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Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Roman Coins| ▸ |The Tetrarchy| ▸ |Diocletian||View Options:   | | | Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus was a man of humble birth who rose through the Roman military ranks on pure talent. Becoming emperor after the assassination of Carinus, Diocletian introduced many reforms that prolonged the life of the Empire, which was on the verge of total collapse before his reign. These reforms, however, eliminated most personal freedoms and turned much of the population into hereditary serfs. Diocletian was the first Roman emperor to voluntarily abdicate. He lived out his retirement in his palace on the Dalmatian coast, tending his vegetable gardens. His palace went on to become the core of the modern day city of Split. |
In 301 A.D., Diocletian issued his Edict on Maximum Prices in an attempt to curb inflation.RB17186. Billon follis (large), RIC VI 113a, Bastien XI 338, gVF, weight 10.983 g, maximum diameter 26.9 mm, die axis 0o, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 301 - 303 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust left; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius, naked but for chlamys, kalathos on head, standing left, pouring libations from patera over altar, cornucopia in left hand, B right, PLC in exergue; SOLD
In 291, Diocletian signed peace treaties with the kingdoms of Aksum and Nubia.SH58686. Billon antoninianus, Bastien 367 (2 examples cited); Cohen VI 368; RIC V, Part 2, 67; SRCV IV 12687, aEF, pitting, weight 3.269 g, maximum diameter 21.5 mm, die axis 0o, 2nd officina, Lugdunum mint, emission 7, spring 290 - 291 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust left, spear over shoulder in right, shield in left; reverse PAX AVGG (the peace of the two emperors), Pax standing left, Victory on globe in right hand, transverse long scepter in left; a scarcer bust type for Diocletian; scarce; SOLD
Juno was the chief female divinity in the Roman pantheon. She was the wife of Jupiter and a member of the Capitoline Triad. She had many different aspects, such as Juno Regina, Juno Sospita, and Juno Lucina, but here she is depicted as Juno Moneta, holding the scales symbolic of equity and a cornucopia indicating plenty. This surname was given to Juno because she counseled the Romans to undertake only just wars in which case she promised that they would never be in want of money. The first mint in Rome was within the temple of Juno Moneta. In 301 A.D., Diocletian issued his Edict on Maximum Prices in an attempt to curb inflation.RB90679. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Ticinum 43a (variety with smaller head and divided reverse legend), Cohen VI 101, SRCV IV 12772, Choice EF, excellent portrait, centering, strike and surfaces, weight 11.063 g, maximum diameter 27.6 mm, die axis 0o, 2nd officina, Ticinum (Pavia, Italy) mint, c. 300 - 303 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SAC MON VRB AVGG - ET CAESS NN, Moneta standing slightly left, head left, scales in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, ST• in exergue; SOLD
Quies is the personification of rest and retirement. This coin honors Emperor Diocletian after his abdication in 305 A.D. The obverse dedicates the coin, to our lord Diocletian the happy senior emperor. The reverse translates, By the providence of the gods, the restful retirement of the Emperors.RT84429. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Ticinum 56a; Cohen VI 422; SRCV IV 3543 var. (obverse inscription); Hunter V 30 (2nd officina), Choice VF, interesting obverse legend error, nice portrait, well centered, small deposits, light corrosion, weight 11.161 g, maximum diameter 28.7 mm, die axis 180o, 3rd officina, Ticinum (Pavia, Italy) mint, c. 305 - 307 A.D.; obverse D N DIOCLETIANO BAEATISSIMO SEN AVG, laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, olive branch in right hand, mappa in left hand; reverse PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia on left standing right, extending right hand to Quies, who is standing left with branch in right and leaning on scepter in left, pellet right, T T exergue; scarce; SOLD
The first of Herakles' twelve labors, set by his cousin King Eurystheus, was to slay the Nemean lion and bring back its skin. It could not be killed with mortal weapons because its golden fur was impervious to attack. Its claws were sharper than swords and could cut through any armor. Herakles stunned the beast with his club and, using his immense strength, strangled it to death. During the fight, the lion bit off one of his fingers. After slaying the lion, he tried to skin it with a knife but failed. Wise Athena, noticing the hero's plight, told him to use one of the lion's own claws to skin the pelt.RA95395. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 104, SRCV IV 12728, Cohen VI 524, Hunter IV - (p. clxxvii), VF, full borders, slight porosity, weight 3.776 g, maximum diameter 23.5 mm, die axis 180o, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 287 - 289 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; reverse VIRTVTI AVGG, Hercules squatting slightly right, strangling the Nemean lion, club at his feet on far side to left; from the Errett Bishop Collection; SOLD
