the period 1578-1582. t In 1601-2 the weight of the sovereign was reduced to 171^ grs., and its divisions in like proportions. ELIZABETH. 95 By the proclamation of 30th June, 1561, which regulated the relative Plate xviii. values of the standard gold and crown gold coins, that of the shilling was reduced to 8d., the sixpence to 4. armour. Rev. Same as the Sovereign, but the shield is not garnished. AA 1-2. Wt. 84-2. The gold coins of this issue show no varieties of type or legend. 531. Crown. Obv. IACOBVS - D' G' . ANG' - SCO' FRA' - ET HIB' REX ; m. m. thistle. Bust of king as on the preceding. Rev. TVEATVR -VNITA DEVS; m. m. as on obv. Square shield dividing legend above and below ; above, crown between I R. AI '95. Wt. 43-4. The legend 011 the reverse refers to the union of the two kingdoms. 532. Half-Crown. Same as the Crown, but the legend on the obv. reads IACOBVS - D' - G' AN' SC' FR' ET HI' REX ; same ni. in. u '1. Pierced. Second Issue (1604-1619). 533. Unite. Obv. IACOBVS D' . G' MAG' BRIT FRAN' ET HIB' REX ; m. m. lis. Half-length figure of the king as on No. 529, but armour more decorated. Rev. FACIAM . EOS - IN - GENTEM - VNAM ; m. m. lis. Square garnished shield, &c., as on No. 529. AT 1'45. Wt. 154-0. The obverse legend shows the change in the king's titles to " King of Great Britain." That on the reverse is from Ezekiel xxxvii. 22. The reference to the union is continued in the whole verse : "I will make them one nation in the land upon the mountains of Israel ; and one king shall be king to them all : and they shall be no more two nations, neither shall they be divided into two kingdoms any more it all." Each denomination of the gold coins of this issue only varies in the lint-mark. Like those of the previous issue, they are all of crown gold. Double-Crown. Obv. IACOBVS D' G' MAG' BRIT FRAN' ET HIB' REX; m. m. lis. Bust of king to r., crowned, in decorated armour and lace collar. Rev. HENRICVS ROSAS REGNA IACOBVS ; m. m. as on obv. Square shield crowned as on No. 530. .v 1 15. Wt. 76-6. The reverse legend refers to the union of the white and red roses of mcaster and York in the person of Henry VII, and to that of the two kingdoms in the person of James I. 55. Britain Crown. Same as the preceding, but reading FRA. for FRAN, on obv., and I R at sides of crown on rev. ; m. m. rose 011 both sides. A- -85. Wt. 38-8. Half-Crown. Obv. I' D' G' ROSA SINE SPINA; m. m. rose. Bust of king as on No. 534. Rev. Same as No. 531 ; m. m. as on obv. AT '1. Wt. 19-6. 537. Thistle Crown. Obv. - IA' D' - G' MAG' BR' F' ET H' - REX' ; m. m. lis. Rose on stalk with two leaves, crowned, between I R. Rev. TVEATVR VNITA DEVS. Thistle on stalk with two leaves, crowned, between I R. A7 '75. Wt. 31-0. The issue of the thistle crown hitherto was supposed to have ceased in 1611, but the recent discovery of pieces with later mint-marks shows that it was struck till 1618 at least. 102 ENGLISH COINS. Third Issue (1605-1619). Plate xxi. 538. Rose Ryal. Obv. IACOBVS D' G' MAG' . BRIT' FRAN' ET - HOLD. HIBER'- REX; m. m. rose. King enthroned holding sceptre and orb; at his feet, portcullis; tressure of arches. Ecv. A DNO' FACTVM EST . ISTVD . ET EST MIRAB' - IN OCVLIS NRIS ; m. m. as on obv. Square shield on large double rose within tressure, with trefoil and leaf alternately at the angles. AT 1*7. Wt. 212-4. All the coins of this issue are of standard gold. Though their current values were raised 10 per cent, in 1612 no change was made in the types ; but a slight increase took place in the weights. The ryal is similar in type to the sovereigns of Mary and Elizabeth. 539. Spur Ryal. Obv. IACOBVS D' - G' MAG' BRIT' FRAN' ET HIB' REX; m. m. rose. King standing in two-masted ship to 1., crowned and holding sword and shield ; three ropes from stern and prow ; flag with I at prow; rose on side. Rev. A : DNO' FACTVM EST - ISTVD ET - EST MIRABILE; m. m. as on obv. Within arched tressure floriated cross, the centre concealed by a rose upon a sun ; in each angle, crown above lion, and trefoil in each spandril of tressure. AT 1-35. Wt. 105-7. The spur ryal was just half the current value of the rose ryal. It received its name from the pointed form of the rays of the sun on the reverse, which looks like a spur. The type of the spur ryal is similar to that of the ryals of Mary and Elizabeth. 540. Angel. Obv. IACOBVS - D' - G' - MAG' BRIT' FRA' ET - HI' . REX ; m. m. mullet. The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon, usual type, as No. 376. Rev. A DNO' FACTVM EST ISTVD ; in. m. as on obv. Ship as on previous Angels, but no cross above the shield in front of the mast, on which is a top-castle ; I and rose at sides of mast. AT 1-1. Wt. 70-4. The angels only vary in the mint-marks and in having sometimes a bowsprit. 541. Half- Angel. Same as the Angel, but reading MA' BRI' for MAG' - BRIT' , and m. m. cinquefoil on both sides. A7 -8. Wt. 34 -7. Half-angels do not appear to have been struck before 1610 or 1611. They are not mentioned in any of the indentures or proclamations of the time. Fourth Issue (1619-1625). 542. Rose Ryal. Obv. IACOBVS D' : G' : MA : BRI : FR : ET HIB : REX; m. m. spur rowel. King enthroned, wearing robes of the Garter and holding sceptre and orb ; at his feet, portcullis ; the back of the throne, which is high, is flowered and the field is chequered with roses and lis. Rev. A DNO : FACTVM EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB : IN OC : NRIS ; m. m. as on obv. Square shield on cross fleury within two beaded circles ; between which and in each angle of the cross is a lion between a lis and a rose ; above shield, XXX ( = 30s.). A; 1-55. Wt. 193-2. Much inconvenience having been experienced through the raising of the current values of the gold coins in 1612 (see note, p. 100), a JAMES I, 103 new issue was ordered in 1619, consisting of the rose ryal, spur ryal Plate xxi. and angel in standard gold, and the laurel or unite, and half and GOLD. quarter-laurel in crown gold. In order to distinguish these new coins from the old ones, which so nearly approached them in weight and value, and which were still in circulation, new types were adopted or the former ones much altered, and on each piece was placed its current value. This is the first instance of the values being placed on gold coins. Edward VI and Mary had already adopted the plan for some of their silver coins. 543. Spur Ryal. Obv. IACOBVS D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRA : ET HI : REX; m.m. spur rowel. Lion facing, crowned, holding sceptre and support- ing shield; at sides of which, X V (= 15s.). Eev. A DNO : FACTVM EST ISTVD ET EST M I R A B I ; m. m. as on obv. Within arched tressure a spur rowel with rose in centre and four lis and four lions, all crowned alternately at points of rays. AT 1'25. Wt. 96 '6. The rose ryals and spur ryals only vary in their mint-marks and in the abbreviations of the legends. 544. Angel. Obv. IACOBVS D : G : MAG : BRI : FRA : ET HIB : REX; m. m. trefoil slipped. The Archangel, St. Michael, piercing the dragon, usual type, but with mark of value, X (= 10s.) on r. of Saint. Rev. A DOMINO FACTVM EST ISTVD; m.m. as on obv. Ship with three masts to 1. ; from the centre one depends a large sail, embroidered with the royal arms ; side ornamented with lis and lions and port-holes ; lion at stern and prow. AT 1-05. Wt. 65 -1. The difference in the reverse type easily distinguishes these angels from those of previous issues. No half-angels are known of this coinage, and none are mentioned in the indenture ordering it. Laurel. Obv. IACOBVS D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRAH : ET HIBERU : REX; m. m. spur rowel. Bust of king in profile to 1., laureate, in armour and mantle; behind, XX ( = 20s.). Eev. FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM ; m.m. as on obv. Square shield on cross fleury ; above, crown. A? 1-4. Wt. 134-4. This is the first instance of the laureate bust on the English )inage. James delighted to be represented as the " Caesar Augustus " " Britain, and he assumed this title on his coronation medal, on which he is also figured in Roman dress. The name first given to this coin was the Unite, but it soon received that of the Laurel from its type of )bverse. 16. Half-Laurel. Obv. IACOBVS D : G : MAG : BRI : FRA : ET HI : REX; m. m. spur rowel. Laureate bust as on the preceding; behind, X (=10s.). Bev. HENRICVS ROSAS REGNA IACOBVS; m. m. as on obv. Shield on cross fleury as on the preceding. A? 1'15. Wt. 69 '0. Besides the mint-mark there are several minor varieties of the laurel, half and quarter-laurel, more especially in the abbreviations of the words of the legends. 547. Quarter-Laurel. Same as the preceding, but reading FR : for FRA : and mark of value, V (= 5s.) behind bust on obv., and on rev. HEN RIG' ROSAS REGNA IACOB'; m. m. trefoil slipped on both sides, but after REGNA on rev. A: -75. Wt. 34-1. 104 ENGLISH COINS. First Issue ( 1603-1 604). Plate xxi. 548. Crown. Obv. IACOBVS - D' . G' - ANG' SCO' FRAN' ET - HIB' - SILVER. REX; m. m. thistle. King on horseback to r., crowned and holding sword in r. hand ; crowned rose on housings of horse. Rev. EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI; m. m. as on obv. Square shield, garnished, zi 1-7. Wt. 462-0. On the silver coins of the first issue the king's titles and the legend on the reverse are the same as on his early gold pieces. The only dated silver coin is the sixpence : the mint-marks of which serve to fix the sequence of issue of the other coins. 549. Half-Crown. Same as the Crown in all respects except in size and weight. jRl-45. Wt. 227-0. There appear to be no varieties of types or legends of the silver coins of this issue : and the only mint-marks are the thistle and the lis. They occur in each denomination. 550. Shilling. Obv. IACOBVS D' - G' ANG' - SCO' FRA' - ET HIB'. REX; m. m. thistle. Bust of king to r., crowned, in armour; hehind, XII ( = 12d.). Rev. Same as the Crown, hut shield not garnished ; m. m. asono&u. jxl'3. Wt. 89-0. 551. Sixpence. 1603. Same as the Shilling, but mark of value VI (= 6d.) behind the bust, and date, 1603, above the shield, jtl-05. Wt. 45'5. Dated also 1604. Plate xxii. 552. Half-Groat. Obv. \' - D' G' ROSA SINE - SPINA; m. m. thistle. Bust of king as on the Shilling, No. 550; behind, II (= 2d.). Rev. Square shield ; above, m. m. thistle; no legend, st. -7. Wt. 16 -8. No groats were struck during this reign. 553. Penny. Same as the Half-Groat; but behind bust, I (= Id.), and m. m. lis on both sides. M -5. Wt. 8-5. 554. Halfpenny. Obv. Portcullis ; above, m. m. thistle. Rev. Cross moline with three pellets in each angle ; no legends on either side. JR -4. Wt. 3-0. These coins cannot be distinguished from similar pieces of Elizabeth except by their mint-marks. This is the last coin struck with the reverse type of a cross and pellets. The type had been used since the time of Henry III. Second Issue (1604-1625). 555. Crown. Obv. IACOBVS D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRAN : ET HI : REX; m. m. trefoil slipped. King on horseback, &c., as on No. 548. Rev. QVXE DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET; m.m. as on obv. Square garnished shield as on No. 548. jRl'7. Wt. 457 -3. The king's titles MAG. BRIT., c., are as on the gold coins (see Nos. 529 and 533). The legend on the reverse, referring to the union of the two kingdoms, is from Matthew xix. 6. The prince's plume, which some- times occurs above the shield on the reverse of the crowns, half-crowns and shillings, denotes that they were struck from silver derived from the Welsh mines in the neighbourhood of Aberystwith. Besides the mint-marks there are several small varieties of the crown. Some have a thistle and rose united on the housings of the horse instead of a rose ; whilst others have a large shield, which cuts the inner circle on the reverse. : JAMES I. 105 556. Half-Crown. Same as the Crown, but the obv. legend reads I AGO BVS D : piatexxii G : MAG : BRI : FRAN : ET HIB : REX; and m. m. thistle on both HlIVKV sides. jRl-45. Wt. 239-6. Also with plume above shield. 557. Shilling. Obv. IACOBVS D : G : MAG : BRI : FR : ET HI : REX; m. m. trefoil slipped. Bust of king to r., as on No. 550. Rev. Same type and legend as No. 555, but shield plain, not garnished ; m. m. as on obv. Ml- 25. Wt. 92-0. Also with plume above shield. Those struck before 1607 vary slightly in the abbreviations of the king's titles ; reading MAG BRIT FRA - ET HIB - REX. 558. Sixpence. 1624. Same as the Shilling; but VI (= 6d.) behind king's head, and date, 1624, above shield; m. m. lis on both sides. JR 1-0. Wt. 44-6. Sixpences are known of 1604 to 1624, except 1614. Some years have more than one mint-mark. 559. Half-Groat. Obv. I : D : G : ROSA . SINE SPINA; m. m. star. Rose, crowned. Rev. TVEATVR VNITA DEVS ; m. m. star. Thistle, crowned. JR '7. Wt. 16 -0. This type is similar to that of the thistle crown. It differs consider- ably from the half -groat of the first issue (see No. 552). The earlier and later pieces, each with the mint-marks rose, thistle, lis and trefoil, cannot be distinguished from each other in the absence of any special marks. 560. Penny. Same as the Half-Groat ; but no crown over rose or thistle and no m. m. JR -55. Wt. 7*0. The absence of the mint-mark is unusual. Some half-groats and pennies are without the king's name and titles, and have the TVEATVR, ld coins other than the above are known of I Bristol. 312. Half-Crown. 1643. Obv. CAROLVS D : G : MAG : BR : FR : ET : HIBER : REX; m. m. plume. King on horseback to 1., usual type as No. 575; sword, in r. hand; behind, plume. Rev. EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI; m.m. BR (mon.). Across the field and in two lines, RELIG : PROT : LE : AN : LI : PA : above, three plumes ; below, 1 643. AI I 45. Wt. 234 5. Struck also in 1644, 1645 and 1646. Those of 1646 have A or plumo under the horse and B on rev., and a scroll ornament above the " Declaration." The silver coins of Bristol are the half-crown, shilling, sixpence, groat and half-groat. They are all of the " Declaration " typ;. i 114 ENGLISH COINS. Hat, xxv. G13. Shilling. 1644. Obv. CAROLVS D : G : MAG : BR : FR : ET H : sn.vi.-i; REX ; m. m. five pellets. Bust of king to 1., crowned, in lace collar and armour; behind, XII ( 12d.) ; before, plume. Rev. Same as the preceding ; hut the "Declaration" is in three lines, REL : PROT : LEG : ANG : LIB : PAR : below, 1644 and BR (mon.). JK 1-3. Wt. 91'0. Struck also in 1643 and 1645. Some have no plume before the bust. Of the half-crown and shilling there are many small varieties of legends, -2-\. Half-Groat. 1644. Obv. CAROLVS D G M B F ET HI - REX; in. m. rose. Smut! us the Groat, No. 622, but mark of value II (=2d.). Rev. THRO IVSTI FIRMAT 1644; m. m. rose. Large rose. A -65. Wt. 18 -0. A variety has on the reverse an oval shield garnished, instead of a rose, and the same date, 1644. G >"> Penny. 1644. Same as the Half-Groat, but reading H for HI, and on rev. THRO IVS - FIRMAT 1644; behind bust I (= Id.), and m. in. rose on both sides, zi '6. Wt. 7 - 0. This is the only type and date of the penny. . OXFORD MINT. Plate xxvi. 020. Three Pound Piece. 1643. Obv. CAROLVS - D : G : MAG : BRIT: CJOLK FRAN : ET : HI : REX; m. m. plume. Half-length figure of king to 1 holding sword and olive-branch, and wearing plain falling collar, and armour; behind, plume. Rev. EXVRGAT : DEVS : DISSIPENTVR : INIMICI. Across the field, in three lines and on a continuous scroll, RELIG : PROT : LEG : ANG : LIBER : PAR; above,- III ( = 3) and three plumes ; below, 1 643. M 1 8. Wt. 416 7. The mint originally established at Aberystwith was transferred to Shrewsbury, and from thence to Oxford, where it was set up in New Inn Hall, 3 Jan. 1642 (o.s.) under the direction of Sir William Parkhurst and Thomas Bushell. It was in operation till 1646. There are several varieties of the three pound piece which was struck at Oxford only. On the obverse the bust varies a good deal in size, and on the reverse the "Declaration" is in wavy lines, not on a scroll, and the initials of the mint, OX or OXON, occur below the date. Others are dated 1642 and 1644. The usual mint-mark of Oxford is a plume. Much of the gold from which these coins were struck is said to have come from the Welsh mines. 627. Unite. 1642. Similar to the preceding, but mark of value XX (= 20s.) behind the bust, no plume ; and the " Declaration " in two wavy lines across the field on the reverse ; above, three plumes only ; and below, 1 642. A; 1-4. Wt. 137-7. There are also several varieties of the unite similar to those of the three pound piece. The bust is small or large and reaching to the lower edge of the coin, the " Declaration " is on a continuous scroll as 011 the preceding, or in three straight lines across the field ; and the dates are 1642 to 1646, sometimes with the initials OX. 628. Double-Crown. 1643. Obv. CAROLVS D : G : M : BR : FR : ET HI : REX. Bust of king to 1., crowned, in falling lace collar and armour; the bust dividing legend; behind, X (= 10s.). Rev. Similar to No. 626, but reading ANGL for ANG : and single pellet after each word of legend; above "Declaration," three plumes; below, 1643. AT 1-1. Wt.69-5. Also dated 1642 and 1644, but of the latter date only one specimen is known. Like the unite the double-crown varies slightly in the obv. and rev. types ; and the " Declaration " occurs in three straight lines. The above are the only denominations in gold struck at Oxford. SIUVR. 620. Pound Piece. 1643. Obv. CAROLVS : D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRA : ET : HIBER : REX; in. m. plume. King on horseback to 1., as on No. 575; CHARLES I. 117 behind, plume ; below, arms. Eev. : EXVRGAT : DEVS : DISSIPEN- Plate TVR ; INIMICI : Across the field and in two lines, RELIG : PROT : suv LEG : ANG : LIBER : PAR ; above, XX (= 20s.) and three plumes; below, 1 643. .at 2 05. Wt. 1854 0. Struck at Oxford and Shrewsbury only. Those of Oxford are dated 16421644, and vary slightly in the obverse type, more especially in the arms under the horse. The " Declaration" on the reverse of the pound piece of 1644 is within a compartment, with one plume only above. It happened, not infrequently, that old Aberystwith and Shrewsbury dies were re-used at Oxford (see below). 630. Half-Pound Piece. 1642. Similar to the preceding, but the obv. legend reads, CAROLVS : D : G : MAGN : BRIT : FRAN : ET : HIB : REX; arms below the horse varied ; and on rev. mark of value X (= 10s.) above the "Declaration," and 1642 below. M 1*8. Wt. 922-0. Struck also at Exeter and Shrewsbury ; but those of Exeter have a different reverse (see note No. 618). The Oxford pieces are also dated 1643 and vary slightly in the details. G31. Crown. 1642. Similar to No. 629; but the obv. legend reads, CAROLVS : D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRAN : ET HIBER REX ; plain ground under horse ; and on rev. mark of value V and date 1 642 ; no in. m. on either side. M 1-7. Wt. 462-0. Dated also 1643. The obverses of some of the early crowns of Oxford were struck from old Shrewsbury dies. They present slight varieties of type. 632. Pattern Crown, 1644, by Thomas Eawlins. Obv. CAROLVS D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRAN : ET HIBER REX (stops, lozenges); m. in. cross fleury. King on horseback to 1., as on No. 575 ; below, view of the city of Oxford with OXON and R (Rawlins). Eev. Same as the pre- ceding, but sprig of flowers between each word of outer legend ; the " Declara- tion " between two scrolls, and below N . JJ 1 6. Wt. 453 0. Thomas Rawlins, who made the dies for this coin, was chief engraver to the king ; and when the Tower mint was seized by tho Parliament in 1642, he removed to Oxford, where he superintended the coinage. The above piece is of extremely fine work, and was executed with much care and attention to details. As only eleven specimens of this coin are known, and as all are in fine condition, it was most probably never put into circulation, and is therefore a pattern. It is generally known to collectors as the " Oxford Crown." 633. Half-Crown. 1643. Similar to No. 629; but obv. legend, CAROLVS : D : G : MAG : BRIT : FR : ET : HI : REX; no arms, but plain ground under horse and no m. m. ; and on rev. no mark of value, and in. m. four pellets, jjl-4. Wt. 231-0. Dated also 1642, 1644, 1645 and 1646. There are numerous varieties of the half-crown. Some have no ground under the horse, and no plume behind the king ; and on the ree. OX beneath the date, the " Declaration " more or less abbreviated, &c. (see next coin). (134. Half-Crown. 1644. Similar to the preceding; but obv. legend varied, BR. and HIB. ; rough ground under horse, and in. m. plume; and on rev. lar^v plume between two smaller ones above the " Declaration," and below, 1644 OX ; no m. m. JK 1-4. Wt. 227'0. 118 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxvi. C35. Shilling. 1644. Obv. CAROLVS D : G : MAG : BRI : FR : ET HIB : SILVER REX : (stops, lozenges); m. m. plume. Bust of king to 1., crowned, wearing falling lace collar and armour; behind, XII (= 12d.). Rev. EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI; m. m. rosette. Across the field and in three lines, RELIG : PROT LEG : ANG : LIBER : PAR (stops, lozenges throughout) ; above, three plumes between two rosettes ; below, '^Qx 4 .' ail'3. Wt. 92-0. Struck from 1642 to 1646 inclusive. Of the shilling there are numerous varieties. One of 1644 has the "Declaration" in a com- partment, as the pound piece of that year (see note No. 629). Another, also of 1644, has a scroll above and below the "Declaration" as on No. 632. Whilst the third has the initial R (Rawlins) on the trun- cation of the shoulder. The mint-marks are generally a plume, or one or more lozenges or pellets (see also next coin). 636. Shilling. 1644. Similar to the last, but the bust of king to r., in plain collar ; behind, MX (sic), and on rev. the "Declaration" varied; lozenge each side of plumes, and m. m. lozenge within four pellets. AI 1'35. Wt. 90'6. This shilling, and another variety of the same year with a single plume over the " Declaration," are the only coins of this reign which have the bust of the king turned to the right. They can scarcely be considered patterns ; but are more probably forgeries of the time. 637. Sixpence. 1643. Similar to No. 635, but obv. legend varied BRIT : and HI :, plume before bust and mark of value VI (= 6d.) behind ; m. m. open book ; and on rev. two pellets after words of legends ; and below the " Declaration," 1 643 only ; no m. m. M 1 05. Wt. 57 0. Dated from 1642 to 1644. The mint-mark open book shows that the obverse was struck from an old Aberystwith die. The usual mint- mark of the sixpence is a plume. There are several small varieties of the sixpence ; those of 1644 have OX below the date. 638. Groat. 1644. Obv. CAROLVS D' G' M' B' F' ET H' - REX; m. m. rose. Bust to 1., crowned, in lace collar and armour, and lion's head on shoulder; before, plume; behind, mi (= 4d.). Rev. EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI; in. in. lozenge within four pellets. Across the field the "Declaration" in three lines, RELIG PRO LEG ANG LIBER PA; above, plume between two . 1644 lis; below, . M '^ 639. Groat. 1645. Similar to the preceding, but the legend commences below, and the bust reaches to the edge of the coin ; 110 plume before ; and on rev. single plume and scroll ornament above the " Declaration ; " and wavy line and 1645 below, xt -95. Wt. 30-5. Groats were struck from 1644 to 1646. Others have the "Declara- tion" within a compartment, with three plumes above and OX with date below, mint-mark lis or book, and R for Rawlins under the bust. 640. Threepence. 1644. Similar to No. 635, but obv. legend varied, B : F : ET - H : REX ; plume before bust, and behind, mark of value III (= 3d.) ; m. m. open book ; and on rev. the " Declaration " REL : PRO LEG : AN LIB PA ; above, three plumes ; below, 1644. Zi '7. Wt. 24-4. Dated also 1646. Varieties have no plume before the bust, and lion-headed armour and R (Rawlins) below ; and on the reverse, plume and two lis, or three lis above the " Declaration," and mint-mark lis. The obverse of the above coin is from an Aberystwith dio. CHARLES I. 119 641. Half-Groat. 1G44. Similar to the preceding, but no plume before bust, and Plat.- \\\i. mark of value II (= 2d.) behind; in. ni. lis; and on rev. three lis above the SU.VKH. "Declaration," and ""644 below. M -65. Wt. 15'0. Struck in 1644 only. Varieties are without OX on the reverse and have for mint-mark a book, and a plume before the bust. 042. Penny. 1644. Similar to the last, but I (= Id.) behind bust; and on rev. the "Declaration" reading RELIG PRO LEG ANG LIBER PAR and date 1644 only below. At -5. Wt. 7'0. The penny of the " Declaration " type is of this date only and is extremely rare. A variety has for reverse type a large plume and around IVSTITIA THRON. FIRMAT. It is similar to the Aberystwith penny. The above are all the denominations in gold and silver struck at Oxford. Certain half-crowns of the Tower type, i.e., with oval garnished shield, and reading CHRISTO, &c., but with SA under the horse and mint-mark a helmet, have been attributed to Salisbury. In general fabric they resemble the half-crowns of Weymouth (see No. 648). SHREWSBURY MINT. 643. Pound Piece. 1642. Obv. CAROLVS D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRA : SIIAKH. ET HIB : REX; m. in. five pellets. King on horseback to 1., similar to No. 575 ; sword in r. hand ; behind, plume without lower band. Rev . EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR - INIMICI; m. m. five pellets. Across the field and in two lines the "Declaration," RELIG : PROT : LEG ANGL : LIBER : PAR; above, XX (= 20s.) and three plumes, each without lower band; below, 1642. A* 2-0. Wt. 1835-0. In 1642 Thomas Bushell removed the mint from Aberystwith to Shrewsbury ; but on account of scarcity of workmen and engraving implements, it was only in operation there for a few months, all the coins being dated 1642. It was then transferred to Oxford. The types of the coins are very similar to those of Oxford ; but the two series are easily identifiable by the form of the plume, that on the Shrews- bury pieces having no lower band under the coronet. It was at Shrewsbury that the " Declaration " type was first used. Varieties of the pound piece have either plain ground or arms under the horse. A rare variety has the plume immediately behind the king's head on the obverse, and only one above the " Declaration " on the reverse. 644. Half-Pound Piece. 1642. Similar to the preceding, but reading in obr. legend FRAN : and HI :; m. m. plume on obv. only; no plume behind king ; arms under horse ; and on rev. mark of value X (= 10s.). M 1-8. Wt. 923-0. Varieties have no arms or a plain line under the horse, a plume behind the king and mint-marks three to nine pellets. 645. Crown. 1642. Same as No. 643; but obv. legend reading FRAN and Plate xxvi HIBER , no 'in. m., and plain line under horse; and on rev. m. m. seven pellets and V (= 5s.) for value, and two pellets after each word of legend, jjl-7. Wt. 453-0. The crown is very rare and there are no important varieties. 120 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxvii. G4G. Half-Crown. 1642. Similar to No. 643, but m. in. six pellets on obv. ; and SIIVFR on rev - the " Declaration" reading ANG : for ANGL : , no m. m. and no mark of value. JR 1 4. Wt. 230 0. A rare variety has only one plume above the "Declaration " on the reverse and dividing the value *2 : : 6' ; other varieties have plain ground under the horse, and no plume behind the king. 647. Shilling. 1642. Obv. CAROLVS D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRA : ET - HI : REX ; m. m. open book. Bust of king to 1., crowned, in falling lace collar and armour ; before, plume without lower band ; behind, X 1 1 ( 12d.). Rev. EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI. Across the field and in three lines the "Declaration," RELIG PROT LEG ANG LIBER - PAR; above, three plumes without bands ; below, 1642. at 1-3. Wt.86-0. A variety is without the plume before the king's bust. No coins of smaller denomination than the shilling appear to have been struck at Shrewsbury. . the gateway of Colchester Castle with flag in centre; at the sides, C R, both crowned; below, OBS COL 16 S 48 in two lines; the reverse . shows the obverse type in incuse. A/ 1*3. Wt. 65 '9. Colchester was besieged by Fairfax, and surrendered after a siege of eleven weeks in Aug. 1648. The above piece is unique. 667. Shilling. A circular piece of metal stamped on one side with tbe represen- SILVEK. tation of a castle witb five towers of different beigbts in incuse; around, also in incuse, is inscribed, Carolj Fortuna resurgam ; the reverse shows traces of the obverse type, zt 1 5. Wt. 123 5. Varieties of this coin are oblong or octagonal. There exist recent restrikes of these pieces, some round, others octagonal, from the original dies, which came into the possession of Dr. Gifford, by whom they were subsequently deposited in the public library at Bristol. These restrikes have the reverses quite plain. A similar piece to the above, but octagonal in form and weighing only 66 grs., has been thought to be a ninepeiice. 124 ENGLISH COINS. NEWARK. Plate xxviii. GG8-671. Half-Crown, 1645, lozcngc-sliapcd. Obr. Largo crown between C R ; sinn; below, XXX; pearl border. Rev. OBS : NEWARK 1645 in three lines; pearl border. JR 1 4. Wt. 220 5. The Shilling, Ninepence, and Sixpence (Nos. 669-671) are of pre- cisely the same type and date; but have the marks of value, XII, IX and VI respectively. With the exception of the sixpence, which is dated 1646 only, all the other pieces are of 1645 and 1646. Varieties of the shilling and ninepeiice of 1645 read NEWARKE. During the Civil War, Newark sustained several sieges. It was finally surrendered to the Scottish army by order of Charles, 8 May, 1646. PONTEFRACT. SILVKK. G72. Shilling, 1648, lozenge-shaped. Obv. Large crown above C R ; around, DVM SPIRO SPERO. Rev. View of castle; on 1., OBS; on r., XII between P C ; below, 1648. JK 1-4. Wt. 75-4. Pontefract Castle was besieged several times during the Civil War from 1644 to 1648 ; but no coins were struck till 1648, when it was attacked by Cromwell himself and defended by Col. Morrice. As the castle did not surrender until after the death of Charles I, the later pieces bear the name of Charles II (see below Nos. 674 and 675). The weights of these shillings vary considerably. This particular type is always struck on a lozenge-shaped piece of metal. 673. Shilling. 1648. Similar to the preceding, but circular in form and having on the rev., on 1. of castle, OBS ; above, P C ; and on r., hand holding sword ; below, 1 648. jjl-1. Wt. 86-0. This type also occurs on lozenze-shaped and octagonal flans. One piece lozenge-shaped weighing 152 grs. is supposed to be for two shillings. After Death of Charles I. M>. 674. Twenty Shilling Piece, 1648, octagonal. Obv. Large crown above HANG : DEVS : DEDIT '648 in three lines; around, CAROL : II : D : G : MAG : B : F : ET : H : REX. Rev. View of castle with flag on central tower; on 1., OBS; above, P C ; 011 r., mouth of cannon; around, POST : MORTEM : PATRIS : PRO : FILIO. v 1-2. Wt. 94-1. As there is a shilling of precisely the same type, this piece may be only a proof. On the other hand, it is equally probable that it was intended to pass current for twenty shillings. It is unique. SII.VKI:. 675. Shilling, 1648, octagonal. Obv. Same as No. 672. Rev. View of castle as on the preceding ; but around, C A ROLVS : SECVNDVS : 1648. a: 1-ii. Wt. 84-0. The shillings of this later issue are always octagonal inform. There is also a gold piece, twenty shillings, of precisely the same type as this shilling. It weighs 138^ grs., and is unique like that of the other type. CHARLES I. 125 SCARBOROUGH. G7G. Half-Crown. 1G45. An oblong thin piece of metal doubled, the corners Plate xxviii. turned over; on the obv. is stamped a castle with five towers, and below SILVER. the mark of value ^ yj ; and 011 the rev. is engraved in three lines, OBS Scarborough 1645. Ail-G. Wt. 217-7. After a siege of over twelve months, Scarborough surrendered in 1645. It was again besieged in 1648, but no coins appear to have been issued during the second siege. A five shilling piece with similar obverse type, but mark of value y , and struck on a square piece of plate, is figured in Rudiny, PL xxix. 3. It was in the Montagu Collection. G77. Eighteen-Pence. A thin square-shaped piece of metal, the corners clipped, stamped on one side only with view of castle; below, s . ??.. JR 1'55. Wt. 142-0. G78. Shilling. Same as the preceding, but the corners are not clipped ; and below castle, *. *i 1-35. Wt. 86-0. 679. Fourpence. Similar to No. 677, but below castle, .^. js 85. Pierced. Besides the above there were issued the two shillings marked f. the one shilling-and-ninepence marked ^ ( ^ ; the fifteen-pence marked ? ,?l ; and the sixpence marked y^. They are of various shapes, oblong, square, hexagonal, &c. There is in the National Collection an uncer- tain piece, shilling, stamped on one side with C R in a circle of dots and x (= 12d.). > Commonwealth. 1649-1660. COINAGE. Gold. Twenty Shillings or Broad, Ten Shillings or Half- Broad, and Five Shillings. Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Six- pence, Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. ISSUES, &c. In 1642 the Parliament seized the Tower mint, but continued to strike coins in the king's name and of the royal types till 1646. When the monarchy and the House of Peers were abolished in 1649, the Parliament ordered that money in gold and silver should be coined with their own style and authority, that like im- presses and inscriptions should be made on all the coins of both metals, and that the latter should be in the English tongue. This order was, however, not quite strictly adhered to, as the half-groats, penny, and halfpenny bear 110 legend, and the last piece has for type a single shield only on each side. All the coins, with the exception of the halfpenny, bear their marks of value. The types as adopted in. 1649 underwent no change during the period of the Commonwealth. The weights and standard of metal in gold and silver were the same as those of the coins of Charles I struck at the Tower mint. The copper currency of the period of the Commonwealth consisted of tradesmen's halfpenny and farthing tokens (see No. 690). 126 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxix. G80. Twenty Shillings. 1649. Obv. THE - COMMONWEALTH OF - ENGLAND; m. m. sun. Shield, bearing the cross of St. George, within wreath of palm and laurel. Rev. GOD - WITH VS - 1649. Two conjoined shields ; one bearing the cross of St. George, the other the Irish harp; above XX (= 20s.). AT 1-4. Wt. 139-1. Dates 16491657, and 1660. The mint-mark, which occurs on the obverse only, is always a sun till 1657, after which date it was changed to an anchor (see No. 682). No gold coins are known of 1659. G81. Ten Shillings. 1651. Same as the preceding, but date 1651, and mark of value X (=10s.). J* I'l. Wt. 69'3. Dates 1649-1654, and 1660. 682. Five Shillings. 1660. Same as the Twenty Shillings, No. 680, but m. m. anchor, date 1660, and mark of value - V (= 5s.). AT -7. Wt. 35-9. Dates 1649-1654, 1657, 1658, and 1660. SILVER. 683 Crown. 1652. Same as the Twenty Shillings, No. 680, but date 1652, and mark of value V (= 5s.). JR 1-8. Wt. 460-7. Dates 1649, 1651-1654, and 1656. There are no silver coins known of 1650, those of 1659 are doubtful, and those of 1657, 1658 and 1660 are very rare. 684. Half-Crown. 1651. Same, but date 1651, and mark of value II VI - (=2s. 6d.). jRl-4. Wt. 235-0. Dates 1649,1651-1656, 1658, 1659 (?), and 1660. 685. Shilling. 1651. Same as the preceding, but mark of value XII (= 12d.), jRl-25. Wt. 92-5. Dates 1649, 1651-1658, and 1660. 686. Sixpence. 1651. Same, but mark of value VI (= 6d.). ju 1-05. Wt. 44-0. Dates 1649 and 1651-1660. That of 1659 is doubtful. 687. Half-Groat. Similar to No. 680, but no legends on either side ; no mint- mark; and mark of value II (= 2d.) above shields on rev. M -7. Wt. 15-0. The half-groat, penny, and halfpenny are undated. 688. Penny. Similar to the Half-Groat, but mark of value I (= Id.), zi -6. Wt. 6-0. 689. Halfpenny. Obv. Shield with cross of St. George. Rev. Shield with Irish harp. 2R -4. Wt. 3-5. CMIM-KK. 690. Farthing Token of Rochester. 1651. Obr. & ALICE COBHAM. Shield with the arms of the Cobham family; on a chevron three crescents. Rev. ts IN ROCHESTER 1651. Crest of the Cobham family a hind's head issuing from a mural crown. JE 6. During the Commonwealth there was no official copper currency, though patterns for farthings were prepared. Its place was supplied by a large issue throughout the country of halfpenny and farthing tradesmen's tokens, which bear the name of the persons by whom they were issued, and their place of residence. The issue of these tokens extended from 1648 to 1679. OLIVEB CROMWELL. 127 Oliver Cromwell. 1653-1658. COINAGE. Gold. Fifty Shillings, Broad or Twenty Shillings, and Plate xxix. Half-Broad or Ten Shillings. Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, and Sixpence. Copper. Farthing. ISSUES, &c. Two : 1st issue (1656). Gold. Fifty Shillings, Broad or Twenty Shillings, and Half-Broad or Ten Shillings. Silver. Half- Crown. 2nd issue (1658). Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, and. Sixpence. The Copper coins are not dated, but belong to the later period. The gold coins were of crown gold, i.e. 22 carats fine, and the silver of 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine to 18 dwts. alloy, as the Commonwealth coinage. Their weights were at 140^ grs. to the broad and 464^ grs. to the crown. These coins were struck by order of Cromwell, and with the consent of the Council. The dies were made by Thomas Simon, the distinguished engraver, and the striking of the coins was entrusted to Peter Blondeau, who made use of his new invention of the mill and screw. In consequence they are very sharply and well struck, though occasionally found in a worn state. These coins do not appear to have been in circulation, as no mention is made of them in the trial of the pix in 1657, nor in the proclamation of 1661, which called in the coins of the Commonwealth. Also the Commonwealth coins continued to be struck during the years 1656 and 1658, the dates which occur on Cromwell's coins. This money must therefore be considered to be patterns. 