Juno was the chief female divinity in the Roman pantheon. She was the wife of Jupiter and a member of the Capitoline Triad. She had many different aspects, such as Juno Regina, Juno Sospita, and Juno Lucina, but here she is depicted as Juno Moneta, holding the scales symbolic of equity and a cornucopia indicating plenty. This surname was given to Juno because she counseled the Romans to undertake only just wars in which case she promised that they would never be in want of money. The first mint in Rome was within the temple of Juno Moneta.RB04173. Billon follis (large), Hunter V 28 (also 2nd officina), RIC VI Ticinum 47a, Cohen VI 101, SRCV IV 12772, superb EF, chocolate patina, superb!, weight 11.060 g, maximum diameter 27.0 mm, die axis 0o, 2nd officina, Ticinum (Pavia, Italy) mint, 304 - 305 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR (the sacred money of our two emperors and two princes), Moneta standing slightly left, head left, scales in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, star right, ST in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
In 303, Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding the legal rights of Christians and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices. About 3,000 Christians died in the persecutions, many more were imprisoned and tortured, but most Christians avoided punishment.RB04174. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Roma 105a, EF, weight 9.51 g, maximum diameter 27.6 mm, die axis 0o, Rome mint, 302 - 303 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Aequitas standing slightly left, head left, scales in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, * right, RP in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
When Diocletian split Pannonia into four provinces, Siscia became the capital of Pannonia Savia. It contained the mint and treasury, and was the station of the small fleet kept on the Savus. Siscia maintained its importance until Sirmium began to rise, for in proportion as Sirmium rose, Siscia declined.RB04175. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Siscia 134a, Superb near UNC, unmatched sharp details, weight 9.41 g, maximum diameter 27.4 mm, die axis 0o, Siscia (Sisak, Croatia) mint, 301 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Aequitas standing slightly left, head left, scales in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, * left, Γ right, *SIS in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
In Roman religion, every man has a genius, a presiding spirit. In De Die Natali, Censorinus says, from the moment we are born, we live under the guard and tutelage of Genius. Cities, organizations, and peoples also had a genius. On coins, we find inscriptions to the Genius of the Army, of the Senate, of the Emperor, etc. The legend GENIO POPVLI ROMANI dedicates this coin to the Genius of the Roman People. Genius' image is of a man with a cloak half covering the shoulders leaving the rest of his body naked, holding a cornucopia in one hand, and a simpulum or a patera in the other.RB04179. Billon follis (large), Hunter V 72 (also 4th officina, smaller head), RIC VI Heraclea 17a, SRCV IV 12787, Cohen VI 106, EF, bold full circle strike on both obverse and reverse, smooth glossy black patina, weight 10.7 g, maximum diameter 28.0 mm, die axis 180o, 4th officina, Heraclea (Marmara Ereglisi, Turkey) mint, 296 - 297 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right, smaller head; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius standing slightly left, head left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders and left arm, kalathos on head, pouring libations from patera in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, HTΔ in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
Of humble birth, Diocletian rose through the military ranks on pure talent. He introduced many reforms that prolonged the life of the Empire, which was on the verge of total collapse before his reign. These reforms, however, eliminated most personal freedoms and turned much of population into hereditary serfs.RB04170. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Carthago 31a, Hunter V 64, SRCV IV 12828, Cohen VI 438, Choice EF, excellent centering and strike, traces of silvering, ragged edge, weight 9.91 g, maximum diameter 28.2 mm, die axis 180o, Carthage (near Tunis, Tunisia) mint, 299 - 303 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, head laureate right, large head; reverse SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART (Blessed Carthage, the Salvation of the two Augusti and two Caesars), Carthago standing facing, holding up fruits in both hands, A in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
In 303, Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding the legal rights of Christians and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices. About 3,000 Christians died in the persecutions, many more were imprisoned and tortured, but most Christians avoided punishment.RB04171. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Carthago 31a, Hunter V 64, SRCV IV 12828, Cohen VI 438, Superb EF, full border centering, bold strike, attractive style, nice green patina, weight 11.100 g, maximum diameter 29.5 mm, die axis 0o, Carthage (near Tunis, Tunisia) mint, 299 - 303 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right, large head; reverse SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART (Blessed Carthage, the Salvation of the two Augusti and two Caesars), Carthago standing facing, holding up fruits in both hands, A in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