691. Broad. 1656. Obv. OLIVAR D G RP ANG SCO - ET HIB GOLD. &c PRO. Head of Cromwell to r., laureate. Rev. PAX QV/ERITVR - BELLO 1656. Crowned shield with arms, viz.: 1 and 4, cross of St. George ; 2, cross of St. Andrew ; 3, Irish harp ; with an inescutcheon of pretence bearing the Protector's paternal arms, a lion rampant ; edge milled. AT! "15. Wt. 140-1. Struck in 1656 only. The fifty shilling piece (Wt. 351J grs.) was struck from the same dies as the broad ; but it has the edge inscribed, * PROTECTOR L1TERIS LITERXE . NVMMIS . CORONA - IT . SALVS. 692. Half-Broad. 1656. Same as the preceding ; but the obv. legend reads, OLIVAR D G RP ANG SCO - HIB &c PRO. AT -9. Wt. 70-6. The reverse die for this coin, which is now at the Mint, is dated 1658, but no struck specimens of that date are known. There are imitations of the half -broad, dated 1656 and 1658, made by John Sigismund Tanner, engraver to the mint 17411775, which may be easily distinguished by the omission of the &c. in the obverse legend. 693. Crown. 1658. Same type and legends as the Half-Broad ; but on the obverse SILVKK. the bust of Cromwell is laureate and draped after the Roman style, date 1658: and the edge inscribed, ts HAS NISI PERITVRVS MIHI A DIM AT NEMO. JRl'55. Wt.-464'2. Of this date only. Most of the crowns have a flaw on the bust, the obverse die having cracked after a few specimens were struck. It 128 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxix. was also struck in gold, but only two examples are known. There are SILVER, two varieties or imitations of this piece, one made by Tanner (see No. 692), the other in Holland and commonly called " the Dutch Crown." They vary from Simon's crown in the modelling of the bust and in the shape of the letters. Date xxx. 694. Half-Crown. 1658. Same as the Broad No. 691, but bust and edge as on the preceding ; date 1 658. JR 1 3. Wt. 229-1. Struck also in 1656. These differ from the 1658 pieces in reading H I for H I B. There are no imitations of this coin. 695. Shilling. 1658. Same as the Crown, No. 693, but edge milled. JR 1-1. Wt. 86-6. Of this date only. There is an imitation by Tanner which can be easily distinguished by the &c after HIB. being omitted. A similar coin to the shilling, but differing slightly in the obv. legend, somewhat larger in size, and weighing from 92 to 160 grs., has been attributed to Simon, and supposed to have been intended for a two shilling piece. There are imitations of this coin by Tanner, which vary only slightly in the shape of the letters. 696. Sixpence. 1658. Same as the preceding. JR -85. Wt. 44-0. Of this date only. Tanner made copies of this piece also, and being somewhat larger in size they have wrongly been considered as niiiepences. TOPPER. 697. Farthing. Obv. OLIVAR PRO ENG SC IRL. Bust of Cromwell to 1., laureate and draped. Rev. CHARITIE AND - CHANGE. Crowned shield as on No. 691. JE "85. There are three types of the farthing. The others have for reverse types, three columns united by a cord or a ship. Charles II. 1660-1685. COINAGE. Hammered. Gold. Broad or Twenty Shillings, Half-Broad or Ten Shillings, and Crown or Five Shillings. Silver. Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny. Milled. Gild. Five Guineas, Two Guineas, Guinea, and Half-Guinea. Silcer. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, and Maundy Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny. Copper. Halfpenny and Farthing. Tin. Farthing, ISSUES. The gold and silver coins of this reign are of two kinds or classes, viz., the hammered money struck after the old fashion by the hammer, and the milled money struck by the new process of the mill and screw. Their issues and denominations were : HAMMERED. Gold. Two: 1st issue (1660), Broad, Half-Broad, and Five Shillings, without marks of value ; 2nd issue (1661), same denominations, but with marks of value. Silver. Three : 1st issue (1660), Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Half-Groat, and Penny, without marks of value or inner circle; 2nd issue (1661), same denominations, with marks of value and no inner circle; 3rd issue (1661-1662), same denominations and also CO Si mi CHAELES II. 129 Groat and Threepence, with marks of value and inner circle. MILLED. Plate xxx. Gold. One : (1662-1684), Five Guineas, Two Guineas, Guinea, and Half-Guinea. Silver. One : (1662-1684), Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, and Maundy Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny. The Copper coins, Halfpenny and Farthing, were first issued in 1672, and the Tin coins, Farthings only, in 1684. WEIGHT. The weight of the hammered gold coins was at the rate of 140f grs. to the broad and of the milled money at 13 Iff grs. to the guinea till 1670, when it was reduced to 129ff grs. The current value of the guinea was 20s. The silver coins throughout the reign were at 7|f grs. to the penny, as since the reign of James I. The copper coins were struck at the rate of 2Qd. to the pound avoirdupois, and those of tin were ordered to be made of the same weight. FINENESS. The gold money was 22 cts. fine to 2 cts. of alloy, known as crown gold, and that of silver 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine to 18 dwts. of alloy. This standard in both metals has remained unchanged to the present day. The copper money was struck from pure Swedish metal. Hammered Money (1660-1662). 698. Broad. 1st issue. Obv. CAROLVS II D G MAG BRIT FRAN . GOLD. ET H1B REX ; m. m. crown. Bust of king to 1., laureate, hair long in armour and mantle. Eev. FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA.' Oval shield crowned and garnished ; at sides, C R. A7 1-35. Wt. 140-7. On his restoration Charles II adopted his father's types for his coins. All the dies for the hammered money were made by Thomas ~ .mon, who had been chief engraver to the mint during the Common- wealth. The mint-mark on the gold and silver coins is a crown. They are the last pieces upon which any mint-mark occurs. 699 . Broad. 2nd issue. Same as the preceding, but mark of value XX (= 20s.) behind bust. AT 1-25. Wt. 139-7. The order for stamping the values on the gold and silver coins was dated 28 Nov., 1661. 700. Half-Broad. 1st issite. Same as the Broad, No. 698, but of smaller size. r AT 1-1. Wt. 69-9. 01. Half-Broad. 2nd issue. Same as the preceding, but behind bust X (= 10s.). A/l-0. Wt. 70-7. 702. Crown. 1st issue. Same as the Broad, No. 698; but reading FR. for FRAN., and smaller in size. AT -75. Wt. 35-0. 703. Crown. 2nd issue. Same as the preceding; but behind bust V (= 5s.). A7 -75. Wt. 35-0. These crowns only differ from each other in the abbreviations of the words of the obverse legend. 704. Half-Crown. Is* issue. Obv. CAROLVS II D G MAG BRIT SILVER. FRAN ET HIB REX; m. m. crown. Bust of king to 1., crowned, hair long, in lace collar and armour. Eev. CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. Square shield on cross fleury. ail-4. Wt. 231-5. For varieties of the three issues of silver coins see under coinage abovo. K 130 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxx. 705. Half-Crown. 3rd issue. Same as the preceding, but obv. legend reading SILVER BR : FR :, mark of value XXX (= 30d.) behind bust, inner circle on both sides, and in. m. crown on rev. as well as on obv. JR 1'4. Wt. 231*0. This third coinage extended from January 1661-2 to November 1662, when a warrant was issued for coining by the mill. 706. Shilling. 1st issue. Same as the Half-Crown, No. 704, but reading FR. for FRAN. JR 1-25. Wt. 92-0. 707. Shilling. 3rd issue. Similar to the Half-Crown, No. 705 ; but legend on obv. as the last, and mark of value XII (= 12d.). JR 1-25. Wt. 87-5. 708. Sixpence. 1st issue. Similar to the Half-Crown, No. 704. JR 1-05. Wt. 46-5. 709. Sixpence. 3rd issue. Similar to the Half-Crown, No. 705, but obv. legend reading BRI FRA -, and mark of value VI (= 6d.). JR 1-05. Wt. 47'0. 710. Groat. 3rd issue. Similar to the Half-Crown, No. 705, but mark of value III I (=4d.). JR -95. Wt. 30'5. Groats and threepences of the first and second issues are not known. 711. Threepence. 3rd issue. Same as the preceding, but obv. legend reading, CAROLVS II D G M BR FR - ET HI REX, and mark of value III (= 3d.), JR '75. Wt. 23-5. 712. Half-Groat. 1st issue. Similar to the Shilling, No. 706. M -1. Wt. 16 -0. 713. Half-Groat. 3rd issue. Similar to the Half-Crown, No. 705; but obv. legend reading, CAROLVS II D : G : MAG : BRI : FRA : ET : HIB : REX, and mark of value II (= 2d.). JR -1. Wt. 15-0. 714. Penny. 1st issue. Similar to the Half-Crown, No. 704, but obv. legend reading, CAROLVS II D G - M BR F ET HI REX, and no mint-mark. JR '55. Wt. 8'0. 715. Penny. 3rd issue. Similar to the Half-Crown, No. 705, but obv. legend reading, CAROLVS II D : G : M : B : F : ET : HIB : REX, and mark of value I (= Id.). JR -6. Wt. 7'2. The marks of value on the current coins in gold and silver cease fit? with this series, and have only been revived on a few denominations * * struck since 1831. ^ 'J ^ 716-719. Maundy Money. Groat. Obv. CAROLVS .II-D-G-M-B-F- Jf c & H - REX. Bust of king to 1., crowned, &c., as on No. 704; but it descends to the edge of the coin, and divides the legend, which conmienpes below on the 1. ; behind bust, III! (= 4d.). Rev. CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO; m. m. crown. Square shield on cross fleury. JR '75. Wt. 30'7. The Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny (Nos. 717-719) are all of the same type as the groat, but vary in size and marks of value, III, II, and I. This is the first issue of the Maundy money. The coins are of much neater work than the previous ones of the same denominations and are the last specimens of the hammered money. They were struck to supply the means of conforming to an ancient custom of distributing the royal bounty on Maundy, or Holy Thursday, a custom which exists to the present clay. They were not issued for currency. CHAELES II. 131 Milled Money (1662-1684). 720. Five Guineas. 1668. Obv. CAROLVS II DEI GRATIA. Bust of Plate xxxi. king to r., laureate, hair long, no drapery; below, elephant. Rev. MAG GOLD BR FRA ET HIB REX 1668. Pour shields, England, Scotland, France and Ireland, each crowned, arranged in form of cross ; in centre, four C's interlinked, from which issue four sceptres; on edge, <%* DECVS ET TVTAMEN ANNO REGNI VICESIMO. a 1-45. Wt. 644-0. The dates of the five guineas are 1668-1673 and 1675-1684. The elephant, or the elephant with a castle on its back, on the obverse is the symbol of the African Company, whose charter gave them the privilege of having coins struck in gold and silver at the mint from metal imported by them. The gold came from Guinea, hence the name given to the 20s. piece. Before 1675 the elephant is without the castle. The regnal year of Charles II dates from the death of Charles I, and not being concurrent with the Christian era, different regnal years sometimes occur on coins of the same date. The in- scription on the edge was suggested by Evelyn, he having seen it on a vignette in Card. Richelieu's Greek Testament. It was placed on the coins to prevent clipping. The dies for the milled money in all metals were made by Jan Roettier, a native of Antwerp, who succeeded Thomas Simon as chief engraver to the mint (see No. 726), and the striking of the coins was entrusted to Peter Blondeau, who used the mill and screw for this purpose. 721-723. Two Guineas. 1683. Similar to the preceding, but no elephant under the bust, and date 1 683 ; edge milled. A/ 1 25. Wt. 257 8. Dates 1664, 1675-1679, and 1681-1684. The Guinea,* 1663, wt. 130-1 (No. 722), and the Half-Guinea, 1669, . 64 '9 (No. 723), are of precisely the same type as the two guineas. 'ates, guinea, 1663-1668, and 1670-1684; half-guinea, 1669, 1670, 672, and 1675-1684. The bust of the king on the gold coins is ried nearly throughout the reign, in having the truncation or lower rt either pointed or rounded. The hair is also varied. 724. Crown. 1662. Obv. CAROLVS II DEI GRA. Bust of king to r., SILVER. laureate, draped, hair long; below, rose. Eev. MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX 1662. Four shields, each crowned, arranged in form of cross, viz. : 1 and 3, England and France quarterly ; 2, Scotland ; and 3, Ireland; in each angle two C's interlinked; in centre, Star of the Garter; on edge, ^ DECVS ET TVTAMEN. JR 1-6. Wt. 463-0. Dates 1662-1684. The rose under the bust denotes that the coin was struck from silver supplied from the mines in the West of Eng- land. It only occurs on the crowns of 1662. Other crowns of 1662 are without the rose under the bust, read GRATIA for GRA, and have the date also on the edge. Crowns were the only silver coins struck in 1 662. * As noted above (p. 129), the weight of the guinea till 1670 was 131ff grs. ; but from that date 129jj$ grs. In the case of the 'milled silver the proportion was at 7|f grs. to the penny or 92f grs. to the shilling throughout the reign. As no change took place in the weights of the coins in either metal till the great re-coinage of 1816-1817, they will not be repeated ; any variation would solely depend 011 the state of preservation of the individual specimen. K 2 132 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxxi. 725. Crown. 1663. Same as the preceding, but reading on the obv. GRATIA, SILVER. an( i no rose under the bust ; and on the rev. the shields are arranged ; 1, England; 2, Scotland; 3, France; and 4, Ireland ; date 1663; on edge, ^ DECVS ET TVTAMEN ANNO REGNI XV >f. jKl'55. After the 18th year the date on the edge is given in full (ANNO REGNI DECIMO NONO) and not in Roman numerals. The elephant or elephant and castle also occurs under the bust ; the former being only found on crowns, half-crowns and shillings of 1666, the latter on similar pieces of 1681. This new arrangement of the arms on the shields was adopted from this date on all the silver coins of this reign. 726. The Petition Crown. 1663. By Thomas Simon. Obv. Similar to No. 724, but the hair more flowing ; the bust longer and more carefully modelled ; and below the signature SIMON. Rev. Similar to the preceding, but in the centre, St. George and the Dragon within the Garter; on edge, THOMAS SIMON MOST HVMBLY PRAYS YOVR MAJESTY TO COMPARE - THIS . HIS - TRYALL - PIECE - WITH THE - DVTCH AND IF MORE TRVLY . DRAWN & EMBOSSED MORE GRACE FVLLY . ORDER'D AND MORE ACCV- RATELY ENGRAVEN - TO RELIEVE HIM; two C's interlinked, crowned, and within two palm-branches at beginning of inscription. Ml -55. Wt. 529-2. At the Restoration Thomas Simon, who had held the post of sole engraver to the Mint during the Commonwealth, was con- tinued in office; but in 1662 his appointment was limited to that of engraver of seals, and Jan Roettier, a native of Antwerp, was made sole engraver of dies. Enraged at being supplanted in this manner, Simon endeavoured to vindicate his cause by an appeal to the king, in the form of the above coin, which was modelled after Roettier's own coin, but which it far surpasses in general execution and beauty of engraving. The appeal was unsuccessful. The portrait of the king, both on Roettier's and Simon's coins, was copied from a drawing made by Samuel Cooper, the king's limner. 727. Half-Crown. 1663. Same type as the Crown, No. 725, and same legends. a 1-3. Wt. 231-5. Dates 1663-1684, except 1665 and 1667. Varieties have the elephant or elephant and castle under the bust (see No. 728), or the plume (see No. 730). The same rule as to the legend on the edge of the crown applies also to the half-crown (see No. 728). 728. Half-Crown. 1666. Same, but elephant under the bust and date on edge, ANNO REGNI XVIII 2B1-25. 729. Shilling. Same as the Crown, No. 725; but the edge is milled, a I'O. Wt. 91-0. Dates 1663-1684, except 1664, 1665, 1667 and 1682. Some have the elephant or elephant and castle under the bust, or the plume on obv. or rev. or on both sides (see next piece). 730. Shilling. 1673. Same, but plume under bust and in centre of reverse. at 1-0. The plume indicates that the silver of which the coin was struck came from the Welsh mines. CHAELES II. 133 731. Sixpence. 1677. Same as the Crown, No. 725 ; but edge milled. 2R -85. Plate xxxi. Wt. 45-4. SILVER . Dates 1674-1684. There are no varieties of the sixpence except in the date ; the elephant and plume do not occur on any of them. 732. Maundy Money. Groat. 1670. Same obv. type and legends as 011 the Crown, No. 725 ; but on the rev. four C's interlinked in form of cross and surmounted by crown ; in the angles, rose, thistle, lis, and harp ; date 1670; edge plain. 2R -7. Wt. 32-4. The milled Maundy money was first struck in 1670, and occurs of each year to 1684 (see note No. 716). The half -groat however occurs of 1668. 733. Threepence. 1670. Same as the Groat, but reverse type, three C's inter- linked and surmounted by crown, m '1. Wt. 22-0. 734. Half-Groat. 1670. Same as the Groat, but reverse type, two C's inter- linked and surmounted by crown, .at 55. Wt. 15 5. 735. Penny. 1670. Same, but reverse type, one C crowned, s. *5. Wt. 8 '6. 736. Halfpenny. 1672. Obv. CAROLVS A CAROLO. Bust of king to 1., COPPER. in armour. Eev. BRITANNIA. Britannia seated to 1., holding olive- branch and spear ; her 1. arm on shield, with the combined crosses of St. George and St. Andrew; in the exergue, 1672. M 1-2. Copper halfpence and farthings were first issued for circulation in 1672. They were made of pure Swedish copper, and were coined at the rate of 175 grs. to the halfpenny and 87^ grs. to the farthing; thus making a pound of metal avoirdupois equal to 20d. The copper currency of this reign previous to 1672 consisted of tradesmen's half- penny and farthing tokens, similar to those struck during the later years of the Commonwealth. The figure of Britannia on the reverse of the new coinage is said to be a portrait of Frances Stewart, ichess of Richmond. The dates of the halfpenny are 1672, 1673, id 1675. J. Farthing. 1671. Same as the Halfpenny, but the r. leg of Britannia is bare and date 1671. M -9. Dates 1671-1675 and 1679. J. Farthing. 1684. Same as the preceding ; but no date on the reverse ; edge TIN. inscribed, NVMMORVM FAMVLVS . 1684. St. -9. In 1684 it was decided to strike coins, halfpence and farthings, in i, a step which had already been proposed in 1679. The farthing only however was issued. It is of the same weight as the copper piece of that value, and in order to render counterfeiting more difficult a square plug of copper was inserted in the centre. The inscription on the edge, " the servant of the coinage," implies that these coins were not to be considered a part of the regular coinage, but as representing something of greater value than itself. There was a profit to the mint of 40 per cent, on this issue, which during this reign was of 1684 only. 134 EN.GLISH COINS. James II. 1685-1688. Plate xxxi. COINAGE. Gold. Five Guineas, Two Guineas, Guinea, and Half- Guinea. Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, and Maundy Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny. Tin. Halfpenny and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. The gold and silver money of James II is of the same denominations, weight and fineness as that issued by Charles II from 1670, when the guinea was reduced to 129^{j grs. That coin was still current for 20s. No copper coins were issued, and the only base metal money consisted of halfpence and farthings in tin, which continued to be coined at the rate of 20c7. to the pound avoirdupois. The halfpenny was of one type only ; but of the farthing there are two varieties. The types generally of the coins of James II vary but slightly from those of Charles II. GOLD. 739. Five Guineas. 1687. Obv. IACOBVS II DEI GRATIA. Bust of king to L, laureate, hair long ; no drapery ; below, elephant and castle (see No. 720). Bev. MAG BR FRA - ET HIB REX 1687. Four shields, each crowned, arranged in form of cross, with sceptre in each angle, as on No. 720 ; but no initials of the king in the centre ; on edge, * DECVS ET TVTAMEN ANNO REGNI TERTIO K A/ 1-5. Dates 16861688. The elephant and castle only occurs on the five guineas of 1687 and 1688, but those without are of each year. On the five guineas of 1686 the sceptres are wrongly arranged, those terminating in the harp and lis being transposed. 740. Two Guineas. 1687. Same as the Five Guineas, but no elephant and castle under the bust, and the edge is milled. A; 1*2. Dates 1686-1688. That only of 1686 has the elephant and castle under the bust. Plate xxxii. 741. Guinea. 1688. Same as the Two Guineas, but date 1688. A? 1-0. Dates 1685-1688. The guinea was the only gold piece struck in 1685. Specimens with and without the elephant and castle occur of each year. 742. Half-Guinea. 1686. Same as the Five Guineas, No. 739, with elephant and castle under the bust, but date 1686 ; edge milled. A; -55. Dates 1686-1688. The elephant and castle occurs only on the half -guinea of 1686. SILVER. 743. Crown. 1688. Obv. IACOBVS II - DEI GRATIA. Bust of king to L, laureate and draped. Bev. Same as tho Five Guineas, No. 739, but date 1688; no sceptres; and in centre, Star of the Garter; on edge, J< DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI QVARTO. M 1-55. Dates 1686-1688. There are no special signs on the silver coins, such as the elephant and castle, rose or plume, denoting the sources of the metal. 744. Half-Crown. 1687. Same as the Crown, but date 1687; and on edge, * DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI TERTIO. at 1-3. Dates 1685-1688. 745. Shilling. 1686. Same as the preceding, but date, 1 686 ; edge milled. M 1 0. Dates 1685-1688. JAMES II. 135 746. Sixpence. 1687. Same, but date 1687. &, '85. Plate xxxIL Dates 1686-1688. SILVER. 747-750. Maundy Money. Groat. 1687. Obv. IACOBVS - II DEI GRATIA. Head to 1., laureate. Eev. MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX 1687. In centre, 111! (= 4d.), surmounted by a crown, st '75. The Threepence (No. 748), Half-Groat (No. 749), and Penny (No. 750) are all of the same type ; but the marks of value on the reverses are III II and I respectively. Sets are dated 1686-1688. 751. Halfpenny. 1685. Obv. IACOBVS SECVNDVS. Bust of king to r., TIN. laureate and draped. Eev. BRITANNIA. Britannia seated to 1., with her attributes as on No. 736; on edge, NVMMORVM FAMVLVS 1685. St. 1-2. Dates 1685-1687. The halfpenny and farthing always have a plug of copper in the centre (see No. 738). 752. Farthing. 1685. Same as the Halfpenny ; but the bust of the king is in armour. St. '95. Dates 16851687. A variety of 1685 has the king's bust draped, as on the halfpenny. William and Mary. 1688-1694. COINAGE. Gold. Five Guineas, Two Guineas, Guinea, and Half- Guinea. Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, and Maundy Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny. Copper and Tin. Half- penny and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. There was practically only one issue or type of each denomination and metal with the exception of the half-crown, the reverse of which is of two types, the change taking place in 1691 (see Nos. 758 and 759). The reverse types of the coins differ generally somewhat from those of the previous reigns, and a change took place, not only in the arrangement of the arms on the shield, France and England being quarterly, but also in the addition of those of Nassau, generally on an inescutcheon (see No. 753). This alteration in the position of the French and English arms did not occur till the latter part of 1689, as the first half-crowns of that year have the English arms in the 1st quarter and the French in the 4th (see No. 758). The weight and fineness of the gold and silver money were the same as of the last coinage (1670) of Charles II ; but on account of the deteriora- tion of the silver coins through clipping and rough usage, the guinea, nominally worth 20s., was received at 21s. 6c?., and in 1694 its value rose to 30s. The base-metal coins, halfpennies and farthings, were struck in copper as well as in tin, at the rate of 2ld. to the pound of metal, instead of 20o?. to the pound as formerly. 753. Five Guineas. 1691. Obv. GVLIELMVS ET MARIA DEI GOLD. GRATIA. Conjoined busts of the king and queen to r. ; no drapery: he is laureate. Eev. MAG BR FR ET - HIB - REX - ET REGINA 1691. Square shield, garnished and crowned: the arms are 1 and 4, France and England quarterly ; 2, Scotland ; 3, Ireland ; and 136 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxxii. those of Nassau on an inescutcheon of pretence; on edge, J DECVS GOLD. ET TVTAMEN ANNO REGNI - TERTIO. AT 1-4. Dates 16911694. The elephant and castle, the mark of the African Company (see No. 720), occurs under the busts on each denomination of the gold coins. 754. Two Guineas. 1694. Same as the Five Guineas, but date 1694, and edge milled. &r 1-2. Dates 1691, 1693, and 1694. 755. Guinea. 1689. Same, but shield not garnished, and date 1689. AI 1-0. Dates 1689-1694. 756. Half-Guinea. 1692. Same as the Guinea, but elephant and castle under the busts, and date 1692. AT -8. Dates 1689-1692, and 1694. SILVER. 757. Crown. 1691. Obv. Same as the Five Guineas, No. 753, but busts draped. Rev. MAG BR FR - ET HI REX ET REGINA. Four shields crowned and arranged in form of cross, viz. : 1, England ; 2, Scot- land ; 3, France ; and 4, Ireland ; in centre, shield of Nassau surrounded by the date 1691 ; in each angle formed by the shields W M in monogram ; on edge, * DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI TERTIO. 2Rl'5. Dates 1691 and 1692. The above is the reverse type for all the silver- coins except the Maundy money from 1691 (see next coin). Plate xxxiii. 758. Half-Crown. 1689. 1st type. Same as the Crown, but on the rev., square shield crowned ; arms quarterly, viz. : 1, England ; 2, Scotland ; 3, Ireland ; and 4, France; and on an inescutcheon, arms of Nassau ; date 1689; on edge, ^ DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI PRIMO. JB 1-3. Dates 1689-1691. The half-crown was the only current silver coin struck during 1689-1690. This may have been caused by the great scarcity of silver. Later half-crowns of 1689 and all of 1690 vary in the arms, England and France being quarterly on the 1st and 4th shields. Varieties have the caul and interior of the crown above the shield frosted. These are of 1689 and 1690 only. 759. Half-Crown. 1691. 2nd type. Same as the Crown, No. 757, and same inscription on edge, .a* 1-3. Dates 1691-1693. This type remained unchanged till 1693; no half-crowns of 1694 are known. 760. Shilling. 1692. Same as the Crown, No. 757; but date 1692, and edge milled. 2R TO. Dates 1692 and 1693. 761. Sixpence. 1693. Same as the Shilling, but date 1693. JR -85. Dates 1693 and 1694. 762-765. Maundy Money. Groat. 1691. Obv. GVLIELMVS ET MARIA D G. Conjoined busts of the king and queen to r. ; he is laureate ; no drapery. Rev. MAG BR FR ET HIB REX ET REGINA 1691. In the centre the numeral 4, crowned. JR -75. The Threepence (No. 763), Half-Groat (No. 764), and Penny (No. 765) are of the same type and date, but with marks of value 3, 2, and 1, respectively. Sets are dated 1689-1694 1 WILLIAM AND MAEY. 137 766. Halfpenny. 1690. Obv. GVLIELMVS ET MARIA. Conjoined busts Plate xxxiii. of the king and queen-to r. ; he is laureate and wears armour ; she is draped. XIN. Rev. BRITANNIA. Britannia seated to 1., with her attributes as on No. 736; in centre, plug of copper ; on edge, NVMMORVM - FAMVLVS 1690. St. 1-15. Dates 1690-1692. Varieties have the date on the reverse as well as on the edge. 7G7. Farthing. 1690. Same as the Halfpenny ; but the r. leg of Britannia is bare, and the date is in the exergue on the reverse as well as on the edge. St. -9. Dates 1690-1692, which is the last year in which this tin money was issued by authority. From March 1684 to January 1692 the amount of tin coins struck was 344 tons in weight, of the current value of 65,929 15s. 9(Z. In 1693, on account of the tin money not being of intrinsic value and being easy to counterfeit, a patent was granted to Andrew Corbet to strike copper halfpence and farthings of English metal. But the patent was annulled in 1694, and it was ordered that this money should be coined in the mint only. 768. Halfpenny. 1694. Same as the Halfpenny, No. 766, but the king has short COPPER. hair, and the date, 1 694, is in the exergue on the reverse ; edge plain. ^1-15. Date 1694. Andrew Corbet appears to have struck farthings only in 1693, as no halfpence are known of that date. The copper money was at the rate of 21 d. to the pound weight, and was of the best English copper. 769. Farthing. 1694. Same as the preceding, but the r. leg of Britannia is bare. & -85. Dates 1693 and 1694. The copper farthing dated 1692, having the king's hair long, may only be a proof from the dies of the tin farthing. William III. 1694-1702. COINAGE. On the death of Mary no change occurred in the denomi nations of the gold, silver, and base metal coins, the latter being, how- ever, of copper only. The weight and fineness too of the gold and silver money remained unaltered, but greater uniformity was intro- duced in the reverse types, thus assimilating them to the coinages of Charles II and James II. For example, on the gold coins the arms are placed on four shields, which are arranged in the form of a cross instead of on one shield. Owing to the wretched condition of the silver currency through the clipping and defacement of the hammered money, which still remained in circulation, it was decided in 1696 to withdraw it altogether, and to issue a great recoinage of silver. One of the results of this re-coinage was that the current value of the guinea, which in 1694 had stood at 30s., was gradually reduced by Act of Parliament to 28s., then to 26s., 22s., and finally in 1698 to 21s. 6d., at which value it remained till 1717, when it was further reduced to 21s. (For further particulars of this new silver coinage see No. 774.) 138 ENGLISH COINS. GOLD. Plate xxxiii. 770. Five Guineas. 1699. Obv. GVLIELMVS III - DEI GRA. Bust of king to r., laureate, lovelock on shoulder ; no drapery; below, elephant and castle. Rev. MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX . 1699. The four- shields of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, each crowned, arranged in form of cross (as No. 757) ; in the centre, that of Nassau, and in each angle, sceptre; on edge, DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI . UNDECIMO A; 1-45. Dates 1699-1701. Others are without the elephant and castle, the mark of the African Company (see No. 720). The bust of the king on the gold coins shows several varieties. It is with or without a lovelock on the shoulder ; berries are sometimes introduced into the wreath, and on some pieces the head is larger than on others. 771. Two Guineas. 1701. Same as the preceding, hut without elephant and castle under the bust, and no lovelock on the shoulder; date 1701 ; and edge milled. AT 1-25. Dates 1699 and 1701. This denomination, and also the guinea and half-guinea, show the same varieties as the five guineas. 772. Guinea. 1701. Same as the Two Guineas. Dates 1695-1701. A; 1-0. 773. Half-Guinea. 1695. Same as the Guinea, but date, 1695. Dates 1695-1698 and 1700-1701. A7 "8. SILVER. 774. Crown. 1700. Obv. Same as the Five Guineas, No. 770 ; but bust wearing armour and mantle; no elephant and castle below. Rev. Same as No. 770, but no sceptres between the shields ; date 1700; on edge, >^ DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI DVODECIMO. JR 1-6. Dates 1695-1697 and 1700. The bust of the king on the silver coins is also varied. On the crowns of 1695 and early issue of 1696 the breast-plate is curved, afterwards it is straight. The half-crowns are of the second type only. On the shillings the nose is more or less aquiline and the hair more or less fine. The special marks on the silver coins struck at the Tower mint of this reign are the elephant and castle (see No. 775), which occurs on the half-crown of 1701 only, roses for metal derived from the West of England, and plumes for the Welsh metal (see Nos. 776 and 778). These marks do not occur on the crowns. They are found usually on the reverse in the angles of the shields. For exceptions see No. 779. In order to facilitate the striking and ready circulation of the new silver coinage of 1696, local mints were established at Bristol, Chester, Exeter, Norwich, and York, these mints being distinguished by the letters B, C, E, N, and Y or y, respectively, which are placed below the bust (see No. 777). The denominations issued at these mints are half- crowns, shillings and sixpences, and are dated 1696 and 1697 only. 775. Half-Crown. 1701. Same as the Crown ; but elephant and castle under the bust; date 1701; and edge inscribed,^ DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI DECIMO TERTIO. * 1'3. Dates 1696-1701. 776. Half-Crown. 1701. Same as the preceding, bat no elephant and castle under the bust, and plume in each angle of the shields on the reverse, zi 1-3. (See No. 774.) t WILLIAM III. 139 777. Shilling. 1696. Bristol. Similar to the Crown, No. 774 ; but B (Bristol) Plateixxxiii. under the bust, date 1696, and edge milled. M 1-0. - SILVER^ Dates with mint-letters, 1696 and 1697. 778. Shilling. 1699. Same as the preceding, but no letter under the bust, date 1699, and rose in each angle of the shields on the reverse. M I'O. Dates without mint-letters, 1695-1701. 779. Sixpence. 1697. Same as the Shilling, No. 778; but no roses on the reverse, and date 1697. M '8. Dates without mint-letters, 1695-1701 ; with mint-letters 1696 and 1697. The shilling and sixpence of 1700 are the only silver coins which have the plume under the king's bust. They are excessively rare, only a few specimens being known of each. 780-783. Maundy Money. Groat. 1701. Same as the Sixpence, No. 779 ; but Plate xxxiv. type of reverse, the numeral 4 crowned ; date 1701. & -75. The Threepence (No. 781), Half-Groat (No. 782), and Penny (No. 783) are of the same type arid date, but have marks of value, 3, 2, and 1 respectively. Sets are dated 1698-1701. There is however a groat of 1702, which is the only coin known of that year of William III. 784. Halfpenny. 1697. Obv. GVLIELMVS TERTIVS. Bust of king to r., COPPER. laureate and wearing armour. Rev. BRITANNIA. Britannia seated to 1., with her attributes, as on No. 736 ; below, 1697. JE 1-15. Dates 1695-1701. In 1699 the reverse type was slightly changed, and Britannia, instead of holding up the olive-branch in her r. hand, rests it on her knee. On some pieces struck between 1695 and 1699 the date follows the legend on the reverse. The copper money was of the same weight and metal as that ordered in 1693 (see No. 768). 785. Farthing. 1696. Same as the Halfpenny, No. 784 ; but the leg of Britannia is bare; date 1696. M '9. Dates 1695-1701. The farthing is of this type only, but as in the case of the halfpenny, the date sometimes follows the legend. Anne. 1702-1714. COINAGE. Gold. Five Guineas, Two Guineas, Guinea, and Half- Guinea. Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, and Maundy Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny. Copper. Halfpenny and Farthing (patterns only). ISSUES, &c. There were two issues of gold and silver money, viz., that struck before the Union with Scotland, 1702-1707, and that struck after the Union, 1707-1714. The denominations, c., of both issues were the same, and the principal difference consisted in the alteration of the arms, those of England and Scotland being impaled on one 140 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxxiv. shield after the Union. The shield of Nassau was obviously omitted.* Of the copper coins there were several types (see Nos. 802-808), but they are all patterns. The weight and fineness of the gold and silver are the same as ordered in 1670 (see p. 131 note), and the current value of the guinea remained, as prescribed in 1698, at 21s. Gd. GOLD. 786. Five Guineas. 1703. 1st issue. Obv. ANNA DEI GRATIA. Bust of queen to 1., diademed and draped; lovelock on r. shoulder; below, VI GO. Rev. MAG BR FRA ET HIB - REG 1703. The four shields of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, each crowned, arranged in form of cross ; in the centre, a rose from which issue four sceptres ; on edge, fr DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI SECVNDO. A^l-15. Dates (before the Union) 1703, 1705, and 1706 ; (after the Union) 1706, 1709, 1711, 1713, and 1714. The gold and silver coins of 1702 and 1703, with the word VIGO under the bust, were struck from bullion taken from the Spanish galleons captured in Vigo Bay, 12th Oct. 1702. On all the gold coins struck after the Union the Star of the Garter takes the place of the rose in the centre of the reverse, and the order of the shields is shown on the next coin. No gold coins are known of 1704. 787. Two Guineas. 1711. 2nd issue. Same as the Five Guineas, but without VIGO under the bust; and on the rev. the legend reads BRI FR , and the arms on the shields are : 1 and 3, England and Scotland impaled ; 2, France ; and 4, Ireland ; in the centre, the Star of the Garter ; date 1711 ; edge milled. AT 1-25. Dates 1709, 1711, 1713, and 1714. Two guineas do not appear to have been struck before the Union. 788. Guinea. 1714. 2nd issue. Same as the Two Guineas; but date 1714. A7 I'l. Dates (before the Union) 1702, 1703, and 1705-1707 ; (after the Union) 1707-1714. The guinea is the only gold coin on which the elephant and castle occurs. They are of 1707-1709. 789. Half-Guinea. 1702. 1st issue. Same as the Five Guineas, No. 786 ; but without VIGO under the bust ; date 1702 ; edge milled. AT- -85. Dates (before the Union) 1702, 1703, and 1705 ; (after the Union) 1707-1714. SILVER. 790-791. Crown. 1703. 