In 293, Diocletian's Palace was built on a small bay on the Dalmatian coast, four miles from Salona, today's Split, Croatia. RB11079. Billon antoninianus, Hunter IV 63 (also 5th officina), RIC V-2 306, Cohen VI 33, SRCV IV 12635, Choice EF, full silvering, nice strike with great centering, weight 4.583 g, maximum diameter 21.4 mm, die axis 0o, 5th officina, Cyzicus (Kapu Dagh, Turkey) mint, 284 - 294 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; reverse CONCORDIA MILITVM (harmony with the soldiers), Emperor (on left) and Jupiter standing confronted, Emperor in military garb, holding short scepter, Jupiter nude but for paludamentum on shoulders presenting Victory on a globe, leaning on long scepter in left hand, E in center, XXI in exergue; SOLD
In Roman religion, every man has a genius, a presiding spirit. In De Die Natali, Censorinus says, from the moment we are born, we live under the guard and tutelage of Genius. Cities, organizations, and peoples also had a genius. On coins, we find inscriptions to the Genius of the Army, of the Senate, of the Emperor, etc. The legend GENIO POPVLI ROMANI dedicates this coin to the Genius of the Roman People. Genius' image is of a man with a cloak half covering the shoulders leaving the rest of his body naked, holding a cornucopia in one hand, and a simpulum or a patera in the other.RB72653. Billon follis (large), Hunter V 111 (also 3rd officina), RIC VI Alexandria 30a, Cohen VI 101, SRCV IV 12803, Choice gVF, full circles strike, some silvering remains, weight 11.794 g, maximum diameter 28.0 mm, die axis 180o, 3rd officina, Alexandria mint, c. 300 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius standing left, kalathos on head, nude but for cloak over shoulders and left arm, pouring libations from patera in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, XXI (mark of value, 20 denarii communes = 1 follis) lower left, Γ (3rd officina) right, ALE (Alexandria) in exergue; ex Romanorum; SOLD
In late summer 285, Diocletian defended the Danube against Sarmatian raids and transferred his capital to Nicomedia (Turkey).RA71713. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 323, SRCV IV 12654, Cohen VI 146 corr. (laureate), Hunter IV 69 var. (1st officina), Choice aEF, weight 3.585 g, maximum diameter 23.6 mm, die axis 180o, 4th officina, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 285 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG, Jupiter standing right, chlamys over shoulders, globe in right hand, long scepter in left hand, facing Hercules standing left, nude, offering Victory on globe and holding wreath in right hand, club and Nemean lion's skin in left, Δ in center, XXI• in exergue; SOLD
RT85652. Bronze denarius communis, RIC VI p. 283, 27a (R2), Cohen VI 547, SRCV IV 12849, gF, well centered, a little rough, edge cracks, weight 1.422 g, maximum diameter 16.7 mm, die axis 0o, Ticinum (Pavia, Italy) mint, 294 - 295 A.D.; obverse DIOCLETI-ANVS AVG, laureate head right ; reverse VTILITAS PVBLICA, Utilitas standing facing, head left, hands in drapery; very rare denomination, reverse type and coin; SOLD
Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 May 305 A.D.
In 291, Diocletian signed peace treaties with the kingdoms of Aksum and Nubia.RA85655. Billon antoninianus, Bastien Lyon p. 172, 322 (9 spec.); Hunter IV 34; RIC V-2 28; Cohen VI 151; SRCV IV 12655 var. (eagle tipped scepter vice globe), Choice gVF, well centered and struck, attractive portrait, edge crack, earthen deposits, some light very corrosion, weight 3.679 g, maximum diameter 22.5 mm, die axis 45o, 1st officina, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, emission 7, spring 290 - 291 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, globe in right hand; reverse IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, victory on globe in right hand, leaning on long scepter in left hand, eagle at feet left, A in exergue; this type of consular bust is rare for Diocletian; very rare; SOLD
In 290, Diocletian and Maximian met in Milan, on the five-year anniversary of their rule, to discuss politics and war. Rome had become only the ceremonial capital of the Empire.RB64528. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 27; Cohen 161; Bastien VII 310 (3 examples cited), VF, weight 4.018 g, maximum diameter 22.4 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, emission 7, spring 290 - 291A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust left, spear over shoulder in right, shield in left; reverse IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders, Victory on globe in right hand, long scepter vertical behind in left, eagle at feet, P in exergue; SOLD
This reverse legend occurs only on coins of Diocletian, Maximian, and Claudius Gothicus.RA87274. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 167, Hunter IV 26, SRCV IV 12673, Cohen VI 289, F, excellent centering on a broad flan, traces of silvering, strike weak/flat in centers, small green encrustations, weight 3.758 g, maximum diameter 24.4 mm, die axis 0o, 2nd officina, Rome mint, c. 286 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right; reverse IOVI FVLGERATORI (to Jupiter the Thunderer), Jupiter standing facing, head right, naked but for cloak fluttering over left arm, right foot drawn back in act to hurl thunderbolt, which is raised up in right hand; eagle at feet on left, standing left, head right; XXIB in exergue; SOLD
Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 May 305 A.D.