1st issue. Same as the Five Guineas, No. 786 ; but bust without lovelock on the shoulder ; and in the centre on the rev., Star of the Garter and no sceptres; date 1703; on edge, %< DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI TERTIO. JR 1-55. Dates 1703 and 1705-1707. This coin and Nos. 791-793 have the legend VIGO under the bust (see No. 786). Varieties of each denomi- * By the Act of Union with Scotland in 1707, it was ordered that the coinage in gold and silver should be of the same standard and value throughout the United Kingdom : and that the mint should be continued in Scotland (Edin- burgh) under the same rules as the mint in England. No gold coins, however, appear to have been struck at Edinburgh after this date, and the silver ones can be distinguished by having the letter E, or E and a star, under the bust (see p. 211). ANNE. 141 nation, crown to sixpence, of this and the next issue have plumes or Plate xxxiv. roses and plumes on the reverse. The latter were struck from English SILVER. and Welsh silver combined. The bust on the silver coins of both issues shows several minor varieties. The Half-Crown (No. 791) is of the same type, date, &c., as the crown. Dates 1703-1707. 792-793. Shilling. 1703. 1st issue. Same as the preceding, but edge milled. Ml-0. Dates 1702-1707. The Sixpence (No. 793) is of precisely the same type as the shilling. Dates 1703 and 1705-1707. 794-795. Crown. 1708. 2nd issue. Same as No. 790; but bust somewhat larger; no inscription below; and on rev., legend reading BRI FR and shields with arms as on No. 787 ; in each angle, plume; date 1708 ; and on edge, & DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI SEPTIMO. M 1'55. Dates 1707, 1708, and 1713. The Half-Crown, 1708 (No. 795), is of the same type, &c., as the crown. Dates 1707-1710, and 1712-1714. The crowns, half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences of 17071709, with the E or E* under the bust, were struck at Edinburgh, and belong to the Scottish series. 796-797. Shilling. 1708. 2nd issue. Same as the preceding, but edge milled. M 1-0. Dates 1707-1714. The Sixpence, 1708 (No. 797), is of the same type. Dates 1707, 1708, 1710, and 1711. 798-801. Maundy Money. Groat. 1703. Obv. ANNA DEI GRATIA. Bust of queen to 1., diademed and draped. Rev. MAG BR FR ET HIB REG 1703 In the centre the numeral 4, crowned. M -75. The Threepence (No. 799), Half -Groat (No. 800), and Penny (No. 801) are of the same date and type, but with marks of value, 3, 2, and i respectively. The legend on the reverse varies slightly at different dates. They always read BRI FR after the Union. This is the only change on the Maundy money. Sets are dated 1703, 1705, 1706, 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1713. 802. Halfpenny. 1713. Obv. ANNA DEI GRATIA. Bust of queen to 1., COPPER, draped ; head bound with pearls. Rev. Same type, &c. as obverse ; on edge, * DECVS ET - TVTAME - ANNO REGNI - DVODE. M 1-1. The abundance of copper money struck during the previous reign rendered it unnecessary to issue any at the accession of Anne ; and no further attempts appear to have been made in this direction till 1713, during which year and the following one several dies were prepared at the mint for striking halfpence and farthings, but none seem to have been issued for circulation. The farthing however of 1714, being often found in a worn state, is supposed to have been in circulation for a short time before the queen's death, but there are no mint docu- ments to support this suggestion. A variety of the above halfpenny has the legend ANNA AVGVSTA on both sides. All the dies for the copper coins were made by John Croker, the chief engraver at the mint. 142 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxxiv. 803. Halfpenny. Obv. ANNA - D : G - MAG : BR : FR : ET HIB : REG : COPPER Bust of queen to L, draped, hair tied with fillet. Rev. Rose and thistle- branches united on one stem and surmounted by a crown. JE 1-1. A variety is without the crown on the reverse. 804. Halfpenny. Obv. Same as the preceding. Rev. Britannia seated to 1., holding branch in r. hand and sceptre in 1. ; her r. leg is bare, and her 1. arm rests on shield ; above, crown. JE 1 1. A variety has for obverse type that of the reverse of the preceding. Most of the above halfpence were also struck in silver. 805. Farthing. 1713. Obv. Same as No. 802. Rev. BRITANNIA 1713. Bri- tannia seated to 1., as on the preceding, but her 1. hand is raised ; no crown above. M -85. 806. Farthing. 1713. Same as the preceding, but on the reverse Britannia is seated within a portico, and the date is in the exergue. JE -9. Plate xxxv. 807. Farthing. 1713. Obv. ANNA AVGVSTA. Bust of queen as before. Rev. PAX . MISS A PER ORBEM. Britannia holding branch and sceptre in a biga to r. ; in the exergue, 1713. JE 1-0. This type refers to the Peace of Utrecht. 808. Farthing. 1714. Same as No. 805 ; but the r. hand of Britannia is not raised, her lower limbs are completely draped, and the date is in the exergue. M -95. This is the commonest of all the types, and this farthing is the one which is supposed to have been in circulation for a short time. Another piece, usually considered a farthing, has a similar ob v. to No. 802, but the hair is bound with a fillet and there is a scroll ornament below; and on the rev. Britannia stands, facing, holding branch and long sceptre ; around, BELLO ET PACE ; in the exergue 1713 ; legends incuse on both sides. This may, however, be only a medalet commemorating the Peace of Utrecht. The above descriptions give all the varieties of the halfpence and farthings of Anne. Most of the farthings occur in gold and silver. George I. 1714-1727. COINAGE. Gold. Five Guineas, Two Guineas, Guinea, Half-Guinea, and Quarter-Guinea. Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, and Maundy Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny. Copper. Halfpenny and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. There was only one issue of the gold and silver coinages, and as in the reigns of Anne and William III, &c., the reverse types of both coinages were assimilated. The quarter-guinea, however, was added to the list of gold pieces. The accession of the House of Brunswick was accompanied by a change in the royal arms, those of the Electorate being added. Their order was : 1, England and Scot- laud impaled ; 2, France ; 3, Ireland ; and 4, the Electorate ; and in the legends the king's German titles were added to his English ones (see No. 809). The weight and fineness remained unchanged, being as established in 1670 (see p. 131, note) ; but the current value of the guinea was in 1717 reduced to 21s., at which it remained till its last GEOEGE I. 143 year of issue in 1813. The copper coins were also of the same type Plate xxxv as those issued by William III, &c., but their weight was much reduced, being at 56 halfpence to the pound avoirdupois instead of 42 as previously. 809. Five Guineas. 1717. Obv. GEORGIVS D G M BR FR ET GOLD. HIB REX F D. Bust of king to r., laureate, no drapery. Rev. B'RVN ET - L DVX S R I A TH ET EL 1717. Four shields, each crowned, arranged in form of cross, viz. : 1, England and Scot- land impaled ; 2, Fraue-5 ; 3, Ireland ; and 4, the Electorate ; in the centre, the Star of the Garter, from which spring four sceptres ; on edge, % DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI TERTIO. AT 1-45. Dates 1716, 1717, 1720, and 1726. The title "Fidei Defensor" now occurs for the first time on the coinage, though it had been used on the Great Seal since the reign of Henry VIII. The legend in full on the reverse would be " Brunsvicensis et Lunenburgensis Dux, Sacri Romani Imperii Archi-Thesaurarius et Elector." 810-813. Two Guineas. 1720. Same as the preceding; but date 1720, and edge milled. A; 1-25. Dates 1717, 1720, and 1726. The Guinea, 1717 (No. 811), Half- Guinea, 1726 (No. 812), and Quarter-Guinea, 1718 (No. 813) are also of the same type, legends, &c., as the two guineas. Their dates are guinea, 1714-1727 ; half-guinea, 1717-1720, 1722, and 1725- 1727; and quarter-guinea, 1718 only. The guineas of 1721 and 1726 have the elephant and castle, the symbol of the African Company, under the bust. It does not occur on any of the other gold coins, or on any of the silver pieces. On the guinea of 1714 the words of the legends are differently abbreviated, and that on the reverse ends PR ET EL (Princeps et Elector). Hence it is known as the Prince Elector guinea. The bust of the king shows several small varieties in the hair, with and without lock on shoulder, in the tie of the wreath having one or two ends, &c. 814-815. Crown. 1723. Same as the Five Guineas, No. 809 ; but the bust of the SILVER. king is draped and in armour, and on the reverse, in the alternate angles of the cross formed by the four shields, are the letters SS and C, instead of the sceptres; on edge, >%* DECVS &o., ANNO REGNI DECIMO. jRl-55. Dates 1716, 1718, 1720, 1723, and 1726. The letters SS. C. are the initials of the South Sea Company. They denote that the silver of which the coins were struck was supplied by that company. They are found on the silver coins from the crown to the sixpence of 1723 only. The roses and the plumes also occur on the coins of each denomination from 1715 to 1727 (see No. 774). The Half-Crown, 1723 (No. 815), is of the same type, legends, &c., as the crown. Dates 1715, 1717, 1720, 1723, and 1726. 816-817. Shilling. 1723. Same as the Crown, but edge milled. JR 1-0. Dates 1715-1727. Besides the letters and marks alluded to above, some shillings (17231726) have on the reverse, in the angles between the shields, two C's interlinked and the plume alternately, and on the obverse under the bust W. C. C. These letters are the initials of 144 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxxv. the Welsh Copper Company, which was established during the reign SILVER, of William and Mary. These letters do not occur on any of the other silver coins. On some shillings of 1720 and 1721 the reverses are plain, i.e., no letters or roses, &c., between the shields. The Sixpence, 1723 (No. 817), is of the same type and variety as the shilling. Dates 1717, 1720, 1723, and 1726 ; all except 1723 have roses and plumes. 818-821. Maundy Money. Groat. 1723. Obv. GEORGIVS DEI GRA. Bust of king to r., laureate, draped and in armour. Bev. MAG BRI FR ET HIB - REX 1723 . In the centre the numeral 4, crowned. JR -15. The Threepence (No. 819), Half-Groat (No. 820), and Penny (No. 821) are also of the same type and date, but have 011 the reverse the marks of value 3, 2, and 1, respectively. Sets are only known of 1717, 1723, and 1727. COPPER.* 822. Halfpenny. 1718. Obv. GEORGIVS REX. Bust of king to r., laureate, in armour. Bev. BRITANNIA. Britannia seated to 1., with her attributes, similar to No. 736, but the olive-branch rests on her knee (see No. 784 note) ; in the exergue, 1718. Ml'l. Dates 1717-1724. 823. Farthing. 1719. Same as the preceding, but date 1719. as 9. Dates 1717-1724. There are no varieties of the halfpence and farthings. George II. 1727-1760. COINAGE. Gold. Five Guineas, Two Guineas, Guinea, and Half- Guinea. Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, and Maundy Groat, Threepence, Half-Groat, and Penny. Copper. Halfpenny and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. There were two issues in each metal, gold, silver, and copper, differing only in the portrait of the king : the first issue having a young portrait ; the second an older one. There was no alteration in the types of the silver and copper coins, which remained the same as those of the previous reign ; but on those of gold the arms are on a single shield instead of being on separate ones arranged in the form of a cross. The change in the portrait of the king did not occur simultaneously on the coins of the three metals. On the gold it took place in 1739 ; on the silver in 1743 ; and on the copper in 1740. The young portrait was the work of John Croker, who had also engraved the dies for the coins of Anne and George I, but the old one was by John Sigismund Tanner. There are no quarter -guineas of this reign. The weight and fineness of the gold and silver were the same as the milled coinage (1670) of Charles II, and the current value of the guinea remained at 21s. as in the previous reign. The copper money was coined at the rate of 46 halfpence to the pound avoirdupois, instead of 56 as under George I. GOLD. 824. Five Guineas. 1729. 1st issue. Obv. GEORGIVS II - DEI GRATIA. Bust of king to 1., laureate, no drapery ; below. E I C (East India Company). Bev. M B F ET H REX F D B ET L GEOEGE II. 145 D-S-R-I-A-T-ET-E- 1729 (see No. 809). Shield, crowned Plate xxxv. and garnished, with the royal arms quarterly, viz. : 1, England and Scot- <;,,, land impaled; 2, Prance; 3, Ireland; and 4, the Electorate; on edge, * DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI TERTIO. AT 1-45. Dates, young head, 1729, 1731, 1738, and 1741 ; old head, 1746, 1748, and 1753. Though the old head was adopted on the gold in 1739, the five guineas of 1 74 1 has the young head. The above coin was struck from gold furnished to the mint by the East India Company. Other gold and silver coins of 1745 and 1746, with the old portrait of the king, and with LIMA under the bust, were struck from bullion taken by Admiral Anson from the Spaniards in South America during his famous voyage round the world (1739-1743). These are the only marks on the gold coins. 825. Two Guineas. 1738. 1st issue. Same as the preceding; but date 1738, and edge milled. AT l - 25. Dates, young head, 1727, 1729, 1735, 1738, and 1739 ; old head, 1739, 1740, 1746-1748, and 1753. 826-827. Guinea. 1747. 2nd issue. Same as the Five Guineas, No. 824, but with the old portrait ; date 1747 ; edge milled. AT -95. Dates, young head, 1727-1729 and 1731-1738; old head, 1739, 1740, 1743, 1745-1753, 1755, 1756, and 1758-1760. The Half-Guinea, 1760 (No. 827), is of precisely the same type. Dates, young head, 1728-1732, 1734, and 1736-1739; old head, 1740, 1745-1747, 1750, 1753, 1755, 1756, and 1758-1760. 828. Crown. 1732. 1st issue. Obv. GEORGIVS II DEI GRATIA. Bust SILVER. of king to 1., laureate, draped and in armour, with lion's head on shoulder. Rev. M B F - ET H REX -F-D-B-ET-L-D-S-R- I A T ET E 1732. Four shields, crowned and arranged inform of cross, viz. : 1, England and Scotland impaled ; 2, France ; 3, Ireland ; and 4, the Electorate ; in the centre, the Star of the Garter ; and in alter- nate angles, roses and plumes ; on edge, DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI SEXTO. 2B1-6. Dates 1732, 1734-1736, 1739, and 1741. The roses and plumes on the reverse show that this coin was struck from Welsh and English silver combined. Crowns, half-crowns, shillings and sixpences of 1739 and 1741 have roses only. 829. Half-Crown. 1732. 1st issue. Same as the preceding. M 1-3. Plate xxxvi. Dates 1731, 1732, 1734-1736, 1739, and 1741. 830-831. Shilling. 1732. 1st issue. Same as the Crown, No. 828, but edge milled. M 1-0. Dates 1727-1729, 1731, 1732, 1734-1737, 1739, and 1741. The Sixpence, 1732 (No. 831), is of the same type, &c., as the shilling. Dates 1728, 1731, 1732, 1734-1736, 1739, and 1741. The shillings and sixpences have also roses and plumes on the reverse, but on some of 1728 the angles are plain, i.e., without either. Also some shillings of 1727 and 1731 and sixpences of 1728 have plumes only. 832-833. Crown. 1746. 2nd issue. Same as No. 828, but with older bust, and below it, LIMA (see No. 824), and on the rev. the angles between the shields are plain; on edge, DECVS &c., ANNO REGNI DECIMO NONO. jjl-55. Dates 1743, 1746, 1750, and 1751. L 146 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxxvi. The Half-Crown, 1746 (No. 833), is of precisely the same type. Dates SILVEK. 1743, 1745, 1746, 1750, and 1751. 834-835. Shilling. 1746. 2nd issue. Same as the Crown, No. 832, but edge milled. M 1-0. Dates 1743, 1745-1747, 1750, 1751, and 1758. The Sixpence, 1746 (No. 835), is of the same type. Dates 1743, 1745, 1746, 1750, 1751, 1757, and 1758. The silver coins, crown to sixpence of 1743, 1745, and 1747, with the exception of the " Lima" pieces, have roses on the reverse ; the other dates are plain. Plumes do not occur in this issue. 836-839. Maundy Money. Groat. 1729. Obv. Same as the Crown, No. 828; Rev. MAG BRI FR ET HIB REX 1729. In the centre the numeral 4, crowned. 5J * 75. The Threepence (No. 837), Half-Groat (No. 838), and Penny (No. 839) are of the same date and type, but with marks of value, 3, 2, and 1 respectively. Sets are known of 1729, 1731, 1732, 1735, 1737, 1739, 1740, 1743, 1746, and 1760. No change took place in the portrait of the king, the young head being preserved throughout the series. His English titles, too, are only given. COPPER 840. Halfpenny. 1730. 1st issue. Obv. GEORGIVS II REX. Bust of king to 1., laureate, in armour. Rev. BRITANNIA. Britannia seated to 1., with her attributes, similar to No. 736, but right hand, holding branch, extended ; in the exergue, 1730. JE 1-15. Dates 1729-1739. The copper coins throughout this reign were struck at the rate of 46 halfpence, or 92 farthings, to the pound avoirdupois. They were first issued in 1729 under the sign-manual of Queen Caroline, when guardian of the realm in the absence of the king. 841. Halfpenny. 1746. 2nd issue. Same as the preceding, but with old head; date 1746. JEl-15. Dates 1740-1754. 842. Farthing. 1730. 1st issue. Same as the Halfpenny, No. 840. JE -9. Dates 1730-1739, except 1738. 843. Farthing. 1746. 2nd issue. Same as the Halfpenny, No. 841. ^-9. Dates 1741, 1744, 1746, 1749, 1750, and 1754. George III. 1760-1820. COINAGE. Gold. Guinea, Half -Guinea, Quarter-Guinea, Third- Guinea or Seven Shillings, Sovereign, and Half-Sovereign. Silver. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, and Maundy Groat, Three- pence, Half-Groat, and Penny. Copper. Twopence, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. ISSUES, &c. Gold. Four : 1st issue (1761-1786), Guinea, Half- Guinea, and Quarter-Guinea. 2nd issue (1787-1800), Spade Guinea, Spade Half-Guinea, and Third-Guinea. 3rd issue (1800-1813 after the Union with Ireland), Guinea, Half -Guinea, and Third-Guinea, 4th issue GEORGE III. 147 (1817-1820), Sovereign and Half-Sovereign. Silver. Four: 1st issue Plate xxx (1763), Shilling. 2nd issue (1787), Shilling and Sixpence. 3rd issue (1798), Shilling. 4th issue (1816-1820), Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, and Sixpence. Copper. Four : 1st issue (1770-1775), Halfpenny and Farthing. 2nd issue (1797), Twopence and Penny. 3rd issue (1799), Halfpenny and Farthing. 4th issue (1806-1807), Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. The Maundy money presents four varieties of obverse or reverse types, which correspond to the dates 1763, 1792, 1795, and 1816 (see Nos. 871-878). The weights of the gold and silver coins down to 1813 were the same as established in the last issue (1670) of Charles II : that of the third-guinea being in the proportion of 43 146 grs. In the fourth issue, however, the sovereign was struck at 123 T ^ 7 ^ grs., and the weight of the shilling was reduced to about 87^ grs. The standard of fineness remained as in previous reigns, viz. the gold at 22 cts. fine and 2 cts. alloy ; and the silver 11 oz. '2 clwts. fine and 18 dwts. alloy. The dearth of an official coinage in silver and copper during this reign was in a certain degree met by the issue of counter-stamped Spanish dollars and Bank tokens in silver, and by tradesmen's and other tokens in copper as well as in silver. The former are mentioned under Nos. 864870 : but the latter, of which there is an enormous series, do not come within the scope of this work. 844. Guinea. 1761. 1st issue. Obv. GEORGIVS III - DEI GRATIA . GOLD. Bust of king to r., laureate. Rev. M-B-F-ET-H-REX-F-D- B ET L D . S - R - I A - T - ET E 1761. Shield crowned and garnished, and with arms as on No. 824. A7 '95. Dates 1761-1786, except 1762 and 1780. The dies for the earlier gold coins to 1774 were made by Richard Yeo. They present a youthful bust of the king. Those in use after that date to 1786 are by Thomas Pingo, and they give an older bust of the king, which divides the legend above. No change however took place in the general type. The current value of the guinea remained at 21s. 845-846. Half-Guinea. 1st issue. Same as the preceding, but date 1764. AT *8. Dates 1762-1766, 1769, 1772-1779, 1781, and 1784-1786. The Quarter-Guinea, 1762 (No. 846), is of precisely the same type. It was struck in that year only, and is the last issue of this denomina- tion. Dies were also made by John Sigismund Tanner and Richard Yeo for five and two guineas of this issue, but none were struck for circulation. 847-848. Spade Guinea. 1787. 2nd issue. Same as No. 844, but with larger and older bust of king, and tbe shield on the reverse is pointed at the base, i.e. spade-shaped; date 1787. A7 '95. Dates 1787-1799 inclusive with the exception of 1796. The Spade Half-Guinea, 1737 (No. 848), is of the same type. Dates 1787-1800 with the exception of 1792 and 1799. The dies for these coins were engraved by Lewis Pingo. On them the bust is smaller and does not divide the legend above as in the issue of 1775-1786. L 2 148 ENGLISH COINS. , 849- Third-Guinea. 1797. 2nd issiie. Obv. GEORGIVS III DEI GRATIA . Bust of king to r., laureate. Rev. MAG BRI FR . ET HIB - REX 1797. Crown. AT -7. Dates 1797-1800. Patterns for the third-guinea or seven-shilling piece had been made in 1775 and 1776, but none were issued for circulation till 1797. This coin was instituted to supply to a certain degree the great lack of silver money. The dies were made by Lewis Pingo. 850. Guinea. 1813. 3rd issue. Obv. GEORGIVS III DEI GRATIA. Bust of king to r., laureate. Rev. BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR. Small shield within the Garter with motto, crowned ; the arms are : 1 and 4, England ; 2, Scotland ; 3, Ireland ; with inescutcheon, arms of the Elec- torate, surmounted by the Electoral cap; below shield, 1813. A? I'O. Struck in 1813 only. This was the last guinea coined. They are said to have been specially issued for the troops, when embarking in 1813 for France. The earliest coins of this issue, half and third-guineas, were struck in 1801, on the 1st of January of which year it was ordered, as one of the consequences of the Act of Union between England and Ireland of the previous year, that the title of the king should henceforth be " Georgius Tertius, Dei Gratia, Britanniarum Rex, Fidei Defensor." The order of the arms on the shield was changed, and those of France together with the French title were abandoned. The king's German titles were also no longer used. The dies for all the gold coins of this issue were made by Lewis Pingo, who from 1804 took for the bust of the king a model by Marchant. 851. Half-Guinea. 1804. 3rd issue. Same as the preceding, but date 1804. AT '&. Dates 1801-1804, 1806, 1808-1811, and 1813. The bust of the king as on the 2nd issue was used on the half -guineas and third-guineas till 1804, when the above one was adopted. 852. Third-Guinea. 1804. 3rd issue. Same as No. 849, but bust of king and titles as on No. 850; and date 1804 under crown, AT '65. Dates as the half-guinea. Platjxxsvii. 853. Sovereign. 1817. 4th issue. Obv. GEORGIUS III D : G : BRITANNIAR : REX F : D : 1817. Head of king to r., laureate. Rev. St. George and the Dragon within the Garter with motto; on ground B p (Benedetto Pistrucci). AT -85. Wt. 123-0. Dates 1817-1820. On account of the wretched state of the gold and silver money, one of the consequences of the long series of wars in which England had been involved for so many years, it was decided in 1816 to strike an entirely new coinage consisting of the sovereign and half-sovereign in gold ; and the crown, half-crown, shilling and sixpence in silver. The standard weight of the sovereign was to be at l^TVoir grs. to be current for 20s., and that of the silver at about 87^ grs. to the shilling. At the same time gold was made the sole standard measure of value and the only legal tender for sums over two pounds. The coining of the silver which was most needed was put in hand at once, and though some of the pieces are dated 1816 they were not ready for issue till Jan. 1817. The earliest gold pieces are GEOBGE III. 149 dated 1817 and were not struck till that year. No change has taken piatexxxvii. 1 1 lace in the weights of the coins down to the present time, and the GOLD. fineness remained the same in both metals as in previous issues of this reign. The dies for the gold coins and for some of the silver ones were made by the Italian gem-engraver Benedetto Pistrucci, and it is said that the reverse type of St. George and the Dragon was originally intended for a gem, which that artist was engraving for Lord Spencer. 854. Half-Sovereign. 1817. Uh issue. Obv. GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA 1817. Head of king as on the preceding. Rev. BRITANNIARUM REX FID : DEF : Angular shield surmounted by crown; arms as on No. 850, but the inescutcheon of the Electorate is surmounted by an Electoral crown. A7 '7. Dates 1817-1820. The change of the Electoral cap into a crown was in consequence of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, by which Hanover was erected into a kingdom. 855. Shilling. 1763. 1st issue. Obv. GEORGIVS - III DEI GRATIA. SILVER. Bust of king to r., laureate, draped and in armour. Rev. M B F ET H REX -F-D-B-ET-L-D-S. R I-A-T-ET- E 1763. Four shields crowned and with arms as on No. 809, arranged in form of cross; in the centre, the Star of the Garter. M 1-0. Date 1763. The silver coins, shillings only, of the 1st and 3rd issues are of a special nature. The above is known as the Northumberland shilling, from the circumstance of its having been specially struck for distribution among the populace, when Hugh, Earl of Northumberland, made his first public appearance in Dublin as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1763. Only 100 worth were coined. The dies were made by Richard Yeo (see also No. 858). 856. Shilling. 1787. 2nd issue. Similar to the preceding, but the bust of the king is larger and older, as on No. 847 ; and on the reverse the crown is placed between each shield instead of over it ; and the inscription begins from the bottom ; date 1 787. M 1 0. Of this date only. A rare variety of this type has no dot over the king's head; i.e. between the numerals Ml and DEI. This and the sixpence of the same year are the only silver coins issued by authority during this reign down to the year 1816 (see No. 853), and of these only about seventy or eighty thousand pounds worth were struck. . 7. Sixpence. 1787. Ind issue. Same as the preceding, .si '85. Of this date and type only. . Shilling. 1798. 3rd issue. Same as the preceding, but no dot over the king's head, and date on reverse, 1798. & 1*0. Of this date only. This issue is also of a special kind. On account of the extreme scarcity of silver money (see note to No. 856) the firm of Dorrien and Magens in 1798 sent some bullion to the mint to be coined into shillings according to the law. The whole was actually coined, but on the day that the bankers were to receive the coins an Order in Council forbad their issue, and at the same time directed that they should be melted down. A few specimens however escaped the crucible. 150 ENGLISH COINS. Plate xxxvii. 859. Crown. 1818. Uh issue. Obv. GEORGIUS III D : G : BRITANNIARUM SILVFK REX F : D : 1818. Head of king to r., laureate ; below, PISTRUCCI. Rev. St. George and the Dragon within the Garter with motto ; below, PISTBUCCI ; on edge, DECUS &c., ANNO REGNI LVIII 2Rl'5. Wt. 434-8. Dates 1818-1820. For particulars of this issue see note No. 853. Both obverse and reverse dies of the above were by Pistrucci. 860. Half-Crown. 1816. Uhissue. Obv. GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA. Bust of king to r., laureate, undraped and turned from the spectator; below, 1816. Rev. BRITANNIARUM REX FID : DEF : Garnished shield with arms as on No. 854, within the Garter and Collar of the Order ; above, crown ; the garniture of the shield is inscribed on 1., w w p (William Wellesley Pole), and on r., w (Thomas Wy on), jjl-25. Wt. 218-0. Dates 1816-1817. There are two varieties of the half-crown of this issue (see next coin). The bust of the king with its broad bare shoulder and the ferocious expression of the king's countenance was not considered satisfactory ; and in making some change in the obverse type, an opportunity was taken to modify, but not to improve, the reverse also. It was generally assimilated to the type of the shilling. The edge of the half-crown is milled and not inscribed. William Wellesley Pole was master of the mint, and Thomas Wyon, who died in 1818, was chief engraver. 861. Half-Crown. 1819. Similar to the preceding ; legends same, but head of king to r., laureate ; date 1819 ; and on reverse, shield, not garnished, within the Garter with motto ; above, crown ; on the buckle of the Garter is inscribed, w w p (William Wellesley Pole), s. 1*25. Dates 1817-1820. 862-863. Shilling. 1816. Obv. GEOR : III D : G : BRITT : REX F : D : Head to r., laureate ; below, 1816. Rev. Garnished shield with arms, as on No. 854, crowned ; and within the Garter with motto ; on the garniture to 1., w w p (William Wellesley Pole) ; and to r., w (Thomas Wyon). M -9. Wt. 86-6. Dates 1816-1820. The Sixpence (No. 863) is of precisely the same type and dates. These two coins are considered amongst the neatest and best executed of the present century, and having the edge slightly raised, they were peculiarly fitted for the ordinary wear and tear of circulation. 864-865. Counterstruck Dollars of Charles IV of Spain dated 1793 and 1794. In 1797 an attempt was made by the Treasury to supplement the deficiency of silver coinage by the issue of Spanish dollars, and half, quarter and eighth dollars, countermarked on the obverse with the bust of George III, the stamp, a small oval one, being that used by the Goldsmiths' Company for stamping the plate of this country. These counterstamped dollars, $ : WILEL : M : O . . . Cross crosslet with cross pattee in each angle, connected by a loop with the inner circle. M '8. Pierced.- The mint-name on this coin is effaced ; but coins of Earl Henry are known of Bamborough and Corbridge. The type is copied from coins of Stephen, whose bust is probably intended to be represented on the obverse. Others of the Scottish type, similar to coins of David I (Nos. 1 and 2), have been attributed to Henry, Earl of Northumber- Malcolm IV. 1153-1165. This king, who was the eldest son of Henry, Earl of Northumber- land, struck pennies at Roxburgh and Jedburgh ?. They have on the obverse the full-face bust with sceptre as on the contemporary coins of Henry II of England, and on the reverse a cross fleury with a pellet and a rosette in the alternate angles, or a lozenge fleury over a cross fleury. A unique coin (Jedburgh 1) has the bust to r. with sceptre, and on the reverse a cross pattee with a crescent and pellet in each angle, and the legend FO . . . ALT O Nl CVT. The weight and fineness are as the money of David I. The coins of Malcolm IV are very rare. William the Lion. 1165-1214. COINAGE. Silver. Penny and Halfpenny. ISSUES, &c. Four. These are distinguished by the varieties of the obverse and reverse types mentioned below (see descriptions). The weight and fineness are as David I's coinage. Penny. Roxburgh. 1st issue. Obv. ^ W I L ELM VS. Bust of king to r., crowned; before, sceptre. Eev. *%* FOL : FOLD ON ROC. Cross potent with lis in each angle, xt "8. Wt. 22 '0. This type is similar to that of the later coins of David I. There are two varieties of this coin : on one the ends of the cross on the reverse are larger and crutch-shaped : on the other the lis are attached to the ler circle by two stalks. Each variety is unique and of Roxburgh. Halfpenny. Roxburgh. 1st issue. Obv AM ... Head of king tor., crowned; no sceptre. Eev ROG. Cross potent with lis and pellet in each angle. JR -6. Wt. 8 -3. This coin, which appears to be unpublished, no mention being made of it by Burns, Cochran-Patrick or other writers on Scottish coins, * Son of David I ; was created by Stephen of England Earl of Northumberland in 1139. He died before his father, but Malcolm and William, his sons, became kings of Scotland. M 2 164 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xii. belongs to the same issue as No. 4, though slightly differing in both SILVER, obverse and reverse types. It is the earliest halfpenny of the Scottish series and is unique. 6. Penny. Edinburgh. 2nd issue. Obv. ^ L Rl WILfiJTC. Head of king to 1., crowned; before, sceptre. Bev. ^ RDRJTi ON 6D6N6BV. Cross potent with pellet and crescent in each angle, m '8. Wt. 22-9. Struck also at Berwick, Perth, Roxburgh, and Stirling. The last is unique. Some of this type are without the mint-name. T.Penny. Perth. 3rd issue. Obv. * WILLLMVS R6X. Head of king to 1., crowned; before, sceptre. Eev. <% WSLT6R : ON : PR. Short double cross with star in each angle. M '8. Wt. 22*9. Struck also at Edinburgh and Roxburgh ; also without mint-name (see next piece). Double names, such as " Peris Adam " and " Aimer Adam," occur on coins of this type. S.Penny. 3rd issue. Obv. * WILL6LMVS R. Same as the last. Rev. hV6 WALTER ON. Same as the last, m -8. Wt. 21'3. There is a large series of coins of this moneyer without mint-name. Others also without mint-name have the names " Raul Derlig " and " Walter Adam " both of Roxburgh and " Henri le Rus," a Perth moneyer. The coins with "Hue Walter " were probably struck at Edinburgh and Roxburgh. There are numerous small varieties of this series. 9. Penny. Eoxburgh. 4th issue. Obv. %< WILL6LMVS R6X : Same as No. 7, but head to r. Bev. * PRIS RD7UTI ON RO. Same as No. 7. 2B -7. Wt. 22-5. This type occurs of Roxburgh only. Alexander II. 1214-1249. COINAGE. Silver. Penny. ISSUES, &c. All the coins of this reign have the same reverse type, viz., the short double cross with star in each angle, similar to William the Lion's 3rd issue ; but the obverses show the following varieties : (1) bare head to 1., without sceptre ; (2) same, with sceptre ; (3) bare head to r., with sceptre ; (4) crowned head to r., with sceptre ; (5) crowned head to 1., with sceptre. (See also coinage of Alexander III.) The weight and fineness are as David I's coinage. 10. Penny. Roxburgh. 2nd type. Obv. ALQSfiNDSR R9X. Head of king to 1., bare; before, sceptre. Bev. J< PI6(R(S ON ROQ. Short double cross with star in each angle, xt 7. Wt. 21 5. 11. Penny. Roxburgh. %<. Long cross pattee with mullet in each angle. JR -75. Wt. 22-8. As on the coins of Alexander III stars instead of mullets sometimes occur on the reverse. 20. Penny. St. Andrews. 2nd var. Similar to the last, but reading on the rev. OIVITfiS SfiNDRQQ. JR &. Wt. 19-2. This is the only mint- name which is found on coins of this reign. The legends on both obverse and reverse of this and the preceding coin are slightly varied. 21. Halfpenny. Same as the Penny, No. 19, but with a mullet in alternate angles only of tbe cross on the reverse. 2R *6. Wt. 12 -5. A variety has a mullet in each quarter of the cross on the reverse. No mint-name is found on the halfpennies and no farthings are known of this reign. Robert Bruce. 1306-1329. COINAGE. Silver. Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. ISSUE. One : in each denomination. The weight was at 21 grs. to the penny, but the fineness remained as in the reign of David I. 22. Penny. Obv. & : ROB0RTVS : D6U : SRfi : Head of king to 1., crowned ; before, sceptre. Rev. SCOTORVM R(X K Long cross pattee with mullet in each angle, ai -8. Wt. 22-3. No mint-names occur on any of the coins of Robert Bruce. The penny is of the above type only. A slight reduction took place in the weight of the coins; the penny being at 21* grs. instead of 22 grs. Twenty-six shillings and three pence were struck to the pound instead of twenty shillings as in the reign of David I. EOBEET BRUCE. 167 23. Halfpenny. Same type, &c., as the Penny, but mullet in two angles only of piate xli. the cross on the reverse. JR '55. Wt. lO'O. SILVER. This is the only type of the halfpenny. The farthing, of which there is no specimen in the National Collection, is of the same type as the penny. It is extremely rare. David II. 1329-1371. COINAGE. Gold. Noble. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Half- penny, and Farthing. ISSUES, &c.Gold. One : Noble (circ. 1358). Silver. Three : 1st issue (1329-1358), Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. 2nd issue (1358-1366), Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. 3rd issue (1366-1371), Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny. The weight of the noble was 120 grs., and of the silver, the 1st and 2nd issues were at 18 grs. to the penny, and the 3rd issue at 17 grs. to the penny. The gold was 23 1 cts. fine and ^ ct. alloy, and the fineness of the silver as the money of David I. 24. Noble. Obv. >k D7XVID : D6(l : (oRfi : RQX : SCXOTORVm (stops, GOLD. crosses) ; m. m. lis. The king crowned, standing facing in a ship, holding sword and shield with arms of Scotland. Rev. *% lhC( AVT6UTI TRfillCdeUIS P - meCDIVm ILLORVm - IB7XT. Cross fleury within a tressure of eight arches, trefoil in each spandril ; lion and crown in each angle of cross and cinquefoil in central compartment with lis at each angle. M 1-35. Wt. 119 -6 grs. This coin is an imitation of the noble of Edward III of England, first struck in 1344. There are no records connected with the issue of these first Scottish gold coins, but it must have occurred soon after David's return from captivity in 1357. It was probably connected with the first issue of the groat in 1358. The weight and fineness correspond with the nobles of the 4th issue (1351) of Edward III. Only five specimens are known and of two slight varieties in the obverse and reverse legends and in the stops between the words ; one having crosses and pellets ; the others saltires, annulets, and crosses. 25. Penny. 1st Issue. Obv. * D7WID DQ! SRACdfi. Head of king to 1., SILVER. crowned ; before, sceptre. Rev. RSX SCCOTTORVHl. Cross pattee with mullet in each angle, jj -7. Wt. 15 '6. These are of the same type as the coins of Robert Bruce, with the exception of the introduction, in most cases, of the Old English STL and n for the Roman M and N. No mint-names occur on this issue. A variety reads R6(X saOTORVM. The halfpenny is similar to the penny ; but has mullets in two angles only of the cross on the reverse. A variety has a mullet and three pellets in alternate angles. 26. Farthing. 1st issue. Same as the Penny, but the legend on the rev. reads RQX SaOTORVM. JR -5. Wt. 4-7. A curious variety of the farthing is of the same type, but has on the obverse the legend MONSTS RQSIS D and on the reverse AVID SaOTTOR. 168 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xlii. 27. Groat. Edinburgh. 2nd issue. Obv. ^ D7WID : D6U SRfi : RSX SILVER. QOTORVfll : (sic) (stops, crosses). Bust of king to 1., crowned and dividing, below, the tressure which consists of six arches ; before, sceptre. Rev. I ons : pracxTOR ms . z LIBATOR ms__vii_Lfi e(DiriBVR6h (in two concentric circles ; stops, crosses). Long cross pattee dividing legends with mullet in each angle. JB 1-1. Wt. 72*6. The groat and half -groat were first struck in Scotland in 1358, the year following David's return from captivity at Durham. The type of the reverse was no doubt copied from the English groat, which first circulated in 1351. On some the letter D occurs in one of the quarters of the reverse ; it may be the initial of Donatus Mulekyn, an employe at the mint. 28. Half-Groat. Edinburgh. 2nd issue. Same as the Groat, but the legend on the obv. ends SC(OTORV ; and on the rev. the outer one reads DftS pROTQcrroR mecvs. * -9. wt. 31-5. 29. Penny. Edinburgh. 2nd issue. Obv. * D7WID RQX - SCCOTORVJTl (stops, crosses). Bust of king to 1., crowned; before, sceptre. Rev. VILLA 6(DinBVR6h. Long cross pattee with mullet in each angle. ^ -75. Wt. 17-5. Groats, half-groats, and pennies of this issue were also minted at Aberdeen. This and Edinburgh are the only mints of this reign. The halfpenny of this issue is similar in type to the penny, but has a mullet in two angles only of the cross. It is of Edinburgh only, and appears to be unique. It is figured by Snelling, Silver Coins of Scot- land, PI. I., No. 32. 30. Groat. Edinburgh. 3rd issue. Same as No. 27, but the bust is larger, the handle of the sceptre is ornamented with a star ; there is a trefoil in each spandril of the tressure; and the obv. legend ends SQOTORVttl. m I' 15. Wt. 63-5. The coins of this issue differ but slightly from those of the previous one, but they are of coarser workmanship ; and the portrait of the king is similar to that of Kobert II. The groat was also minted at Aberdeen. 31. Half-Groat. Edinburgh. 3rd issue. Same as No. 28, but with same varieties as on the last coin ; the obv. legend ends StfOTORVJTl. st. -9. Wt. 33-0. Struck only at Edinburgh. The penny is the same as that of the second issue, but has a similar bust to No. 30, and there is generally a star at the handle of the sceptre. It is of Edinburgh only. Robert II. 1371-1390. COINAGE.* Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. ISSUES, &c. One in each denomination. The weight and fineness are as the third coinage of David II. * The gold coins, viz., the so-called St. Andrews of 39 grs. and lions of 38 grs. to 18 grs., formerly attributed to Robert II, are here all classed to Robert III (see note No. 38). EOBEET II. 169 32. Groat. Edinburgh. Obv. * ROBQRTVS : DQI . <3RA : RQX : SaOTTORV Plate xlii. (stops, crosses). Bust of king to 1., crowned and dividing, below, the tressure SILVER. of six arches ; before, sceptre with saltire at handle ; behind B (Bonagio) ; * a trefoil in each spandril of tressure. Rev. J DR'S : PT9C(TOR JTl'S Z LIBATOR ttl'S VILLA QDIRBVRSh (in two concentric circles; stops, crosses). Long cross pattee dividing legends, mullet in each angle. JR1-1. Wt. 55-0. 33. Groat. Perth. Same as the last, but star at handle of sceptre ; no letter behind king's head, and reading SCtOTORVM, and mint VILLA D6( PQRTh #. jjl-15. Wt. 59-8. Groats were also struck at Dundee. On most of the coins of this reign the handle of the sceptre ends in a saltire or a star. The bust of the king is very similar to that on the last coinage of David II. All the Dundee coins are very rare. 34. Half-Groat. Edinburgh. Obv. <% ROB6(RTVS : DSI : 6RA : R9X : SCXO (stops, saltires). Bust of king to 1., crowned, &c., as on No. 32 ; but behind crown, a saltire. Eev. * DRS PROTeWTOR JTie(VS_VILLA QDIRBVRSh (in two concentric circles). Long cross pattee. &c., as on No. 32. JR -9. Wt. 32-6. 35. Half-Groat. Perth. Same as the last, but star at handle of sceptre ; no saltire behind the crown, and reading on obv. SGOTORV5TI for SCXO, and on rev. the mint is VILLA DQ PQRTh *. 2B -85. Wt. 31-5. Struck also at Dundee. The half-groats and pennies, like the groats, of all three mints have sometimes the letter B behind the head of the king. (See No. 32.) 36. Penny. Edinburgh. Obv. * ROBQRTVS - RSX SCXOTTOR' (stops, crosses). Bust of king to 1., crowned; before, sceptre. Rev. VILLA QDIRBVRSh. Long cross pattee with mullet in each angle, m -75. Wt.17-0. Struck also at Dundee and Perth. 37. Halfpenny. Edinburgh. Similar type to the Penny, but the legends read ; obv. * ROB9RTVS R3X ; rev. VILLA SDIRBVG. M -6. Wt. 7'0. Struck also at Dundee, but none are known of Perth. The supposed Roxburgh halfpenny in the British Museum is a double-struck coin of Edinburgh. Robert III. 1390-1406. COINAGE. Gold. St. Andrew or Lion, and Demi-Lion or Demy. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. Billon.^ Penny and Halfpenny. ISSUES, &c. Gold. Two : 1st issue, St. Andrew or Lion (61-59^ grs.) and Demi-Lion or Demy (30 grs.). 2nd issue, St. Andrew or Lion (38 grs.) and Demi-Lion or Demy (19 grs.). Silver. Two: 1st issue, Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny, at 48 grs. to the Groat. 2nd issue, Groat only, at 30 grs. The standard of the gold was 22 cts. fine and 2 cts. alloy, and that of the groats and half -groats 11 T V fine silver and T 9 alloy (as * Bonagio, or Bonachius, was a Florentine engraver, who was employed at the Scottish mint during the reigns of David II and Robert II and III. t As no mention is made in the records of the coinage of a billon money, these pieces may be only very base silver coins. J These two issues in gold and silver are known as the heavy and the light coinages. 170 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xiii. David I's money), but the other denominations were 2 pts. fine and 1 pt. alloy. GOLD. 38. St. Andrew or Lion. Istissue. Obv. * ROBQRTVS | DQI : <3RA | R9X : SGOTORVJTl : (stops, partly pellets and partly lis and crescents). Shield, arms of Scotland, crowned. Rev. XPC( RQGIlftT XPC( VlftCUT XPa I5TCP7X. St. Andrew extended on the cross, which reaches to the edge of the coin ; on either side, lis. A; 1*05. Wt. 59 '6. A variety has the cross on the reverse, reaching only to the inner circle. The St. Andrew or lion was current for 5s., and the demi-lion for 2s. Gd. The gold coins till recently assigned to Robert II were the light St. Andrews of 38 grs. with the reverse legend " Dominus Protector," &c. (see next coin), and all the demi-lions, wrongly called lions, of from 38 to 19 grs. There are, however, no records of any gold money having been coined by Robert II, and this wrong attribution appears to have arisen out of a mistaken nomenclature ; the St. Andrews being known when in circulation as lions, and their halves, now called lions, being denominated as demi-lions or demies.* The differences in the weight of the St. Andrew and of its half were caused by a change in the standard, which occurred about the middle of the reign of Robert III. The precise date is not known, but it must have been simultaneous with the change in the standard of the silver coins (see No. 41). Thus the heavy demi-lion is the half of the heavy St. Andrew, and the light demi-lion the half of the light St. Andrew. 39. St. Andrew or Lion. 2nd issue. Obv. ^ ROB9RTVS : DQI RQX SQOT : (stops, crosses). Shield crowned, &c., as on the preceding. Eev. * DRS : PTQCTTO : MS : Z : LIBQR : M : (stops, crosses). St. Andrew extended without the cross; his hands and feet reaching beyond the inner circle ; on either side, lis. AT - 9. Wt. 37'0. A variety of the light St. Andrew has the reverse legend as on No. 38. 40. Demi-Lion or Demy. 1st issue. Obv. >fr ROBQRTVS SQOTO (stops, partly pellets and partly lis and crescents Scotland, not crowned. Rev. XPQ : RQ6R7XT : XPC( DQI : 6 ; RQX Shield, arms of SILVER. . VIRC(T (stops as on obv.). A St. Andrew's cross extending to the edge; lis and trefoils in alternate angles, u -75. Wt. 30 -0. The light demi-lions (19 grs.) are of the same type, but on some the legend " Dominus Protector," &c., occurs as on the light St. Andrews. The latter are excessively rare. 41. Groat. Perth. 1st issue. Obv. & ROBQRTVS DQI <3RA RQX SQOTTORV5U. Bust of king, facing, crowned, dividing tressure of seven arches. Rev. * DRS : PTSC(TOR MQ Z LIBfiTOR JUS VILLA : DQ : PQRTh *%* (in two concentric circles; stops, pellets and saltires). Long cross pattee dividing legends, three pellets in each angle. & 1*05. Wt. 42-0. This is a precise copy of the contemporary English groat, Those of the 1st issue, heavy money, were struck at Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and Perth. And those of the 2nd issue, light money, are of Aberdeen, Dumbarton, and Edinburgh. The light groats are of the same type as Burns, Coinage of Scotland, vol. i., p. 283. EGBERT III. 171 the heavy ones, but the portrait of the king is similar to James I's. Plate xlii The date of the change in the silver standard is uncertain. SILVER. 42. Half-Groat. Edinburgh. 1st issue. Obv. p ROBQRTVS | D6U | (3 \ R6(X SC(OTOR. Bust of king, facing, &c., as on the Groat, but surrounded entirely by the tressure, which has seven arches. Rev. %< DdS PJSCXTOR : MS : LIBATO VILLA : QDIRBVR6 (in two concentric circles ; stops, pellets and saltires). Long cross pattee, &c., with pellets in angles as on the Groat. 2R -85. Wt. 21-5. Struck also at Perth. No half-groats, pennies or halfpennies of the 2nd issue, light money, are known. 43. Penny. Edinburgh. 1st issue. Obv. * ROBQRTVS R3X SCXOTOR. Bust of king, facing, crowned. Rev. VILLA SDIftBVRSh. Long cross pattee with three pellets in each angle. JR '7. Wt. 12 -5. Struck also at Aberdeen and Perth. A variety is without the mint- name, and reads obv. ROBSRTVS D6U 6RACXIA; re0.~R6(X SC(OTORVm. The pennies and halfpennies of very base silver, and by some considered as billon money, are of the same type as the above. These pennies are of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, but the halfpennies are of Edinburgh only. 44. Halfpenny. Edinburgh. 1st issiie. Same type, &c., as the Penny, but the obv. legend reads *% ROB3RTVS RSX SO(O JR -5. Chipped. Struck also at Perth. Like the penny, a variety is without the mint-name and reads RSX SQOTORVm. An example of this coin is figured in Cardonnel, Num. Scot., PI. IV., No. 2 ; but no specimen appears now to be known. James I. 1406-1437. COINAGE. Gold. Demy and Half-Demy. Silver. Groat. Billon. Penny and Halfpenny. ISSUES, &c. One only in each metal. The weight of the demy was from 53 to 50 grs., that of the groat from 36 to 30 grs.,. and that of the billon penny 16 grs. The gold was 22 cts. fine, but the fineness of the silver and billon is not recorded. . Demy. Obv. IACXOBVS DQI 6RACUA RQX S (stops, lis) ; m. m. Plate xliii. crown. Arms of Scotland on a lozenge-shaped shield. Rev. %< SA LVV5TI : GOLD. FAC( POPVLVm TVVm Dft - (stops, saltires and lis). A smaU St. Andrew's cross with the letter I (Jacobus) in centre, between two lis and within a floriated compartment of six curves, termed an orle ; in each curve, a quatrefoil. A/ '85. Wt. 51 '0. The demy and half-demy are sometimes known as the lion and half- lion. The current value of the demy at first appears to have been 9s. The derivation of its name is somewhat uncertain. It is supposed to have received it from having been of the same current value in Scot- land as the contemporary English half-noble. The St. Andrews and half-St. Andrews, formerly attributed to James I, are now classed to James II. (See No. 50.) 4G. Half-Demy. Obv. IAC(OBVS D6U : SRAC(IA R : (stops, saltires and lis) ; m. m. crown. Arms of Scotland, &c., as on the preceding. Rev. 172 SCOTTISH COINS. Plat xliii. ^ SfiLVVm : FfiC( POPVLVm TV : A small St. Andrew's cross within G01D an orle, &c., as on the preceding, but above, the letter I (Jacobus), and below, a saltire. A7 -65. Wt. 26'0. The demy, of which there are many small varieties, is very common, but the half-demy is very rare. SILVER. 47. Groat. Edinburgh. Obv. * iTXtfOBVS . D9I . 6R7XC(m R6(X SC(OTOR . (stops, lis). Bust of king, facing, crowned, undraped ; sceptre and saltire to 1., and I (Jacobus) to r. ; two saltires on breast ; all within tressure of seven arches, fleured. Rev. * DRS PT6(C(TOR - mS Z LIBfiTOR IU : VILL7\ QDIRBVRSh (in two concentric circles; stops, lis and saltires). Long cross pattee with lis and three pellets in alternate angles ; but in the third angle, a saltire on each side of the lis. jRl'O. Wt. 33-8. Struck also at Linlithgow, Perth, and Stirling. A variety which is rare, has the sceptre on the king's 1., i.e. to r. From their type these groats are known as " fleur-de-lis groats." The issue was a very large one, and the coins are remarkable for the variety of small ornaments on both sides, consisting of lis, trefoils, saltires, crescents, &c. This is the only denomination in silver known of this reign, although it would seem, from certain regulations regarding a new coinage in 1451, that half- groats of this type had been issued, and also that in 1435 silver coins of small denominations, pennies and halfpennies, were ordered to be struck. BILLON. 48. Halfpenny. Edinburgh. Obv. * I7\C(OBVS D6U SRft RSX. Bust of king, facing, crowned. Rev. %* VILLfi SDIftBV. Long cross pattee with three pellets in each angle. Bil. '6. Chipped. Struck at Edinburgh only. The penny, which is of the same type, was issued at Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and Inverness. These coins are, as a rule, of fine billon, being about half silver and half alloy. James II. 1437-1460. COINAGE. Gold. Demy, Lion, and Half -Lion. Silver. Groat, Half- Groat, and Penny. Billon. Penny. ISSUES, * If correctly attributed this and the preceding coin were struck early in the reign. Frequent issues of gold coins are recorded between 1460 and 1473, about which time the rider was first struck. They are called Scuta from their type, and must therefore be lions or half-lions. It is quite possible also that the dies for the lions made during the reign of James II were continued in use during that of James III. 57. Rider. Obv. IACXOBVS : D6(l : SRA : R6(X SaOTOR : (stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. King on horseback, galloping to r. ; sword in r. hand. Rev. STXLVVm FACX POPVLVJYl TVVm DRS. Crowned shield on long cross pattee. *r '9. Wt. 76*0. Though the precise date is not known when the rider was first issued, it must have been shortly before 1476, as in the records of that year mention is made of the new money commonly called riders. Its current value in 1491 was 23s. There are no half or quarter-riders of this type, i.e. with horseman to r. Those, as well as the riders with horseman to 1., are given to James IV (see Nos. 7072). 58. Unicorn. Obv. lfiC(OBVS : D6(l : SRTUXIfi : RSX : SC(OTR (stops, stars) ; m. m. lis. Unicorn to 1. with crown on its neck, supporting a shield ; a chain with ring under the feet. Rev. SXVRSAT : DQ' 9T : DISIPSNT : N IJftlQIQ (stops, stars); m. m. lis. A floriated cross, on which is a large waved star. AT -95. Wt. 57 '5. The unicorn and half -unicorn were first struck in 1486. The standard weight of the unicorn was 58 '89 grs., it was 21 cts. fine, and was current for 18s. A variety has the reverse legend on both sides. Others have saltires, V shaped ornaments, lis or plain stops itween the words. Some of these may have been struck in the early rears of the reign of James IV, though the records do not mention the me of unicorns in that reign till 1496. Other mint-marks are a :oss fleury, a cross pattee, a coronet, &c. Half-Unicorn. Similar type to the Unicorn, but legends; obv. I7XCCOBVS : D6U : SRfiCUfi : RQX : SCOT : rev. SXVR67\T : DS : 6[T : DISIPGdlT : I nil I : (stops, stars); m. m. lis on both sides. A: -75. Wt. 29-5. On the half-unicorn the stops are varied as on the unicorn. 60. Groat. Berwick. 1st issue. Obv. ^ IfiCtOBVS : D : (oRfi : RflX : SILVER. SflOTOR (stops, saltires). Bust of king, facing, and wearing crown of three lis, within tressure of eight arches ; on 1. of neck T (Tod) ; on r. L (Livingstoun). Rev. & DftS PTQOTOR MS : Z : LB7TTOR :_ V VILLA : BQRWIQhl (stops, saltires). Long cross fourchee with three pellets, enclosing annulet, and mullet of six points in alternate angles. JBl-0. Wt. 36-7. Struck also at Edinburgh (see next coin). Thomas Tod and Alexander Livingstoun were the king's coiners. Their initials also occur on groats of Edinburgh. The early groats of this reign were current for 12d., but they subsequently rose to 14d. The half -groat of this issue, which is of Berwick and unique, has a cross at each side of the king's neck, no annulets between the pellets on the reverse, and apparently the numeral 3 after the king's name. These are the only denominations of this issue. 176 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xiiii. Some numismatists have attributed to this reign groats, half -groats SILVER, and pennies of the same type as the second issue of James II, and consider them to be the first coinage. This attribution is however very doubtful. 61. Groat. Edinburgh. 1st issue?. Obv. ^ IACXOBVS : D6U : SRA : RQX : SQOTORVm (stops, saltires). Bust of king as on the preceding, but smaller and within tressure of nine arches ; cross saltire on each side of neck. Rev. k ons : PTSCTTOR : ms = z : LIBRATO * VILLA : efoiaBVRSh (stops, saltires). Long cross pattee with pellets and mullets in the angles as on the preceding, but no annulets within the pellets. , -9. Wt. 37*0. This appears to be an intermediate type between the 1st and 2nd issues. The king's crown is the same as on the preceding coin, but the style and fabric are as the next one. 62. Groat. Berwick. 2nd issue. Obv. * IAC(OBVS : D6(l : 6RA : RQX : SCXOTORm (stops, saltires). Bust of king, facing, and wearing crown of five lis, within tressure of ten arches. Rev. <%* DftS : PT(JC(TOR mS Z LIBSRAT :_ !< VILLA : BQRWIQ hi (stops, saltires). Long cross pattee, &c., as on the preceding. M -9. Wt. 37 '3. Struck also at Edinburgh. The half -groat and penny of this issue are described below. Burns (Coin, of Scot., vol. ii., p. 112) places between the 1st and 2nd issues the three-quarter face groats and half- groats with thistle-heads and mullets on the reverse (see No. 86). This attribution seems somewhat out of place. Plate xliv. 63. Groat. Edinburgh. 3rd issue. Obv. * IAC(OBVS DQI 6RA R6(X SCtOTORm; m. m. cross fleury. Bust of king, facing, and wearing crown of five lis, within tressure of seven arches, divided below by the bust. Rev. ons PTQCTTOR mss z LIBSATVR m VILLA aoediBaovRsa; m. m. cross fleury. Long cross pattee with mullet of five points and three pellets in alternate angles. M '95. Wt. 37 -9. All the coins, groats, half-groats and pennies, of this issue are of Edinburgh only. The pennies vary from the other pieces in having three lis only in the king's crown. The halfpenny was ordered, but does not appear to have been issued. 64. Half-Groat. Berwick. 2nd issue. Obv. ^ IAC(OBVS : DSI : 6RA : RQX : SQOT (stops, saltires). Bust of king, facing, and wearing crown of three lis, within tressure of eight arches. Rev. DftS P6(RT6(C(TOR ms Z LI I BSR ATVILLA BSRVViaCChll. Long cross pattee with mullet of six points and three pellets in alternate angles, x. -7. Wt. 18-3. Struck also at Edinburgh. There are no half-groats of the other issues in the National Collection. As Berwick was made over to Scotland in 1461, but recaptured by the English in 1483, all the coins of that mint belong to the earlier issues of this reign. 65. Penny. Edinburgh. 2nd issue. Obv. * IAC(OBVS : D6( : 6RA : RQX : SO (stops, saltires). Bust of king, facing, wearing crown of three lis or five points. Rev. { VILLA : SDQINBOVR (stops, saltires). Long cross pattee, &c., as on the last. M -6. Wt. 10-0. The penny was struck only at this mint. 66. Penny. Edinburgh. 3rd issue. Similar to the preceding, but reading S for SO, and with mullets of five points on the reverse, as on No. 63. * -55. Wt. 8-7. Struck only at Edinburgh. f" '" JAMES III. 177 There are no coins, groats, in the National Collection which have been f lft te xiiv. classed to the fourth and fifth issues of this reign. The former have &UVKR. a bust, facing, in surcoat and armour and a crown of nine points, and on the reverse three pellets and a crown in alternate angles of the cross. On the latter the king wears a crown with three fleurs de lis, and on the reverse a crown and a lis are in opposite angles of the cross, and in the other two, three pellets joined by an annulet. Both issues are of Edinburgh only, and the groat weighs 47^ grs. 67. Plack. Edinburgh. Obv. ITXaOBVS : D6U : 6R7UXIA : R6(X : SCXOTORV; BILLOX m. m. crown. Shield within quatrefoil ; above and at sides, a crown. Bev. VILLA : D6( : 3DIHBVR6; m. m. crown. Floriated cross with open compartment in centre enclosing a saltire ; a crown in each angle. Bil. 1-0. Wt. 25-6. Placks and half-placks of this type are by some attributed to the next reign. Another issue, probably of earlier date, has on the obverse the shield within a tressure of three arcs, a crown above and a cross fourchee at each side, and a trefoil in each of the upper angles of the tressure. The reverse is the same as the plack of the later issue. The half-placks are of the same types as the placks. They are all of the Edinburgh mint only. The weight of the plack varies from 44 to 28 grs., and it was current for 3d. The name is derived from plaque, a thin piece of metal. The billon pennies are similar in type to the silver coins of that denomination, except that on the reverse the cross is cantonned with three pellets only. Like the silver pieces they show several varieties in the king's crown, which has three or five lis. They are of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and vary in weight from 15 to 5 grs. The lighter ieces may have been intended for halfpence. The copper farthings, called " Black Farthings," are of two types : COPPER. (i) obv. crown ; rev. St. Andrew's cross with saltire on each side ; (ii) obv. I. R. crowned ; rev. St. Andrew's cross with crown on upper portion, a small saltire at each side and one below. On both the king's name is on the obverse and the name of the mint, Edinburgh, on the reverse. They weigh from 9 to 7 grs. The Act authorizing this money, which is the first copper coinage of the Scottish series, was passed 9 Oct. 1466. These pieces appear to have been current originally T halfpennies, but circulated subsequently as farthings, quadrantes. James IV. 1488-1514. COINAGE.* Gold. Lion, Half-Lion, Rider, Half-Rider, f Quarter- Rider, Unicorn, and Half-Unicorn. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny. Billon. Plack and Penny. * The occurrence of numerals or letters after the king's name or titles, showing that he was the 4th king of Scotland of the name of James, identifies some of the coins of this reign; but on account of the scarcity of records relating to the coinage, the classification of such pieces as are without these numerals or letters is difficult, and has led to much diversity of opinion. t Cochran-Patrick and other Scottish numismatists give the divisions of the Rider as Two-Thirds and One-Third Riders; but Burns, who appears to be correct from the evidence afforded by their weights, divides them into Half and Quarter-Riders. The same may be said of the Lion and Half-Lion. N 178 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xiiv. ISSUES. Gold. Two : 1st issue (1488), Unicorn, Half-Unicorn, Lion, Half-Lion, Rider, Half-Rider, and Quarter-Rider. 2nd issue (1496-1512), Unicorn and Half-Unicorn. Silver. Five : 1st issue (1488), Groat arid Half-Groat (obv. three-quarter face bust ; rev. crown and pellets). 2nd issue (1489), Groat and Half-Groat (same rev. type ; but obv. bust facing). 3rd issue, Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny (obv. bust facing; rev. mullet and pellets and legend SfiLVVJTl FfiC( &c.). 4th issue (1512), Groat and Half-Groat (as 3rd issue, but , QT, QRA or MM in obv. legend). 5th issue, Groat (similar to last, but 4 after king's name; rev. legend EXVRGAT DEVS, &c., and Roman letters). , Billon. Plack, two issues (1504-6 and 1512-14), see descriptions. Penny, two types, see also descriptions. WEIGHT. Gold. Unicorn, 59 grs. ; Lion, 52 ^ grs. ; Rider, 81 grs. Silver. Groat, 47^ grs., but 4th and 5th issues 40 to 35 grs. Billon. Not recorded. FINENESS. Unicorn, 21 cts. ; Lion and Rider, 23 cts. Silver. As James Ill's coinage. Billon. Not recorded. The only mint-names of this reign are Edinburgh and Aberdeen. They are not found on any of the gold coins. GOLD. 68. Lion. Obv. I7\C(OBVS - D6(l 6R7V RQX - SaOTTORVm I 111 (stops, stars); m. m. crown. Shield crowned between two lis. Rev. SfiLVVJft F7\a PPLVV TVV DR6C (stops, stars); m. m. crown. St. Andrew on cross extending to edge of coin; lis on either side. AT 1-05. Wt. 51-0. There seems little doubt that this is the coin which was ordered to be struck in Jan. 1488-9, and to be of the weight of the French crown. It was to be current at 14s., and to have the word quartus added to the king's name, and so to be distinguished from similar pieces of the previous reign. The gold coinage ordered in the previous October, which was to consist of fine gold of the same weight and fineness as the rose noble, with its divisions the two-thirds and one-third, was never issued. 69. Half-Lion. Similar to the preceding, but there is no m. m. on the rev.", and the legends read SaOTTORV for SaOTTORVJTl and S7YLVV for AT -8. Wt. 22-8. The previous coin and this one are often denominated as two- thirds and one-third St. Andrews. It is much more probable from their weights that they are lions and half-lions, more commonly called St. Andrews and half-St. Andrews. 70. Rider. Obv. I7\C(OBVS OS I SRfi RQX SCCOTTORVJTl. Crowned shield on long cross pattee. Eev. SfiLVVM : F7XC( : POPVLVM : TVVm : DOJTilRQ ; m. m. cross floury. King on horseback galloping to 1. ; sword in 1. hand. At 1-05. Wt. 79 -5. As no mention is made in the records of this issue of the rider and its divisions, the half and quarter-rider, under James IV, they have been assigned by some to the previous reign and considered to be only a variety of the rider to r. (see No. 57). The current value of the rider was in 1491 fixed at 23s. f JAMES IV. 179 71. Half-Eider. Same as the Rider ; but with stops between the words of Plate xliv. the legends on both sides. AT '75. Wt. 38-5. GOIJ) The weights of this and the next coin show that they are the half and quarter of the rider, and not the two-thirds and one-third as generally supposed. 72. Quarter-Rider. Same as the Rider, No. 70; but reading SCCOTORV and DOfllin,, and in. m. on rev. a cross pattee. AT '6. Wt. 18' 5. This coin is extremely rare. 73. Unicorn. Zndissue. Obv. IACOBVS 4 : DEI GRfi REX SCOTORVM - (stops, mostly stars) ; in. in. crown. Unicorn to 1., with crown on its neck, supporting shield. Rev. EXVRSfiT DEVS Z Dl SI PENT INI MIC I EIV- (stops, stars). A floriated cross on which is a waved star. Arl-0. Wt. 59-0. The numeral 4 after the king's name and the Roman letters in the legends show that this coin belongs to the latter part of the reign of James IV. For the unicorns and half-unicorns which may be assigned to the early period, see No. 58. Half-unicorns similar to the above with Roman letters are without the numeral after the king's name, and have the ring and chain under the unicorn. There is in the British Museum a pattern known as the six-angel piece. It is of the same type but slightly larger than the English angel, and weighs 49 1 grs. The legends are in Roman characters ; that on the obverse being as 011 No. 73 with the numeral 4 after the king's name, and that on the reverse SALVfiTOR : IN : HOC : SIGNO : VICISTI. It was struck at the end of the reign of James IV, at which time the English angels were current in large numbers in Scotland. It is evidently a pattern for a coinage which was never carried out. The coin is unique. Groat. Edinburgh. 1st issue. Obv. + IfiCXOBVS DGC 6RfiC(lfi : R6(X : SILVER. SCCOTORV (stops, saltires). Bust of king, within a dotted circle, three-quarters to 1., draped and wearing arched crown ; before, saltire and L (Livingstoun) ; behind, lis. Rev. DftS PROTQTOR fll 6(T LIB9R7XTO JTi __ . VI LLft QDIftBVR (stops, annulets; m. m. cross fleury before each legend). Long cross pattee with crown and three pellets, enclosing an annulet, in alternate angles. ^ 1'05. Wt. 46-5. Struck also at Aberdeen. This coinage, formerly given to James II, and subsequently to James IV, was however supposed by Burns (Coinage, of Scotland, vol. ii., p. 133) to have commenced in the reign of James III but continued by his successor. Alexander Livingstoun and Thomas Tod are mentioned in the records as the king's coiners (see No. 60). The half-groat is the only other denomination of this issue (see No. 76). In 1488 the current value of the groat was declared to be 14d. For groats of 2nd and 3rd issues see Nos. 77 and 78. 75. Groat. Edinburgh. tth issue. Obv. lfiC(OBVS DQI SRrt R6(X StfOTTORVm MM; m.m. crown. Bust of king facing, not draped, crowned, within tressure of nine arches ; mullet on each side of neck. Rev. SALwm F7\a ppLwm - jvvm - one(_. VILLTX aoediBOVRsec (stops, stars). Long cross fourchee with mullet of five points and three pellets in alternate angles, .si 1-05. Wt. 35 -7. Coins of this issue, groats and half-groats, are of Edinburgh only. On other groats the king's titles are followed by R ( = 4), or QT, QR or N 2 180 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xiiv. QRA (= Quartus). The half -groats have only the numerals Mil. The SILVER, change in the reverse legend on the silver coins took place in the previous issue (see No. 78). 76. Half-Groat. Edinburgh. 1st issue. Obv. + lACOBVS D6U 6RACUA R6(X (stops, annulets). Bust of king, three-quarters to 1., &c., as on No. 74. Rev. + Dins PBorerroB m err C(BA_+ VILLA aoiriBvi. Long cross pattee with crowns and pellets in the angles, &c., as on No. 74. M -75. Wt. 23-7. Struck only at Edinburgh. As on the English coins of the same period the letter R is often represented by a B. 77. Half-Groat. Edinburgh. 2nd issue. Obv. * IACCOBVS : DG(I : 6RA : R6(X : SQOTORVJft : Q : Bust facing, not draped, crowned, within tressure of ten arches. Rev. 3* BUS LBfiTGC 6(T B me(Vm_J< VILLA flDinBVS. Long cross pattee with lis in centre, and crown and three pellets, enclosing an annulet, in alternate angles. M 8. Wt. 21 5. The second issue, which consisted of groats and half-groats only, is of two varieties : the first (1489) has no lis in the centre of the cross on the reverse ; the second (1490) has the lis. The half-groat only of the second variety has the letter Q (Quartus) after the king's titles. The groats have the bust bare, five lis to the crown, and twelve or thirteen arches to the tressure. These coins are of Edinburgh only. 78. Half-Groat. Edinburgh. Srdissue. Obv. IACCOBVS D6U <3RA - RG(X SQOTTOR ; m. m. crown. Bust of king, facing, crowned, within tressure of seven arches; mullet on each side of neck. Rev. SALVV FAC( POPVLVV TV DRef' -VILLA emnBVRSa. Long cross fourchee with mullet of five points and three pellets in alternate angles. M *8. Wt. 18-0. The groat and half-groat of this issue are of Edinburgh only. The penny (see next coin) has no mint-name. With this issue a change takes place in the legend on the reverse. Hitherto it has without exception been " Domiiius Protector et Liberator meus," more or less abbreviated. It is now replaced, for a short period only, with " Salvum fac populum tuum Domine." The cross pattee is also changed for a cross fourchee on the groats and half-groats. The third issue only differs from the fourth in not having Q, QRA, Mil, &c., after the king's titles. 79. Penny. 3rd issue. Obv. IAC(OBVS D6(l - 6RA RSX SCXOTTO ; m. m. crown. Bust of king, facing, crowned. Rev. SALVV FACT PPLVV TVV Dn.8 (stop, star). Long cross pattee with mullet of five points and three pellets in alternate angles. M -65. Wt. 11 -0. This is the only penny issue of this reign. It is extremely rare. The coins of the fifth issue are groats only. They are similar in type to those of the fourth issue (see No. 75), but the numeral 4 follows the king's name, the legend on the reverse reads " Exurgat Deus et dissipentur inimici," and the letters are Roman. The bust of the king also is clothed and bearded. They are of Edinburgh only. BILLON. 80. Plack. Edinburgh. 2nd issue. Obv. I7XCOBVS DEI' SRK REX SCOTTORVM (stops, trefoils); m. m. crown. Shield within a trefoil; above and at each side, a crown. Rev. VILLA DE : EDINBVRG (stops, JAMES IV. 181 trefoils). Cross fleury with voided centre containing a mullet ; in the Plate xliv. angles, a crown and a St. Andrew's cross alternately. Bil. 1-0. Wt. 28 '7. BILLON. The placks of this reign are of Edinburgh only. There were two issues. The first issue can be easily distinguished from similar coins of James III in having the legends often in Roman letters, and with QRfi or 4 after the king's name. Those of the second issue, as described above, vary in the reverse type, and being without the numeral after the king's name, are by some considered to have been struck by Queen Margaret, widow of James IV, during the regency (15141515), i.e. during the reign of James V. The two issues appear to correspond to the dates 1504 and 1512. 81. Penny. Edinburgh. Obv. IfiCXOBVS D6U <3R* RQX SCXOT; m.m. crown. Bust of king, facing, crowned. Rev. + VILLA D9 6(DinBVR. Long cross pattee with lis and crown in alternate angles. Bil. '7. Wt. 11-2. These pennies are sometimes given to James III, but they were more probably struck by his successor. Another type has the usual three pellets in each angle of the cross on the reverse. They are all of Edinburgh only. James V. 1514-1542. COINAGE.* Gold. Unicorn, Half -Unicorn, Ecu or Crown, Bonnet Piece, Two-Thirds Bonnet Piece, and One-Third Bonnet Piece. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, and One-Third Groat. Billon. Bawbee, Half- Bawbee, and Penny. ISSUES. Gold. Three : 1st issue (1517), Unicorn and Half-Uni- corn. 2nd issue (1525), Ecu. 3rd issue (1539-1540), Bonnet Piece, Two-Thirds and One-Third Bonnet Piece. Silver. Three : 1st issue (1514), Groat and Half-Groat (06?;. three-quarter face ; rev. thistle-heads and mullets). 2nd issue (1525), Groat (obv. profile bust with double- arched crown; rev. shield, VILLA, &c.). 3rd issue (1527), Groat and One-Third Groat (similar to 2nd issue, but with single arched crown, and rev. OPPIDVM, &c.). Billon. There appears to have been only one issue each of the Bawbee, the Half-Bawbee, and the Penny ; the dates are uncertain. WEIGHT. Gold. Unicorn, 59 grs. ; Ecu, 52^ grs. ; Bonnet Piece, grs. Silver. Groat, 1st issue, 33 grs. ; 2nd and 3rd issues, 43 grs. Billon. Bawbee, 29^ grs. ; Penny, about 9 grs. FINENESS. Gold. Unicorn, 21 cts. ; Ecu, 21^ cts. ; Bonnet Piece, 23 cts. Silver. 1st issue, 11 pts. fine to 1 pt. alloy; 2nd and 3rd issues, 5 pts. fine to 1 pt. alloy. Billon. 3 pts. fine to 9 pts. alloy. Edinburgh is the only mint-name of this reign, and it is found only on the silver and billon coins. 82. Ecu or Crown. Obv. IfiCOBVS .-. 5 .-. DEI .-. GRfi .-. REX .-. Plate xlv SCOTORV; m. m. star. Crowned shield between two St. Andrew's GOLD. * Most of the coins of this reign in gold, silver and billon have the numeral 5 after the king's name, showing that be was tbe fifth king of Scotland of tbe name of James. Tbose without tbe numeral, on account of their similarity of type to issues of previous reigns, present difficulties in their classification, as was tbe case witb tbe coinage of James IV (see note p. 177). 182 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xlv. crosses. Rev. .-. CRVCIS .-. 7\RMfi .-. SEQyfiMVR; m. m. crown. GOLD Cross fleury with quatrefoil in centre and thistle in each angle. A? 1'05. Wt. 52-5. The ecu was current for 20s. A variety has on the reverse the legend " Per lignum crucis salvi sumus." Others have the shield with pointed instead of rounded base as on the above, and annulets instead of pellets between the words of the legends. They are sometimes called "Abbey Crowns." The only unicorns and half-unicorns which can be attributed to James V are of the same type as those of the preceding reign, but there is no numeral after the king's name ; the legends are in Roman characters, and the reverse has a pellet or mullet on the star in the centre, and a heraldic cinquefoil countermarked in one angle of the cross. The mint-mark is generally a crown. Others have X or XC (XPICTOC P) under the unicorn on the obverse. Unicorns are mentioned in several Acts from 15171519. 83. Bonnet Piece. 1539. Obv. IACOBVS 5 DEI - G R SCOTORV 1-5-3-9 ; m. m. St. Andrew's cross. Bust of king in profile to r., wearing bonnet and open coat; behind, pellet. Eev. + HONOR REGIS IVDICIVM DILIGIT. Shield, crowned, upon a cross with foliated ends. AT -9. Wt. 88-3. Current for 40s. and dated also 1540. Issues of the bonnet pieces took place during 1541 and 1542, but neither of these dates appears on the coins. These are the first dated coins of the Scottish series. No dates were put on English coins (silver) before 1547. 84. Two-Thirds Bonnet Piece. 1540. Obv. IfiCOBVS D G R SCOTORVM 1-5-4-0; m.m. lis. Bust of king similar to the preceding; but behind, annulet. Eev. + HONOR REGIS IVDICIVM - DILIGIT. Crowned shield, dividing I 5. AT -8. Wt. 59-4. This coin and the one-third bonnet piece are of this date only. They are extremely rare. 85. One-Third Bonnet Piece. 1540. Similar to the preceding coin ; but pellet behind head of king; open crown above shield on rev., and the legends read, obv. IRCOBVS D G R SCOTOR 1540; m. m. lis.; rev. + HON REGIS IVDICIV DILIGIT. A7 -6. Wt. 28-2. There exists in the Antiquaries' Museum at Edinburgh a pattern for a, ducat dated 153?. It has on the obverse the Scottish shield crowned, surrounded by the ,ollar of thistle-heads and the letters SS. and the legend + lACOBVfe 5 DEI G R SCOTORV 1 539 ; and on the reverse a St. Andrevv 's cross encircled by a crown, and between I and R ; above the crown is a thistle-head and below, a lis ; around, the legend HONOR - REGIS IVDICIVM DILIGIT; m. m. crown. Wt. 88 grs. There is no record of the order for the striking of this coin. Its resemblance to the bawbee may have been the cause of its non-issue. It is unique. SILVER. 