Quies is the personification of rest and retirement. This coin honors the Senior Emperors Diocletian and Maximian after their abdication in 305 A.D. The obverse dedicates the coin, to our lord Maximian the happy senior emperor. The reverse translates, By the providence of the gods, the restful retirement of the Emperors.RT112569. Billon follis (large), Hunter V p. 2, 13; RIC VI Treveri p. 208, 676a; Cohen VI p. 462, 426; SRCV IV p. 121, 12928, Choice gVF, nice portrait, excellent patina, nice brown tone, flow lines, weight 9.422 g, maximum diameter 27.1 mm, die axis 0o, 1st officina, Treveri (Trier, Germany) mint, 305 - 307 A.D.; obverse D N DIOCLETIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG, laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, olive branch in right hand, mappa in left hand; reverse PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia on left standing right, extending right hand to Quies, who is standing left with branch downward in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, S - F (controls) in outer fields, PTR in exergue; from the Collection of Dr. Jüregen Buschek; SOLD
Cyzicus was one of the great cities of the ancient world. It was said to have been founded by Pelasgians from Thessaly, according to tradition at the coming of the Argonauts; later, allegedly in 756 B.C., it received many colonists from Miletus. Owing to its advantageous position it speedily acquired commercial importance, and the gold staters of Cyzicus were a staple currency in the ancient world till they were superseded by those of Philip of Macedon. The site of Cyzicus, located on the Erdek and Bandirma roads, is protected by Turkey's Ministry of Culture.RT112725. Bronze post-reform radiate, RIC VI 15a; SRCV IV 12834; Cohen VI 34; Hunter V p. 12, 82 (var. also draped), Choice EF, well centered, flow lines, weight 2.623 g, maximum diameter 22.0 mm, die axis 210o, 3rd officina Cyzicus (Kapu Dagh, Turkey) mint, 295 - 299 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right, seen from the front; reverse CONCORDIA MILITVM (harmony with the soldiers), Diocletian (on left) and Jupiter standing confronted, Diocletian standing right, laureate and wearing military garb, parazonium in left hand, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter with right hand, Jupiter standing left, nude but for paludamentum on left shoulder, leaning on long scepter in left hand, Victory in Jupiter's right hand is offering wreath to Diocletian and holding palm frond over shoulder, KΓ low in center; SOLD
In Roman religion, every man has a genius, a presiding spirit. In De Die Natali, Censorinus says, from the moment we are born, we live under the guard and tutelage of Genius. Cities, organizations, and peoples also had a genius. On coins, we find inscriptions to the Genius of the Army, of the Senate, of the Emperor, etc. The legend GENIO POPVLI ROMANI dedicates this coin to the Genius of the Roman People. Genius' image is of a man with a cloak half covering the shoulders leaving the rest of his body naked, holding a cornucopia in one hand, and a simpulum or a patera in the other.RB93346. Billon follis (large), Hunter V 22 (also 1st officina), RIC VI Ticinum 31a, SRCV IV 12772, Cohen VI 101,, Choice aEF, much silvering, well centered, flow lines, tiny edge split, weight 8.563 g, maximum diameter 28.0 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Ticinum (Pavia, Italy) mint, c. 296 - 297 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius standing half left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders and left arm, kalathos on head, patera in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, star lower left, PT in exergue; from the Errett Bishop Collection; SOLD
The Christian martyr Quirinus of Sescia, presumed the first bishop of the Diocese of Sescia (Siscia), was tortured and nearly killed during Diocletian's persecution of Christians. Legend has it that they tied him to a millstone and threw him into a river, but he freed himself from the weight, escaped and continued to preach his faith. Today he is the patron saint of Sisak. When Diocletian split Pannonia into four provinces, Siscia became the capital of Pannonia Savia, the southwestern one, for which Siscia contained the treasury; at the same time it was the station of the small fleet kept on the Savus. Siscia maintained its importance until Sirmium began to rise, for in proportion as Sirmium rose, Siscia sank and declined.RA71665. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 270; Cohen VI 259; cf. SRCV IV 12669 (Lugdunum), Choice EF, near perfect centering, sharp detail, much silvering remaining, weight 3.638 g, maximum diameter 22.2 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Siscia (Sisak, Croatia) mint, 287 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse IOVI CONSERVATORI (to Jupiter the protector), Jupiter standing left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders, thunderbolt in right hand, long scepter vertical behind in left hand, A in left field, XXI in exergue; SOLD
The obverse dedicates the coin, "to our lord Diocletian the most pious and fortunate senior emperor." Quies is the personification of rest and retirement and this reverse is dedicated to the rest and retirement of Diocletian and Maximian after their abdication in 305 A.D.RL74446. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Londinium 98, Cohen VI 428, SRCV IV 12955, gVF, well centered, light corrosion primarily on the reverse, weight 8.304 g, maximum diameter 26.6 mm, die axis 180o, Londinium (London) mint, 3rd emission, 307 A.D.; obverse D N DIOCLETIANO P F S AVG, laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, olive branch in right hand, mappa in left hand; reverse QVIES AVGG, Quies standing half left, branch downward in right hand, long scepter in left hand, PLN in exergue; ex William B. Porter Collection; SOLD