86. Groat. Edinburgh. 1st issue. Obv. + lfiC(OBVS : DG(I : 6RA : RQX : SQOTORVni (stops, saltires). Bust of king, three-quarter turned to r., crowned and draped, within tressure of eight arches. Rev. + VILLA : JAMES V. 183 tJDIUBVRGh (stops, saltires). A long cross with foliated ends, a mullet of Plate xlv. six points and a thistle-head in the alternate angles. M '95. Wt. 32-4. SILVER. The date of this issue is uncertain. Cochran-Patrick calls it " an uncertain coinage, but probably issued during Albany's regency, and known as the Duke's Testoons." Burns, however, attributed it to James III, and supposes these to be the so-called " alloyed groats." The omission of the outer legend on the reverse is against an early attribution. Only groats and half -groats (No. 88) are known of this type. 87. Groat. Edinburgh. 3rd issue. Obv. + IfiCOBVS .-. 5 .-. DEI .-. GRfi .-. REX .-. SCOTORV. Bust of king to r., in profile, wearing crown with single arch and open coat. Rev. .-. OPPIDV .-. EDINBVRSI. Shield on long cross fourchee. M I'O. Wt. 41-5. These are known as " Douglas Groats," because they were struck while Sir Archibald Douglas of Kilspindie was Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. A variety of this issue shows the bust wearing a closed coat. The words of the legends on both sides are divided by two annulets. Only groats of this variety are known (see also No. 89). Groats of the second issue vary from the above in showing the king wearing a double-arched crown and a closed coat, and in reading on the reverse VILLA for OPPIDVM. The words of the legends on both sides are divided by two annulets. During this reign the groat was current for I8d. 88. Half-Groat. Edinburgh. 1st issue. Similar to the Groat, No. 86, but reading SCCOTOR on obv., and 0DIHBVR6 on rev. JR -75. Wt. 16 -0. 89. One-Third Groat. Edinburgh. 3rd issue. Same as No. 87, but reading R : SCOTOR (stops, two pellets after each word on both sides). M '7. Wt. 12-5. The groats and one-third groats of this issue and type were struck under a contract dated 6 Oct., 1527, with Joachim Hochstetter and his brothers. Permission was also granted to them to strike two-thirds groats, but none appear to have been issued. 90. Bawbee or Plack. Edinburgh. Obv. + IACOBVS - D G REX SCOTORVM. A crowned thistle dividing I 5. Rev. OPPIDVM .-. EDINBVRGI ; m. m. lis. A St. Andrew's cross with crown in centre, and lis on either side. Bil. -95. Wt. 28-0. Cochran-Patrick places the issue of the bawbees and half-bawbees as late as 1542. Varieties have an annulet over the letter I in the field on the obverse or at the side of the crown. The current value of the bawbee was Ud. The name is derived from bas billon. 91. Half-Bawbee or Half-Plack. Edinburgh. Same type, &c., as the Bawbee, but the legend on the obv. reads R for REX : there is an annulet over the letter I in the field, and no lis at the sides of the cross on the rev. Bil. '7. Wt. 12-5. Varieties are without the annulet over I or with it over the numeral. The billon pennies, sometimes attributed to this reign, have the usual full-faced bust crowned on the obverse with IACOBVS DEI GRfi - REX S, and on the reverse a floriated cross fourchee with a quatrefoil in each angle. They read VILLA EDINBVRG. 184 SCOTTISH COINS. Mary. 1542-1567. Plate xiv COINAGE. Gold. Ecu, Twenty Shillings, Lion, Half-Lion, Ryal, Half-Ryal, Ducat, and Crown. Silver. Testoon, Half-Testoon, Ryal, Two-Thirds Ryal, and One- Third Ryal. Billon. Bawbee, Half-Bawbee, Penny, Plack, Twelve Penny Groat or " Non Sunt," and Lion or Hardhead. ISSUES. The coinage of this reign may be divided into five periods, which in date correspond with the principal epochs of Mary's life. These with their issues and denominations are as follows : i. (1542- 1558, before her marriage with Francis). Gold. Ecu, Twenty Shil- lings, Lion, Half -Lion, Ryal, and Half-Ryal. Silver. Testoon and Half-Testoon (three issues). Billon. Bawbee and Half -Bawbee (1544- 1553), Penny (1554 and 1556-7), Hardhead and Plack (1555-1558). ii. (1558-1561, after her marriage with Francis). Gold. Ducat. Silver. Testoon and Half-Testoon (two issues). Billon. Twelve Penny Groat or " Non Sunt," and Hardhead, iii. (1561-1565, during her first widowhood). Gold. Crown. Silver. Testoon and Half-Testoon. iv. (1565-1567, after her marriage with Darnley). Silver. Ryal, Two-Thirds Ryal, and One-Third Ryal. iv. (1567, after Darnley's death). Silver. As period iv. (see descriptions). WEIGHT. Gold. Ecu, 52^ grs. ; Twenty Shillings, 43 grs. ; Lion, 78 j grs. ; Ryal and Ducat, 11 7f grs. Silver. Testoon, period i, 1st issue, 78^ grs. ; 2nd issue, 1 17|^ grs. ; 3rd issue and subsequent periods, 94^ grs. ; and Ryal, 472^ grs. Billon. Bawbee, 29^ grs. ; Penny, 11^ grs. ; Hard- head or Lion, 16 T 9 ^ grs. (1555), 26 grs. (1556-1558), 14 j grs. (1558- 1560) ; Plack, 29^ grs. ; and Twelve Penny Groat. 26^ grs. FINENESS. Gold. Ecu, 21 cts. ; Twenty Shillings, 23 cts., and all the rest 22 cts. Silver. All 1 1 pts. fine to 1 pt. alloy except Testoon and Half -Testoon of 2nd issue, period i., which were 3 pts. fine to 1 pt. alloy. Billon. Bawbee and Half-Bawbee, 3 pts. fine to 9 pts. alloy ; Penny, 1 pt. fine to 11 pts. alloy (1554); 1 pt. fine to 15 pts. alloy (1555-1558) ; Hardhead or Lion, 1 pt. fine to 11 pts. alloy (1555-1558) ; 1 pt. fine to 23 pts. alloy (1558-1560) ; Plack, 1 pt. fine to 11 pts. alloy ; and Twelve Penny Groat, equal pts. of silver and alloy. The only mint-names of this reign are Edinburgh and Stirling, and these are only found on some of the billon coins. That of Stirling occurs only on the bawbee of the first issue (No. 103). PERIOD I. 1542-1558. (Before Mary's marriage with Francis.") GOLD. 92. Ecu. Obv. MARIA DEI - GRA - REGINA - SCOTORVM ; m. m. star. Shield, crowned, between two cinquefoils. Rev. CRVCIS ARMA SEQVAMVR; m. m. crown. Cross fleury with quatrefoil in centre and thistle in each angle. AT -95. Wt. 53-0. The ecu was struck in 1543. It is the only undated gold coin of UKS rei^n. It was originally cur: cut for 20*., but its value must have MARY. 185 been increased on the issue of the twenty shilling piece, which Plate xiv. weighed 9^ grs. less. It is generally known as the "Abbey Crown," GOLD. as it was struck at Holy rood. 93. Twenty Shillings. 1543. Obv. MARIA D G R SCOTORVM . 1 -5-4-3; m. m. cross. Crowned shield. Ecv. ECCE ANCILLA - DOMINI ; m. m. star. Monogram of M R ; above, crown; below, cinque- foil. A; -8. Wt. 43-5. Struck in 1543 only. 94. Lion. 1553. Obv. ^ MARIA DEI GRA - R SCOTORVM. Crowned shield between I G. Rev. DILIGITE IVSTICIAM 1553. Mono- gram of " Maria Regina " ; above, crown ; on either side, cinquefoil. jtfl-05. Wt. 79-2. Others differ in the abbreviation of the obverse legend, and a rare variety has a cinquefoil on each side of the shield. The letters I G (Jacobus Gubernator) on the obverse are the initials of James, Earl of Arran, the Regent or Governor. The lion is also dated 1557, but this piece varies in having the initials M R (Maria Regina) instead of I G on the obverse, and a cross potent crowned at each side of the mono- gram "Maria" on the reverse. The date 1557 occurs at the end of the legend on both sides. This coin is unique, the only specimen being in the British Museum. The lion was current for 44s. ; and in fact this coin and its half were originally designated according to their current values. 95. Half-Lion. 1553. Similar to the Lion, but reading D. G. on the obverse and no cross before the legend, and on the reverse the monogram is composed of the letters M R only. A7 -85. Wt. 38 '3. The half-lion is of this year only. It was current for 22-s. A very rare variety has the crown with two arches on both sides, and an open cinquefoil on either side of the monogram. Byal. 1557. Obv. MARIA D G SCOTOR REGINA Bust of queen to 1., not crowned, wearing necklace and low bodice, her hair bound with jewels. Rev. IVSTVS FIDE VIVIT-1557. Crowned shield. A/1-05. Wt. 117-5. Dated also 1555 and 1558. Current for 60s., and therefore formerly called the " three pound piece." In the treasurer's accounts these coins are designated as nobles. . Half-Byal. 1558. Obv. MARIA DEI - G SCOTOR REGINA. Bust of queen to 1., as on the preceding. Rev. Same as the preceding, but date 1558. AT -95. Wt. 57-5. Dated also 1555. 98. Testoon. 1553. 1st issue. Obv. MARIA DEI GRA - R SCOTORVM; SILVER, m. m. cinquefoil. Bust of queen to r., in profile, crowned and draped. Rev. * DA PACEM DOMINE - 1553. Shield between two cinque- foils; above, crown. M 1-2. Wt. 73-7. There were three issues of the testoon during the 1st period corre- sponding to the dates 1553, 1555 and 1556-8 (see the following). It was current for 4s. The dies for the testoon of 1553 were made by John Achesoun, engraver to the Scottish mint. He also made a half testoon for this year. It has on the obverse the bust of the queen and 186 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xiv. the legend similar to the ryal, and on the reverse a crowned shield between SILVER. M R and around, IN - IVSTICIA - TVA LIBER A - NOS - ONE . 1553. A unique example of this coin is in the British Museum. It is probably a pattern, as no mention of this piece is made in the records of that time. 99. Testoon. 1555. 2nd issue. Obv. %* MARIA DEI G SCOTOR REGINA 1555. Crown above the letter M ; on either side, crowned thistle. Rev. DILICIE DNI COR HVMILE. Shield on cross potent, xt 1-1. Wt. 113-5. Current for os. The dies were made by an Englishman named John Misserwy or Misharwy. A variety reads DILICI. Many of these and other silver coins of Mary were countermarked with a crowned thistle during the next reign, and re-issued at an enhanced current value (see No. 134). Plate xlvi. 100. Half-Testoon. 1555. 2nd issue. Same as the preceding. st '95. Wt. 58-7. The testoon and half-testoon of this type are of this date only. 101. Testoon. 1556. 3rd issue. Obv. * MARIA DEI G SCOTOR REGINA 1556. Shield, crowned, between M R. Rev. fc IN VIRTVTE TVA LIBERA ME 1556. Cross potent with plain cross in each angle, zil'05. Wt. 94-1. Current for 5s. as the testoon of 1555, but it is of finer silver. 102. Half-Testoon. 1557. 3rd isstie. Same as the preceding, but dated 1557. M -95. Wt. 44-6. The testoons and half-testoons of this issue occur of the years 1556, 1557, and 1558. There are several small varieties. BILLON 103. Bawbee. Stirling. Obv. + MARIA D G REGINA SCOTORV. Thistle-head, crowned, between M R. Rev. OPPIDVM STIRLINGI; m. m. crown. Cross potent with plain cross in each angle. Bil. '85. Wt. 27-3. Struck also at Edinburgh, but it differs from the Stirling piece in having on the reverse a plain or fluted St. Andrew's cross encircled in the centre by a crown between two cinquefoils ; around, OPPIDVM EDINBVRGI. There are several small varieties of the bawbee, which was at first current for l^r?., but soon rose to Qd. During this period (15421558) there were three separate issues of billon coins consisting of i. (1544-1553), the bawbee and half -bawbee ; ii. (1554), the penny; and iii. (1555-1558), the hardhead, penny, and plack. 104. Half-Bawbee. Edinburgh. Obv. + MARIA D - G R - SCOTORVM. Thistle-head, crowned, between M R. Rev. OPPIDVM EDINBVRGI; m. m. lis. St. Andrew's cross encircled in centre by crown ; below, mullet. Bil. -7. Wt. 14-5. Struck only at Edinburgh. This is the only type of the half- bawbee. 105. Penny. Edinburgh. 1st issue. Obv. MARIA D G R SCOTORVM; m.m.lis. Youthful head of the queen, facing, crowned. Rev. OPPIDVM EDINBVRG Cross fourchee with crown and lis in alternate angles. Bil. -6. Wt. 13-3. Struck only at Edinburgh and of the year 1554 (see No. 103). A variety has cinquefoils instead of lis in the angles of the cross. MARY. 187 106. Hardhead or Lion. 1558. Obv. >fr MARIA D G SCOTOR REGINA. Plate xlvi. The letter M crowned. Rev. VICIT VERITAS 1558. Lion crowned, IULLON rampant, to 1. Bil. -65. Wt. 13 -0. Struck also in 1555 and 1556. The issue of 1558 was continued after Mary's marriage with Francis. The hardheads are sometimes counterstruck with a heart and star, the badge of James, Earl of Morton, who was Regent on the accession of James VI. They were current for 1-g-c?., and in consequence were commonly called " three- half pences." 107. Penny. 1556. 2nd issue. Obv. * MARIA D G - SCOTOR REGINA. Cross potent with plain cross in each angle. Rev. VICIT VERITAS 1556 in three lines; above, crown. Bil. '55. Wt. 8*8. Struck only in this year and between the months of March, 15567 and June, 1557. None, however, are dated 1557. 108. Plack. 1557. Obv. * MARIA DEI . G SCOTOR - REGINA 1557. Crowned shield between M R. Rev. SERVIO ET VSV TEROR 1557; m. m. lis. Cross with centre voided lozenge-shaped and enclosing small cross; crown in each angle. Bil. '9. Wt. 30-3. Struck in this year only. Current for 4d. Like the lion (No. 106) the plack is sometimes countermarked on the obverse with the heart and star, the badge of the Earl of Morton. PERIOD II. 1558-1561. (After Mary's marriage ivith Francis.} 109. Ducat. 1558. Obv. FRAN ET MA D G R R SCOTOR GOLD. DELPHIN VIEN. Busts of Francis and Mary, face to face; above, crown. Rev. * HORVM TVTA FIDES 1558. Cross, each limb consisting of two dolphins intertwined and crowned ; centre voided and enclosing St. Andrew's cross ; in each angle, double-barred cross, ki 1 2. Wt. 113-5. Of this date only. Current for 60s. Only two specimens of the ducat are known ; the above and one in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Half -ducats were ordered of the same type, but none have been met with. 110. Testoon. 1559. 1st issue. Obv. FRAN - ET MA DEI - G R - R SlLVEB - SCOTOR D D VIEN; m. m. crown. Shield, arms of the Dauphin and Scotland impaled, on cross potent. Rev. %< FECIT VTRAQVE VNVM 1559. Monogram of F M between two double-barred crosses; above, crown, m 1-15. Wt. 93-0. Dated also 1558, and current for 5s. There were two issues of the testoon and half-testoon during this period, viz., during 1558-59 and 1560-61. Those of the second issue were struck after Francis's accession to the French throne. (See No. 112.) 111. Half-Testoon. 1558. 1st issiie. Same as the preceding, but reading D for DEI, and date 1558. M 1-0. Wt. 46-7. Same dates as the testoon. 112. Testoon. 1560. 2nd issue. Obv. * FRAN - ET MA D G R R FRANCO SCOTOR B. Crowned shield, arms of France and Scotland impaled, between a plain cross and a St. Andrew's cross. Rev. 188 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xlvi. VICIT LEO - DE TRIBV . IVDA 1560; m. m. St. Andrew's cross. SILVEK Monogram of F M crowned, and between a lis and a thistle, both crowned. 281-15. Wt. 92-4. Dated also 1561. The half-testoon, which is of the same type, appears to be dated 1560 only. The contraction B on the obverse legend is for Cj (= QVE), which also occurs. BILLON. 113. Twelve Penny Groat or " Non Sunt." 1559. Obv. ^ FRAN ET MA - D G - R R SCOTOR D D VI EN. Monogram of F M crowned, between dolphin and thistle both crowned. Rev. A rectangular compart- ment enclosing legend, 1AM NON SVNT DVO - SED VNA - CARO ; above, cross potent; on either side, cross with double bar; below, 1559. Bil. '85. Wt. 24-0. Dated also 1558. The inscription on the obverse in full would be " Francis et Maria, Rex et Regina Scotorum, Delphinus (et) Delphina Viennenses." 114. Lion or Hardhead. 1558. Obv. ET- MA- D G R R SCOT - D D VI EN ; m. m. cross potent. Monogram of F M crowned, between two dolphins. Bev. VICIT VERITAS 58; m.m. as on obv. Lion to 1., rampant, crowned. Bil. -6. Wt. 13 -8. Dated also 1559 and 1560. Current for l^d. The omission of the name of Francis in the obverse legend is only a blunder of the die- engraver. No billon coins were struck during this reign after 1560. PERIOD III. 1561-1565. (During Mary's first widowhood.) GOLD. 115. Crown. 1561. Obv. + MARIA DEI GRA SCOTORVM REGINA - 1561. Crowned shield, arms of France dimidiated by those of Scotland. Bev. EXVRGAT DEVS ET DISCIPENTVR INIMICI 1561; m. m. star. Four crowned M's, crosswise, with star in centre ; in each angle, thistle. M 1-05. Wt. 50-3. Of this date only, and to be current for 23s. It is the last gold coinage issued during this reign : but no mention is made of it in the records. As this specimen is unique, it may therefore be a pattern. Plate xlvii. H6. Testoon. 1561. Obv. MARIA DEI GRA SCOTORVM REGINA. Bust of queen to 1., draped and wearing close-fitting cap ; below, on tablet, 1561. Bev. SALVVM - FAC - POPVLVM TVVM - DOMINE. Crowned shield with arms as on the preceding coin between two M's, both crowned. 2B 1-2. Wt. 92-5. Dated also 1562, and current for 5s. The portrait of the queen is supposed to have been taken from a miniature by the French artist, Janet. 117. Half-Testoon. 1561. Same as the preceding, but reading MARI. si 1-0. Wt. 47-8. Like the testoon dated also 1562. The dies for all the coins of this period were by John Achesoun, who was with Mary in France during 1560-61. No coins were issued between 1562 and 1565. MARY. 189 PERIOD IV. 1565-1567. (After Mary's marriage with Darnley.} 118. Ryal. 1566. Obv. MARIA & HENRIC' DEI GRA R - & R Plate xlvii. SCOTORV. Shield with Scottish arms only, crowned, and between two SILVER. thistles. Rev. EXVRGAT - DEVS & DISSIPENT R INIMICI . El' in. m. thistle. A palni-tree, up the stem of which a tortoise is creeping above, crown; across the tree is a scroll inscribed, DAT GLORIA VIRES below the scroll, 1 566, divided by the tree. 2B 1-65. Wt. 468-0. Dated also 1565 and 1567. Current for 30s. This coin is commonly known as the Crookston dollar ; the tree on the reverse being supposed to represent the famous yew-tree at Crookston Castle, under which Mary and Darnley are said to have courted. The story, however, is a myth, since neither Mary nor Darnley ever resided at Crookston, and in the indenture for the striking of this coin the tree is specially called a palm-tree. The extremely rare ryals dated 1565, with the uncrowned busts of Henry and Mary face to face on the obverse, and a crowned shield between two thistles on the re verse, and with legends, obv. HENRICVS- <& MARIA D : GRA R & R SCOTORVM ; rev. QVOS DEVS COIVNXIT HOMO NON SEPARET, have been generally con- sidered to be patterns, but from certain State Papers recently dis- covered it appears that they were struck and issued for circulation but almost immediately recalled. No gold or billon coins were struck during this and the next period. 119. Two-Thirds Ryal. 1565. Same as the preceding, but dated 1565. .Bl-5. Wt. 317-0. Same dates as the ryal. Current for 20s. 120. One-Third Ryal. 1566. Same type as the Ryal, No. 118, but legends, obv. MARIA - ET HENRICVS DEI ET GRA - R ET - R - SCOTORVM ; DISSIPENTVR - INIMICI . El'. rev. EXVRGAT DEVS JB, 1-25. Wt. 156-4. Dated also 1565. Current for 10s. The above are the only enominations issued between 1565 and 1567. PERIOD V. 1567. (After Darnley's death.} 121. Ryal. 1567. Obv. MARIA DEI GRA SCOTORVM REGINA. Crowned shield between two thistles, as on No. 118. Rev. EXVRGAT DEVS & DISSIPENTR - INIMICI - El'. Palm-tree with scroll, &c., as on No. 118 ; but date, 1 567. M 1 7. Wt. 461 4. Of this date only. This coinage is only a continuation of that of Mary and Darnley ; but with the latter's name omitted. For the countermark, a crowned thistle, on this coin, see No. 99. 122. Two-Thirds Ryal. 1567. Same as the preceding. M 1-55. Wt. 316-0. The one-third ryal is dated 1566 as well as 1567. That of 1566 has the reverse struck from a die of Mary and Darnley's coinage. SILVER. 190 SCOTTISH COINS. James VI. 1567-1625. Plate xivii. COINAGE. The Scottish coinage of this reign, which is very remarkable, not only for its numerous issues and denominations, but also for the extraordinary variety of types introduced, is of two periods : (i.) that struck previous to James's accession to the English throne (1567-1603), and (ii.) that struck after that event (1603-1625). PERIOD I. 1567-1603. (Before James's accession to the English Throne.) Gold. Twenty Pound Piece, Ducat or Four Pound Piece, Lion Noble, Two-Thirds Lion Noble, One-Third Lion Noble, Thistle Noble, Hat Piece, Rider, Half-Rider, Sword and Sceptre Piece, and Half- Sword and Sceptre Piece. Silver. Ryal or Thirty Shilling Piece, Two-Thirds Ryal or Twenty Shilling Piece, One-Third Ryal or Ten Shilling Piece, Noble or Half Merk, Half-Noble or Quarter-Merk, Double-Merk or Thistle Dollar, Merk or Half-Thistle Dollar, Sixteen Shilling, Eight Shilling, Four Shilling, and Two Shilling Pieces, Forty Shilling, Thirty Shilling, Twenty Shilling, and Ten Shilling Pieces, Balance Half-Merk, Balance Quarter-Merk, Ten Shilling Piece, Five Shilling Piece, Thirty Penny Piece, and Twelve Penny Piece (with bare head), Thistle Merk, "Half-Thistle Merk, Quarter-Thistle Merk, and Eighth-Thistle Merk. Billon. Plack, Half-Plack, Hardhead or Lion, Half -Hardhead, and Saltire Plack. Copper. Twopence and Penny. ISSUES. Gold. Seven : 1st issue (1575-6), Twenty Pound Piece. 2nd issue (1580), Ducat or Four Pound Piece. 3rd issue (1584-8), Lion Noble, Two-Thirds Lion Noble, and One-Third Lion Noble. 4th issue (1588), Thistle Noble. 5th issue (1591-3), Hat Piece. 6th issue (1593- 1601), Rider and Half-Rider. 7th issue (1601-3), Sword and Sceptre Piece and Half-Sword and Sceptre Piece. Silver. Eight : 1st issue (1567-71), Ryal or Thirty Shilling Piece, Two-Thirds Ryal or Twenty Shilling Piece, and One-Third Ryal or Ten Shilling Piece. 2nd issue (1572-80), Noble or Half-Merk, and Half-Noble or Quarter-Merk. 3rd issue (1578-80), Double-Merk or Thistle Dollar, and Merk or Half- Thistle Dollar. 4th issue (1581), Sixteen Shilling, Eight Shilling, Four Shilling, and Two Shilling Pieces. 5th issue (1582-5), Forty Shilling, Thirty Shilling, Twenty Shilling, and Ten Shilling Pieces (with crowned head). 6th issue (1591-4), Balance Half-Merk and Balance Quarter- Merk. 7th issue (1593-1601), Ten Shilling Piece, Five Shilling Piece, Thirty Penny Piece, and Twelve Penny Piece (with bare head). 8th issue (1601-4), Thistle Merk, Half -Thistle Merk, Quarter-Thistle Merk, and Eighth-Thistle Merk. Billon. Four : 1st issue (1583-8), Plack and Half-Plack. 2nd issue (1588-9), Hardhead. 3rd issue (1588), Hard- head and Half -Hardhead. 4th issue (1593), Saltire Plack. Copper. One : (1597), Twopence and Penny. (See descriptions.) JAMES VI. 191 WEIGHT. Gold. Twenty Pound Piece, 472J grs. ; Ducat, 94^ grs. ; Plate xlvii. Lion Noble, 78 grs. ; Two-Thirds Lion Noble, 52^ grs. ; One-Third Lion Noble, 26^ grs. ; Thistle Noble, 117| grs. ; Hat Piece, 70 grs. ; Rider, 78 grs. ; and Sword and Sceptre Piece, 78| grs. Silver. Ryal, 472^ grs. ; Two-Thirds Ryal, 315 grs. ; One-Third Ryal, 157 grs. ; Noble, 105 grs. ; Double-Merk, 343^ grs. ; Sixteen Shilling Piece (4th issue), 166 grs. ; Forty Shilling Piece (5th issue), 47 2 grs. ; Balance Half- Merk, 7 If grs. ; Ten Shilling Piece (7th issue), 94^ grs. ; Thirty Penny Piece, 23 grs. ; Twelve Penny Piece, 11| grs. ; and Thistle Merk, 105 grs. Billon. Plack, 28 grs. ; Hardhead or Lion, 23 grs. ; and Saltire Plack, 23^ grs. Copper. Twopence, 59 grs. ; and Penny, 29 grs. All the divisions in proportion. FINENESS. Gold. Twenty Pound Piece, 22 cts. ; Ducat, 21 cts. ; Lion Noble and its divisions, 21 J cts. ; Thistle Noble, 23 T V cts. ; and Hat Piece, and subsequent issues, 22 cts. Silver. All 11 pts. fine to 1 pt. alloy except Noble and Half Noble (2nd issue), 1 pt. fine to 1 pt. alloy to 1576, and 2 pts. fine to 1 pt. alloy from that date ; and Balance Half and Quarter Merk (1591-4), 10J pts. fine to 1J pts. alloy. Billon. 1st issue, 1 pt. fine to 3 pts. alloy ; 2nd and 3rd issues, 1 pt. fine to 23 pts. alloy ; 4th issue, 1 pt. fine to 11 pts. alloy. Edinburgh is the only mint-name of this reign. It occurs on billon and copper coins only. 123. Twenty Pound Piece. 1576. 1st issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 DEI GRA GOLU. REX SCOTOR Half-length figure of king to r., in armour and crowned ; sword in r. hand ; branch in 1. ; below on tablet, I N VTRVNQVE PARATVS 1576. Eev. PARCERE SVBIECTIS <& DEBELLARE SVPERBOS. Shield of Scotland, crowned. AT 1-6. Wt. 468-0. Dated also 1575. This fine coin weighed one ounce Scottish. This is the earliest gold issue of James VI, and from their size and rarity these coins were regarded as medals. Half and quarter-pieces of the twenty pounds are mentioned in the contract for the coinage with Achesoun, the master coiner, but none are known. 124. Ducat or Four Pound Piece. 1580. 2nd issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 DEI GRA REX SCOTORVM ; m. m. crown. Youthful bust of king to 1., in armour, mantle and ruff, bead bare. Rev. EXVRGAT DE' ET DISSIP INIMICI EIVS. Shield of Scotland, crowned, dividing date 1580. N 1-1. Wt. 93-1. This coin is usually called the noble. It was issued of the above date only, and five were struck to the Scottish ounce. 125. Lion Noble. 1586. 3rd issue. Obv. POST 5 <& 100 PROA' INVICTA MANENT HEC; m. m. quatrefoil. Lion sejant, crowned, holding sword and sceptre (tbe crest of Scotland). Rev. DEVS 1VDICIVM TVVM REGI DA 1586; ?H. ra. as on oZw. Four crowned cipbers of I R, arranged in form of cross; in centre, S. AT 1-05. Wt. 80-2. Dated also 1584, 1585 and 1588 ; none are known of 1587. Current for 3 15s. The two-thirds lion noble and one-third lion noble are of the same type and legends. The dates of the former are 1584, 1585, and 1587 ; but of the latter that of 1584 only is known. The lion noble was 192 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xivii. also sometimes called the Scottish angel, on account of its corresponding GOLD. in size and weight to the English coin of that name : and its divisions, the crown and half-crown. Only two specimens of the one-third lion noble are known. Plate xlviii. 126. Thistle Noble (1588). Uh issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 DEI - GRATIA REX SCOTORVM ; m. m. quatrefoil. Ship on sea; in centre, crowned shield with arms of Scotland ; below, thistle ; flags at prow and stern inscribed I 6. Rev. FLORENT SCEPTRA PUS REGNA HIIS IOVA DAT NVMERATQ; m. m. as on obv. Within an ornamented quatre- foil two sceptres in saltire, with crown at each end ; thistle in centre ; outside the quatrefoil, thistle-head in each spandril, and inside in each arch, crowned lion. A7 1'4. Wt. 116-5. This coin was also known as the Scottish rose noble and its original current value was fixed at 7 6s. Sd. It is not dated and was only issued in 1588. The dies were engraved by Thomas Foulis. Half-thistle nobles were ordered, but do not appear to have been struck. 127. Hat Piece. 1591. 5th issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 D G R SCOTORVM ; m. m. cinquefoil. Bust of king to r., wearing high-crowned hat ; behind, thistle. Rev. TE SOLVM - VEREOR 1591; m. m. as on obv. Lion sejant to 1., crowned, holding sceptre which points to clouds with " Jehovah " in Hebrew letters. AT 1-1. Wt. 76 -6. Dated also 1592 and 1593. Current for 4. The half -hat piece was not issued though ordered. In 1591, with the exception of the thistle noble, all the gold money in circulation was called in. 128. Rider. 1594. 6th issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 D G R SCOTORVM ; m. m. quatrefoil. King in armour riding to r., sword in r. hand ; below, 1594. Rev. SPERO ME LI OR A; m. m. as on obv. The shield of Scotland crowned, v 1'05. Wt. 78-4. Dated also 1593, 1595, 1598, 1599, and 1601. Current for 5. The Act which ordered the striking of the riders and half-riders, again directed the calling in at current prices of all the gold money both " propir and foreigne." 129. Half-Eider. 1593. 6th issue. Same type and legends as the Rider ; but dated 1593. A? '85. Wt. 39-0. Same dates as the rider. Current for 50s. 130. Sword and Sceptre Piece. 1601. 1th issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 D G R SCOTORVM ; m. m. quatrefoil. Shield of Scotland crowned. Rev. SALVS POPVLI SVPREMA - LEX ; m. m. as on obv. A sword and a sceptre in saltire between two thistles ; above, crown ; below, date 1 601 . Afl-15. Wt. 75-6. Dated also 1602-1604. Current for 6. There are' silver gilt forgeries of this coin dated 1611. By some they are considered to be patterns ; but the fact of their being always gilt is against this view. 131. Half-Sword and Sceptre Piece. 1601. 7th issue. Same type and legends as the Sword and Sceptre Piece. A; -85. Wt. 37 -6. Same dates as the preceding. Current for 3. -IIVEB 132. Ryal or Thirty Shilling Piece. 1570. 1st issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 DEI GRATIA REX SCOTORVM. Shield of Scotland crowned between I R, both crowned. Rev. PRO ME SI MEREOR IN JAMES VI. 193 ME. Sword erect with a crown above, dividing hand and mark of value Plate xlvlil X X X and date 1570. 2R 1 7. Wt. 471 0. SILVBB. The ryal and its divisions, the two-thirds and one-third ryal, are all dated 1567-1571. The ryal is more commonly known as the sword dollar ; but this appellation appears to be of recent origin. 133. Two-Thirds Ryal or Twenty Shilling Piece. 1567. 1st issue. Same type and legends as the Ryal, but mark of value XX and date 1567. Ml'7. Wt. 315-0. 134. One-Third Ryal or Ten Shilling Piece. 1567. 1st issue. Same type and legends as the Ryal, but mark of value X and date 1567. M 1-25. Wt. 157-4. On account of the rise in the price of silver the ryal and its parts in 1578 were received at the mint at the rate of 32. Qd. to the ryal, and being countermarked with a crowned thistle they were re-issued at 36s. 9d. to the ryal. The testoons of Mary were countermarked in a similar way and re-issued at an advanced value of lOd. each (see No. 99). 135. Noble or Half-Merk. 1572. 2nd issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 - DEI GRATIA REX SCOTORVM. Shield of Scotland, crowned, between mark of value 68 (= 6s. 8d.). Bev. SALVVM FAC POPVLVM TVVM ONE 1572. An ornamented and foliated cross with voided centre enclosing star ; in alternate angles, thistle and crown, a 1-2. Wt. 103-8. Dates 1572-1577 and 1580. This was a debased coinage struck " for payment of the charges of the present civil and intestine war." From 1572 to 1576 it was only half silver and half alloy; but from that date its standard was raised to f fine silver and ^ alloy. 136. Quarter-Merk or Forty Penny Piece. 1572. 2nd issue. Same type and legends as the Half-Merk, but shield on obv. between mark of value 3 4 (=3s. 4d.). JRl'O. Wt. 53-7. Dates 1572-1574, 1576, 1577, and 1580. This piece was commonly called the half -noble. 137. Double-Merk. 1579. 3rd issue. Obv. IACOBVS -6-DEI-G-REX. SCOTORVM. Shield of Scotland, crowned. Rev. NEMO ME - IMPVNE LACESSET 1579; m. m. crown. Thistle with leaves between I R. JR 1-55. Wt. 342-3. Dates 1578-1580. Current for 26s. 8d. This coin is commonly known as the thistle dollar. Its half, the merk or half-thistle dollar, is of precisely the same type and has the same legends. It bears the dates 1579 and 1580. The famous motto on the reverse, now used for the first time, is said to have been suggested by George Buchanan, the statesman and poet. 138. Sixteen Shilling Piece. 1581. tth issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 DEI GRATIA REX SCOTORVM. Shield of Scotland, crowned. Rev. NEMO ME IMPVNE LACESSET 1581. Crowned thistle with leaves between I R. 2R 1-3. Wt. 162-2. 139. Four Shilling Piece. 1581. 4th issue. Same type and legends as the Six- teen Shilling Piece, but reading SCOTOR for SCOTORVM. JR -95. Wt. 41-5. The eight shilling and two shilling pieces of this issue are of the same type ; the inscriptions only varying slightly. This coinage was struck in 1581 only, and on account of its similarity to 194 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xiviii. the double-merk it was considered a part of that series. The records SILVER, however show that it was a separate coinage. Though its issue was only ordered in July 1581, it was withdrawn from circulation in the following October, being rated at too high a current value, and a new issue consisting of forty, thirty, &c., shilling pieces took place. 140. Forty Shilling Piece. 1582. 5th issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 . DEI GRATIA REX SCOTORVM ; ra.ra. cross. Half-length figure of king to 1., in armour and crowned; sword in r. hand. Rev. HONOR REGIS IVDICIVM DILIGIT 1582. Shield of Scotland, crowned, between I R and mark of value XL S. x, I' 65. Wt. 466-0. Though this issue lasted till 1585 the forty shilling piece is dated 1582 only, and of these but few specimens are known. The dies were made by Thomas Foulis, and the portrait of the king was drawn by Lord Seyton's painter. Plate xlix. 141. Thirty Shilling Piece. 1585. 5th issue. Same type, &c., as the Forty Shilling Piece, but reading on rev. IVDITIVM for IVDICIVM, and mark of value X X X S. Jil-45. Wt. 275-0. Dates 1582-1585. 142. Twenty Shilling Piece. 1582. 5th issue. Same type, &c., as the Forty Shilling Piece, but mark of value XX S. s. 1'35. Wt. 231-0. Dates 1582-1584. 143. Ten Shilling Piece. 1582. 5th issue. Same as the last, but mark of value X S. JBl-25. Wt. 116-5. Dates 1582-1584. Coinages of these pieces are said to have taken place in 1586 and 1587, but the amounts must have been small as no specimens are known. 144. Balance Half-Merk. 1591. 6th issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 D G R SCOTORVM 1591; m. m. cinquefoil. Shield of Scotland, crowned, between two thistle-heads. Rev. HIS DIFFERT REGE TYRANNVS ; ra. m. as on obv. A balance, behind which is a sword. M 1 15. Wt. 67 7. Dates 1591-1594. Current for 6s. 8d. The balance quarter-merk is of the same type and legends ; but the only dates are 1591 and 1592. No silver money was issued between 1585 and 1591. The coinages of that period consisted of gold and billon money only. 145. Ten Shilling Piece. 1593. 7th issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 D G R SCOTORVM ; m. m. quatrefoil. Bust of king to r., in armour, head bare. Rev. NEMO ME IMPVNE LACESSIT 1593; m. m. as on obv. A triple-headed thistle with leaves ; above, crown. M 1 25. Wt. 87 5. Dates 1593-1595 and 1598-1601. The Act of 17 Jan. 1593-4, which ordered this coinage, directed the calling in of all the gold, silver and alloyed money, except the pence, twopences and placks. This was done in order to raise the coinage above its real value, and for the profit derived therefrom. The new gold coins issued were the rider and half-rider (see Nos. 128 and 129). 146. Five Shilling P;ece. 1598. 1th issue. Same type, &c., as the Ten Shilling Piece, but date 1 598. JR 1 0. Wt. 45 2. Dates 1593-1595 and 1598-1599. JAMES VI. 195 147. Thirty Penny Piece. 1601. 7th issue. Same type, &c., as the Ten Shilling Plate xllx. Piece, but date 1601. .R -8. Wt. 22-6. SILVER Dates 1593-1595, 1598, 1599, and 1601. 148. Twelve Penny Piece. 1595. 7th issue. Same type, &c., as the Ten Shilling Piece, but date 1 595. M -6. Wt. 9 -3. Dates 1593-1596 and 1598. It will be seen from the above dates that no issue of this coinage took place in 1597. Dies altered from 1596 to 1598 are known, which would make it appear that there was no coinage between those dates. 149. Thistle Merk. 1602. 8th issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 D G R SCOTORVM. Shield of Scotland, crowned. Rev. REGEM IOVA PROTEGIT 1602. A leaved thistle, crowned. *l-3. Wt. 103-9. Dates 1601-1604. Current for 13*. 4=d. In 1601 another general recoinage of gold and silver money was ordered, and all the currency in those metals was again called in. The gold coins of this new issue consisted of the sword and sceptre piece and its half, and the silver of the thistle merk and its divisions. The current values of all the coins were again raised. This was the last coinage before James's accession to the English throne ; when the thistle merk was ordered to be received in England at the rate of thirteen pence halfpenny, its exact proportion to the English shilling. 150. Half-Thistle Merk. 1602. 8th issue. Same type, &c., as the Thistle Merk. -sil-05. Wt. 51-5. Dates 1601-1604. Current for 6s. 3d. 151. Quarter-Thistle Merk. 1602. 8th issue. Same type, &c., as the Thistle Merk. JR -85. Wt. 25-2. Dates 1601-1604. Current for 3s. 4d. 152. Eighth-Thistle Merk. 1602. 8th issue. Same type, &c., as the Thistle Merk. JR -65. Wt. 12-3. Dates 1601-1603. Current for Is. Sd. 153. Plack (1583-1588). 1st issue. Obv. IACOBVS 6 D G R SCOTOR. Shield of Scotland, crowned. Rev. OPPIDVM-EDINBVRGI. A leaved thistle, crowned. Bil. -8. Wt. 26-4. Current for Sd. On account of the plague in 1585 the mint at Edinburgh was moved to Dundee and later on to Perth ; but, though ordered, no placks with those mint-names are known. They are some- times called "Atkinsons," after Thomas Achesoun the engraver. Some specimens have the mint-name abbreviated. The half-plack is of the same type ; but the legends are more abbreviated. BILLON. 154. Hardhead (1588). 2nd issue. Obv. IACOB - 6 - D G - R SCOTO ; m. m. quatrefoil. The letters I R crowned. Rev. VINCIT VERITAS. Shield of Scotland, crowned. Bil. -8. Wt. 24-5. Current for 2d. This coin was issued under an order of the Privy Council, dated 30 Aug. 1588, professedly for the benefit of the poor; but nevertheless it produced a profit of about one hundred per cent. 2 196 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate xlix. 155. Hardhead (1588). BILLON. 3rd issue. Obv. IACOB 6 D G R SCO ; m. w. cross. Same type as the preceding. Eev. VINCIT VERITAS ; m. m. as on obv. Lion rampant to 1., crowned; behind, two pellets, for mark of value (= 2d.). Bil. -7. Wt. 24-3. This coin is sometimes called the Lion. On account of the confusion of the hardhead of the 1st type with the plack of 1583-1588 through similarity of weight, &c., the type was changed in Nov. 1588 to the above. 156. Half-Hardhead (1588). 3rd issue. Same type, &c., as the Hardhead, 2nd type, but no pellets behind the lion on the rev. Bil. '55. Wt. 12-4. Current for Id. These coins were, in the Act ordering their issue, called twopences and pennies from their current values. 157. Saltire Plack (1593). Uh issue. Obv. IACOB 6 D G R - SCO'; m. m. quatrefoil. A leaved thistle over two sceptres in saltire. Rev. OPPID' EDINB' ; m. m. as on obv. A lozenge with a thistle-head at each point. Bil. -85. Wt. 21-0. Current for 4d. This was the last billon money issued in Scotland. Its place was subsequently supplied by a copper currency (see No. 158). COPPER. 158. Twopence (1597). Obv. IACOBVS 6 D G R SCOTORVM. Bust of king to r., in armour, head bare. Rev. OPPIDVM EDINBVRGI. Three thistle-heads. M '85. Wt. 55 '8. The penny of this issue is of the same type ; but it has a pellet for mark of value behind the king's head. These are the only copper coins of this reign. They were struck in pursuance of an order dated 13 May 1597. They were to be made of copper unmixed with any other kind of metal ; and the twopence was to weigh three deniers = 58 '06 grs.j and the penny one denier twelve grains = 29 '53 grs. By means of a new process invented by Achesoun, the engraver, for rolling the metal to an even thickness, these coins were struck of more uniform module and of smoother surface than other coins of the same period. PERIOD II. 1603-1625. (After James's accession to the English Throne.) COINAGE. Gold. Unit or Sceptre, Double-Crown, Britain Crown, Half-Crown, and Thistle Crown. Silver. Sixty Shillings, Thirty Shillings, Twelve Shillings, Six Shillings, Two Shillings, Shilling, and Half-Shilling. Copper. Turner or Twopence and Half-Turner or Penny. ISSUES. Gold. Two: 1st issue* (1605), Unit, Double-Crown, Britain Crown, Half-Crown, and Thistle Crown. 2nd issue (1610), same denominations as 1st issue, but type slightly varied (see below). * By an Order of Council, 15th November, 1604, it was enacted that the Scottish coinage was to conform precisely to that of England, in type, quality and weight, and to consist of the same denominations. It was, however, to have one special mark, the thistle mint-mark, which was to be placed before the inscription on all the coins except the sixpence on which there were no inscriptions. JAMES VI. 197 Silver. Two: 1st issue (1605), Sixty Shillings, Thirty Shillings, Twelve Shillings, Six Shillings, Two Shillings, Shilling, and Half- Shilling. 2nd issue (1610), same denominations, but, as in the gold, the type slightly varied (see below). Copper. Two : 1st issue (1614), Turner or Twopence and Half-Turner or Penny. 2nd issue (1623), same denominations, but varied in legends, &c. (see descriptions). WEIGHT. Gold. Unit (both issues), 154ff grs., and its divisions in proportion; Thistle Crown, 30f grs. Silver. Sixty Shillings (both issues), 464 ^f grs., and its divisions in proportion. Copper. Turner (1st issue), 37f grs. ; (2nd issue), 29|- grs. FINENESS. Gold. All denominations 22 cts. fine. Silver. All deno- minations 11 pts. silver to 1 pt. alloy (both issues). The first issue of the gold and silver coins (16051610) is of precisely the same types and legends as the English coins of the same period * (see Nos. 533-537 and 555-561, pp. 101 and 104-5), except that the king wears the Scottish crown, which differs from the English one in having in the centre a lis between wo crosses instead of a cross between two lis. The arms on the shield are as on the English coins. In the second issue (1610-1625) the king wears the same crown, but the arms on the shield are arranged : 1 and 4, Scotland ; 2, France and England quarterly ; and 3, Ireland. The types, otherwise, and legends are the same as those of the first issue. On account of similarity of type the following descriptions are limited to the coins of the second issue. With two exceptions the mint-mark is always a thistle. The exceptions are the thistle crown and the half -shilling, on some of which there is a lis mint-mark. 159. Unit. 2>uZ issue. Obv. IACOBVS D G - MAG BRIT - FRAN & HIB REX; in. m. thistle. Half-length figure of king to r. in GOLD. armour, and wearing the Scottish crown ; holding sceptre and orb. Rev. FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM; m. m. thistle. Square garnished shield (Scottish arms), crowned between I R. AI 1'5. Wt. 152-6. Current for <12 Scottish or 20s. English. The proportionate current value of the Scottish and English coins at this time was at 12 to 1. Thus the unite or twenty shillings English was equivalent to 12 Scottish, and the English shilling to the twelve shillings Scottish. In both issues the unit is common, but the other denomina- tions are very rare. 160. Double-Crown. 2nd issue. Obv. IACOBVS D G MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIB REX; m. m. thistle. Bust of king to r., in armour, crowned. Rev. HENRICVS - ROSAS REGNA - IACOBVS; m. m. as on obv. Square shield, crowned, between I R. AT 1*15. Wt. 77 '5. Current for 6 Scottish or 10s. English. For explanation of the reverse legend see No. 534, p. 101. The double-crowns of the first issue vary in reading I A for IACOBVS. A specimen, however, is known of the second issue with a similar abbreviation of the king's name. * An exception however occurs in the Thistle Crown, which is without the initials of the king in the field on either side (see No. 163). 198 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate 1. 161. Britain Crown. 2nd issue. Same as the Double-Crown, but the obv. legend GOLD . reads, I A - D G - MAG - BRIT - FRAN ET HIB REX. AT -85. Wt. 38 '5. Current for 3 Scottish or 5s. English. 162. Half-Crown. 2nd issue. Obv. I D G ROSA SINE SPIN A; m. m. thistle. Bust of king to r., in armour, crowned. Rev. TVEATVR VNITA DEVS ; m. m. thistle. Square shield, crowned. AJ '7. Wt. 19*0. Current for 30s. Scottish or 2s. 6d. English. 163. Thistle Crown. Obv. IA' D' G' . MAG' BR' F' & H' REX; m.m. thistle. Double rose, crowned. Eev. TVEATVR VNITA DEVS ; m. m. thistle. A leaved thistle, crowned, jj -85. Wt. 30-4. Current for 2 8s. Scottish or 4s. English. There appears to have been no change in the types of the thistle crowns of the 1st and 2nd issues, so that they cannot be distinguished. They differ from the English coins of the same denomination in having the Scottish crown, in being without the king's initials in the field on either side, and in reading & for ET in the obverse legend. The mint-mark is sometimes a lis. SILVKR. 164. Sixty Shillings or Crown. 2nd issue. Obv. IACOBVS D' G' MAG' BRIT' FRAN' & HIB' REX ; m.m. thistle. King on horseback to r., sword in r. hand ; on the caparisons of the horse is a crowned thistle. Rev. }V/E DEyS CpNIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET; m. m. thistle. juare garnished shield. 2R 1'7. Wt. 459*0. Current for 5s. English. The Scottish sixty and thirty shilling pieces vary from the English crown and half-crown in having a crowned thistle instead of a crowned rose on the caparisons of the horse and in reading & for ET. 165. Thirty Shillings. 2nd issue. Same type, &c., as the Sixty Shillings. jil-4. Wt. 229-8. Current for 2s. Gd. English. 166. Twelve Shillings. 2nd issue. Obv. IACOBVS D G MAG BRIT - FRAN & HIB REX; m.m. thistle. Bust of king to r., in armour, crowned; behind, mark of value, XII. Rev. QV/E DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET; m. m. thistle. Plain square shield. JR 1-2. Wt. 90-7. Current for Is. English. The twelve shillings of the first issue has ET for & in the obverse legend. The six shillings is of the same type and legends, but always reads ET and has for mark of value VI. It is the only dated coin of this reign. The dates of the two issues are 1605, 1612, 1613, 1615, 1616, and 1622. The two shillings, shilling and half-shilling are of the same types as the English half-groat, penny and halfpenny of the same period (see Nos. 559-561, p. 105). They can only be distinguished from each other by very slight varieties except in the case of the two shillings, which has the Scottish crown on either side. The lettering on the Scottish pieces is somewhat larger and the rose less neatly formed. COPPER. 167. Turner or Twopence. 1st issue (1614). Obv. IACOBVS DEI GRA - MAG BRIT. A triple-headed leaved thistle. Rev. FRANC1E ET JAMES VI. 199 HIBERNIE REX. The Scottish lion to 1. ; behind, two pellets for Piatel value ( = 2d.). M -75. Wt. 39'5. COPPBB. The half-turner or penny of this issue is of the same type and has the same legends as the turner : but it has only one pellet for value behind the lion. The turner is said to have received its name from Tournois, a small French copper coin. This copper coinage, which was first issued in 1614, was ordered out of the king's pity and commiseration for the poor without any kind of consideration of profit for himself. Yet its current value per stone was at 26 13s. 4d. as against its metal value 17 Is. 4d. 168. Turner or Twopence. 2nd issue (1623). Same type as the preceding coin ; but the legends read, obv. IACOBVS D G - MAG BRIT; and rev. FRAN ET HIB - REX. *j -75. Wt. 27'7. The half-turner only varies from the turner in having one pellet behind the lion. Turners of the first issue were struck at 12 to the oz., and those of the second at 16 to the oz. This raised the current value to 34 2*. Sd. per stone. Charles I. 1625-1649. COINAGE. Gold. Unit or Sceptre, Half -Unit or Double-Crown, Quarter-Unit or Britain Crown, and Eighth-Unit or Half-Crown. Silver. Three Pound Piece or Crown, Sixty Shillings, Thirty Shillings, Twelve Shillings, Six Shillings, Three Shillings, Two Shillings, Shilling, Half -Shilling, Half-Merk, Forty Penny Piece, and Twenty Penny Piece. Copper. Turner or Twopence and Half-Turner or Penny. ISSUES. Gold. Two : 1st issue (1625), Unit or Sceptre, Half-Unit or Double-Crown, and Quarter-Unit or Britain Crown. 2nd issue (1637), Unit or Sceptre, Half-Unit or Double Crown, Quarter-Unit or Britain Crown, and Eighth-Unit. Silver. Five : 1st issue (1625), Three Pound Piece or Crown, Thirty Shillings, Twelve Shillings, Six Shillings, Two Shillings, Shilling, and Half-Shilling. 2nd issue (1636), Half-Merk, Forty Penny Piece, and Twenty Penny Piece. 3rd issue (Jan. 1637), Twelve Shillings and Six Shillings. 4th issue (Oct. 1637), Sixty Shillings, Thirty Shillings, Twelve Shillings, Six Shillings, Half- Merk, Forty Penny Piece, and Twenty Penny Piece. 5th issue (1642), Three Shillings and Two Shillings. Copper. Three : 1st issue (1629), Turner or Twopence and Half -Turner or Penny. 2nd issue (1632), and 3rd issue (1642), Turner. WEIGHT. Gold. Unit, 154 grs., and its divisions in proportion. Silver. Three Pound Piece and Sixty Shillings, 464f grs., and its divisions in proportion (as James VI's last coinage) ; Half-Merk, 51 grs. ; Forty Penny Piece, 25 J grs., and Twenty Penny Piece, 12f| grs. Copper. Turner, 1st issue, 29^ grs. ; 2nd issue, about 13 T \j- grs. ; and 3rd issue, about 44 T \ grs. FINENESS. Gold. All denominations 22 cts. fine. Silver. All denominations 1 1 pts. silver to 1 pt. alloy. 200 SCOTTISH COINS. Platel 169. Unit or Sceptre. 1st isstie. Obv. CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRIT' GOLD. FRAN' & HIB' REX; m. m. thistle. Half-length figure of king to r., in armour, crowned, and holding sceptre and orb. Rev. FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM ; m. m. as on obv. Square garnished shield, crowned, between C R. A; 1-5. Wt. 153-5. This coin was also called the double-angel. It was current for 12 Scottish or 20s. English. The early coinage in gold and silver of Charles differs but slightly from that of his father. Not only are the denominations the same, but Charles even adopted his father's portrait with but a slight alteration in the beard, which is a little more pointed in shape. The king always wears the Scottish crown (see p. 197). The dies for this coinage and also for that in silver were made by Charles Dickesone, engraver to the mint. 170. Half-Unit or Double-Crown. 1st issue. Obv. Same as the Unit, but bust to r., in armour, crowned. Eev. HENRICVS - ROSAS REGNA IACOBVS ; m. m. thistle. Square shield, crowned, not garnished, between C R. vl-15. Wt. 75-8. Current for 6 Scottish or 10s. English. Also called the angel. 171. Quarter-Unit or Britain Crown. 1st issue. Same as the preceding in all respects, but of smaller size ; same m. m. AT -8. Wt. 38 '0. Current for 3 Scottish or 5s. English. Also called the five merk piece. The thistle crown and half-crown were also ordered, but none appear to have been struck as no specimens of either are known. Plate li 172. Unit or Sceptre. Itidissue. Obv. CAROLVS D : G MAG BRITAN FRAN ET HIB REX; m. m. thistle and B (Briot). Half-length figure of king to r., in much decorated armour, crowned, and holding sceptre and orb. Rev. HIS - PRXESVM . VT PROSIM. Square shield, crowned, between C R, both crowned. A? 1'5. Wt. 154 '0. The current values of the gold coins of the second issue were the same as those of the first. The dies for this coinage were made by Nicolas Briot, the engraver to the London mint, who in 1635 was appointed master of the Scottish mint. He was assisted by his son- in-law, John Falconer. The gold used was supplied by the African Company from bullion obtained on the coast of New Guinea. The portrait of the king on this coinage is similar to that on the English coins of the same period, and the inscription on the unit is a complimentary reference to the active part which Charles had taken in putting the Scottish coinage on a proper footing. This issue, which corresponds in date to the fourth issue of the silver money (see Nos. 186- 192), was struck by the mill and screw and not as before by the hammer. 173. Half-Unit or Double-Crown. 2nd issue. Obv. CAR D : G MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIB REX. Bust of king to 1., crowned, wearing mantle and armour, hair long ; the bust extends to the edge of the coin ; below, B (Briot). Rev. VNITA - TVEMVR. Square shield, crowned, &o. f as on the Unit. A7 1-0. Wt. 75-7. With the exception of the unit all the gold coins of this issue have the bust of the king to 1. as on the English money. Varieties read F. or FR. for FRAN, and have the English crown. CHAELES I. 201 174. Quarter-Unit or Britain Crown. 2nd issue. Same as the preceding, but Plate li. reading FR. for FRAN. AT -85. Wt. 37-4. GOLD. A variety reads FRAN. 175. Eighth-Unit or Half-Crown. 2nd issue. Same as the Half-Unit, but read- ing R. for REX, and the letters C R on the reverse not crowned, ti -65. Wt. 18-6. Varieties read REX and omit the C R on the reverse. 176. Three Pound Piece or Crown. 1st issue. Obv. CAROLVS D G SILVER. MAG BRIT FRAN - & HIB REX; m.m. thistle. King on horse- back to r., sword in r. hand; crowned thistle on caparisons of horse ; plain line below. Rev. QWE DEVS - CONIVNXIT - NEMO SEPARET; m. m. as on obv. Square garnished shield. JR 1-75. Wt. 461-0. Current for 5s. English or 60s. Scottish. The types of the silver coins of the first issue of Charles are precisely the same as those of James VI. They only vary in the king's name. 177. Thirty Shillings. 1st issue. Same as the preceding. JR 1-4. Wt. 226-4. Current for 2s. Qd. English and the following in proportion. 178. Twelve Shillings. 1st issue. Same legends as No. 176, but type : 061;. Bust of king to r. in armour, crowned; behind, mark of value XII.; rev. Square shield not garnished and not crowned ; m. m. thistle on both sides, ail -2. Wt. 91-1. 179. Six Shillings. 1627. 1st issue. Same as the last, [but mark of value VI and date 1627 above the shield. M 1-0. Wt. 43-8. Dates 1625, 1627, 1630, 1632, and 1633. This is the only dated coin of this reign. The dates cease on the English sixpence in 1630. 180. Two Shillings. 1st issue. Obv. C D G ROSA SINE SPINA; I m. m. thistle. Eose, crowned. Rev. TVEATVR VNITA DEVS; m.m. &aonobv. Thistle-head, crowned. M -7. Wt. 14*6. The crown on the obverse and reverse is of the Scottish form (see p. 197). The shilling is of the same types as the two shillings except that the rose and the thistle are not crowned. The half-shilling is not to be distinguished from that of James VI. (see No. 166). 181. Half-Merk. 2nd issue. Obv. CAROLVS D G SCOT ANG FR & H I B R. Bust of king to 1., extending to the edge of the coin, crowned ; behind, mark of value V g. Rev. CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. Plain shield, crowned, st I'O. Wt. 47'0. Current for 6s. Sd. Scottish or 6e7. English. The designs for this coinage were made by Nicolas Briot and the sinking of the dies was entrusted to Charles Dickesone, who, it is said, maliciously spoilt the portrait of the king in order to bring discredit on Briot. On this and all subsequent issues the bust of the king is to 1. 182. Forty Penny Piece. 2nd issue. Obv. CAR D G SCOT AN FR & HIB R. Bust of king crowned as on the preceding; behind, XL for value. Rev. SALVS REIPVB SVPREMA LEX. A leaved thistle, crowned. M -8. Wt. 28-0. The legend on the reverse is variously abbreviated. 202 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate II. 188. Twenty Penny Piece. 2nd issue. Same as the Forty Penny Piece, but mark STIVER of value XX behind the bust, which is encircled by the legend ; and reading onthereu., IVST THRONVM FIRMAT. JR -6. Wt. 11-4. The coins of this issue may be distinguished from similar pieces of the fourth issue by being struck with the hammer and not by the mill and screw. 184. Twelve Shillings. 3rd issue. Obv. CAROLVS D : G MAGN BRITAN FRANC ET HIB REX; m. m. leaved thistle and F (Falconer). Bust of king to 1., crowned, in falling lace collar and mantle; behind, XII. Ecv. QV/E DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO . SEPARET. Plain square shield, crowned, between C R both crowned, .at 1-25. Wt. 88-4. This coinage was issued in January 1637 in accordance with the order of the Privy Council, 29 Nov. 1636. The designs for the coins of this issue were made by Nicolas Briot, and his initial and also that of his son-in-law, John Falconer,* appear on most of the coins (see note No. 172). The types are similar to those of the English coins. They were struck by the mill and screw. 185. Six Shillings. 3rd issue. Obv. CAROLVS D G MAG BRIT FR ET HIB REX; m. m. leaved thistle. Bust of king to 1., crowned, wearing plain collar, armour and mantle; behind, VI. Rev. Same as the preceding, but the shield is within the border of dots ; and m. m. thistle. jRl-05. Wt. 45-3. This piece is evidently the work of Briot. The coins of this issue may be distinguished from those of the same denominations of the next one by the king's bust being entirely within the legend. He also wears the English crown : but the Scottish one surmounts the shield. This was evidently a blunder. Plate lii. 186. Sixty Shillings. th issue.' Obv. CAROLVS D : G MAGN BRITANN FRANC ET HIBERN REX; m. m. thistle and B (Briot). King on horseback to 1., sword in r. hand ; ground under horse. Rev. QV/E DEVS - CONIVNXIT NEMO - SEPARET; m. m. as on obv. Square garnished shield, crowned, sil'7. Wt. 461 'O.| Though Briot had been appointed master of the Scottish mint in 1635 he was not installed in his office till August 1637, shortly after which date he was ordered to prepare the dies for a new gold and silver coinage. To this series belong the unit and its divisions described under Nos. 172-175. The coins bear the initials of Briot and Falconer : some are however without any initial. These are generally ascribed to Falconer, whose pieces show less neatness of work and finish than those by Briot.f All the coins were struck by the mill and screw, so that they can be easily distinguished from previous issues. The current values remained as before, being at the ratio of 12 to 1 in comparison with English money. * Whether Falconer actually engraved the dies has been questioned. He may have placed his initial on the die merely to show that the coins were issued under his authority. In any case all the designs appear to have been done by Briot. t Briot alone appears to have made the dies for the Sixty Shillings and Half- Merk. CHABLES I. 203 187. Thirty Shillings. th issue. Same as the preceding, but the obv. legend Plate Hi reads, CAROLVS D : G . MAG BRIT . FRAN & . HIB - REX; m. m. leaved thistle only on both sides. Ml'l. Wt. 229-4. This is by Falconer : varieties having the letter p under the horse's off hind-foot. Others bear Briot's initial. 188. Twelve Shillings. 1th issue. Obv. CAR D G MAG BRITAN FR ET HIB REX. Bust of king to 1., extending to the edge of the coin, crowned and wearing plain collar, mantle and armour; behind, XII. Bev. Same as the Sixty Shillings, No. 186 ; but shield not garnished, and between C R both crowned; above, F (Falconer). M 1-2. Wt. 90'3. On the silver coins of this issue the bust extends to the lower edge of the coin and the legend commences in front of the face. Varieties have Briot's initial or are without any letter. 189. Six Shillings. 1th issue. Same as the preceding, but mark of value VI, and on the obv. the legend reads, CAR D : G MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIB REX ; m. m. below bust, lis and B (Briot) ; no m. m. on rev. JR '95. Wt. 44-9. Also by Falconer and without initial. 190. Half-Merk. 1th issue. Obv. CAR . D : G SCOT ANG FR . ET HIB R. Bust of king to 1., dividing legend, crowned and in armour; behind, mark of value g 1 ; below, B (Briot). Bev. CHRISTO AVS- PICE REGNO. Square shield, crowned, between C R, both crowned. Si -95. Wt. 51-3. Current for 6s. 8d. Scottish or 6f d. English. Briot, only, engraved the dies for this denomination. None bear Falconer's initial. 191. Forty Penny Piece. 1th issue. Obv. Same as the Half-Merk, but mark of value XL. Bev. SALVS REIPVBLICE SVPREMA LEX. A leaved thistle crowned; above, B (Briot). M -8. Wt. 23-4. Also by Falconer and without initial . Varieties read REIP, REIPVB, SVPR, SVPREM, &c. 192. Twenty Penny Piece. 1th issue. Same as the Forty Penny Piece, but mark of value XX and legend on rev., IVSTITIA THRONVM - FIRMAT. JR -65. Wt. 14-0. Also by Falconer and without initial. There are varieties differing slightly in the legends on both sides. 193. Three Shillings. 5th issue. Obv. CAR - D G SCOT ANG - FRAN & HIB R. Bust of king to 1., crowned, in armour and mantle; behind, thistle-head; all within circle. Rev. SALVS REIP SVPR LEX. Plain square shield, crowned. JR -75. Wt. 25-0. In March 1642 it was ordered that there should be no further coinages of the half-merk, forty penny and twenty -penny pieces : but in place of them three and two shilling pieces should be issued. The dies for the coinage appear to have been made by Dickesone. They are much inferior in workmanship to those by Briot or even by Falconer. Briot is thought to have made the design for the two shillings. 204 SCOTTISH COINS. Plate Hi. 194. Two Shillings. 5th issue. Obv. Same as the preceding, but behind head, SILVER mark of value II. Rev. IVST THRONVM FIRMAT. Shield, arms of Scotland only, crowned. M -65. Wt. 17 -4. A variety has no marks of value on the obverse, and has B (Briot) under the bust, which extends to the edge of the coin. COPPER. 195. Turner. 1st issue. Obv. CAROLVS D G MAG BRIT. A triple- headed leaved thistle. Rev. FRAN & HIB REX. Lion rampant to 1. ^behind, two pellets (= 2%* 8DWARDVS : Dl (3RA : DftS : hYB (stops, saltires). Bust of king facing, crowned; cross at each side of head and neck. Rev. QIVITAS WATG(R. Long cross pattee with three pellets in each angle, m '65. Wt. 10-0. Struck also at Cork, Drogheda, Dublin, Limerick, and Trim. Varieties have annulets, pellets, suns, a rose and star, a rose and sun, or quatrefoils at the sides of the bust ; and in the centre of the cross on the reverse a rose or a quatrefoil, and sometimes a rose in two of the quarters. Halfpence of this issue are only known of Dublin. They are of the same type, &c., as the penny, and have a rose in the centre of the cross on the reverse. No farthings of any mint have been met with. 37. Groat. 1th issue (1478). Obv. QDWAR RQX AR6LIQ : FRAftC(. Shield, arms of England, on a cross botonn6e, limbs dividing legend. Rev. DOJTliriVS : hlB(Rn,l6(. Three crowns in pale on a cross botonnee. jRl-0. Wt. 30-7. These coins are commonly known as the " three crowns money ; " the three crowns probably representing the arms of Ireland at that time. The issue consisted of the groat, half-groat, penny, halfpenny, and farthing ; but it is only on the half-groat and penny of Dublin that a mint-name occurs. It is, however, very probable that this was the only mint in operation at this time in Ireland. There are several varieties of the legends on the obverse and reverse. Besides the above they read : 1 . obv. " Edwardus Rex Anglie Franc " ; rev. " Et Rex Hybernie." 2. obi: " Rex Anglie Francie " ; rev. " Et Rex Hy- EDWABD IV. 223 bernie." 3. obv. "Rex Anglie Francie"; rev. " Dominus Hybernie." Plate Mi. 4. " Dominus Hybernie," on both sides (see next coin). The cross on SILVER. the reverse varies : it is also plain or annulettee (see No. 39). The Act enjoining this coinage also ordered the striking of threepences ; but no pieces of this denomination are known. 38. Groat. 1th issue (1478). Same type as the preceding, but the legends on obv. and rev. read DOttllftVS hYB6(Rn,ie(. jR-l-0. Wt. 26-7. 39. Groat. 7th issue (1478). Obv. RSX AHSLIS FRfi (lis after TYR). Shield, arms of England, on a cross annulettee, i.e. each limb ending in three annulets, and dividing legend ; on either side, a small shield bearing a saltire (the arms of Fitzgerald). Rev. DOminOS VB6( - RRI6( (lis after VB6(). Three crowns in pale on a cross annulettee : inner tressure of arches. M -9. Wt. 26 -4. Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, who was appointed Lord Justice of Ireland, was given, in consideration of his many services, unlimited control of the mints and their officers. He received also all the profits arising from the coinage. None of the Kildare coins have the king's name. 40. Half-Groat. Dublin. 1th issue (1478). Obv. RQX T^riSL Z Shield, arms of England, on a cross botonnee ; limbs dividing legend. Rev. CUVITfiS DVBLin. Three crowns in pale on a cross annulettee; limbs dividing legend. ^'7. Wt. 13-6. The legends show similar varieties as on the groat (see No. 37). The occurrence of the mint-name is an exception. 41. Half-Groat. 1th issue (1478). Same type as the preceding coin, but a small shield with the Fitzgerald arms on either side of the large shield; the legends are, obv. R6CX 7\n,SLI6(; rev. DOflllftOS VR3. JR -75. Wt. 14-0. A variety has the legend DOMIftOS VRS on both sides. 42. Penny. Dublin. 1th issue (1478). Same type as the Groat (No. 37); the obv. legend is uncertain; but that on the rev. reads QIVIfTftS] DV[BL.II1]. JR '6. Clipped. This is the only mint-name on the penny. It usually has the king's titles on both sides. The halfpennies and farthings are of the same type as the penny. They have the king's titles only on both sides, R6(X fiftGL FRfina and DOJttinVS hYBSRft, more or less abbreviated. 43. Farthing. 1st issue (1463). Obv. PfiTRICUVS (rose before and sun after Plate IviiL legend). Bust of St. Patrick mitred, facing. Rev. S AL Vfi TOR COPPER (stops, suns and roses). Long cross pattee, a rose and a sun in alternate angles. M '15. Wt. 10-4. A variety has a rose and a quatrefoil in alternate angles of the cross. These are commonly known as " Salvator " farthings. The master of the mint was to have them for his sole use in return for the sustentation and finding of labourers and for his other charges. The farthing of the second issue (1467) has on the obverse a shield bearing three crowns, and in the circumference the king's name, and on the reverse a long 224 IRISH COINS. Plate iviii. cross with rose and sun in centre, and the mint-name QIVITfiS COPPER. DVBLimeC. The weight is about 9 grs. A few specimens only are known of this piece. The half -farthings appear to have been of two issues only, 1463 and 1470. That of the first issue has on the obverse a crown surrounded by roses and crowns in the place of the legend, and on the reverse a long cross with pellets in each angle : there is no legend. The half-farthing of the second issue, which corresponds to the silver penny of the sixth coinage has on the obverse a full-faced bust, crowned, within a circle ; and on the reverse a long cross with pellets in the angles and small strokes around in imitation of a legend. Both these pieces are, how- ever, of doubtful attribution. BILLON. By an Act of the second year of Edward IV (1461) it was enacted that a coin of copper mixed with silver be made in the castle of Dublin having on one side the print of a crown with suns and roses in the circumference of the crown ; and on the other side a cross with the name of the place of mintage. These pieces were to pass current at four to a penny (see Simon, Irish Coins, App. p. 82). No specimen of this coinage is known to exist. Edward V. 1483. There are no coins which can be attributed with any degree of certainty to Edward V, whose reign only lasted from April to June 1483. It has been suggested * that the three crown groats bearing the name of Edward and having the letter Q under the lowest crown may have been struck by Edward V, but there are no records whatever to support this suggestion. Richard III. 1483-1485. COINAGE. Silver. Groat and Penny. ISSUES, &c. Three : 1st issue (1483), Groat and Penny. 2nd issue (1483), Penny. 3rd issue (1484), Groat. The weight of the groat throughout this reign was about 30 grs., and the fineness of metal was to be as the standard of the English money of the 12th year of Edward IV. This standard, however, does not appear to have been adhered to. SILVER. 44. Groat. Drogheda. 1st issue. Obv. R!C(7\RDVS : 06(1 : 6R7X DRS hYB (stops, saltires) ; m. in. rose. Bust of king, facing, crowned, within a tressure ; sun and rose alternately at sides of head and neck. Rev. POSVI DQVm fiDIVTORg : me(V VILLfi . DROShSDfi (in two concentric circles ; stops, saltires) ; m. m. lis. Long cross patt6e with rose in centre. x, -9. Clipped. By a proclamation of the 18th July, 1483, Richard charged his Council to provide in all possible haste money for Ireland, which Sainthill, Olla Podrida, vol. ii., p. viii. RICHAED III. 225 should differ in type from that current in England. The new coins Plate iviii. were to have on one side the arms of England, and on the other side SILVER. the three crowns, as the last issue of Edward IV. The only mints at which they were to be struck were to be Dublin and Waterford. Those instructions were, however, not obeyed ; and in their haste, or perhaps by order of the Earl of Kildare, the authorities issued coins, groats and pennies, of the above type. These are similar to the fifth coinage of Edward IV. They were also not minted at Dublin and Wnterford, but at Drogheda only. Use was also made of old dies of Edward IV, the king's name RICXfi being punched over QDWft. The penny of this issue is of the same type, and, like the groat, is of Drogheda only. It has, however, the usual varieties from the groat. The only coin known of the second issue is a penny struck at Waterford. ]jb is of the type of Edward IV's sixth coinage (see No. 36), having on the obverse the king's head, and on the reverse a cross with open quatrefoil in centre and pellets in the angles. There is no record of thi-^ coinage ; but it is classed to a separate issue on account of its difference in type. /45. Groat. 3rd issue. Obv. RICXfiR : RQX : 7YRSLI FR7\H(X (stops, saltires). Shield, arms of England, on a long cross botonnee. Bcv. DOJTliriVS : hYB6(Rn,ie( (stops, saltires). Three crowns in pale on a cross botonnee. JB, '95. Wt. 29-0. This coinage was struck in conformity to an Act of the Parliament held in Dublin on the 17th March 1483 (o.s.). The Act prescribed the type, which in this instance was adopted. It is similar to Edward IV's last coinage. The only mint-name is that of Waterford. It occurs on a groat the type of which varies a little from the above in having on the reverse a tressure instead of a plain circle. The legend is a IV IT. WfiTOORFOORD. The groats without a mint-name were probably struck at Dublin. Half-groats, pennies and halfpennies were also ordered, but none have been met with. Henry VII. 1485-1509. COINAGE. /Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny. ISSUES, &c.* Four : 1st issue, Groat, Half -Groat, and Penny (three crowns type). 2nd issue, Groat (bust with open crown and cross type). 3rd issue, Groat, Half-Groat, and Penny (bust with arched crown and cross type). 4th issue, Groat (bust with shallow open crown and cross type). The standard weight of the groat was 32 grs. ; but it generally varied from 30 to 26 grs. ; some, however, of the second issue are of full weight. The fineness is not recorded. * The almost total absence of records relating to the coinage of Henry VII renders it difficult to fix the dates of the various issues. The first and second issues would correspond to the English coins with the open crown ; the third to those with the arched crown ; and the fourth to the profile coinage. Q 226 IEISH COINS. Plate Iviii. 46. Groat. Waterford. 1st issue. Obv. hQRRiaVS Dl 6RA RSX. Within a SILVKR quatrefoil shield, arms of England, on a long cross annulettee. Rev. CUVITAS WATQRFORD. Within a tressure of arches three jsrowns in pale on a long cross annulettee; below the lowest crown, the letter h. JR '95. Clipped. Struck also at Dublin, of which place there are groats, half-greats, and pennies. Of Waterford only groats are known. The legends on the groats vary as on the last issue of Edward IV (see No. 37). They read: 1. obv. "Rex Anglie Francie"; rev. " Dominus Hibernie." 2. " Dorninus or Dominos Hybernie " on both sides. 3. obv. " Henri cus di Gracia " ; rev. " Dominus Hybernie." 4, as the above, with the mint- name of " Dublinie " or " Waterford." Those reading as No. 1 have sometimes the Fitzgerald arms at the sides of the shield (see No. 39), which show that most probably they are the earliest pieces of this issue. A distinguishing mark of this issue from similar pieces of Edward IV and Richard III is the occurrence of the king's initial under the lowest crown on the reverse. The half-groat and penny are of similar type, but the latter hat: no cross on the reverse. Both denominations are sometimes without the letter h under the crowns. They are of Dublin only, and havA the legends as No. 46, or they read : obv. " Rex Anglie Francie " ; rev\ " Dominus Hybernie." The second issue consists of groats only, struck at Dublin and > Waterford. They are similar to the groats of the next issue, but the I king wears an open crown as on those of the sixth issue of Edward IV. They are also like the " restoration" coins of Henry VI (see No. 19), but the king is styled " Rex Anglie Francie," instead of " Dominus Hybernie." * 47. Groat. Dublin. Brdissue. Obv. >k hQHRICX D6(l [6RA A]IT,SL FR (stops, mullets). Bust of king facing, within a tressure, and wearing a double-arched crown. Rev. [POSVI] DSVfll AIVTORS me(Vm_CO VITAS DVBLiril6( (in two concentric circles). Long cross patt6e with three pellets in each angle. Ml'O. Wt. 30-5. This issue, consisting of groats, half -groats and pennies, is of Dublin only. Varieties of the groat have the letter h in the centre of the cross on the reverse, and a cross fourchee instead of a cross pattee. The general type is like that of the English coins, second issue, of Henry VII (see p. 73). The introduction of this type may have been due to Nicholas Flint, who, after holding several offices in con- nection with the English mint, was appointed master of the mints at Dublin and Waterford. 48. Half-Groat. Dublin. 3rd issue. Obv. * hSRRia Dl SRACUS RQX ARLIQ. Bust of king, facing, as on the preceding, but wearing a single-arched crown. Rev. POSVI DQVm ADIVTO_C(IVITAS DV LIIT, (intwocon- centric circles ; stops, saltires). Long cross fourchee with three pellets in each angle. JR -75. Wt. 18-5. The cross fourchee also occurs on the English half -groats of this time. * Dr. Aquilla Smith attributes all the coins of this type with the name of Henry to Henry VII (Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. xix., 18iO). HENEY VII. 227 The groats of this issue appear to have always the double-arched Plate iviii. crown and the half-groats the single-arched one. SILVER. The penny of this issue, of which only one specimen is known, has on the obverse the letter h under a double-arched crown and around, the king's name ; and on the reverse the cross and pellets with the mint- name of Dublin. 49. Groat. Dublin. th issue. Obv. x h6(HRIC(VS Dl SRAC(lfi R3X ASfll. Bust of king facing, wearing shallow open crown and within a circle. Rev. POSVI DSVm 7XDIVTORIV5Tl_qiVIT7\S DVBLin (in two concentric circles). Long cross fourch6e with three pellets in each angle. M I'O. Wt. 26-8. Groats only of this issue are known, and of the Dublin mint. Varieties have the bust of the king within a tressure, and there are roses, cinquefoils, annulets and crosses at the sides of the head. Simon, Irish Coins, p. 19, classed these pieces to Henry V. Henry VIII. 1509-1547. COINAGE. Silver. Groat, Half-Groat, Sixpence^ Threepence, Three Halfpence, and Three Farthings.*1 ^,/^ stamped on both sides within a double circle, the outer one beaded. JR 1-9. Wt. 423-0. Though undated the Inchiquin money is supposed to be the earliest of the series, and to have been struck from plate, which at the instigation of the Lords Justices and Council the " loyal subjects " of the king were induced to bring in for that purpose. The Act or order is dated 5 January, 1642. Though this money is called after Lord Inchiquin, who was Vice-President of Munster, he does not appear to have been in any way concerned with its issue, for at the time he was engaged in suppressing the rebellion in the south of Ireland. The gold coin of this issue is known as the pistole. It is of irregular tt shape as the silver coins, but is stamped on both sides with 4 : dw. 7 :gr Of this coin only two specimens are known, and both are of recent discovery. It is the only gold piece of money in the whole Irish series. 77. Half-Crown. Same as the Crown, but stamped on both sides with w> f Ml- 25. Wt. 233-6. t 78. Shilling. Same as the Crown, No. 76, but stamped on both sides with dw gr 2B1-1. Wt. 90-0. 3:21. 79. Ninepence. Same as the Crown, No. 76, but stamped on both sides with dw gr. JR. 1-05. Wt. 68-0. 2 : 20. 