In 290, Diocletian and Maximian met in Milan, on the five-year anniversary of their rule, to discuss politics and war. Rome had become only the ceremonial capital of the Empire.RA67092. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 28; Bastien VII 317 (16 examples cited), gVF, near full silvering, weight 3.663 g, maximum diameter 22.5 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 7th Issue, spring 290 - 291 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate, helmeted and cuirassed bust right; reverse IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, nude but for cloak over shoulders, Victory on globe in right hand, long scepter vertical behind in left, eagle left at feet on left, A in exergue; SOLD
In 301 A.D., Diocletian issued his Edict on Maximum Prices in an attempt to curb inflation.RB37967. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Roma 100a, gVF, nice portrait, minor roughness, weight 11.595 g, maximum diameter 27.5 mm, die axis 0o, Rome mint, 300 - 301 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta standing left, scales in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, P and thunderbolt in exergue; scarce; SOLD
Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 May 305 A.D., Roman Provincial Egypt
In 292, General Achilleus was proclaimed emperor in Alexandria. For two years he ruled Egypt. Achilleus did not strike coins in his own name but issued coins in the names of Diocletian, Maximianus, Constantius I, and Galerius. In 294, Diocletian accompanied by the young Constantine I (later the first Christian Emperor) traveled to Egypt, besieged Alexandria, and deposed the pretender.RX57425. Billon tetradrachm, Milne 5093; Dattari 5804; Kampmann 119.85; Geissen 3260 var. (1st officina); BMC p. 327, 2536 var. (no officina); SNG Cop 1008; Emmett 4037, gVF, weight 6.218 g, maximum diameter 19.6 mm, die axis 0o, 4th officina, Alexandria mint, 29 Aug 292 - 28 Aug 293 A.D.; obverse ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB, laureate and cuirassed bust right; reverse ENATOV L (year 9), eagle standing left, head turned back right, wings closed, wreath in beak, Δ (4th officina) in exergue; SOLD
RB27303. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 239, EF, sharp portrait, flat areas, weight 3.143 g, maximum diameter 22.3 mm, die axis 180o, Ticinum (Pavia, Italy) mint, obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse MARS VICTOR (Mars the Victor), Mars advancing right, nude but for crested helmet and cloak tied in belt at waist and flying behind, transverse spear in right hand, trophy of captured arms over left shoulder in left hand, VIXXIT in exergue; SOLD
This type and mintmark spanned two issues at Thessalonica. The first issue, RIC VI Thessalonica 17a, was struck c. 296 - 297, by the 1st through 5th officinae. The second issue, RIC VI Thessalonica 19a, was struck c. 297 - 298, by the 1st through 6th officinae. Both issues weighed 9.5-10.75 grams. They are distinguished by the head size, with 19a having a larger head. The next issue, RIC VI Thessalonica 23a, which is rare, was struck with a pellet before and after the mint mark and officina number.RT77053. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Heraclea 19a, SRCV IV 12787, Cohen VI 106, Hunter V 73 var. (4th officina, larger head), VF, well centered, weight 8.239 g, maximum diameter 27.0 mm, die axis 0o, 3rd officina, Heraclea (Marmara Ereglisi, Turkey) mint, 297 - 298 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right, larger head; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius standing slightly left, head left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders and left arm, kalathos on head, pouring libations from patera in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, HTΓ in exergue; SOLD
RA67091. Billon antoninianus, Bastien VII 401 (3 examples cited), RIC V, Part II, 89; Cohen 445, gVF/F, worn reverse die, weight 3.681 g, maximum diameter 23.8 mm, die axis 180o, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 7th issue, spring 290 - 291 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, globe in right; reverse SALVS AVGG (the health of the two emperors), Salus standing right, feeding snake from patera, C in exergue; a rare bust type for Diocletian; rare (R3); SOLD
On 1 March 293, Diocletian and Maximian appointed Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the Quattuor Principes Mundi ("Four Rulers of the World"). The four Tetrarchs established their capitals close to the Roman frontiers:
- Nicomedia (northwestern Asia Minor) became capital for Diocletian
- Mediolanum (Milan, near the Alps) became the capital for Maximian
- Augusta Treverorum (Trier, in Germany) became the capital for Constantius Chlorus
- Sirmium (Serbia, on the Danube border) became the capital for Galerius
BB71758. Billon antoninianus, Hunter IV 61 (also 1st officina); RIC V-2 306; Cohen VI 33; SRCV IV 12635, Choice EF, weight 3.687 g, maximum diameter 20.7 mm, die axis 225o, 1st officina, Cyzicus (Kapu Dagh, Turkey) mint, 285 - 293 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; reverse CONCORDIA MILITVM (harmony with the soldiers), Diocletian standing right, receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left, holding long scepter behind in left, A in center, XXI• in exergue; SOLD
A sum of Greek numerals E (5) and Δ (4) is used to indicate the 9th officina in order to avoid using Θ (9). Because they sound alike, theta (Θ) was associated with Thanatos, the daemon personification of death. Theta was used as a warning symbol of death, in the same way that skull and crossbones are used in modern times. It survives on potsherds used by Athenians voting for the death penalty. Also, after a funeral "Nine Days of Sorrow," were solemnly observed by the family. Romans avoided the use of theta, as we avoid the use of the number 13 today.RA73872. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 322; Cohen VI 34; SRCV IV 12637, Choice gVF, nice portrait, bold full circles strike, green patina, some silvering, weight 4.317 g, maximum diameter 22.3 mm, die axis 0o, 9th officina Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 293 - 295 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse CONCORDIA MILITVM (harmony with the soldiers), Diocletian receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter, ΕΔ (officina 9) center bottom, •XXI in exergue; SOLD
Juno was the chief female divinity in the Roman pantheon. She was the wife of Jupiter and a member of the Capitoline Triad. She had many different aspects, such as Juno Regina, Juno Sospita, and Juno Lucina, but here she is depicted as Juno Moneta, holding the scales symbolic of equity and a cornucopia indicating plenty. This surname was given to Juno because she counseled the Romans to undertake only just wars in which case she promised that they would never be in want of money. The first mint in Rome was within the temple of Juno Moneta. In 301 A.D., Diocletian issued his Edict on Maximum Prices in an attempt to curb inflation.RB04172. Billon follis (large), Hunter V 26 (also 2nd officina), RIC VI Ticinum 45a, Cohen VI 101, SRCV IV 12772, superb EF, near black patina, exceptional bold strike, weight 10.38 g, maximum diameter 27.3 mm, die axis 0o, 2nd officina, Ticinum (Pavia, Italy) mint, c. 300 - 303 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR (the sacred money of our two emperors and two princes), Moneta standing slightly left, head left, scales in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, ST• in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
In 288, Diocletian conducted a military campaign in Raetia (Switzerland).RB04164. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 239; SRCV IV 12675, Cohen VI 297, Hunter IV 32, Bastien 143, aUNC, weight 3.52 g, maximum diameter 22.3 mm, die axis 0o, 1st officina, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 287 - 289 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; reverse IOVI TVTATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, Victory on globe in right hand, long scepter vertical behind in left hand, eagle left at feet on left, P in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
The reverse legend translates "Jupiter the Protector of the Emperors." Jupiter or Jove, Zeus to the Greeks, was the king of the gods and god of the sky and thunder, and of laws and social order. As the patron deity of ancient Rome, he was the chief god of the Capitoline Triad, with his sister and wife Juno. The father of Mars, he was therefore the grandfather of Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome. RA65432. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 54 (S); Cohen VI 295; Hunter IV 32 var. (obverse legend and bust); SRCV IV 12675 var. (same), gVF, some silvering, weight 3.719 g, maximum diameter 21.3 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 289 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust left, spear in right over shoulder, shield in left; reverse IOVI TVTATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, Victory on globe in right hand, long scepter vertical behind in left, eagle left at feet on left, P in exergue; scarce with this bust; SOLD
In 303, Diocletian launched the last major persecution of Christians in the Empire. They were forbidden to worship in groups, and thousands of Christians were killed during the next 10 years.RB67093. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Londinium 28a, Cohen VI 87, cf. SRCV IV 12760 (301 - 303 A.D. issue with longer necked bust), Hunter V -, aEF, well centered and struck, near full silvering, edge a little ragged, weight 10.565 g, maximum diameter 29.0 mm, die axis 225o, Londinium (London, England) mint, c. 303 - 305 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust right; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius standing left, kalathos on head, nude but for chlamys over shoulders and left arm, patera in right hand, cornucopia in left hand; SOLD
A sum of Greek numerals E (5) and Δ (4) is used to indicate the 9th officina in order to avoid using Θ (9). Because they sound alike, theta (Θ) was associated with Thanatos, the daemon personification of death. Theta was used as a warning symbol of death, in the same way that skull and crossbones are used in modern times. It survives on potsherds used by Athenians voting for the death penalty. Also, after a funeral "Nine Days of Sorrow," were solemnly observed by the family. Romans avoided the use of theta, as we avoid the use of the number 13 today.RB71730. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 322; SRCV IV 12637; Cohen VI 34; Hunter IV 67 var. (10th officina), EF, perfect centering, excellent portrait, weight 4.274 g, maximum diameter 21.9 mm, die axis 0o, 9th officina, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 293 - 295 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse CONCORDIA MILITVM (harmony with the soldiers), Diocletian (on left) standing right, holding parazonium in his left hand, receiving Victory holding a wreath and standing on a globe from Jupiter, who is standing left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders, holding a long scepter vertically behind in his left hand, ΕΔ (officina 9) in center above exergue line, XXI in exergue; SOLD
Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 May 305 A.D., Roman Provincial Egypt
On 1 March 293, Diocletian and Maximian appointed Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the Quattuor Principes Mundi ("Four Rulers of the World"). The four Tetrarchs established their capitals close to the Roman frontiers:
- Nicomedia (northwestern Asia Minor) became capital for Diocletian
- Mediolanum (Milan, near the Alps) became the capital for Maximian
- Augusta Treverorum (Trier, in Germany) became the capital for Constantius Chlorus
- Sirmium (Serbia, on the Danube border) became the capital for Galerius
RP89901. Billon tetradrachm, Geissen 3264; Dattari 5787; BMC Alexandria p. 327, 2541; Milne 5065; Curtis 2034; Kampmann 119.84; Emmett 4084.9 (R2), Choice gVF, well centered, dark toning, obverse legend a bit blundered, weight 8.228 g, maximum diameter 19.7 mm, die axis 0o, Alexandria mint, 29 Aug 292 - 28 Aug 293 A.D.; obverse ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB, laureate and cuirassed bust right, from the front; reverse ENA/TOY / L (year 9) in three lines within a wreath, A in exergue; SOLD
"This reverse is modeled after the famous statue of the Spirit of the Roman People in the Roman Forum. It is unclear when this statue was last seen as it is now lost. Although the coins celebrate a wide range of spirits (e.g., Rome, Augustus, the Army, etc.), the basic design comes from the same statue...The act of pouring the libation to the emperor illustrates what the Christians were required to do in order not to be persecuted." -- Roman Bronze Coins From Paganism to Christianity 294-364 A.D. by Victor FailmezgerRB93349. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Thessalonica 25a, Cohen VI 106, SRCV IV 12785, Hunter V -, Choice VF, well centered, nice green patina with light earthen highlighting, weight 10.251 g, maximum diameter 27.1 mm, die axis 330o, 3rd officina, Thessalonica (Salonika, Greece) mint, 302 - 303 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius standing slightly left, head left, kalathos on head, naked except chlamys over shoulders, pouring libations from patera in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, Γ in right field, •TS• exergue; from the Errett Bishop Collection; SOLD
Diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and marks the end of the Crisis of the Third Century. Diocletian secured the empire's borders and purged it of all threats to his power. He defeated the Sarmatians and Carpi during several campaigns between 285 and 299, the Alamanni in 288, and usurpers in Egypt between 297 and 298.RL98423. Billon antoninianus, Bastien 442 (1 spec.), RIC V-2 14C corr. (draped only, 2nd officina only), Cohen VI -, Hunter IV -, SRCV IV -, Choice VF, well centered, flow lines, traces of silvering, weight 3.296 g, maximum diameter 22.3 mm, die axis 0o, 3rd officina Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, emission 8, 292 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from the front; reverse COMES AVGG (companion of the Emperors), Minerva standing half left, head left, wearing crested helmet, spear (or scepter?) vertical in right hand, resting left hand on grounded oval shield, C in exergue; first specimen of this type handled by Forum; rare officina; SOLD
Juno was the chief female divinity in the Roman pantheon. She was the wife of Jupiter and a member of the Capitoline Triad. She had many different aspects, such as Juno Regina, Juno Sospita, and Juno Lucina, but here she is depicted as Juno Moneta, holding the scales symbolic of equity and a cornucopia indicating plenty. This surname was given to Juno because she counseled the Romans to undertake only just wars in which case she promised that they would never be in want of money. The first mint in Rome was within the temple of Juno Moneta.RB04169. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Roma 98a, Choice EF, weight 9.4 g, maximum diameter 27.1 mm, die axis 0o, Rome mint, 300 - 301 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Aequitas standing slightly left, head left, scales in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, P thunderbolt in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
RB04163. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 34, EF, weight 3.45 g, maximum diameter 22.3 mm, die axis 0o, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 292 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right; reverse IOVI AVGG, Jupiter seated left holding Victory on globe in right hand, scepter in left hand, N in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
Aquileia was founded by the Romans as a Latin colony in 181 B.C. in the north-eastern corner of the plain of the Po at the northern end of the Adriatic. It grew to become one of the largest and wealthiest cities of the Roman Empire. After the city was destroyed by Attila the Hun in A.D. 453, the survivors clustered in a drastically reduced settlement around the Basilica, which is the origin of the small present-day town. Most of the ancient city lies unexcavated beneath the surrounding fields.RB54373. Billon follis (large), Paolucci-Zub 13 (also with divided rev. leg.), RIC VI Aquileia 29a, VF, weight 8.418 g, maximum diameter 26.2 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Aquileia (Italy) mint, 300 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR (the sacred money of our two emperors and two princes), Moneta standing left, scales in right and cornucopia in left hand, AQP in exergue; nearly full and unusually heavy silvering; SOLD
In theory, the Roman Empire was not divided by the dual imperium of Diocletian and Maximian. Each emperor had his own court, army, and official residences, but these were matters of practicality, not substance. Imperial propaganda insisted on a singular and indivisible Rome, a patrimonium indivisum. Legal rulings were given and imperial celebrations took place in both emperors' names, and the same coins were issued in both parts of the empire. Diocletian sometimes issued commands to Maximian's province of Africa; Maximian could presumably have done the same for Diocletian's territory.RA71999. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 322; SRCV IV 12637; Cohen VI 34; Hunter IV 67 var. (also 10th officina, but no pellet in exergue), aEF, well centered, good strike, some silvering, a few light marks, light deposits and porosity, weight 3.741 g, maximum diameter 21.8 mm, die axis 315o, 10th officina, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, c. 293 - 295 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, from the front; reverse CONCORDIA MILITVM (harmony with the soldiers), Diocletian (on left) standing right, holding parazonium in his left hand, receiving Victory holding a wreath and standing on a globe from Jupiter, who is standing left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders, holding a long scepter vertically behind in his left hand, I in center, •XXI in exergue; SOLD
Diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and marks the end of the Crisis of the Third Century. Diocletian secured the empire's borders and purged it of all threats to his power. He defeated the Sarmatians and Carpi during several campaigns between 285 and 299, the Alamanni in 288, and usurpers in Egypt between 297 and 298.RL98411. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 9C (S), Bastien 599 (6 spec.), SRCV IV 12622, Hunter IV - (clxxviii), Cohen VI -, gVF, silvering, small edge splits, weight 4.235 g, maximum diameter 22.2 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, emission 12, 2nd series, 294 A.D.; obverse DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; reverse ABVNDANT AVGG (abundance of two emperors), Abundantia standing half right, head right, emptying cornucopia held in both hands, A in exergue; first specimen of this type handled by Forum; scarce; SOLD
In 303, Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding the legal rights of Christians and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices. About 3,000 Christians died in the persecutions, many more were imprisoned and tortured, but most Christians avoided punishment.RB93347. Billon follis (large), Hunter V 50 (also 1st officina), RIC VI Roma 111a, Cohen VI 434, SRCV IV 12814, Choice gVF, excellent centering, some silvering, weight 9.939 g, maximum diameter 27.0 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Rome mint, 303 - 305 A.D.; obverse IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta standing left, scales in right and cornucopia in left hand, R crescent P in exergue; from the Errett Bishop Collection; SOLD
In Roman religion, every man has a genius, a presiding spirit. In De Die Natali, Censorinus says, from the moment we are born, we live under the guard and tutelage of Genius. Cities, organizations, and peoples also had a genius. On coins, we find inscriptions to the Genius of the Army, of the Senate, of the Emperor, etc. The legend GENIO POPVLI ROMANI dedicates this coin to the Genius of the Roman People. Genius' image is of a man with a cloak half covering the shoulders leaving the rest of his body naked, holding a cornucopia in one hand, and a simpulum or a patera in the other.RB93171. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Treveri 576a, Cohen VI 111, SRCV IV 12763, Hunter V -, Choice aEF, well centered, nice portrait, minor encrustations, weight 8.471 g, maximum diameter 27.7 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Treveri (Trier, Germany) mint, c. 303 - 1 May 305 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust right; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius standing half left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders and left arm, kalathos on head, pouring libations from patera in right hand, cornucopia in left hand, S - F across field, PTR in exergue; from the Errett Bishop Collection; SOLD
Gold plated, perhaps with bad intent to pass as a gold coin, or perhaps for a presentation or gift. A gold plated bronze medallion was struck in 287 A.D. to commemorate the co-consulship of Diocletian and Maximian. Although unlikely, perhaps this radiate was plated later for some lesser presentation. Or perhaps it was plated to be given as a gift in ancient times or more recently. Old coins were sometime gold plated to serve as a marriage treizain, a medal blessed and exchanged by couples on the day of their marriage. This custom lasted until the 19th century.RB99092. Copper post-reform radiate, Hunter V 82 (also 3rd officina), RIC VI Cyzicus 16a, SRCV IV 12834, Cohen VI 34, gF, remnants of gold plating, corrosion, scratches, weight 2.622 g, maximum diameter 20.0 mm, die axis 0o, 3rd officina, Cyzicus (Kapu Dagh, Turkey) mint, c. 295 - 299 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from the front; reverse CONCORDIA MILITVM (harmony with the soldiers), Diocletian on right, standing left, holding parazonium, receiving Victory on globe and offering wreath, from Jupiter on right, standing left, holding spear, KΓ in center; SOLD
Quies is the personification of rest and retirement. This coin honors the Senior Emperors Diocletian and Maximian after their abdication in 305 A.D. The obverse dedicates the coin, "to our lord Diocletian the most happy senior emperor." The reverse translates, "By the providence of the gods, the restful retirement of the Emperors."RB04182. Billon follis (large), RIC VI Antiochia 76a (R2); Cohen VI 425; SRCV IV 12945, Choice VF, weight 11.190 g, maximum diameter 28.8 mm, die axis 0o, 1st officina, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, issued after abdication, c. Dec - 25 Jul 306 A.D.; obverse D N DIOCLETIANO BAEATISSIMO SEN AVG, laureate bust right in consular robe holding olive branch in right and mappa in left; reverse PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia standing right extending right hand to Quies standing left holding branch in right and leaning on scepter with left, A in center, ANT in exergue; from the Aiello Collection; SOLD
In 303, Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding the legal rights of Christians and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices. About 3,000 Christians died in the persecutions, many more were imprisoned and tortured, but most Christians avoided punishment. The act of pouring the libation to the emperor, as seen on the reverse, illustrates what the Christians were required to do in order not to be persecuted.RB16898. Billon follis (large), RIC VI 108a, Bastien XI 316, EF, weight 9.327 g, maximum diameter 28.3 mm, die axis 0o, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 302 - 304 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust right; reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (to the guardian spirit of the Roman People), Genius, naked but for chlamys, kalathos on head, standing left, pouring libations from patera over altar, cornucopia in left hand, A right, PLC in exergue; SOLD
In 290, Diocletian and Maximian met in Milan, on the five-year anniversary of their rule, to discuss politics and war. Rome had become only the ceremonial capital of the Empire.RB43294. Billon antoninianus, Bastien 365; Cohen VI 366; RIC V-2 67; SRCV IV 12687, EF, full silvering, weight 4.147 g, maximum diameter 22.2 mm, die axis 180o, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, 290 A.D.; obverse IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right; reverse PAX AVGG (the peace of the two emperors), Pax standing left, Victory on globe in right hand, long scepter transverse in left, B? in ex; rare; SOLD
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