80. Ninepence. A variety of the last coin : it is octagonal in shape ; and has on the rev. nine annulets arranged in three lines. JR -9. Wt. 64 '5. This coin and similar varieties of the sixpence, groat, and threepence were struck in order to enable the most illiterate persons to recognise their values. There are no crowns, half-crowns, or shillings of this type. There are sixpences of both types ; the one is stamped on both sides t. with dw gr. ; the other on one side only with these marks, and on 1 22 the reverse six annulets arranged irregularly. t. 81. Groat. Similar to the Crown, No. 76, but stamped on both sides with dw gr. M -75. Wt. 33-3. 1 - 6 - 236 IEISH COINS. Plate L\. 82. Groat. A variety of the preceding with four annulets arranged in two linos on SILVER. the rev. M '1. Wt. 34-5. A threepence of similar type has f stamped on the obverse, and three annulets on the reverse. Only two specimens are known of this last coin. No specimen with |g stamped on both sides has been met with ; but in all probability it was issued. 83. DUBLIN MONEY. ' (1642.) Crown. An irregular polygon, stamped on both sides with 8-V (or V-S) within two circles, the outer one beaded. M 1-35. Wt. 389-0. The date of the issue of this money is very uncertain, but it pro- bably occurred between Jan. 1642 and May 1643, the dates assigned to the Inchiquin and Ormonde pieces, to which they bear some resemblance in shape and type. These coins are now called " Dublin Money," because they were probably struck in that city. 84. Half-Crown. Same as the last, but stamped on both sides with ,,' V1 ' 2R1-2. Wt. 234-5. These are the only known denominations of this money. COPPER. 85. KILKENNY MONEY. (1642.) Halfpenny. Obv. FRA [ET HIBER R]EX. Two sceptres in saltire through a crown; below, m. m. harp. Rev. [CAROLVS D G ] MAG [BRI]. A harp crowned between C R. M 1-05. Wt. 100-4. There are also farthings of similar type. The halfpenny weighs about 100 grs., and the farthing about 40 grs. This money was issued under a proclamation of the Confederate Catholics dated at Kilkenny, 15 November, 1642, which ordered "that there shall be 4000Z. of red copper coyned to farthings and ^ pence, with the harp and the crown on one side and two septers on the other." This description is sufficiently accurate to identify the above coin with this order. They are frequently ill-struck, and the obverse and reverse legends are occasionally transposed as on the above. Some are counter- marked with a castle, the arms of Kilkenny, and the letter K, in order to distinguish the genuine pieces from forgeries of which a considerable quantity was in circulation. Plate ixi. 86. " BLACKSMITH'S " MONEY. (1642.) Half-Crown. Obv. CAROLVS D G SILVER. MAG BRIT FRA ET HIB REX; m.m. cross. King (Charles I.) on horseback to 1. ; sword in r. hand and directed over his shoulder : plume on horse's head and trappings ornamented with a broad cross : no ground under its feet. Rev. CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO; m. m. harp. Oval shield garnished between C R. ^jl-45. Wt. 222-6. Varieties are without any trappings, and have ground under the horse's feet. The obverse legend is also differently abbreviated. The date of the issue of these half-crowns is somewhat un- certain ; but it is possible that they were struck in conformity to the order of the Confederate Catholics of the 15th November, 1642, which directed that " the plate of this kingdom be coined with the ordinarie stamp used in the moneyes now currant." They have of late times received the appellation of "Blacksmith" half-crowns on account of their CHAELES I. 237 very rude workmanship. No other denominations are known of this Plate ixi. coinage. SILVER. 87. ORMONDE MONEY. (1643.) Crown. Obv. C R surmounted by a crown; around, a double circle, the outer one beaded. Eev. y within a double circle as on the obv. JRl'7. Wt. 419-0. This money has received the name of "Ormonde Money," as it is supposed to have been issued during the viceroy alty of James, Marquis, and subsequently Duke of Ormonde, who received his appointment in November 1643. It was ordered by a letter of Charles I of the 25th May, 1643, addressed to the Lords Justices, and was made current by proclamation at Dublin on the 8th July following. The letter of the king directs that " the plate should be melted down and coined into five shillings, half-crowns, twelvepences and sixpences or any less values, and to be stamped on one side with the letters C R with a crown above, and on the other side the value of the said several pieces respectively." 88. Half-Crown. Same as the last, but on the reverse, the mark of value ,^ ?, * ^1-4. Wt. 233-0. 89. Shilling. Same as the Crown, No. 87, but on the reverse, the mark of value ^^ jul'15. Wt. 95-6. 90. Sixpence. Same as the Crown, No. 87, but on the reverse, the mark of value ^' JR '85. Wt. 44-6. 91. Fourpence. Same as the Crown, No. 87, but on the reverse, the mark of value u^- JR -7. Wt. 25-6. 92. Threepence. Same as tbe Crown, No. 87, but on the reverse, the mark of value ,y,- M -6. Wt. 23-8. 93. Twopence. Same as the Crown, No. 87, but on the reverse, the mark of value ^ JR -55. Wt. 14-0. The penny with the mark of value ^ is figured by Euding, PI. xxvii., No. 15, but at present no genuine specimen is known. 94. REBEL MONEY. (1643.) Crown. Obv. A large cross pattee within a plain circle. Eev. y within a double circle, the outer one beaded. M 1-6. Wt. 355-7. From its type it is evident that this money, which consists only of crowns and half-crowns, is imitated from the Ormonde money. On account of the substitution on the obverse of a cross for the royal initials and a crown, it is supposed to have emanated from the rebels. 95. Half-Crown. Same as tbe Crown, but with mark of value on the reverse * y { - jBl-25. Wt. 197-0. 96. CORK MONEY. 1647. Shilling (octagonal). 1647. O&u. CORK 1647 in two- lines and within a beaded border. Rev. XII within a beaded border. M -9. Wt. 67-4. It is not improbable that the Cork money, shillings and sixpences in 238 IRISH COINS. Plate ixi. silver and pennies in copper, was struck by order of Lord Inchiquin. SILVER, during his short sojourn in that city in May 1647. This attribution somewhat supports the tradition that money was coined there by his order. 97. Sixpence. 1647. Same as the Shilling, but on the reverse, the mark of value VI. jR-7. Wt. 31-7. COPPER The small copper coins, pennies ?, which were struck in Cork about this time, are of two types : 1. obv. CORK in a circle ; rev. a castle ; 2. obv. CORKE under a crown ; rev. no legend or device. The other copper coins struck at this period are of Bandon, Kinsale, and Youghal. They were probably intended to pass as pennies, and may have been issued by the rebels in 1646, as all those places were in their hands at that time. The types are as follows : BANDON. Obv. B B (Bandon Bridge, the old name of Bandon), within a circle of small lozenges. Rev. Three castles, the arms of the town. M -75. Wt. 31grs. KINSALE. Obv. K S within a circle of dots. Rev. A chequered shield, the arms of Kinsale, surrounded by pellets. M -75. Wt. 44 grs. YOUGHAL. Obv. A ship within a circle or on a shield. Rev. Y T ; above, a bird; below, 1646; or Y T; below, 1646; or Y T only in a circle: or obv. a fish; rev. Y T in a circle. M '75 to '5 (square or circular). Wt. 55 to 9. These last pieces are important, as they show about what date the copper money of necessity was issued. Commonwealth. 1649-1660. During the Commonwealth no official money was issued for special currency in Ireland ; but the scarcity of small change was to a certain degree supplemented by penny, halfpenny, and farthing tokens in copper, which were chiefly struck by town corporations and tradesmen. They are of precisely the same nature as the tokens struck in England during the same period. Many of these tokens are of good work and well struck. Three specimens are described below. Plate Ixii 98. Cork Farthing. Obv. A v CORKE v FARTHING v Shield with cross COPPER. of St. George. Rev. A v CORKE v FARTHING v A harp. M -75. Wt. 34-5. As this coin has the shield of the Commonwealth, it may have been issued under some official order. This particular one is struck on a double-tournois of Louis XIII of France. 99. Belfast Farthing. 1657. Obv. WILLIAM v SMITH; m.m. mullet. In centre W S ; above and below, mullet between two roses. Rev. OF BELFAST (stops, roses) ; m. m. mullet. In centre, 1657 ; above and below, mullet between two roses. M -65. Wt. 21-0. 100. Cork Penny. 1659. Obv. A - CORK PENNY 1659. In centre C C (Cork City), divided by scroll pattern. Rev. THE ARMES OF CORK. Ship and castle. M -85. Wt. 63-5. This piece is of good work. The issue of these tokens appears to have continued till 1673. CHARLES II. 239 Charles II. 1649-1685. COINAGE. Silver. Crown and Half-Crown. Copper. Halfpenny and Plat e ML Farthing. ISSUES, &c. Silver. One (1649?), Crown and Half -Crown. Copper. Three : 1st issue (1660), Farthing. 2nd issue (1673-1680), St. Patrick's Halfpenny and Farthing. 3rd issue (1680-1684), Half- penny. The weight of the silver coins was at the rate of about 430 grs. to the crown ; and those of the copper varied as follows : 1st issue, farthing, 28 to 22 grs. ; 2nd issue, St. Patrick's halfpenny, 148 to 130 grs., and farthing, 102 to 77 grs. ; and 3rd issue, halfpenny, 119 to 105 grs. 101. Crown. (1649?) Obv. CAR II - D : G MAG BRIT (single stops, SILVKII. roses) ; m. m. lis. Large crown within a plain circle. Rev. FRA ET HYB REX F D (stops, roses); m. m. lis. f. within a plain circle. M 1-8. Wt. 429-3. There is no record relating to the issue of this and the next coin. They are however supposed to have been struck by the Marquis of Ormonde, who proclaimed Charles II in all the places where he had authority within about a fortnight of his father's death. The type of reverse was taken from the Ormonde money. 102. Half-Crown. (1649 ?) Same as the Crown, but mark of value on the reverse II y| and quatrefoil or cross after each word of legend on both sides. jal-55. Wt. 233-6. As both these coins are very scarce, it may be presumed that the issue was a very limited one. In 1662 groats, threepences, twopences, pennies and halfpennies in silver were ordered, and the types prescribed, but as none are known it is probable that the order was never carried out.* 103. Farthing. (1660.) Obv. CAROLVS II D G M - B. Two sceptres in C-IM-KK. saltire through a crown. Rev. FRA ET HIB REX; m. m. plume. A harp crowned. M -65. Wt. 25 '0. At the restoration Charles II granted a patent to Sir Thomas Armstrong for the term of twenty-one years for coining these farthings. At the same time the circulation of any others was prohibited. Sir Thomas Armstrong had permission to strike them in such place as he should find convenient. They were to be made of copper by engines, and to weigh each twenty grains or more. On account of the opposition of the Chief Governor of Ireland, Sir Thomas Armstrong was prevented proceeding with his grant, and consequently but few of these farthings were coined and sent to Ireland. Their type is similar to the farthings of Charles I (see No. 75). See Simon, Irish Coins, p. 52. 240 IKISH COINS. Plate Ixii. 104. St. Patrick's Halfpenny. Obv. FLOREAT REX. David kneeling to 1., COPPER Paying n a harp, above which is a crown. Rev. ECCE GREX. St. Patrick standing, facing, with a crozier in his 1. hand and a shamrock in his r., which he holds extended over a group of figures standing about him ; on his 1. a shield with the arms of Dublin, three castles. IE 1*1. Wt.104'3. It is somewhat strange that in spite of its large issue there appears to be no records relating to the St. Patrick money. Simon and Lindsay, the two principal authorities on Irish coins, both assign it to the reign of Charles I, circ. 1643. The style of work however shows that it is of a much later period, and it seems much more probable, according to Dr. Aquilla Smith, that the issue took place sometime between 1673 and 1680 ; that is, between the cessation of the copper tokens and the striking of a regal copper currency. This opinion is confirmed by the circumstance that these coins formed a part of the currency in the Isle of Man in 1678 and 1679, being specially referred to in an Act of the Tynwald of the 24th June, 1679. Also in 1682 they were the authorized currency of the State of New Jersey.* Their issue must therefore have occurred about that time. 105. St. Patrick's Farthing. Obv. Same as the Halfpenny. Eev. QVIESCAT PLEBS. St. Patrick turned to 1., holding a double cross in his 1. hand and extending his r. over reptiles, which he is driving away; on his 1., a church. M '95. Wt. 89-0. The legend on the reverse seems to convey a promise of peace to Ireland after the many vicissitudes through which it had passed. The rebels or malignant party are typified by the reptiles. 106. Halfpenny. 1682. Obv. CAROLVS II DEI GRATIA Bust of king to r., laureate and draped. Eev. MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX. A harp crowned and dividing the date 1682. Ml- 05. Wt. 115-0. Dates 16801684 inclusive. This coinage was issued under a patent granted on the 18th May, 1680, to Sir Thomas Armstrong and Colonel Legg for the making of copper halfpence for the use of Ireland during the term of twenty-one years. Their prescribed weight was 110 grs. The patent was confirmed by a proclamation of the Lord Lieutenant, the Duke of Ormonde, but the patentees were required to redeem at twenty shillings in current gold or silver every twenty-one shillings of the halfpence that should be brought to them, and no one was enforced to receive more than five shillings worth in any one payment of one hundred pounds. James II. 1685-1688. COINAGE. Copper. Halfpenny. Gun Metal. Crown, Half-Crown, Shilling, and Sixpence. White Metal. Groat. Pewter. Crown, Penny, and Halfpenny. Brass. Halfpenny. ISSUES, >> 1543 5} J> 5> || 1544 ii ii 5> J> 1545 > > > > 1547-49 > > V Greyhound's head ... , Boss . ... , Cross crosslet .... , Cross and lis ,, Dragon (AT) Lis , Ton (Canterbury) , Ton and cinquefoil ,, , Ton and lis ,, , Lis Martlet (York) .... T iq (3rd coinage) Annulet Annulet and pellet . Arrow . Picklock . ... Martlet \ 1504-1509 J Rose W S (Bristol) . Lis and WS Lis and pellets ,, Cross voided (York) . . . Annulet with pellet. Arrow Martlet Anchor (A/) . ,, Cross crosslet .... ,, Portcullis (A;) .... Pheon Martlet Greyhound's head ... ,, Cinquefoil . . ,, Bow . K. . . .... Crozier (Durham) . Martlet (York) Cinquefoil and martlet ,, HENRY VIII. Lis and cross crosslet (AT) . 1509-26 Portcullis crowned ... Portcullis ,, Pheon ,, Boar's head E or 6( S Lis W S (Bristol) Cinquefoil or rose \ and W S / Cross ,, TC Annulet with pellet Martlet Castle Pomegranate (Canterbury) , , Cross fitchee and lis ,, . , Lis . Martlet ,, . Mullet (Durham) ... , Lis ,, . . . Cinquefoil (York) ... Escallop ... , Star ... Lis . . . Martlet ... , Cross voided ... , Cross ... , Hose . . .... 1526-43 Bow Bow and picklock . E or 6( s Arrow . . . W S (Bristol) .... T C ,, Cross pierced (Canterbury) EDWARD VI. Grapple (A/) Martlet (AT) ... Lis (AT) . Pheon ,, Lis Arrow E or 6( . . s . . Trefoil (Bristol) Trefoil and W S Cinquefoil and W S , , Sun and cloud .... ,, Cross fleury (Canterbury) ,, SEQUENCE OF MINT-MAKES. 251 EDWABD VI. continued. W S (Bristol) . . . Cross ,,.... Bow Cinquefoil .... Hose ...... Bow Bow Eose Arrow ..... 1547-49 1547 1548 1549 Swan ...... Grapple ..... Martlet (AT) .... T (Bristol) . t or to (mon.) ,, Y (Southwark) Y and rose (A/) ,, Swan Ostrich's head (A;) . . Lis and Y (Southwark) Lis ...... Harp ...... Bose ...... Lion? ...... Y and rose (Southwark) Ton ...... Escallop ..... Trefoil 1550 1551 1552 1551-53 Y (Southwark) . . Mullet pierced (York) MABY. Pomegranate . . Lis Eose . PHILIP AND MABY. Lis . . . . Eose . ELIZABETH. Hammered money. Martlet Cross crosslet . Lis Pheon Eose Portcullis Lion Coronet Castle Ermine . Acorn Cinquefoil Cross Sword Bell A Bell and A Escallop 1553-54 1554-58 1558-61 1561-65 1565 1566 1566-67 1567-70 1569-71 1571-73 1573-74 1573-77 1577-81 1582 1582-84 1582-84 1584 1584-87 ELIZABETH. continued. Crescent 1587-89 Hand 1590-92 Ton 1592-95 Woolpack 1594-96 Key 1595-98 Anchor 1597-1600 O 1600 1 1601-2 2 1602 Milkd money. Star 1561-66 Lis 1567-70 Mullet pierced .... 1570 Castle 1571 Mullet 1574-75 JAMES I. Thistle 1603-4 Lis 1604-5 Eose 1605-6 Escallop 1606-7 Grapes 1607 Coronet 1607-8 Key 1609 Bell 1610 Mullet 1611 Tower 1612 Trefoil 1613 Cinquefoil ,, Ton 1615 Book 1616 Crescent 1617 Plain cross 1618 Saltire cross 1619 Spur rowel ,, Eose 1620-21 Thistle 1621-23 Lis 1623-24 Trefoil 1624 CHABLES I. Lis 1625 Cross on step .... 1625-26 Negro's head .... 1626-27 Castle 1627 Anchor 1628 Heart 1629-30 Lis 1630 St. George ,, Plume Eose 1631 Harp 1632 Portcullis 1633 Bell 1634 Crown 1635 Ton 1636-38 Anchor 1638 Triangle 1639 Star . . .... 1640 Triangle in circle . . . 1641 252 SEQUENCE OF MINT-MARKS. CHARLES I. continued. (P) 1643 CHARLES I. continued. Castle (Exeter) 1645 (R) 1644 Castle and EX Eve , 1645 Plume (Oxford) . 1642 46 Sun Pellets Sceptre 1646 OX or OXON 1643-46 Flower and B (Briot) . B (Briot) Anchor Anchor and B Anchor and star Anchor and mullet Rose Open book (Aberystwith) . Crown ,, Lis Mullet Cross ,, BR (Bristol) 1632 1638 1637-42 1643-46 Lis ,, . . Plume and OX \ or OXON / * Helmet and S A (Salisbury ?) Open book (Shrewsbury) Plume without 1 lower band / " Pellets ,, Castle and W (Weymouth) Helmet ,, Two lions and W ,, Pellets ,, Pear (Worcester) ii 1643 1642 1643-44 j> 1646 Plume ,, Pellets ^oO """" One gerb ,, 1643-44 > Three pears ,, Lion passant (York) COMMONWEALTH . Sun . . . 1629-44 1649-57 Lis (Combe-Martin) . . 1644 Anchor 1658-60 Rose (Exeter) . Rose and EX Rose and castle ,, Castle and rose ,, 1642-45 1644-45 1645 ii CHARLES II. "Crown 1660-62 APPENDIX B. MOTTOES, ETC., ON COINS. Anglo-Saxon Coins. DOMINE DEUS REX (0 Lord God, (heavenly) King: Gloria). MIRABILIA FECIT (He hath done marvellous things : Cantate). MUNUS DIVINUM (A divine offering). English Coins. A DOMINO FACTUM EST ISTUD ET EST MIRABILE IN OCULIS NOSTRIS (This is the Lord's doing and it is marvellous in our eyes : Psalm cxviii. 23). AMOR POPULI PRAESIDIUM REGIS (The love of the people is the king's protection). BELLO ET PACE (In war and peace). BRUN. ET L. DUX. S. R. I. A. TH. ET EL. = Brunsvicensis et Lunen- burgensis Dux, Sacri Romani Imperil Archi-Thesaurarius et Elector (Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, Arch-Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire, and Elector). CAROLI FORTUNA RESURGAM (I, the Fortune of Charles, shall rise again). CHARITIE AND CHANGE. CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO (I reign under the auspices of Christ). CULTORES SUI DEUS PROTEGIT (God protects His worshippers). DECUS ET TUTAMEN (An ornament and a safeguard : Virg. Aen. v. 262). DOMINE NE IN FURORE TUO ARGUAS ME (0 Lord, rebuke me not in Thine indignation : Psalm vi. 1). DUM SPIRO SPERO (Whilst I live, I hope). EXALTABITUR IN GLORIA (He shaU be exalted in glory : comp. Psalm cxii. 9). EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI (Let God arise (and) let His enemies be scattered : Psalm Ixviii. 1). FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM UNAM (I will make them one nation: Eeek. xxxvii. 22). FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA (United kingdoms nourish). GOD WITH US. 254 MOTTOES, ETC., ON COINS. HANG DEUS DEBIT (God has given this, i.c, crown). HAS NISI PERITURUS MIHI ADIMAT NEMO (Let no one remove these (letters) from me under penalty of death). HENRICUS ROSAS REGNA JACOBUS (Henry (united) the roses, James the kingdoms). ICH DIEN (I serve). INIMICOS EJUS INDUAM CONFUSIONE (As for his enemies I shall clothe them with shame : Psalm cxxxii. 19). JESUS AUTEM TRANSIENS PER MEDIUM ILLORUM IB AT (But Jesus, passing through the midst of them, went His way : Luke iv. 30). JUSTITIA THRONUM FIRMAT (Justice strengthens the throne). LUCERNA PEDIBUS MEIS VERBUM EST (Thy word is a lantern unto my feet : Psalm cxix. 105). NUMMORUM FAMULUS (The servant of the coinage). CRUX AVE SPES UNICA (Hail! Cross, our only hope). PAX MISS A PER ORBEM (Peace sent throughout the world). PAX QUJERITUR BELLO (Peace is sought by war). PER CRUCEM TUAM SALVA NOS CHRISTE REDEMPTOR (By Thy cross, save us, Christ, our Redeemer). POST MORTEM PATRIS PRO FILIO (After the death of the father for the son). POSUI DEUM ADJUTOREM MEUM (I have made God my Helper: comp. Psalm liv. 4). PROTECTOR LITERIS LITERS NUMMIS CORONA ET SALUS (A protection to the letters (on the face of the coin), the letters (on the edge) a garland and a safeguard to the coinage). QUvE DEUS CONJUNXIT NEMO SEPARET (What God hath joined together, let no man put asunder : Matt. xix. 6). REDDE CUIQUE QUOD SUUM EST (Render to each that which is his own). RELIGIO PROTESTANTIUM LEGES ANGLIC LIBERTAS PARLIA- MENTI (The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England, the liberty of the Parliament : see p. 113). ROSA SINE SPINA (A rose without a thorn). RUTILANS ROSA (A dazzling rose). RUTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA (A dazzling rose without a thorn). SCUTUM FIDEI PROTEGET EUM or EAM (The shield of faith shall protect him or her). TALI DICATA SIGNO MENS FLUCTUARI NEQUIT (Consecrated by such a sign the mind cannot waver : see p. 79). TIMOR DOMINI FONS VIT.E (The fear of the Lord is a fountain of life : Prov. xiv. 27). MOTTOES, ETC., ON COINS. 255 TUEATUR UNITA DEUS (May God guard these united, i.e. kingdoms). VERITAS TEMPORIS FILIA (Truth, the daughter of Time : see p. 92). Anglo-Gallic Coins. AGNUS DEI QUI TOLLIS PECCATA MUNDI MISERERE NOBIS (0 Lamb of God ; that takest away the sins of the world ; have mercy upon us : comp. John i. 29). AUXILIUM MEUM A DOMINO (My help (cometh) from the Lord: Psalm cxxi. 2). DEUS IUDEX IUSTUS FORTIS ET PATIENS (God is a righteous judge, strong and patient : Psalm vii. 12). DOMINUS ADJUTOR ET PROTECTOR MEUS ET IN IPSO SPERAVIT COR MEUM (The Lord is my strength and my shield, my heart hath trusted in Him : Psalm xxviii. 8). GLORIA IN EXCELSIS DEO ET IN TERRA PAX HOMINIBUS (Glory be to God in the highest, and in earth peace towards men : Gloria) . POSUI DEUM ADJUTOREM MEUM (I have made God my Helper : comp. Psalm liv. 4). SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTUM (Blessed be the name of the Lord : Psalm cxiii. 2). XPC. VINCIT XPO. REGNAT XPC. IMPERAT (Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ commands). Scottish Coins. CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO (I reign under the auspices of Christ). CRUCIS ARMA SEQUAMUR (Let us follow the arms of the Cross). DA PACEM DOMINE (Give peace, Lord). DAT GLORIA VIRES (Glory gives strength). DECUS ET TUTAMEN (An ornament and a safeguard : Virg. Aen. v. 262). DEUS JUDICIUM TUUM REGI DA (Give the king Thy judgments, God : Psalm Ixxii. 1). DILICI^E POMINI COR HUMILE (An humble heart is the delight of the Lord). DILIGITE JUSTICIAM (Observe justice). DOMINUS PROTECTOR MEUS ET LIBERATOR MEUS (God is my Defender and my Redeemer : comp. Psalm Ixx. 6). ECCE ANCILLA DOMINI (Behold the handmaid of the Lord : Luke i. 38). EXURGAT DEUS ET DISSIPENTUR INIMICI EJUS (Let God arise and let His enemies be scattered : Psalm Ixviii. 1). FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM UNAM (I will make them one nation: Ezek. xxxvii. 22). 256 MOTTOES, ETC., ON COINS. FECIT UTRAQUE UNUM (He has made both one). FLORENT SCEPTRA PIIS REGNA HIS JOVA DAT NUMERATQUE (Sceptres flourish with the pious, Jehovah gives them kingdoms and numbers them). HENRICUS ROSAS REGNA JACOBUS (Henry (united) the roses, James the kingdoms). HIS DIFFERT REGE TYRANNUS (In these a tyrant differs from a king). HIS PR^ESUM UT PROSIM (I am set over them, that I may be profitable to them). HONOR REGIS JUDICIUM DILIGIT (The King's power loveth judgment : Psalm xcix. 4). HORUM TUTA FIDES (The faith of these is whole). IN JUSTITIA TUA LIBERA NOS DOMINE (Deliver us, Lord, in Thy righteousness : comp. Psalm xxxi. 1). IN UTRUMQUE PARATUS (Prepared for either, i.e. peace or war). IN VIRTUTE TUA LIBERA ME (In Thy strength deliver me). JAM NON SUNT DUO SED UNA CARO (They are no more twain, but one flesh : Matt. xix. 6). JESUS AUTEM TRANSIENS PER MEDIUM ILLORUM IBAT (But Jesus, passing through the midst of them, went His way : Luke iv. 30). JUSTITIA THRONUM FIRMAT (Justice strengthens the throne). JUSTUS FIDE VrVTT (The just man lives by faith : comp. Rom. i. 17). NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSET (No one shall hurt me with impunity). PARCERE SQBJECTIS ET DEBELLARE SUPERBOS (To spare the humbled and to subdue the proud : Virg. Aen. vi. 854). PER LIGNUM CRUCIS SAL VI SUMUS (By the wood of the Cross are we saved). POST 5 & 100 PROAVOS INVICTA MANENT HJEC (After one hundred and five ancestors these remain unconquered). PRO ME SI MEREOR IN ME (For me ; but against me, if I deserve). PROTEGIT ET ORNAT (It protects and adorns). QUJE DEUS CONJUNXIT NEMO SEPARET (What God hath joined together, let no man put asunder : Matt. xix. 6). QUOS DEUS CONJUNXIT HOMO NON SEPARET (Those whom God hath joined together, let not man put asunder). REGEM JOVA PROTEGIT (Jehovah protects the king). SALUS POPULI SUPREMA LEX (The safety of the People is the supreme law). SALUS REIPUBLIC^E SUPREMA LEX (The safety of the State is the supreme law). SALVATOR IN HOC SIGNO VICISTI (0 Saviour, in this sign hast Thou conquered). MOTTOES, ETC., ON COINS. 257 SALVUM FAG POPULUM TUUM DOMINE (0 Lord, save Thy people : Psalm xxviii. 10). SERVIO ET USU TEROR (I serve and am worn by use). SPERO MELIORA (I hope for better things). TE SOLUM VEREOR (Thee alone do I fear). TUEATUR UNITA DEUS (May God guard these united, i.e. kingdoms). UNIT A TUEMUR (These united we guard). VICIT LEO DE TRIBU IUDA (The Lion of the tribe of Judah hath prevailed : Rev. v. 5). VICIT VERITAS (Truth has conquered). VINCIT VERITAS (Truth conquers). XPC. REGNAT XPC. VINCIT XPC. IMPERAT (Christ reigns, Christ conquers, Christ commands). Irish Coins. CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO (I reign under the auspices of Christ). CHRISTO VICTORE TRIUMPHO (I triumph in Christ, the Conqueror). ECCE GREX (Behold the flock). EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI (Let God arise (and) let His enemies be scattered : Psalm Ixviii. 1). FLORE AT REX (May the king flourish). HENRICUS ROSAS REGNA JACOBUS (Henry (united) the roses, James the kingdoms) . MELIORIS TESSARA FATI (A token of better fortune). POSUI DEUM ADJUTOREM MEUM (I have made God my Helper : camp. Psalm liv. 4). QUIESCAT PLEBS (May the people remain in quietude). SALVATOR (The Saviour). TUEATUR UNITA DEUS (May God guard these united, i.e. kingdoms). VERITAS TEMPORIS FILIA (Truth, the daughter of Time: see p. 92). VOCE POPULI (By the voice of the people). INDEX. A. Abbey Crown or Ecu, Scottish, issue of, 185. Aberystwith mint, coins of (Charles I), 111 ; its mint-marks, 112. Account, moneys of, under the Anglo- Saxons, ix. Achesoun, John, Scottish engraver, 185, 188, 191, 195, 196. Aelfred, k. of Wessex, types of coins of, copied by Ceolwulf II, 7 ; by Abp. Pleguiund, 11; by Guthorm, 13; his coins, 24. ^llfwald I, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 15. JElfwald II, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 15. Aethelbald, k. of Wessex, coins of, 23. Aethelbearht, k. of Wessex, coins of, 23. ^thelberht, k. of East Anglia, coins of, 11. ^thelheard, Abp. of Canterbury, coins of, 9. ^Ethelred, k. of Mercia, coins of, 3. ^thelred I, k. of Northumbria, no coins of, 14. Jthelred II, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 15. Aethelred I, k. of Wessex, coins of, 24. Aethelred II, k. of Wessex, coins of, 29 ; his gold penny, ib. ; his coins imitated in Scotland, 162 ; and in Ireland, 213. ^thelstan I, k. of East Anglia, coins of, 12. JEthelstan II (Guthorm), k. of East Anglia, coins of, 12. Aothelstan, k. of Wessex, coins of, 27; his mints, ib. ^thelwald (Moll), k. of Northumbria, coins of, 14. JLthelweard, k. of East Anglia, coins of, 12. Aethelwulf, k. of Wessex, restores coinage to Mercia, 7 ; his coins, 23. JEthered, Abp. of Canterbury, coins of, 10. African Company, the, supplies bullion to the English mint, 131 ; to the Scottish mint, 200 ; its badge, the Elephant and Castle, 131; see also Elephant and Castle. Agnus Dei type of Aethelred II, 30. Alchred, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 14. Aldfrith, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 14. Alexander I, k. of Scotland, no coins of, 162. Alexander II, k. of Scotland, coins of, 164. Alexander II and III of Scotland, classi- fication of their coins, 165 note. Alexander III, k. of Scotland, coins of, 165. Alwald, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 19. Angel, first issue of, 64, 67 ; its weight and current values, 68, 76, 85, 91, 94, 100 ; last issue of, 107. Aiigelot, gold, Anglo-Gallic, struck by Henry VI, 62, 65. Anglian kings of Northumbria, coins of, 14. Anglo-Gallic coins, of Henry II, 40 ; of Eleanor, wife of Henry II, 41 ; of Richard I, 41 ; of Edward I, 44, 45 ; of Edward III, 46, 50 ; of Henry, D. of Lancaster, 52 ; of Edward the Black Prince, 52 ; of Richard II, 54, 56 ; of Henry IV, 56, 58 ; of Henry V, 59, 60 ; of Henry VI, 62, 64 ; of Henry VIII, 76, 84 ; cessation of, 85. Anglo-Gallic money, its history, xxx. Anglo-Saxon coins, history of, viii ; de- scriptions of, 1 ; current in Scotland, 162 ; in Ireland, 213. INDEX. 259 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, coinage of, his- tory of, xi ; coins of, 2. Anglo-Saxon money, denominations of, ix. Anlaf (Quaran), k. of Northumbria coins of, 20. Anne, English coins of, 139 ; pattern half- pence and farthings, 141, 142 ; Scottish coins of, 210 ; no Irish coins of, 244. Anson, Admiral, takes bullion from the Spaniards, 145. Arabic numerals, first occurrence of, on English coins, 79. Archiepiscopal coins, Anglo-Saxon, Can- terbury, 9 ; York, 16 ; see also Ecclesi- astical mints. Armstrong, Sir Thomas, strikes copper money for Ireland, 239, 240. Arran, James, Earl of, Regent of Scot- land, his initials on coins, 185. " Atkinsons," billon coins, why so-called, 195. B. B, initial of Bp. Booth on coins of Henry VI, 63 ; and Edward IV, 69. Bainbridge, Bp. of Durham, &c., his initials on coins of Henry VII, 75 ; and Henry VIII, 77. Balance Half-Merk, Scottish, issue of, 190, 194. Balance Quarter-Merk, Scottish, issue of, 190, 194. Baldred, k. of Kent, coins of, 9. Bandon, copper coins, struck at, 238. Bank Dollar, issue of, English, 151. Bank Tokens, issue of, English, 150, 151 ; Irish, 246, 247. Base money, English, made current in Ireland, 231, 232. Bawbee, billon, first issue of, 181, 183 ; derivation of its name, 183 ; copper, 204, 206. B. D., initials of Bp. Bainbridge on coins of Henry VII, 75. Bear's head, mint-mark of Berwick, 44, 45. Beaumont, Bp. of Durham, his mint- mark, a lion rampant, 46. Beck, Bp. of Durham, his mint-mark, a cross moline, 44, 46. Beeston Castle, siege pieces of (Charles I), 122. Bellingham, Sir Edward, indentures to, for Irish coins, temp. Edward VI, 229. Beonna, k. of East Anglia, coins of, 11. Beorhtric, k. of East Anglia, coins of, 12. Beornwulf, k. of Mercia, coins of, 6. Berhtwulf, k. of Mercia, coins of, 7. Billon coins, Scottish, first issue of, 172. Black Farthings, Scottish, 177. Blacksmith's money, Irish, 235, 236. Blondeau, Peter, his machinery for striking coins, 127, 131. Boar's head, badge of Richard III, 69, 70. Bodle, copper, first issue of, 204, 206; derivation of its name, 206. Boehm, Sir John Edgar, sculptor and medallist, 159. Bonagio, Scottish engraver, 169. Bonnet Piece, issue of, 181, 182. Bonnet type of William I, 34. Book, open, mint-mark of Aberystwith, 112. Booth, Bp. of Durham, &c., his mint- mark, B, on coins of Henry VI, 63 ; and Edward IV, 69. Boulton, Matthew, strikes Bank tokens for England, 151, 152; for Ireland, 247, 248. Bourchier, Abp. of Canterbury, his mint- mark, a knot, on coins of Edward IV, 69. Bowes, Sir Martin, master of the English mint, his mint-marks, 84, 86, 88 ; strikes coins for Ireland, 228, 229, 230. B R (mon.), mint-mark of Bristol, 113. Bracteates struck for Ireland, 214. Briot, Nicolas, engraver to the English mint, 110; his coinage of Charles I, 110 ; his new machinery introduced, ib. ; makes dies for York mint, 121 ; appointed master of Scottish mint, 200 ; makes dies for Scottish coins, 200, 201, 203, 204. Bristol mint, gold coins of Henry VIII, 81-84; and of Edward VI, 86; gold and silver coins of Charles I, 113 ; Irish silver coins struck at, 228, 229. Britain Crown, issue of, English, 99, 101 ; Scottish, 196, 198. Broad, issues of, 125-129. Brock, Thomas, sculptor, his portrait of the Queen, 160. Bronze money, English, instituted, 158. S 2 260 INDEX. Buchanan, George, poet, suggests legend for Scottish coin, 193. Buildings, representations of, on Anglo- Saxon coins, 26, 27 ; on English siege pieces, 122-125. Burgred, k. of Mercia, coins of, 7. Burgs, building of the, commemorated on coins of Eadweard I, 26. Bushell, Thomas, establishes mints at Aberystwith, 111, 112 ; at Oxford, 116 ; at Shrewsbury, 119. C. G, mark of Calais on gold coins, 51. Calais money, gold and silver, as English types, 51, 59, 61, 62, 65. Canopy type of William I, 34. Canterbury, archiepiscopal coinage of, Anglo-Saxon, history, xv; description of coins, 9. Canterbury, coins struck by Offa at, 3. Carlisle, siege pieces of (Charles I), 123. Cart-wheel pence, why so-called, 152. Castle-Rising ?, monogram of, on coins of Aelfred, 25. C. D., initials of Bp. Tonstall on coins of Henry VIII, 80. Ceolnoth, Abp. of Canterbury, coins of, 10. Ceolwulf I, k. of Mercia, coins of, 5 ; his mints, ib. ; types of coins, 6. Ceolwulf II, k. of Mercia, coins of, 7. Ceylon, half-farthings issued for, 155, 156 ; three halfpence, silver, issued for, 155. Chaise, Anglo-Gallic, struck by Edward III, 50 ; by Edward the Black Prince, 53. Chamberlain, Thomas, officer of the Bristol mint, 83, 88. Charles I, coins of, English, 106 ; Scottish, 199 ; Irish, 234. Charles II, coins of, English, 128 ; Scottish, 204 ; Irish, 239. Charles Edward, Prince, his supposed head on Irish coins, 246. Chester mint, coins of (Charles I), 114. CHST, mint-mark of Chester, 114. Civil War, provincial mints, English, established during, 106, 111-121 ; Irish, 235, 236. Clark, James, Scottish engraver, 208, 209, 211. Cnut, coins of, 30; imitated in Ireland, 213. Cnut (Guthred),k. of Northumbria, coins of, 17-19. Coenwulf, k. of Mercia, coins of, 5 ; his name on archiepiscopal coins, 9. Colchester, siege pieces of (Charles I), 123. Combe-Martin, coins of (Charles I), 114. Commonwealth, coins of, 125 ; trades- men's tokens struck during the, English, 126; Irish, 238. Confederate Catholics issue money for Ireland, 236. Copper coinage, English patterns for, under Elizabeth, 95 ; first issue of, 105 ; established under Charles II, 183 ; Scottish, first issue of, 174, 177; instituted in Ireland, 232. Corbet, Andrew, receives patent to strike copper coins, 137. Cork, money of, temp. Charles I, 235, 237 ; temp. Commonwealth, 238. Crane, Sir Francis, strikes farthing tokens, 121, 122. Cranmer, Thomas, Abp. of Canterbury, his initials on coins of Henry VIII, 80. Croker, John, engraver to the mint, 144. Cromwell, Oliver, coins of, 127. Crookston Dollar, the, 189. Cross moline, mint-mark of Anthony Beck, Bp. of Durham, 44, 46. Crown gold, standard of, 75 ; introduced, ib. ; permanently adopted, 129. Crown, gold, first issue of, 75, 76, 79. Crown or Ecu, gold, Scottish, first issue of, 181. Crown, royal, of Scotland, its difference from the English crown, 197. Crown, silver, first issue of, English, 85, 89; Scottish, 210, 211. Crowned thistle, countermark on Scottish coins of Mary, 186, 193. Crozier, mint-mark of Bp. Kellow of Durham, 46. Crux type, first occurrence of, 30. Cuerdale hoard, date of, etc., 13, 19, 21. Cunetti coins, 18. Curcy, John de, Earl of Ulster, strikes Patrick farthings, 215. Current values, first instance of marks of, on English coins, silver, 90 ; gold, 103 ; INDEX. 261 ratio of Scottish and English coins under James VI, 197 ; of Irish and English coins under Edward IV, 222 ; of Elizabeth, 232 ; of James I, 233. Cuthred, k. of Kent, coins of, 8. Cynethryth, widow of Offa, coins of, 5. D. D, initial of Bp. Dudley on coins of Edward IV, 69. D, initial of Donatus Mulekyn on Scottish coins, 168. Danish coins of East Anglia, 12; of Northumbria, 13, 17. Danish coins imitated in Ireland, 214. Danish or Norse kings of Northumbria, coins of, 17. Darien Company imports gold to Scot- land, 209. Darnley and Mary, coins of, 189. Dates, first use of, on English coins, silver, 88 ; gold, 91 ; on Scottish coins, gold, 182 ; on Irish coins, silver, 229. David I of Scotland, coins of, 162. David II of Scotland, coins of, 167. D. B., initials of Bp. Bainbridge on coins of Henry VII, 75. Declaration type of Charles I, its origin, 113. De Curcy, John, Earl of Ulster, strikes Patrick farthings, 215. Demi-Chaise, gold, struck by Edward the Black Prince, 53. Demi-Hardi d'Or, struck by Eichard II, 56. Demi-Lion or Demy, Scottish, first issue of, 169, 170, 171 ; origin of its name, 171. Demy, see Demi-Lion. Denominations of Anglo-Saxon money, ix. Dickesone, Charles, Scottish engraver, 201, 203. Dollar, Scottish, issue of, 204, 205. Dorrien and Magens, their shillings, 149. Double, Irish, see Double-Groat. Double-Crown, gold, Scottish, first issue of, 196, 197. Double-Florin, silver, issue of, 156, 159 ; discontinued, 160. Double-Groat or Double, Irish, issue of, 219, 220. Double-Merk or Thistle Dollar, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 193. Double-Sovereign, first issue of, 76 ; re- issue of, under George IV, 152, 153. Douglas Groats, Scottish, 183. D. S., initials of Senhouse, Bp. of Durham, on coins of Henry VIII, 75. Dublin, kings of, coins attributed to, 213. Dublin Money (Charles I), 235, 236. Ducat, gold, Scottish, pattern for, dated 1539, 182 ; first issue of, for currency, 184, 187. Dudley, Bp. of Durham, his mint-mark, D, on coins of Edward IV, 69. Duke's Testoons, Scottish, 183. Durham House, mint at, 88. Dutch crown of Oliver Cromwell, 128. D. W., initials of Thomas Wolsey, Bp. of Durham, on coins of Henry VIII, 78. E. E, for Edinburgh on Scottish coins of Anne, 211. Eadberht, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 14, 16. Eadberht II, Praen, k. of Kent, coins of, 8. Eadgar, first sole monarch, coins of, 29. Eadmund (St. Eadmund), k. of East Anglia, coins of, 12 ; memorial coinage of, 13. Eadmund, k. of Wessex, coins of, 28. Eadred, k. of Wessex, coins of, 28. Eadwald, k. of East Anglia, coins of, 11. Eadweard the Elder, k. of Wessex, coins of, 26. Eadweard II (the Martyr), coins of, 29. Eadwig, k. of Wessex, coins of, 28. Eanbald I, Abp. of York, no coins of, 16. Eanbald II, Abp. of York, coins of, 16. Eanred, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 15. Eardwulf, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 15. Earl Sihtric, Northumbrian coins of, 19. East Anglia, history of coinage, xv ; con- quered by Wessex, 11; coins of, 11; regal series, ib. ; quasi-ecclesiastical series, 11, 13. East India Company, initials of, on coins, 144, 145. 262 INDEX. Ecclesiastical mints, English, marks and initials of prelates on coins of, 44, 46, 63, 64, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80; cessation of, 80. Ecgbeorht, k. of Wessex, conquers Mercia, 6; conquers Kent, 9; coins of, 22; strikes money at London, ib. Ecgberht, Abp. of York, coins of, 14, 16. Ecgberht, k. of Kent, coins of, 8. Ecgberht, k. of Northurnbria, no coins of, 16. Ecgberht II, k. of Northumbria, no coins of, 16. Ecgferth, son of Offa, no coins of, 5. Ecgfrith, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 14. Ecu or Chaise, gold, Anglo-Gallic, struck by Edward III, 50; by Edward the Black Prince, 53. Ecu or Crown, gold, Scottish, first issue of, 181. Edge of coin when first inscribed, English, 127 ; Scottish, 207. Edinburgh, mint of, closed, 212. Edmund Ironside, no coins of, 30. Edward I, coins of, English, 43 ; Anglo- Gallic, 44, 45 ; Irish, 216. Edward I-III, classification of their coins, English, 43 ; Irish, 216. Edward II, coins of, English, 46 ; Irish, 216. Edward III, coins of, English, 46 ; Anglo- Gallic, 47, 50 ; introduces permanent currency in gold, 47 ; also groats and half-groats, 49 ; Irish coins, 216. Edward IV, coins of, English, 66 ; Irish, 219. Edward V, coins of, English, 69; his badges as mint-marks, 69 ; no Irish coins, 224. Edward VI, coins of, English, 85 ; Irish ?, 229. Edward the Black Prince, Anglo-Gallic coins of, 52. Edward the Confessor, coins of, 32 ; imitated in Ireland, 214. Egleby or Eglonby, Hugh, assay er of English mint, 82, 84, 85, 86. E. I. C. (East India Company), mark of, on coins, 144, 145. Eighteen Pence Bank Token, English, issue of, 151. Eighth-Dollar, Scottish, issue of, 204,206. Eighth-Thistle Merk, Scottish, issue of, 190, 195. Eighth-Unit, Scottish, see Half-Crown, gold, etc. Eight Shillings, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 190, 193. E. L., initials of Abp. Lee, on coins of Henry VIII, 80. Eleanor, wife of Henry II, Anglo-Gallic coins of, 41. Elephant and Castle, badge of the African Company, on coins of Charles II, 131, 132 ; of James II, 134 ; of William and Mary, 136; of William III, 138; of Anne, 140 ; of George I, 143. Elizabeth, coins of, English, 94; Irish, 231. England and Scotland, Union of, conse- quent changes in the coinage, 196 note, 211. England, kingdom of, under Eadgar and his successors, coins of, 29. English coins, 34 ; currency of, in Scot- land, 162. Epa, coins of, 2. Eric (Blothox), k. of Northumbria, coins of, 21. Ethandune, battle of, 13. Ethelberht, Abp. of York, no coins of, 16. Eustace Fitz-John, coins of, 39. Eustace, son of Stephen, coins of, 39. Evans, Sir John, K.C.B., on Irish coins of Edward VI, 229. EX, mint-mark of Exeter, 115. Exeter mint, coins of (Charles I), 115. F. Falconer, (Sir) John, engraver to the Scottish mint, 200; makes dies for Scottish coins, 202, 203; warden of the Scottish mint, 205. Farthing, copper, first issue of, in Eng- land, 105; in Scotland, 174, 177; for Ireland, 233. Farthing, silver, first struck by Edward I, 43 ; first issue of, in Scotland, 165, 166 ; in Ireland, 215. Fermoy, hoard of bracteates found at, 214. INDEX. 263 Fifteen Shilling Piece or Spur Ryal, issue of, 99, 102, 103. Fifty Shilling Piece, struck by Cromwell, 127. Fitzgerald, arms of, on Irish coins, 223, 226. Fitzgerald, Gerald, Earl of Kildare, see Kildare. Five Guineas, first issue of, 128, 131. Five Pence, Bank token, Irish, issue of, 246, 247. Five Pounds, gold, issue of, 156, 158. Five Shillings, silver, English, first issue of, 85, 89 ; Scottish, 190, 194. Fleur-de-lis Groats, Scottish, of James II, 173. Flint, 'Nicholas, master of the Dublin and Waterford mints, 226. Florin, gold, and its divisions, of Edward III, 47; Anglo-Gallic, struck by Ed- ward III, 50. Florin, silver, first issue of, 156, 157. Forty Penny Piece, silver, Scottish, issue of, 199, 201. Forty Shilling Piece, silver, first issue of, 190, 194. Foulis, Thomas, Scottish engraver, 192, 194. Four Merk Piece, silver, Scottish, issue of, 204, 205. Four Pound Piece or Ducat, gold, Scot- tish, issue of, 190, 191. Four Shilling Piece, silver, English, issue of, 156, 159 ; discontinued, 197 ; Scot- tish, first issue of, 190, 193. Franc k Cheval, Anglo-Gallic, struck by Henry VI., 62, 65. Francis, the Dauphin, and Mary, Queen of Scots, coins of, 184, 187. French title and arms on English coins, abandoned, 148. G. G, initial of Abp. Neville, on coins of Henry VI, 64 ; of Edward IV, 69. George I, coins of, English, 142 ; Irish, 244. George II, coins of, English, 144 ; Irish, 245. George III, coins of, English, 146 ; Irish, 246. George IV, coins of, English, 152 ; Irish, 248. George Noble, issue of, 79. Gerb, mint-mark of Chester, 114. German titles abandoned on English coinage, 148. Gifford, Dr., restrikes siege pieces of Colchester, 123. Godless Florin, why so-called, 157. Gold coinage, English, first struck by Henry III, 42 ; introduced by Edward III, 47 ; Scottish, first issue of, 167 ; Irish, the only specimen, 235. Gold coins, English, first marks of value on, 103. Gold coins, English, struck at local mints, 67, 81-89, 106, 112 note, 113, 116, 123, 124 Gold, crown standard, introduced, 75. Gold made sole standard measure of value, 148. Gold Penny of Aethelred II, 29 ; of Henry III, 42 Gothic Crown, issue of, 157. Graceless Florin, why so-called, 157. Greyhound, countermark on coins of Edward VI, 88. Groat, English, first struck by Edward I, 43 ; first issue of, for currency, 46, 49 ; first change of type, 73; re-issued by William IV, 155; discontinued, 158; Scottish, first issue of, 167, 168 ; Irish, first issue of, 217, 218. Guiennois, Anglo-Gallic, struck by Ed- ward III, 50; by Edward the Black Prince, 53. Guinea, first issue of, 128, 131 ; its weight, 129, 131 ; its current values, xliv, 129, 135, 137 ; derivation of its name, 131 ; last issue of, 148. Guinea of George I, inscription on re- verse explained, 143. Gun Money, Irish, struck by James II, 240, 241. Guthorm (JEthelstan II), k. of East Anglia, divides Mercia with Aelfred, 7 ; coins of, 12. Guthred (Cnut), k. of Northumbria, coins of, 17. H. Half-Angel, first issue of, 64, 68. Half-Bawbee, first issue of, 181, 183. Half-Broad, issue of, 125-129. 264 INDEX. Half-Crown, gold, first issue of, English, 76, 79 ; Scottish, 196, 198. Half-Crown, silver, first issue of, Eng- lish, 85, 90 ; Scottish, 210, 211. Halfdan, k. of Northumbria, type of coins copied by Ceolwulf II, 7 ; coins of, 17. Half-Demy, gold, Scottish, first issue of, 171. Half-Dollar, Scottish, issue of, 204, 206. Half-Farthing, copper, struck for Ceylon, 155, 156 ; first issued in Ireland, 224. Half-Florin, gold, of Edward III, 47. Half-George Noble, issue of, 75, 79. Half-Groat, first issue of, English, 46, 49 ; Scottish, 167, 168 ; Irish, 219, 221. Half-Guinea, first issue of, 128, 131. Half-Hardhead, billon, issue of, 190, 196. Half-Laurel, issue of, 99, 103. Half-Lion, gold, Scottish, first issue of, 172, 173. Half-Merk or Noble, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 193. Half-Noble, gold, English, first issue of, 46, 48. Half -Noble, gold, struck for Calais, 51, 65. Half-Noble or Quarter-Merk, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 193. Halfpenny, copper, first issue of, English, 129, 133 ; Irish, 231, 233. Halfpenny, silver, Anglo-Saxon, 13, 25 ; English, introduced by John, 42 ; first struck in Scotland, 163 ; and in Ire- land, 215. Half-Pistole, Scottish, issue of, 209. Half-Plack, first issue of, 174, 177. Half-Pound Piece or Ten Shillings, silver, English, issues of, 106, 117, 119. Half-Rider, first issue of, 177, 179. Half-Rose Noble, issue of, 67. Half-Ryal, gold, Scottish, issue of, 184, 185. Half-Shilling, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 196, 198. Half-Sword and Sceptre Piece, gold, Scot- tish, issue of, 190, 192. Half-Testoon, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 184, 186. Half-Thistle Dollar or Merk, silver, issue of, 190, 193. Half-Thistle Merk, silver, issue of, 190, 195. Half -Turner, copper, Scottish, first issue of, 196, 199. Half-Unicorn, first issue of, 174, 175. Half-Unit, Scottish, see Double-Crown. Hamilton, James, Marquis of, strikes farthing tokens, 105. Hammered money, how struck, 94, 96. Hand of Providence type on Anglo-Saxon coins, 20, 26. Hand, sign of, on Irish coins, 214. Harder, Joachim, Scottish engraver, 205. Hardhead or Lion, billon, Scottish, first issue of, 184, 187. Hardi d'Or struck by Edward the Black Prince, 53 ; by Richard II, 56. Harold I, coins of, 31. Harold II, coins of, 33. Harrington Farthings struck in England, 105. Harthacnut, coins of, 31. Hat Piece, gold, issue of, 190, 192. Heart and star, countermark of James, Earl of Morton, 187. Hebrides, kings of, coins attributed to, 162. Henry I, coins of, 36. Henry II, coins of, English, 40 ; Anglo- Gallic, ib. Henry III, coins of, English, 42 ; strikes gold pennies, ib. ; introduces long-cross type, ib. ; Irish coins, 216. Henry IV, coins of, English, 56 ; Anglo- Gallic, 56, 58 ; no Irish coins, 217. Henry V, coins of, English, 58 ; Anglo- Gallic, 59, 60 ; no Irish coins, 217. Henry VI, coins of, English, 62 ; Anglo- Gallic, 62, 64; his light money, 64; Irish coins, 217. Henry VII, coins of, English, 71 ; Irish, 225. Henry VIII, coins of, English, 75 ; Anglo- Gallic, 76, 84 ; Irish, 227. Henry, Duke of Lancaster, Anglo-Gallic coins of, 52. Henry, Earl of Northumberland, coins of, 163. Henry of Blois, Bp. of Winchester, coins of, 38. Hexham, stycas found at, 15, 16. INDEX. 265 Hibernias, brass coins struck at Limerick, 243. Hiberno-Danish coins, 213. Hiberno-English coins, 215. Hochstetter, Joachim, coins struck by, 183. Holy Dove on coins of Aethelred II, 30. Humbug, supposed derivation of, 242. Hume, Joseph, proposes re-issue of the groat, 155. I. I. G., initials of James, Earl of Arran, on coins, 185. Inchiquin, Lord, Irish money called after him, 235 ; strikes money at Cork, 238. Inchiquin Money, 235. Ireland, Act of Union with, change of king's title after, 148. Ireland, Bank of, strikes silver tokens, 247. Irelandes d'Argent, ordered, 218. Irish coinage, history of, Iv ; early coinage, ib. Irish coins, 213; their early types, ib. ; last issue of, 248 ; struck in England, 216, 218, 230-232. Irish copies of coins of Aethelred II, 30, 213. Irish Money of Necessity, 234, 241. Isaac of York, his name on coins of Henry II, 40. J. Jaenberht, Abp. of Canterbury, coins of, 9. Jamaica, three-halfpences issued for, 155. James I of England (VI of Scotland), (coins of, English, 99; Scottish, 190; Irish, 233. James II of England (VII of Scotland), coins of, English, 134 ; Scottish, 207 ; Irish, 240. James I of Scotland, coins of, 171. James II of Scotland, coins of, 172. James III of Scotland, coins of, 174. James IV of Scotland, coins of, 177. James V of Scotland, coins of, 181. James VI of Scotland; see James I of England. James VII of Scotland ; see James II of England. James VIII of Scotland, patterns for coins, 212. Janet, French artist, his portrait of Mary Q. of Scots on her coins, 188. ; " Joeys " or Groats, why so-called, 155. John and Eichard I, classification of their coins, xxvii, 40. John Baliol, coins of, 166. John, coins of, English, 40, 42 ; Irish, 215. Jubilee coinage of Victoria, 159. K. Kellow, Bp. of Durham, his mint-mark, a crozier, 46. Kent, coins of, with the names of Mercian kings, 8. Kent, conquest of, by Wessex, 9, 22. Kent, history of coinage, xiv; coinage of, regal, 8 ; archiepiscopal, 8, 9. Kent, king of, title assumed by Cuthred, 8 ; by Baldred, 9. Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of, his arms on Irish coins, 223, 226; issues coins for Richard III ?, 225. Kilkenny Money, 235, 236. Kinsale, copper coins struck at, 238. Knot, mint-mark of Abp. Bourchier on coins of Edward IV, 69. Knox, John, Ld. Mayor of Dublin, re- ceives patent to strike copper coins, 241. Kuchler, C. H., engraver, 152, 247. L, initial of Alexander Livingstoun on Scottish coins, 175, 179. Lancaster, Henry, Duke of, Anglo-Gallic coins of, 52. Langley, Bp. of Durham, his mint-mark, a mullet, 63. Lathorn House, siege pieces of ?, 122. Laureate head on English coins, first instance of, 103. Laurel, issue of, 99, 103. L. E., initials of Abp. Lee of York, on coins of Henry VIII, 80. Lee, Abp. of York, his initials on coins of Henry VIII, 80. Legg, Col. (Lord Dartmouth), strikes copper coins for Ireland, 240, 241. Lennox, Ludovic, Duke of, strikes farthing tokens, 105. Leopard, Anglo-Gallic, struck by Edward III, 50 ; by Edward the Black Prince, 53. 266 INDEX. " Lima " on coins of George II, 145. Limerick Money, temp. James II, 241, 243. Lincoln, coin of St. Martin struck at, 13 ; monogram of, on coins of Aelfred, 25. Lion, gold, Scottish, first issue of, 169, 170. Lion Noble, gold, Scottish, issue of, 190, 191. Lion or Hardhead, billon, first issue of, 184, 187. Lion passant guardant, mint-mark of York, 121. Lion rampant, mint-mark of Bp. Beaumont, of Durham, 46. Lion Shilling and Sixpence of George IV, 154. Livingstoun, Alexander, Scottish coiner, 175, 179. Local mints, English, issues of, under Charles I, xl, 106, 111-121; under William III, 138. Local mints, English, termination of, under Edward VI, 90. London, coins struck in, by Ecgbeorht of Wessex, 22. London, dies for Irish coins made in, 216, 217. London, Irish coins struck in, 228, 230- 232. London, monogram of, on coins of Halfdan, 17 ; of Aelfred, 25. London, sceattas of, 2. Long-cross patt6e type introduced by Edward I, 43 ; first use of, on Scottish coins, 165 note. Long double-cross type introduced by Henry III, 42 ; first use of, on Scottish coins, 165 note. Ludican, k. of Mercia, coins of, 6. Lynch, Germyn, master of Irish mints, 220. M. M, initial of Abp. Morton on coins of Henry VII, 73, 74. Malcolm III of Scotland, no coins of, 162. Malcolm IV of Scotland, coins of, 163. Malta, one-third farthings issued for, 155, 156. Maltravers, Henry, Lord, strikes farthing tokens, 121. Mancus, a money of account, its value, ix. Margaret, widow of James IV of Scot- land, billon coins of, 181. Mark, a money of account, its value, ix. Marks of value on English coins, first used, silver, 90 ; gold, 103. Marks, special, on later English coins, xliv. Martin, Richard, strikes coins for Ireland, 232. Martin, Sir John, strikes coins for Ireland, 232. Mary and Philip, coins of, English, 92 ; Irish, 231. Mary and William, coins of, English, 135 ; Scottish, 208 ; Irish, 243. Mary, coins of, English, 91 ; Irish, 230. Mary, Queen of Scots, and Darnley, coins of, 189. Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, the Dauphin, coins of, 187. Mary, Queen of Scots, coins of, 184. Matilda, Empress, coins of, 38. Matilda, wife of Stephen, coins of, 38. Maundy Money instituted, 130. Mercia, history of coinage, xii ; coins of, 2. Mercian kings, their names on archi- episcopal coins of Canterbury, 9. Merk or Half-Thistle Dollar, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 193. Merlen, J. B., engraver to the mint, 153, 154, 155. Merovingian types on sceattas, 1, 2. Mestrell, Eloye, inventor of mill and screw for striking coins, 96. Milled money, when first struck, 96 ; generally instituted, 131. Mint-marks, early use of, 58 ; their sequence under Edward IV, 68 ; see also Appendix A, 249. Mints, Anglo-Saxon, constitution of, xxii ; Scottish, xlviii. Mints, ecclesiastical, English, marks and initials of prelates, 44, 46, 63, 64, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80 ; cessation of, 80 ; see also Archiepiscopal coins. Mints, increase of, under Anglo-Saxons, 27, 29, 32. Mints, local, English, gold coins first struck at, 67 ; established during the Civil War, 106, 111-121 ; under William III, 128. INDEX. 267 Misserwy or Misharwy, John, engraver, 186. Moll J^thelwald, coins of, 14. Moneyers, Anglo-Saxon, their status, xxiv ; Scottish, xlviii. Money of Necessity struck for Ireland, 234, 241. Morton, Abp. of Canterbury, coins of, 73, 74. Morton, James, Earl of Arran, Regent, his badge, 187. Mouton, gold, struck by Edward III, 50 ; by Henry V, 60. Mulekyn, Donatus, his initial on Scottish coins, 168. Mullet, mint-mark of Langley, Bp. of Durham, 63. Necessity, Money of, Irish, 234, 241. Neville, George, Abp. of York, his mint- mark, G, on coins of Henry VI, 64 ; of Edward IV, 69. Neville, Robert, Bp. of Durham, his mint-mark, interlaced rings, 63. Newark, siege pieces of, 124. Noble, English, introduction of, xxix ; first issue of, 46, 48 ; its type, &c., 48 ; current values of, 47, 48, 67 ; its weight, 47, 56, 66. Noble, Scottish, first issue of, 167. Noble, struck for Calais, 51, 65. Noble or Half-Merk, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 193. "Non Sunt" or Twelve Penny Groat, billon, issue of, 184, 188. Norman Conquest, English coinage after, xxv, 34. Norse or Danish kings of Northumbria, coins of, 17. Northumberland, Henry, Earl of, coins of, 163. Northumberland Shilling, the, 149. Northumbria, coinage of, history, xvii ; Anglian kings, coins of, 14 ; archi- episcopal coins, 16 ; Danish and Norse kings, coins of, 17. Northumbria conquered by the Danes, 16, 17 ; by Wessex, 21, 28. O. Offa, k. of Mercia, coins of, 3 ; his name on coins of Jaenberht, Abp. of Canter- bury, 9. Offering Penny of Aelfred, 24. One-Third Bonnet Piece, issue of, 181, 182. One-Third Farthings struck for Malta, 155, 156. One-Third Lion Noble, gold, Scottish, issue of, 190, 191. One-Third Ryal, silver, Scottish, first ^ issue of, 184, 189. 6ra, a money of account, its value, x. Ormonde, Marquis of, money called after him, 237 ; strikes money in name of Charles II, 239. Ormonde money, 235, 237. Osberht, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 16. Osred II, k. of Northumbria, no coins of, 15. Oswald, k. of Northumbria, no coins of, 15. Oswulf, k. of Northumbria, no coins of, 14. OX or OXON, mint-mark of Oxford, 116. Oxford Crown, the, 117. Oxford mint, coins of (Charles I), 116. P. "Pacx" type, introduction of, 31. Parkhurst, Sir William, superintends Oxford mint, 116. Patrick Farthing, silver, struck by John de Curcy, Earl of Ulster, 215. Patrick or Half -Farthing, copper, Irish, issue of, 217, 218. Peada, k. of Mercia, coins of, 3. Pear, mint-mark of Worcester, 120. Peckham, Sir Edward, his crest on coins, 88 ; strikes coins for Ireland, 231, 232. Penny, copper, first issue of, English, 146, 152; Scottish, 190, 196; Irish, 231, 232. j Penny, silver, Anglo-Saxon, its weight, ix ; origin and early types, xi, 2, 3 ; divided into halves and quarters for halfpence and farthings, 30. Penny, silver, English, its weight, 34, 37, 47, 56, 62, 66. Penny, Sovereign type, of Edward the 268 INDEX. Confessor, 32; of Stephen, 37; of Henry VII, 74, 75 ; of Henry VIII, 78, 80; of Edward VI, 90. ' ' Petition Crown ," by Thomas Simon, 132 . Pewter Money, Irish, of James II, 241, 242. Philip and Mary, coins of, English, 92 ; Irish, 231. Pingo, Lewis, engraver to the mint, 147, 148. Pingo, Thomas, engraver to the mint, 147. Piri, Martyn, master of the Dublin mint, 228, 229. Pistole, gold, Scottish, of William III, 209 ; Irish, of Inchiquin money, 235. Pistrucci, Benedetto, engraver to the English mint, 149, 150, 153, 154, 159 ; makes dies for Irish coins, 248. Plack, billon, first issue of, 174, 177; derivation of its name, 177. Plegmund, Abp. of Canterbury, coins of, 10. Plume, mark of Welsh silver, 104, 108, 132, 138, 139, 141, 143, 145. Plume without band, mint-mark of Shrewsbury, 119. Pole, William Wellesley, master of the mint, 150, 153. Pontefract, siege pieces of (Charles I and II), 124. " Pontifex," title assumed by Aethel- heard, Abp. of Canterbury, 9. Portcullis, countermark of, on coins of Edward VI, 88 ; of Mary, 92. Portcullis Groat of Henry VII, 74. Portraiture on coins, Anglo-Saxon, xxii, 32 ; English, xxxiii, 74. Pound, Anglo-Saxon, a money of account, ix. Pound Piece or Twenty Shillings, silver, English, issues of, 106, 116, 119. Pownall, Archdeacon, on Irish coins of Edward VI, 229. Poynter, Sir E. J., P.R.A., his designs for coins, 160. Prince Elector Guinea of George I, 143. Q. Quarter-Angel, first issue of, 76, 81. Quarter-Dollar, Scottish, issue of, 204, 206. Quarter-Florin, gold, English, 47. Quarter-Laurel, issue of, 99, 103. Quarter-Merk or Half -Noble, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 193. Quarter-Noble, gold, English, first issue of, 46, 49. Quarter-Rider, issue of, 177, 179. Quarter-Rose Noble, issue of, 66, 67. Quarter-Thistle Merk, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 195. Quarter-Unit, Scottish, see Britain Crown. Quentovic, coins struck at, 18. R. R, initial of Abp. Rotherham on coins of Edward IV, 69. Rawlins, Thomas, chief engraver of the mint, 117. Rebel Money struck for Ireland, 235, 237. Redwulf, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 15. Regnald I?, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 20. Regnald II, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 20. Richard I, coins of, English, 40, 41 ; Anglo-Gallic, 41. Richard I and John, classification of their coins, xxvii, 40. Richard II, coins of, English, 54 ; Anglo- Gallic, 54, 56 ; no Irish coins, 217. Richard III, coins of, English, 70 ; Irish, 224. Richmond, Duchess of, strikes farthing tokens, 121. Richmond, Frances Stewart, Duchess of, her portrait on copper coins, 133. Ricsig, k. of Northumbria, no coins of, 16. Rider, gold, Scottish, first issue of, 174, 175; its parts, classification of, 175, 177 note. Rings, interlaced, mint -mark of Bp. Neville of Durham, 63. Roach, see Roche. Robert Bruce, coins of, 166. Robert II, coins of, 168. Robert III, coins of, 169. Robert de Hadley, his name on coins of Edward I, 43, 44. Robert, Earl of Gloucester, coins of, 30. Roche, or Roach, strikes " Voce Populi" money, 246. INDEX. 269 Boettier, Jan, engraver to the English mint, 131 ; makes dies for Scottish coins, 206, 207. Boettier, Norbert, engraves dies for coins of James VIII, 212. Boger, Earl of Warwick, coins of, 30. Bomaii coins, types of, on sceattas, 1, 2 ; on Anglo-Saxon pennies, 17. Bose and sun, badges of Edward IV, 67, 69. Bose, mark of West of England silver, 131, 138, 141, 143, 145. Bose Noble, first issue of, 66 ; its current value, 67 ; imitations of, ib. Bose Byal or Thirty Shilling Piece, issue of, 99, 102. Botherham, Abp. of York, his initials on coins of Edward IV, 69, 71 ; of Henry VII, 73. Boyal Crown, Scottish, form of, 197. Boyal d'Or, struck by Edward the Black Prince, 53. Bunic letters on Anglo-Saxon coins, 1, 2, 11, 12. Buthall, Bp. of Durham, his initials on coins of Henry VIII, 78. Byal, gold, Scottish, issue of, 184, 185. Byal or Bose Noble, English, first issue of, 66. Byal, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 184, 189. S. S, initial of Bp. Sherwood on coins of Bichard III, 71 ; of Henry VII, 73. St. Andrew, cross of, on coins of Bochester ?, 6 ; on Scottish coins, 170 et pas. St. Andrew, gold, Scottish, first issue of, 169, 170. St. Eadmund, memorial coinage of, xvii, 11, 13. St. George and the Dragon, type of, 149 ; revived, 157, 159. St. Martin of Lincoln, coin of, 13. St. Patrick money, Irish, 240. St. Peter money of York, xix, 21. Salisbury mint ?, coins of (Charles I), 119. Saltire Plack, billon, issue of, 190, 196. Salute, struck by Henry V, 60 ; by Henry VI, 64. Salvator Farthings, copper, Irish, issue of, 223. Scarborough, siege pieces of, 125. Sceattas, their weight and types, x; currency of, xi ; described, 1, 3, 11. Sceptre or Unit, Scottish, first issue of, 196, 197. Scotland, Act of Union with, consequent changes in coinage, 139, 140 twte ; coinage, Scottish, subsequent to, 210, 211. Scotland and England united, consequent changes in coinage, 100, 196. Scotland, royal crown of, its form and difference from the English crown, 197. Scottish coinage, history of, xlvi ; descrip- tion, 162. Scottish mint closed, 212. " Sede Vacante " coins of Canterbury, 10. Senhouse, Bp. of Durham, his initials, D. S., on coins of Henry VII, 75. Septim Groat, the, 74. Septim Shilling, the, 75. Seven Shilling Piece or Third-Guinea, issue of, 148. Sharington, Sir William, master of the Bristol mint, 81-85; strikes coins for Ireland, 229. Shelf ord, coin of Earl Sihtric, struck at, 19. Sherwood, Bp. of Durham, his initial, S, on coins of Bichard III, 71 ; and Henry VII, 73. Shilling, Anglo-Saxon, a money of ac- count, ix; English, first issue of, 71, 74; Scottish, first issue of, 196, 198; Irish, first issue of, 230. Short-cross type, introduced by Henry II, 40. Shrewsbury mint, coins of (Charles I), 119. Siefred, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 18, 19. Siege pieces, issues of, temp. Charles I, xli, 122. Sihtric III, coins of, 213, 214. Sihtric, Earl, Northumbrian coins of, 19. Sihtric Gale, k. of Northumbria, coins of, 20. Silver money, recoinage of, under William III, 138. 270 INDEX. Simon, Thomas, engraves dies for Crom- well, 127, 128; for Charles II, 129; replaced by Eoettier, 131 ; makes the Petition Crown, 132; makes models for Scottish coins, 204 note. Sivert, see Siefred. Six Angel Piece, English, a pattern, 89 ; Scottish, a pattern, 179. Sixpence, first issue of, English, 85, 90 ; Scottish, 210, 212 ; Irish, 227, 228. Six Shilling Piece, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 196, 198. Six Shillings, Bank token, Irish, issue of, 246, 247. Sixteen Shilling Piece, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 190, 193. Sixteenth Dollar, silver, Scottish, issue of, 204, 206. Sixty Shilling Piece, Scottish, first issue of, 196, 198. Soho mint, Birmingham, 151, 152, 247, 248. Solidus, Anglo-Saxon, its prototype, ix ; issue of, 1 ; struck by Wigmund, xviii, 16. South Sea Company, its initials on coins, 143. Southwark mint, its mint-marks, 82, 87. Sovereign, first issue of, 71, 72 ; its weight and current value, 71 ; reissue of by George III, 148. Sovereign type of penny of Edward the Confessor, 32; of Stephen, 37; of Henry VII, 74, 75 ; of Henry VIII, 78, 80 ; of Edward VI, 90. Spade Guinea, issue of, 147. Spade Half-Guinea, issue of, 147. Spanish Dollars countermarked for Eng- lish currency, 150 ; used for striking Irish Bank tokens, 247. Spur Ryal or Fifteen Shilling Piece, gold, issue of, 99, 102, 103. S. S. C. (South Sea Company), mark of, on coins, 143. Standard, battle of the, commemorated on coins of Stephen, 37. Standard gold and silver, their fineness, 75. Star and heart, countermark of James, Earl of Morton, 187. Stephen and Matilda, coins of, 38. Stephen, coins of, 37 ; imitated in Scot- land, 162. Styca, Anglo-Saxon, its weight, ix ; early types, xvii ; descriptions of, 14. Svend, k. of Norway, invades England, 29. Swift, Dean, decries Wood's halfpence, 245. Sword and Sceptre Piece, gold, Scottish, issue of, 190, 192. T. T, initial of Abp. Rotherham on coins of Edward IV, 69, 71 ; of Henry VII, 73. T, initial of Thomas Tod, on Scottish coins, 175. T. or T. C., initials of Thomas Chamber- lain of the Bristol mint, 83, 88. Tanner, John Sigismund, imitates coins of Cromwell, 127, 128 ; engraver to the English mint, 144, 147. T. C., initials of Abp. Cranmer on coins of Henry VIII, 80. T. D., initials of Bp. Ruthall on coins of Henry VIII, 78. Ten Pence, Bank token, Irish, issue of, 246, 247. Ten Shilling Piece, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 190, 194. Ten Shillings or Half-Pound Piece, silver, English, issues of, 106, 117, 119. Testoon, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 184, 185. Third-Guinea, issue of, 146, 148. Thirty Pence, Bank token, Irish, issue of, 246, 247. Thirty Penny Piece, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 195. Thirty Shilling Piece or Rose Ryal, gold, English, issue of, 99, 102. Thirty Shilling Piece, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 190, 194. Thistle Crown, issue of, English, 90, 101 ; Scottish, 196, 198. Thistle crowned, countermark on Scottish coins of Mary, 186, 193. Thistle Dollar or Double-Merk, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 193. Thistle Merk, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 195. Thistle Noble, gold, Scottish, issue of, 190, 192. INDEX. 271 Three Crowns money, Irish, first issue of, 222. Three Earthings, silver, issue of, English, 94, 99 ; Irish, 227, 229. Three Halfpence, silver, issue of, English, 94, 99 ; for Jamaica and Ceylon, 155 ; Irish, 227, 229. Threepence, first issue of, English, 85, 90; Irish, 227, 228; re-issued in England, 158. Three Pound Piece or Triple-Unite, gold, English, issue of, 106, 116. Three Pound Piece, silver, Scottish, issue of, 199, 201. Three Shillings, Bank token, English,issue of, 151. Three Shillings, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 199, 203. Throgmorton, Nicholas, his mint-mark, a ton, 89. Thrymsa, a money of account, its value, ix. Tin money, English, when first struck, 133. Tod, Thomas, Scottish coiner, 175, 179. Ton, the mint-mark of Abp. Morton, 74 ; also of Nicholas Throgmorton, 89. Tonstall, Cuthbert, Bp. of Durham, his initials, C. D., on coins of Henry VIII, 80. Touch Pieces, when first struck, 107. Tradesmen's tokens, issue of, English, 126, 133, 147 ; Irish, 238, 245, 246. Tribrach, symbolical of the archiepiscopal pall, 5. Triple-Sovereign, first issue of, 85, 87. Triple-Unite or Three Pound Piece, gold, English, issue of, 106, 116. Turner, copper, Scottish, first issue of, 196, 198 ; derivation of its name, 199. T. W., initials of Abp. Wolsey on coins of Henry VIII, 77, 78, 80. Twelve Penny Groat or " Non Sunt," billon, Scottish, issue of, 184, 188. Twelve Penny Piece, silver, Scottish, issue of, 190, 195. Twelve Shilling Piece, silver, Scottish,' first issue of, 196, 198. Twenty Penny Piece, silver, Scottish, issue of, 199, 202. Twenty Pound Piece, gold, Scottish, issue of, 190, 191. Twenty Shillings, gold, Scottish, issue of, 184, 185. Twenty Shillings or Pound Piece, silver, English, issues of, 106, 116, 119. Twenty Shillings, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 190, 194. Two Guineas, first issue of, 128, 131. Two Merk Piece, silver, Scottish, issue of, 204, 205. Twopence, copper, issue of, English, 146, 151 ; Scottish, first issue of, 190, 196. Two Shilling Piece, silver, first issue of, English, 157 ; Scottish, 190, 193. Two-Thirds Bonnet Piece, gold, Scottish, issue of, 181, 182. Two-Thirds Lion Noble, gold, Scottish, issue of, 190, 191. Two-Thirds Ryal, silver, Scottish, first issue of, 184, 189. TJ. Ulster, John de Curcy, Earl of ; sec De Curcy, &c. Una and the Lion, type of, on pattern Five Pound Piece of Victoria, 157. Unicorn, Scottish, first issue of, 174, 175. Union, Act of, with Ireland, change of king's title after, 148. Union, Act of, with Scotland, consequent changes in coinage on, 139, 140 note, 210, 211. Unit or Sceptre, Scottish, first issue of, 196, 197. Unite, English, first issue of, 99, 101. V, Value, marks of, when first used on English coins, silver, 90 ; gold, 103. Values, current, see Current values. Victoria, coins of, 156 ; her Jubilee coinage, 159. " Vigo " on coins of Anne, its meaning,. 140. Vikings, tribute paid to, xx, 29. " Voce Populi" halfpence, 246. W. W, mint-mark of Weymouth, 120. W. A., initials of Abp. Wareham, on coins of Henry VIII, 77, 78, 80. 272 INDEX. Wareham, Abp. of Canterbury, his initials on coins of Henry VIII, 77, 78, 80. Waterford, kings of, coins attributed to, 213. W. C. C. (Welsh Copper Company), mark of, on coins, 143. Welsh Copper Company, its initials on coins, 143. Welsh mines, silver from, used for coinage, 104, 108, 116, 132, 138, 139, 141, 143, 145. Wessex, history of coinage, xix ; its coins, 22. West of England, silver from, used for coinage, 131, 138, 141, 143, 145. Weymouth mint, coins of (Charles I), 120. White Metal Money, Irish, struck by James II, 241, 242. Wiglaf, k. of Mercia, coins of, 6. Wigmund, Abp. of York, coins of, 16; his solidus, xviii, 16. William I, coins of, 34. William I and II, coins of, 34, 35. William II, coins of, 35. William III (II of Scotland), coins of, English, 137; Scottish, 209; Irish, 224 ; his great re-coinage of English silver money, 138. William IV, coins of, 155. William and Mary, coins of, English, 135 ; Scottish, 208 ; Irish, 243. William, son of Stephen, coins of, 40. William the Lion, coins of, 163. Wolsey, Thomas, Bp. of Durham and Abp. of York, his initials, &c., on coins of Henry VIII, 77, 78, 80 ; his groat, 78, 80. Wood's Halfpence for Ireland, 244. Wood, William, strikes coins for Ireland, 244 ; surrenders his patent, 245. Worcester mint, coins of (Charles I), 120. W. S. (mon.) initials of Sir William Sharington, on English coins, 81, 82, 83, 86 ; on Irish coins, 229. Wulfhere, Abp. of York, coins of, 17. Wulfred, Abp. of Canterbury, coins of, 10. Wulfsig, Abp. of York, no coins of, 16. Wyon, Thomas, engraver to the mint, 150 ; engraves coins and tokens for Ireland, 247. Wyon, William, engraver to the mint, 153, 154, 155, 157 ; makes dies for Irish coins, 248. X. X. B., initials of Abp. Bainbridge on coins of Henry VIII, 77. Y. Y, initial of Sir John Yorke, master of the Southwark mint, 87-90. Yeo, Richard, engraver to the mint, 147, 149. York, archiepiscopal coins of, Anglo- Saxon, their history, xviii ; description of, 16. York, minster of, represented on coins of Aethelstan, 27. York mint, coins of (Charles I), 121. York, St. Peter money of, xix, 21. Yorke, Sir John, master of the Southwark mint, 87, 88, 89. Youghal, copper coins struck at, 238. Young, Matthew, restrikes Scottish coins from old dies, 207, 212. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED. STAMFOKD STIIKET AND CHAItINQ CKOSS. PLATE I ANGLO SAXON COINS Sceattas Mercia PLATE II ANGLO-SAXON COINS Mercia, Kent, and East Anglia PLATE III im ANGLO-SAXON COINS Anglia cwd Northutnbria PLATE IV ANGLO-SAXON COINS Northurnbria and Wessex PLATE V *= sfes ^ bP^Qr & m 'I IHW^ ^ ^^*3 ANGLO-SAXON COINS PLATE VI ANGLO-SAXON AND ENGLISH COINS Ead gar -Henry I PLATE VII a -^ ^ i /' m ? lf&\ r(/. f r*-'^' /- 4 o a^ ^^i r . ^ir -i^' y '/" r ry f ^ /--X' til IV ^% tw,^s^ ^ A -*^fr /"/ "^tS~s'\ ' r<. *A ^^Jr I X X ] ^V?^r^ / J r 239 ENGLISH COINS Henry I Henry HI PLATE VIII ENGLISH COINS Henry 111 Edward 111 PLATE IX % V 5 ! ENGLISH COINS /// PLATE X \ A ^ :$} 1)3 >SgisK.s ENGLISH COINS Edward the Black Prince Henry IV PLATE XI #gff. ' ENGLISH COINS HmrylV-Henry VI PLATE XII %3|> 343 $. \ ,$' 1 ill! y x..:.'X f< \ F3 c ^ ^ i ; >; m r-^ 3 68 368 ENGLISH COINS 111 PLATE XIII ^.Jf\ :- -C/AJ \ -v j7KW '<- - * ^^ mm ^m^^^^w m \ i[M?M& ??f-m j'^W'^'^fe. .&J*** ^m^ &(&*. rfj>f r> ~\ -. -^^ //L^s ''- ~~ J fafc Ki3a ,- -''/ & ij~tt & <<$iP^ ENGLISH COINS F//7 PLATE XV < ? mfl > J'S A i( y fe s ENGLISH COINS Henry PLATE XVI m. ig^ X ) i 1 * f * M l i rt% 0^ M -i m - * / ' \ I s * I V, ENGLISH COINS VII I Edward I 7 I I'LATK XVII H/A%*5 ENGLISH COINS Edward 1"! Marv PLATE XVIII w^te' ENGLISH COINS Mary Elisabeth PLATE XIX ENGLISH COINS Elisabeth PLATE XX ENGLISH COINS Elizabeth - Jantes I PLATE XXI ENGLISH COINS James I PLATE XXII i I ? ' r-wra : f 0n:wi , j is ENGLISH COINS James 1 Charles I PLATE XXIII " /? f*,J'm > <9\ "' If I fl y$j$r*v$i .'j4*r WimauJ^ ENGLISH COINS PLATE XXIV ENGLISH COINS C/uir/es I PLATE XXV ENGLISH COINS Char/es I PLATE XXVI J /'' y/ '. r- 1 \ *** / >**3 soi j ^^ *<" T-K -S^/, t/ty / ' >^ ^ \ ^A 4 /.rrirt/c^i.-,,. ,,, j ; iy j l ilmfr ENGLISH COINS Charles I PLATE XXVII /v>*/' rrSA m W II i ' x ' a ENGLISH COINS diaries I PLATE XXVIII : ( 673 676 6 74 ENGLISH COINS Pieces (Charles I & II) PLATE XXIX <2> : *S .,.,. % 093 090 ENGLISH COINS Cotniuotnvealth Cromwell PLATE XXX ENGLISH COINS Cromwell Charles II PLATE XXXI ENGLISH COINS Charles II James II PLATE XXXII ft %>F : \ / *$?& fr ' . ENGLISH COINS II William and Mary PLATE XXXIII ENGLISH COINS William and Mary William III PLATE XXXIV I. ENGLISH COINS William III A nne 1'LATK XXXV. /* ffiN/% '*\ $J '_<_> /f ENGLISH COINS Anne George II PLATE XXXVI .5 fe ^ / p. W& k (I f ^ r 9 ENGLISH COINS // George III PLATE XXXVII ENGLISH COINS George III PLATE XXXVIII ENGLISH COINS George III George IV PLATE XXXIX #f* 3 ''*\ ENGLISH COINS George IV Victoria PLATE XL ENGLISH COINS Victoria PLATE XLI SCOTTISH COINS David I David II. PLATE XLII xfTiS'^tfo/X v \Vv- m SCOTTISH COINS David II Robert III PLATE XLIII '" \ .. ;^*3 SCOTTISH COINS James I James III I'LATE XL IV i t : '^'y SCOTTISH COINS J times I II James IV PLATE XLV SCOTTISH COINS James VMary PLATE XLVI i w %p f fl* 101 106 ^<&L3/ SCOTTISH COINS Mary PLATE XLVII SCOTTISH COINS Mary James F7 1'LATK XLVIII f \ ', "">,'. ' X IS ^ SCOTTISH COINS James VI PLATE XLIX SCOTTISH COINS James VI PLATE L T & ^{ 1 4: SCOTTISH COINS VI Charles I PLATE LI ^GijN ,f [ \- } \ ?- / - . SCOTTISH COINS Charles I PLATE LII .% $# ;> n i^-. /<^ , 200 ,^||g w w 198 SCOTTISH COINS Charles I Charles II PLATE LIII Jgfc '3 j ) v\ ^Stes 1 - i I /^ ^SRftig ^ $r \ /& ; 204 ^.5 r -. : J ./ ^' <7 "' !;: /' -\ ^^ -/ i ^\ *Quu2&' 209 fcX f j A , } J A / >. s* \ 4J ^u y 212 SCOTTISH COINS II James VII PLATE LIV 216 SCOTTISH COINS William and Mary -William II PLATE LV 233 ff7 * ( < I \ ^ :n r SCOTTISH COINS William II-James Vlll PLATE LVI VY% : IRISH COINS Aethelred Il-Edward IV PLATE LVII IRISH COINS Edward IV PLATE LVIII 53 57 54 IRISH COINS -Henry VI11 IRISH COINS Mary Elisabeth PLATE LX IRISH COINS James I Charles 1 PLATE LXI IRISH COINS Money of Necessity, Charles I > IRISH COINS Commonwealth James II PLATE LXIH 112 120 IRISH COINS James II George I PLATE LXIV V * I2 9 IRISH COINS George II George IV British Museum. Dept. of Coins and Medals Handbook of the coins of Great Britain and Ireland PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY