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Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Medieval & Modern Coins| ▸ |France||View Options:  |  |  |   

Coins of France

During the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. Rome annexed the area in 51 B.C., holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476, who formed the Kingdom of Francia. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. West Francia, which became the Kingdom of France in 987, emerged as a major European power in the Middle Ages under King Philip Augustus. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established, which by the 20th century would become the second largest in the world. The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). France became Europe's dominant cultural, political, and military power in the 17th century under Louis XIV. In the late 18th century, the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy, establishing one of modern history's earliest republics and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day. In the 19th century, Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire. His subsequent Napoleonic Wars (1803?15) shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. France was a major participant in World War I, from which it emerged victorious, and was one of the Allies in World War II, but came under occupation by the Axis powers in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains today. Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s, with most retaining close economic and military connections with France.

Anglo-Gallic, Henry VI de Lancastre, King of France and England, 1422 - 1453, The Annunciation

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Henry| |VI| |de| |Lancastre,| |King| |of| |France| |and| |England,| |1422| |-| |1453,| |The| |Annunciation||Salut| |D'or|
The obverse depicts the Annunciation, the announcement by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that she would be the mother of Jesus, the Son of God, marking his Incarnation.

This coin was struck at Dijon, a rare mint for the issue, which was minted in nine cities across France.

In 1422, the year old king of England inherited the French throne from his mad grandfather Charles VI of France; the iconography of this type represents the unification of the two nations. Ten years later Joan of Arc would make an appearance which would eventually loosen the English grip on France until by 1436 only Normandy and part of Maine remained in Henry's control.
SH79998. Gold Salut D'or, Schneider 102, Elias 268c, Duplessy 443, Lafaurie 447, gVF, weight 3.468 g, maximum diameter 27.4 mm, die axis 0o, Dijon mint, 2nd issue, 6 Sep 1423 - 1436; obverse vernicle, hENRICVS: DEI: GRA: FRACORV: AGLI: REX (Henry, by the grace of God, King of the Franks and English), double saltire stops, Virgin Mary, behind Arms of France, facing Angel Gabriel in profile left behind quartered Arms of France and England, light of God above AVE downward on scroll between them, within beaded circle; reverse vernicle, XPC'*VIHCIT'*XPC'*REGNAT'*XPC'*ImPERAT'* (Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ commands), mullet stops, central Latin cross, fleur de lis to left, lion to right, h below, all within tressure of ten arcs, fleur de lis on cusps, all within linear and beaded circle; this is a legend variety where Z is absent after FRACORV; very rare; SOLD


France, Charles V the Wise, 1364 - 1380

|France|, |France,| |Charles| |V| |the| |Wise,| |1364| |-| |1380||franc| |à| |pied|
As a young prince, Charles V the Wise received the province of Dauphiné to rule; thereafter, all heirs apparent of France bore the title of Dauphin until coronation. Charles became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers. The nobility rebelled after he raised taxes to pay the ransom. Charles overcame the rebellions, but to liberate his father, he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to England and promised a huge ransom. After Charles became king, his skillful management allowed him to replenish the treasury and restore the prestige of the House of Valois. He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages, which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who plundered the country when not employed. The French Army turned the tide of the Hundred Years' War, reconquering almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360. He was succeeded by his son Charles VI the Mad, whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France.

On April 20, 1365, it was decreed in the name of the king Charles V the manufacture of the new gold francs known as francs à pied (franc on foot) with the value of twenty sols tournois (one livre tournois). This coin, lighter than the franc à cheval (franc on horseback), weighed 3.824 grams and was struck to the standard of 64 pieces to the gold mark.
SH84617. Gold franc à pied, Duplessy 360, Ciani 457, Lafaurie 371, Friedberg 284, aEF, excellent centering, die wear, bumps and scratches, weight 3.823 g, maximum diameter 28.9 mm, die axis 270o, no date, after 20 April 1365; obverse + KAROLVS x DI x GR - FRAnCORV x REX (Charles, by the grace of God, king of the Franks), crowned king standing facing under Gothic dais, wearing a coat of arms fleur-de-lis over coat of mail, sword in right hand, hand of justice scepter in left hand, pattern of small fleurs-de-lis in fields; reverse + XPC * VInCIT * XPC * REGnAT * XPC * IMPERAT (Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ commands), cross fleurée quatrilobe at center, fleur-de-lis in 1st and 4th quarters, crown in 2nd and 3rd quarters, all within quadrilobe, fleurs-de-lis in spandrels; SOLD


France, Charles IX, 1560 - 1574

|France|, |France,| |Charles| |IX,| |1560| |-| |1574||ecu| |d'or|
Charles IX ascended the throne of France upon the death of his brother Francis II. After decades of tension, war broke out between Protestants and Catholics after the massacre of Vassy in 1562. In 1572, after several unsuccessful peace attempts, Charles ordered the marriage of his sister Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre, a major Protestant nobleman and the future King Henry IV of France, in a last desperate bid to reconcile his people. Facing popular hostility against this policy of appeasement, Charles allowed the massacre of all Huguenot leaders who gathered in Paris for the royal wedding at the instigation of his mother Catherine de' Medici. This event, known as the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, was a significant blow to the Huguenot movement. Religious civil warfare soon began anew. Charles ordered the Siege of La Rochelle, but was unable to take the Protestant stronghold. Charles died of tuberculosis without legitimate male issue in 1574 and was succeeded by his brother Henry III.
SH96064. Gold ecu d'or, Duplessy 1057 var. (legends), Ciani 1343 var. (same), Friedberg 378 var. (same), Lafaurie 890 var. (same), Choice EF, double struck, weight 3.353 g, maximum diameter 25.3 mm, die axis 0o, Limoges mint, 1567; obverse (sun) CAROLVS:VIIII:D:G:FRANCO:REX: (Charles IX, by the Grace of God, King of France), crowned coat of arms (three fleur de lis); reverse + CRISTVS: REGNAT: VINGIT•ET•IMPE• (pellets under first G and N, floral ornament at end = mint master Jean Dubois), cross fleurée, I (mintmark) in lozenge at the center, arms ending in lis; ex Karl Stephens Inc. (Temple City, CA); this is the only example of this extremely rare variant known to FORVM; very rare; SOLD


France, Louis XVI, 10 May 1774 - 4 September 1791 A.D.

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XVI,| |10| |May| |1774| |-| |4| |September| |1791| |A.D.||louis| |d'or|
Louis XVI, born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France and Navarre before the French Revolution; during which he was also known as Louis Capet. In 1765, at the death of his father, Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir apparent of Louis XV of France, Louis-Auguste became the new Dauphin. Upon his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, he became King of France and Navarre, which he remained until 4 September 1791, when he received the title of King of the French until his suspension on 10 August 1792. Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 January 1793.

The Louis d'or (20 francs) under Louis XVI was minted between 1785 and 1792 and had a dimension of 23 mm, and a weight of 7.6490 g, a fineness of 0.917, and gold content of 0.2255 troy oz.
SH84615. Gold louis d'or, Duplessy 1707, Ciani 2183, Gadoury 361, SCWC KM 591.5, Friedberg 475, Choice EF, mint luster, light marks, weight 7.663 g, maximum diameter 24.3 mm, die axis 180o, Lyon mint, 1786, 1st issue; obverse LUD. XVI. D. G. FR. - ET NAV. REX (LVDOVICVS XIII DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRAE REX "Louis XIII by the grace of God king of France and of Navarre"), head of Louis XVI left, DUVIV (engraver B. Duvivier) on truncation, bee (sign of the mintmaster Jean-Claude Gabet) below; reverse CHRS. REGN. VINC. IMPER 1786 (CHRISTVS REGNAT VINCIT IMPERAT "Christ reigns, conquers and commands"), crowned arms of France and Navarre, D (Lyon mintmark) below, eagle head left (symbol of engraver Jean Humbert Bernavon) before date; SOLD


France, Louis XVI, 10 May 1774 - 4 September 1791 A.D.

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XVI,| |10| |May| |1774| |-| |4| |September| |1791| |A.D.||louis| |d'or|
Louis XVI, born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France and Navarre before the French Revolution; during which he was also known as Louis Capet. In 1765, at the death of his father, Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir apparent of Louis XV of France, Louis-Auguste became the new Dauphin. Upon his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, he became King of France and Navarre, which he remained until 4 September 1791, when he received the title of King of the French until his suspension on 10 August 1792. Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 January 1793.

The Louis d'or (20 francs) under Louis XVI was minted between 1785 and 1792 and had a dimension of 23 mm, and a weight of 7.6490 g, a fineness of 0.917, and gold content of 0.2255 troy oz.
SH85376. Gold louis d'or, Duplessy 1707, Ciani 2183, Gadoury 361, SCWC KM 591.1, Friedberg 475, gVF, luster, light marks and scratches, flan adjustment marks on reverse, weight 7.564 g, maximum diameter 23.6 mm, die axis 180o, Paris mint, 1786; obverse LUD. XVI. D. G. FR. - ET NAV. REX (LVDOVICVS XIII DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRAE REX - Louis XIII by the grace of God king of France and of Navarre), head of Louis XVI left, DUVIV (engraver B. Duvivier) on truncation, heron standing left (sign of the mintmaster Jean Dupeyron de la Cosre) below; reverse CHRS. REGN. VINC. IMPER 1786 (CHRISTVS REGNAT VINCIT IMPERAT - Christ reigns, conquers and commands), crowned arms of France and Navarre, A (Paris mintmark) below, lyre (symbol of mint official F. Bernier) before date; SOLD


France, Charles X, Cardinal of Bourbon, 1589 - 1590

|France|, |France,| |Charles| |X,| |Cardinal| |of| |Bourbon,| |1589| |-| |1590||ecu| |d'or|
A French cardinal, the Catholic League considered him the rightful King of France after the death of Henry III of France in 1589. His claim was recognized as part of the secret Treaty of Joinville concluded between Philip II of Spain and the League. Henry III had Charles imprisoned in the castle of Blois on December 23 1588. He was transferred from one castle to another, presumably to prevent escape, until his death in May 1590.
SH94150. Gold ecu d'or, Duplessy 1172, Ciani 1481, Lafaurie 1015, Friedberg 389, gVF, tight flan, light marks, double strike, small edge cracks, weight 3.294 g, maximum diameter 24.3 mm, die axis 135o, Paris mint, 1593 A; obverse CAROLVS•X•D•G•FRANCOR•REX (mm: arrowhead) 1593 (Charles X, by the grace of God, king of the Franks), legend divided by sun at the top, crowned arms of France (three lis), A below; reverse + CHRISTVS•REGNAT•VINCIT:ET•IMPERAT (Christ reigns, conquers, and commands), cross fleurée, quadrilobe flower at the center, arms ending in lis; very rare; SOLD


France, Louis XII, 8 April 1498 - 31 December 1514

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XII,| |8| |April| |1498| |-| |31| |December| |1514||Ecu|
To marry Anne of Brittany and absorb Brittany into France, Louis claimed his wife Joan of France was physically malformed and unable to consummate the marriage. Joan produced witnesses to Louis' boast of having "mounted my wife three or four times during the night." In a decision predetermined by politics, the marriage was annulled. After Anne died, Louis married Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII, King of England. Louis had no living sons; he was desperate to produce an heir. He died less than three months after he married Mary, reputedly worn out by bedchamber exertions.
SL54549. Gold Ecu, Duplessy 647, NGC XF 40, Saint Lô mint, obverse crown, LVDOVICVS : DEI : GRA : FRANCORVM : REX, crowned arms of France, sun above, pellet mint mark at 19th position on inner border; reverse crown, XPS : VINCIT : XPS : REGNAT : XPS : IMPERAT, cross fleurée (arms ending in lis) with pellet inside quatrafoil in the center, pellet mint mark at 19th position on inner border; SOLD


France, Consulat, Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul, 1799 - 1804

|France|, |France,| |Consulat,| |Napoleon| |Bonaparte,| |First| |Consul,| |1799| |-| |1804||40| |Francs|
On November 10, 1799, Napoleon led a bloodless coup forcing the Directors to resign and abolish the constitution that established the French Directorate. Under the new constitution, the real power was held by the First Consul, Napoleon himself. While not declaring himself sole ruler, it was in reality a military dictatorship. The unpretentious bare-headed depiction of Napoleon on this coin seems to be modeled on the bare-headed depictions of Octavian struck after he had crushed his opponents at the Battle of Actium. Just as Octavian would soon become Augustus, Napoleon would soon become Emperor. Napoleon would rule as Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days.
WO95137. Gold 40 Francs, Gadoury 1080 (variety: XIA without olive), SCWC KM 652, Friedberg 479, aEF, light contact marks; 0.900 fine gold; edge lettering: * DIEU PROTEGE LA FRANCE (God protects France), weight 12.860 g, maximum diameter 25.9 mm, die axis 180o, Paris mint, 18 Apr 1803 - 1804 A.D.; obverse BONAPARTE PREMIER CONSUL., bare head left, mint masters mark (Tiolier) below; reverse REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE. (clockwise above); .rooster. AN IX. .A. (counterclockwise below), 40 FRANCS., in wreath tied at the bottom with a ribbon; SOLD


France, King Louis Philippe, 1830 - 1848

|France|, |France,| |King| |Louis| |Philippe,| |1830| |-| |1848||40| |Francs|
Louis Philippe I was King from 1830 to 1848. As Duke of Chartres he distinguished himself during the Revolution but broke with the Republic over the execution of King Louis XVI. He fled to Switzerland in 1793 after being connected with a plot to restore the monarchy. He remained in exile for 21 years. He was proclaimed king after his cousin Charles X was forced to abdicate. He was dominated by wealthy industrialists and bankers and followed conservative policies. He promoted friendship with Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, including French conquest of Algeria. His popularity faded as the economy deteriorated in 1847. He was forced to abdicate by the French Revolution of 1848. He lived out his life in exile in the UK.
SH94140. Gold 40 Francs, SCWC KM 747.1, Friedberg 557, EF, bumps and marks, edge lettering: DIEU PROTEGE LA FRANCE (God protects France), weight 12.840 g, maximum diameter 26.1 mm, die axis 180o, Paris mint, 1834; obverse LOUIS PHILIPPE I ROI DES FRANCAIS, head left wearing oak wreath, small DOMARD. F (engraver) below; reverse 40 FRANCS 1834 (in 3 lines) within wreath comprised of an olive branch on the right, a laurel branch on the left, tiny anchor lower left, tiny star below, tiny a lower right; SOLD


France, Louis XIV the Sun King, 1643 - 1715

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XIV| |the| |Sun| |King,| |1643| |-| |1715||demi| |ecu| |de| |Flandre|
Under Louis XIV, the Sun King, France reached the apogee of its power. His reign began at age four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days; one of the longest of any European monarch. He fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Louis converted a hunting lodge into the spectacular Palace of Versailles, and by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish palace, he pacified the aristocracy and eliminated the remnants of feudalism. He consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.
WO95140. Silver demi ecu de Flandre, Duplessy 1510, Gadoury 182 (1686IL), Ciani 1885, SCWC KM 262.2, aVF, dark toning, scratches, small edge flaw on reverse; edge lettering: DOMINE SALVUM FAC REGEM CHRISTIANISSIMVM (Lord, save our most Christian king), weight 18.319 g, maximum diameter 36.7 mm, die axis 180o, Lille mint, 1686; obverse LVD•XIIII•D•G (sun) FR ET•NAV REX (Louis XIV, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre), draped bust right, wearing large long wig; reverse BENEDICTVM 1686 + SIT•NOMEN•DOMINI IL (Blessed be the name of the Lord, divided by date and IL mintmark), crowned quartered shield of France, New and Old Burgundy; ex Gordon Andreas Singer; rare; SOLD


France, Charles X, 1824 - 1830

|France|, |France,| |Charles| |X,| |1824| |-| |1830||40| |Francs|
For most of his life Charles X was known as the Count of Artois (in French, comte d'Artois). An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII, and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile and eventually succeeded him. His rule of almost six years ended in the July Revolution of 1830, with his abdication and the election of Louis Philippe I as King. Exiled once again, Charles died in 1836 in Gorizia, then part of the Austrian Empire. He was the last of the French rulers from the senior branch of the House of Bourbon.
SH86157. Gold 40 Francs, Gadoury 1105, Friedberg 547, SCWC KM 721.1, Schlumberger Gold 170, EF, light bumps and marks; incuse on edge: DOMINE SALVUM FAC REGEM (Lord save the King), weight 12.867 g, maximum diameter 26.1 mm, die axis 180o, Paris (A) mint, 1830; obverse CHARLES X ROI DE FRANCE., bare head right, MICHAUT. (engraver Auguste-Francois Michaut) over italic T below; reverse crowned shield of France, flanked by 40 - F, all surrounded by a laurel wreath formed of two branches tied at the bottom, 1830 below flanked by an anchor on left and A (Paris mintmark) on right; SOLD


France, Henry III, 1574 - 1589

|France|, |France,| |Henry| |III,| |1574| |-| |1589||ecu| |d'or|
Three months after Henri was elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, his brother, Charles IX of France, died and Henri returned to France to assume the French throne. Henri brought several Polish inventions back to France, including septic facilities which deposited excrement outside the castle walls, a bath with regulated hot and cold water, and the fork. Henri gave protestant Huguenots the right of public worship, except in Paris and at Court. In response, Henry I, Duke of Guise, formed the Catholic League. Henri III was forced to flee Paris. After he had the duke assassinated, Henri III prepared to return to Paris but was murdered before he could return. During the French Revolution, his body was disinterred, desecrated, and thrown into a common grave.
SH94141. Gold ecu d'or, Duplessy 1121A, Ciani 1408, Lafaurie 960, Friedberg 386, Kopicki 10474 (R4), gVF, some luster, well centered, tight flan, bumps, scratches, double strike in some areas, small hole, weight 3.365 g, maximum diameter 25.6 mm, die axis 135o, Rouen mint, 1587 B; obverse HENRICVS. III. D: G. FRANC. ET. POL. REX. (Henry III, by the grace of God, king of France and Poland) legend divided by sun at the top, crowned arms of France (three lis), B below; reverse + CRISTVS. REIGN. VINCIT. ET. IMP 1578 (Christ reigns, vanquishes and commands), cross fleurée, quadrilobe flower at the center, arms ending in lis; ex Karl Stephens Inc (Temple City, CA); rare; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Aquitaine, 1362 - 1372

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Edward| |the| |Black| |Prince,| |Prince| |of| |Aquitaine,| |1362| |-| |1372||demi-gros|
An initial mark before the inner reverse legend indicates the Agen mint's second issue. References listed that describe the variants say the inner reverse legend begins with either two pellets or two annulets. The three Agen mint 2nd issue specimens on Coin Archives do have a double pellet or double annulet, so it is a valid description. Both the line drawing for Duplessy Féodales 1124A and the plate coin for SCBC-SII 8131, however, match our coin with a single pellet.
SH112516. Silver demi-gros, SCBC-SII 8131, Duplessy Féodales 1124A (see note), Elias 170 (S) var. (double pellet start rev. inner. leg.); Boudeau 510, VF, toned, centered on a tight flan, weight 2.259 g, maximum diameter 23.5 mm, die axis 315o, Agen mint, second issue; obverse + :ED:PO:GnS:REGIS:AnGLIE:A (Edwardus Primo Genetis Regis Anglie Princeps, Agen, double annulets enclosing pellets stops), half-length figure of Edward right, wearing floral wreath. sword in right hand over right shoulder, raising left hand in benediction; reverse outer legend: GLIA• In-XCELCIS - DEO• ET IN-TRA•PAX (Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace, single pellet stops), inner legend: •PRn-CPS - AQV-TAn (Prince of Aquitaine, pellet before, no stops); long cross pattée dividing legends, trefoil of three pellets in each quarter; very rare; SOLD


France, Louis XIV the Sun King, 1643 - 1715

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XIV| |the| |Sun| |King,| |1643| |-| |1715||Écu| |à| |la| |cravate|
Under Louis XIV, the Sun King, France reached the apogee of its power. His reign began at age four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days; one of the longest of any European monarch. He fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Louis converted a hunting lodge into the spectacular Palace of Versailles, and by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish palace, he pacified the aristocracy and eliminated the remnants of feudalism. He consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.

In 1673, this type was struck at Rennes with either a rose or a dove of the holy Spirit at the beginning of the reverse legend. Archives research indicates this type with the dove of the holy Spirit was issued between 13 June and 23 December 1673. The acorn before the obverse legend is the privy mark of the mint director, Kin to Memissin de Launoy.
WO113069. Silver Écu à la cravate, Gadoury 209, Duplessy 1493, Ciani 1873, SCWC KM 226.13, Davenport 3805, gF, toned, scratches and marks, weight 26.749 g, maximum diameter 41.3 mm, die axis 180o, Rennes mint, 13 Jun - 23 Dec 1673; obverse (acorn) LVD•XIIII•D•G FR•ET•NAV•REX (Louis XIV, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre), "Parliamentary" bust of Louis XIV right, draped and armored, with the cord of the Order of the Holy Spirit, an embroidered cravat, and a wig; reverse (dove) SIT•NOMEN•DOMINI•9 (Rennes mintmark)•BENEDICTVM•1673 (Blessed be the name of the Lord, 1673), crowned shield of France; ex Ross D. King (Ontario); ON LAYAWAY


Anglo-Gallic, Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Aquitaine, 1362 - 1372

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Edward| |the| |Black| |Prince,| |Prince| |of| |Aquitaine,| |1362| |-| |1372||demi-gros|
Elias does not describe a variant with Pn (Princeps) in the obverse legend for Agen's first issue, but does for for Agen's second issue. Agen's second issue is, however, indicated by a mark (two annulets, two pellets, or a single pellet) at the start of the inner legend; a mark that is not on this coin.
SH112517. Silver demi-gros, Elias 169 (RR) var. (no Pn in obv. leg.), SCBC-SII 8130, Duplessy Féodales 1124, Boudeau 510, VF, toned, weight 1.952 g, maximum diameter 23.9 mm, die axis 0o, Agen mint, first issue; obverse + ED: PO: GnS: REGIS: AnGLIE: Pn: A (Edwardus Primo Genetis Regis Anglie Princeps, Agen, double annulets enclosing pellets stops), half-length figure of Edward right, wearing floral wreath. sword in right hand over right shoulder, raising left hand in benediction; reverse outer legend: GLIA: In-XCELCIS - DEO: ET IN-TRA: PAX (Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace, double annulets enclosing pellet stops), inner legend: PRn-CPS - AQV-TAn (Prince of Aquitaine, no initial mark, no stops); long cross pattée dividing legends, trefoil of three pellets in each quarter; ex Goron Andreas Singer; extremely rare; SOLD


France, Louis XVI, 10 May 1774 - 4 September 1791 A.D.

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XVI,| |10| |May| |1774| |-| |4| |September| |1791| |A.D.||Ecu|
At just 15 years old, Louis married the Austrian archduchess Marie Antoinette. When Louis became king at age 19, the French monarchy was was already deeply in debt. His support for the American Revolution and his extravagant spending brought France to the brink of bankruptcy. The inequalities of French society, the corruption of royal officials, and despair from widespread economic hardship resulted in the French Revolution. Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 Jan 1793. His wife, Marie Antoinette, was executed nearly 10 months later, on 16 Oct 1793. Louis’ death marked the end of over 1,000 years of a continuous French monarchy.
WO111007. Silver Ecu, SCWC KM 564.10, Duplessy 1708, Ciani 2187, Gadoury 356, aEF, lustrous in recessed areas, light tone, flan adjustment marks on rev., light marks, weight 29.356 g, maximum diameter 41.4 mm, die axis 0o, Toulouse mint, 1789; obverse LUD•XVI•D•G•FR•ET•NAV•REX• (LVDOVICVS XIII DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRAE REX - Louis XIII by the grace of God king of France and of Navarre), bust of Louis XVI left, wearing an embroidered military jacket with the order of the Holy Spirit, hair tied at the nape of the neck with a ribbon, tiny B. DUVIV. F (engraver Pierre-Benjamin Duvivier) on base of bust, small crown (privy mark) below; reverse SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM*1789• (May the name of the Lord be Blessed), crowned arms of France, crowned oval shield with three lis, surrounded by wreath of two oak wreath, M (mintmark) below; the luster is not well captured by the photograph, ex Karl Stephens (Temple City, CA); SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Edward III, 1372 - 1377

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Edward| |III,| |1372| |-| |1377||denier| |au| |leopard|
This type and similar billon Anglo-Gallic coins looked silver when issued, but after some use turned black, hence their nickname, "black money." They were usually hastily and poorly struck, heavily circulated and worn, and seldom hoarded. Surviving examples are now rare and mostly low grade.
ME94139. Billon denier au leopard, Elias 107b (RRRR); Hewlett type 2, VF, dark patina, clashed dies, weight 0.907 g, maximum diameter 18.0 mm, die axis 270o, 2nd type; obverse + ED' : REX : AnGLIE (King Edward of England), leopard, mB' below; reverse +DVX : AQIT : BVRD' (Duke of Aquitaine, Burdigala, : stops), cross pattée with crown in second angle, within inner circle; zero sales of this type recorded on Coin Archives in the last two decades; extremely rare; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic Aquitaine, Edward I Longshanks, 20 November 1272 – 7 July 1307

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic| |Aquitaine,| |Edward| |I| |Longshanks,| |20| |November| |1272| |–| |7| |July| |1307||denier| |au| |lion|
Elias notes, "In my experience for every 30 or 40 deniers with the EDWARD' FILI' legend only one with the EDWARDVS REX occurs."

Edward I was a tall man for his era, at 6'2" (1.88 m), hence the nickname "Longshanks." He was ruthless in pursuing his aims and crushing those who opposed him. Edward fought in the 9th crusade before he became king. He conquered large parts of Wales and he built a series of castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. He attempted to do the same to Scotland but after Philip IV of France (a Scottish ally) confiscated the Duchy of Gascony, Edward went to war with France. He recovered his duchy but the conflict relieved military pressure against Scotland. When the Edward I died, his son was left with a war with Scotland, financial and political problems.
UK86321. Silver denier au lion, Elias 15 (RR), SCBC-SII 8016, Duplessy 1039, Poey d'Avant 2790, aVF, toned, scratches, earthen deposits, small edge crack, weight 0.736 g, maximum diameter 18.3 mm, die axis 180o, Aquitaine mint, 1272 - 1307; obverse + EDWARDVS REX (King Edward, S on its side), lion passant left within inner circle; reverse + DVX AqVITANIE (Duke of Aquitaine), cross pattée within inner circle; very rare; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Aquitaine, 1355 - 1375

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Edward| |the| |Black| |Prince,| |Prince| |of| |Aquitaine,| |1355| |-| |1375||Hardi| |d'Argent|
Edward the Black Prince was the eldest son of King Edward III and the father of King Richard II of England. He was the first Duke of Cornwall (from 1337), the Prince of Wales (from 1343) and the Prince of Aquitaine (1362-72). He was an exceptional military leader, and his victories over the French at the Battles of Crécy and Poitiers made him very popular in England during his lifetime. In 1348 he was made a Founding Knight of the Garter. Edward died one year before his father, becoming the first English Prince of Wales not to become King of England. The throne passed instead to his son Richard II, a minor, upon the death of Edward III.
ME98515. Silver Hardi d'Argent, SCBC-SII 8134; Elias 202; Withers AGC 224; Poey d'Avant 2970; Duplessy Féodales 1126; Elias Collection 310; Boudeau 513; Hewlett p. 140, type 2,1, aVF, toned, red deposits, weight 1.080 g, maximum diameter 17.7 mm, die axis 225o, Bordeaux mint, 1362 - 1372; obverse ED PO GnS REG AGLIE B (Edwardvus, Primo Genitvs Regis Anglie, Limoges - Edward, first born of the King of England, Bordeaux [mint]), half-length figure of Edward facing beneath Gothic canopy, sword in right hand, raising left in benediction; reverse *PRI-CPS* - AQIT-AnIE (rosette stops, Princeps Aqvitanie - Prince of Aquitaine), long cross pattée, lis in first and fourth quarters, leopard in second and third quarters; ex CNG e-auction 495 (07 Jul 2021), lot 796; ex CNG e-auction 468 (20 May 2020), lot 817; from the James & Martha Robertson Collection; ex Tom Cederlind BBS 145 (18 Dec 2007); SOLD


France, Louis XVI, 10 May 1774 - 4 September 1791 A.D.

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XVI,| |10| |May| |1774| |-| |4| |September| |1791| |A.D.||1/2| |ecu|
At just 15 years old, Louis married the Austrian archduchess Marie Antoinette. When Louis became king at age 19, the French monarchy was was already deeply in debt. His support for the American Revolution and his extravagant spending brought France to the brink of bankruptcy. The inequalities of French society, the corruption of royal officials, and despair from widespread economic hardship resulted in the French Revolution. Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 Jan 1793. His wife, Marie Antoinette, was executed nearly 10 months later, on 16 Oct 1793. Louis’ death marked the end of over 1,000 years of a continuous French monarchy.
WO113441. Silver 1/2 ecu, Duplessy 1709, Ciani 2189, Gadoury 355, SCWC KM 562.2, VF, toning, scratches; edge inscription in relief: DOMINE SALVM FAC REGEM (Lord, save the King), weight 14.611 g, maximum diameter 33.0 mm, die axis 180o, Metz mint, 1790; obverse LUD•XVI•D•G•FR•ET•NAV•REX• (LVDOVICVS XIII DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRAE REX - Louis XIII by the grace of God king of France and of Navarre), bust of Louis XVI left, wearing an embroidered military jacket with the order of the Holy Spirit, hair tied at the nape of the neck with a ribbon, tiny B. DUVIV. (engraver Pierre-Benjamin Duvivier) on base of bust, privy mark (director Jean-Francois Leclerc) below; reverse SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM:1790• (May the name of the Lord be Blessed), crowned arms of France, crowned oval shield with three lis, surrounded by wreath of two olive branches, AA (Metz mintmark) below; ON LAYAWAY


France, Provincial, Duchy of Normandie, William the Conqueror, 1035 - 1087, In the Name of William Rufus(?)

|France|, |France,| |Provincial,| |Duchy| |of| |Normandie,| |William| |the| |Conqueror,| |1035| |-| |1087,| |In| |the| |Name| |of| |William| |Rufus(?)||denier|
There are two varieties of this denier, one with RICAR above the pediment (Legros 336) and the other with two W's (Legros 337, Dumas and Legros list only one specimen, in the Brussels Coin Cabinet). These two types were struck in the reign of William the Conqueror, after 1070. The RICAR issue may have been struck in the name of his son Richard (1057- c. 1081), Duke of Bernay; and the W's may refer to his son William Rufus (1056 - 1100), King of the English.
ME79660. Silver denier, Dumas pl. XX, 12 (Brussels Coin Cabinet); Legros 337 (same, unique); Poey d'Avant -; Duplessy Féodales -; Roberts -; De Wit Collection -, VF, toned, weight 0.801 g, maximum diameter 18.5 mm, die axis 0o, Rouen mint, c. 1070 - 1081; obverse + NORMANNA, cross pattée, pellets in each quarter, within linear inner border; reverse stylized cathedral facade, cross within arched doorway, two pellets above arch, two towers flanking (each a line topped with an annulet), pellet in triangular pediment, two W's (for William Rufus?) above the pediment; extremely rare; SOLD


France, Henri IV, 2 August 1589 - 14 May 1610

|France|, |France,| |Henri| |IV,| |2| |August| |1589| |-| |14| |May| |1610||1/4| |Ecu|
Henry IV, also known as "Good King Henry", was King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. Upon the death of his brother-in-law and distant cousin Henry III of France, Henry was called to the French succession in 1589. He initially kept the Protestant faith but after four years and at least 12 assassination attempts, he abjured the Calvinist faith. He promulgated the Edict of Nantes in 1598, guaranteeing religious freedom and ending the Wars of Religion. He was assassinated in 1610 by a fanatical Catholic. Unpopular immediately after his accession, Henry's popularity greatly improved after his death. The "Good King Henry" (le bon roi Henri) was remembered for his geniality and his great concern about the welfare of his subjects. Henry is said to have originated the oft-repeated phrase, "a chicken in every pot."
WO86330. Silver 1/4 Ecu, cf. Duplessy 1224A var. (RX vice REX), Ciani 1517 var. (RX vice R), SCWC KM 27, VF, toned, well centered, tight flan, bumps and scratches, small edge crack, weight 9.507 g, maximum diameter 28.9 mm, die axis 0o, Bayonne mint, 2nd type, 1605 L; obverse + •SIT•NOMEN•DOMINI•BENEDICVM• (Blessed be the name of the Lord) followed by Bayonne mintmark, crowned shield of France, II - II flanking across field; reverse + HENRICVS IIII•D•G•FRANC•E•NAVA•RX•1605 (Henry IV, by the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre), Foliate cross, quatrefoil around cross of five pellets at center, lily arms, pellet at each end; SOLD


France, Provincial, Duchy of Normandy, William I the Conqueror, 1035 - 1087

|France|, |France,| |Provincial,| |Duchy| |of| |Normandy,| |William| |I| |the| |Conqueror,| |1035| |-| |1087||denier|
Similar reverses are sometimes described as a two-towered cathedral facade, however, the evolution of the type suggests something different. Richard I (942 - 996) struck a denier at Rouen with a temple reverse, imitative of a type struck by Louis the Pius, son of Charlemagne. Only a few years later, by the turn of the millennium, the temple had degenerated into a variety of nearly unrecognizable abstract patterns. That the image on this specimen may resemble a two-towered cathedral is likely only coincidental. More than 20 different abstract "temple" types are known. Roberts' attributes this type to Henry I, 1106 - 1135. Legros apparently identifies this type as struck by William I the Conqueror (Legros is an unpublished dissertation and we have never been able to find a copy). Dumas also attributes this type to William I the Conqueror. The weight of this coin does suggest it was struck under William, during whose rule, according to Dumas, the weight of the denier dropped below 0.8g. It could be latter, but, of course, dealers almost always list it as William I and we do too.
ME111850. Silver denier, cf. Dumas pl. XX, 15; Roberts 4838 (Henry I); Revue Belge de Numismatique 1906 pl. XIII, 11; Legros 312 (unverified, not held), VF, toned, crude (as usual), weight 0.629 g, maximum diameter 16.9 mm, die axis 90o, Rouen mint, c. 1070 - 1087; obverse short cross pattée, pellet in each angle, within linear inner border, blundered imitation of a legend around; reverse crude abstract two temples side-by-side, cross above center between triangular pediment peaks, pellet on each pediment, and on the front of each temple, forming a square of four pellets, annulets on lower outer left and right edges of building, a 5th pellet below; rare; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Henry VI de Lancastre, King of France and England, 1422 - 1453

|England|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Henry| |VI| |de| |Lancastre,| |King| |of| |France| |and| |England,| |1422| |-| |1453||grand| |blanc| |aux| |écus|
On 12 December 1422, each mint was assigned a mint-mark to be placed at the beginning of the obverse and reverse legends. The omission of the pellet beside the root mint-mark was ordered 17 July 1432.

In 1422, the year old king of England inherited the French throne from his mad grandfather Charles VI of France; the iconography of this type represents the unification of the two nations. Ten years later Joan of Arc would make an appearance which would eventually loosen the English grip on France until by 1436 only Normandy and part of Maine remained in Henry's control.
UK86158. Silver grand blanc aux écus, Elias 285 (R), Ciani 602, Duplessy 445, Lafaurie 449, SCBC-SII 8166; root with pellet left mintmark, F, toned, reverse double struck, weight 2.876 g, maximum diameter 28.5 mm, die axis 90o, Lemans mint, 12 Dec 1422 - 17 Jul 1432; obverse (pellet and root) FRANCORVm: ET: ANGLIE: REX (King of France and England), shields of France (on left) and England (on right), side by side, hERICVS above; reverse (pellet root) SIT: nOmEN: DnI: BENEDICV (Blessed be the name of the Lord), Latin cross, fleur-de-lis to left, leopard left on right, hERICVS below; rare; SOLD


France, Feudal, Viscountship of Béziers, Roger I Trencavel, 1130 - 1150

|France|, |France,| |Feudal,| |Viscountship| |of| |Béziers,| |Roger| |I| |Trencavel,| |1130| |-| |1150||denier|
From the 10th to the 12th century the viscounts of Béziers ruled most of the nearby coastal plain, including the city of Agde. They also controlled the major east-west route through Languedoc, roughly following the old Roman Via Domitia, with the two key bridges over the Orb at Béziers and over the Hérault at Saint-Thibéry.

Béziers was stronghold of Catharism, which the Catholic Church condemned as heretical. Albigensian crusaders gave the Catholics in the city an ultimatum to hand over the heretics or leave, but they refused. When asked how to tell Catholics from Cathars, the Crusader abbot supposedly replied, "Kill them all, God will know His own." The next day, 22 July 1209, the crusaders massacred almost 20,000 people, sparing no one, irrespective of rank, sex or age, not even the Catholic priests. The whole city was burned. The burning cathedral of Saint Nazaire collapsed on those who had taken refuge inside.
ME58631. Billon denier, cf. Roberts 4264, Poey 3822, F, crude, wavy flan, weight 0.840 g, maximum diameter 19.5 mm, Béziers mint, 1130 - 1150; obverse + ROGER VICECOME, cross pattée cantoned with two anchors; reverse : BITERIS CIVI, B-O-E-O around a center point; very rare; SOLD


France, Provincial Normandie, Robert Curthose (Robert II), 1087 - 1106

|France|, |France,| |Provincial| |Normandie,| |Robert| |Curthose| |(Robert| |II),| |1087| |-| |1106||denier|
Robert Curthose (Robert II) was the eldest son of William the Conqueror. He was the Duke of Normandy from 1087 to 1106. His discord with his younger brothers, William Rufus and Henry, began in earnest when, as a prank, they dumped a full chamber-pot over his head. It continued until Henry seized the English throne, invaded and absorbed Normandy as an English possession, and imprisoned Robert for the rest of his life.
SH73354. Silver denier, Dumas group B/C, pl. XIX, 22; Sambon Deniers p. 328, fig. 1; cf. Roberts 4487 (similar ); Poey-dAvant -; Boudeau -, gF, slightly off-center on the usual crowded flan, weight 0.680 g, maximum diameter 16.9 mm, die axis 0o, Rouen mint, 1187 - 1106; obverse abstract cathedral(?) design including a triangular pediment with pellet at center and one more at each sides, center column, circle on left with R inside, circle on right with II inside, cross pattée below center with pellet flanking each side; reverse +NORMANNA, cross pattée, pellet in each quarter; very rare; SOLD


France, Charles IX, 1560 - 1574

|France|, |France,| |Charles| |IX,| |1560| |-| |1574||teston|
Charles IX ascended the throne of France upon the death of his brother Francis II. After decades of tension, war broke out between Protestants and Catholics after the massacre of Vassy in 1562. In 1572, after several unsuccessful peace attempts, Charles ordered the marriage of his sister Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre, a major Protestant nobleman and the future King Henry IV of France, in a last desperate bid to reconcile his people. Facing popular hostility against this policy of appeasement, Charles allowed the massacre of all Huguenot leaders who gathered in Paris for the royal wedding at the instigation of his mother Catherine de' Medici. This event, known as the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, was a significant blow to the Huguenot movement. Religious civil warfare soon began anew. Charles ordered the Siege of La Rochelle, but was unable to take the Protestant stronghold. Charles died of tuberculosis without legitimate male issue in 1574 and was succeeded by his brother Henry III.
WO86329. Silver teston, cf. Roberts 3551, Duplessy 1063, Ciani 1356, Lafaurie 895, VF, toned, scratches and marks, areas of weak strike, weight 8.927 g, maximum diameter 28.7 mm, die axis 255o, Saint-Lô mint, 1561; obverse CAROLVS•VIIII•D•G•FRANCO•REX• (Charles IX, by the Grace of God, King of France), laureate and cuirassed boy's bust left, C (mint-mark) below; reverse SIT•NOMEN•DNI•BENEDICIM•M•D•LXI (Blessed be the name of the Lord, 1561), crowned coat of arms (three fleur de lis), crowned C's flanking; very rare; SOLD


France, Provincial, Duchy of Lorraine, Antoine the Good, 1508 - 1544

|France|, |France,| |Provincial,| |Duchy| |of| |Lorraine,| |Antoine| |the| |Good,| |1508| |-| |1544||plaque| |(double| |gros)|
Antoine succeeded in freeing Lorraine from the Holy Roman Empire with the Treaty of Nuremberg of 1542. In 1544, while Antoine suffered from an illness, the Duchy of Lorraine was invaded by Emperor Charles V's army on their way to attack France. Fleeing the Imperial armies, Antoine was taken to Bar-le-Duc where he died.
ME113447. Silver plaque (double gros), Roberts 9492; Boudeau 1505; Flon p. 597, 81, EF, toned, small edge cracks/splits, weight 3.405 g, maximum diameter 29.3 mm, die axis 0o, Nancy mint, obverse + AnThOn: D: G: CALABR: LOTOR: ET B: D (Antoine, by the grace of God, Duke of Calabria, Lorraine and Bar, double saltire stops), crowned arms of the Duke of Lorraine, shield with six panels, crown with five ache leaf points; reverse + FECIT: POTEnTIAm: In: BRACHO: SVO (By his arm he asserts his power, double saltire stops), dextrochere (heraldry: a right arm), emerging from the cloud, holding a sword; first example of this type handled by FORVM; ex Gordon Andreas Singer (Greenbelt, MD); SOLD


France, Napoleon I, Died 1815, Unique Bronze Restrike of Medal of 1806

|Tokens,| |Medals| |&| |Exonumia|, |France,| |Napoleon| |I,| |Died| |1815,| |Unique| |Bronze| |Restrike| |of| |Medal| |of| |1806||medal|
SH35723. Bronze medal, Unique, single restrike made for the Bayard family of Delaware, c. 1880s, weight 29.169 g, maximum diameter 41.4 mm, die axis 0o, obverse conjoined busts of Napoleon and Charlemagne; reverse conjoined busts of Witikind and Frederick the Great; unique; SOLD


France, Philip IV the Fair, 1285 - 1314 A.D.

|France|, |France,| |Philip| |IV| |the| |Fair,| |1285| |-| |1314| |A.D.||Gros| |Tournois|
King Philip IV, deeply in debt to the Knights Templar, took advantage of rumors about the Order's secret initiation ceremony. On Friday, October 13, 1307, he had the Order's members in France arrested (the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition). Pope Clement, under threat from Philip, instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets. Many Templars were tortured into giving false confessions and burned at the stake. Grand Master Jacques de Molay, burned alive in Paris in 1314, called out from the flames, "Dieu sait qui a tort et a pëché. Il va bientot arriver malheur à ceux qui nous ont condamnés à mort" ("God knows who is wrong and has sinned. Soon a calamity will occur to those who have condemned us to death"). Pope Clement died only a month later, and King Philip died in a hunting accident before the end of the year.
ME87718. Silver Gros Tournois, Van Hengel 432.02; Duplessy 213, Ciani 201, Roberts 2461, Lafaurie I 217, VF, well centered and stuck, part of edge a little ragged, weight 3.966 g, maximum diameter 25.8 mm, die axis 270o, 1285 - 1290; obverse outer legend: + BNDICTV: SIT: NOmE: DNI: nRI: DEI: IhV: XPI (the name of our Lord Jesus Christ be blessed, N's as H, m open, triple pellet stops), inner legend: + PHILIPPVS' REX (King Philip, no stop); cross pattée; reverse TVRONVS CIVIS (City of Tours, R with tail, round O, N reversed, pellet at top of second V, no stop), Châtel tournois topped with a cross, border tressure of twelve lis within arches; SOLD


France, Provincial, Duchy of Normandy William the Conqueror, 1035 - 1087,

|France|, |France,| |Provincial,| |Duchy| |of| |Normandy| |William| |the| |Conqueror,| |1035| |-| |1087,||denier|
Similar reverses are sometimes described as a two-towered cathedral facade, however, the evolution of the type suggests something different. Richard I (942 - 996) struck a denier at Rouen with a temple reverse, imitative of a type struck by Louis the Pius, son of Charlemagne. Only a few years later, by the turn of the millennium, the temple had degenerated into a variety of nearly unrecognizable abstract patterns. That the image on this specimen may resemble a two-towered cathedral is likely only coincidental. More than 20 different abstract "temple" types are known. A tag received with this coin identifies it as struck by William I the Conqueror, cf. Legros 312. Legros is an unpublished dissertation and we have never been able to find a copy. Roberts' attributes this type to Henry I, 1106 - 1135. Dumas attributes it to William I the Conqueror. The weight of this coin does suggest it was struck under William, during whose rule, according to Dumas, the weight of the denier dropped below 0.8g.
ME99730. Silver denier, cf. Dumas pl. XX, 15; Roberts 4838 (Henry I); Revue Belge de Numismatique 1906 pl. XIII, 11; Legros 312 (unverified, not held), VF, crude, well struck for the type, weight 0.764 g, maximum diameter 19.1 mm, die axis 0o, Rouen mint, c. 1070 - 1087; obverse short cross pattée, pellet in each angle, within linear inner border, blundered imitation of a legend around; reverse crude abstract two temples side-by-side, cross above center between triangular pediment peaks, pellet on each pediment, and on the front of each temple, forming a square of four pellets, annulets on lower outer left and right edges of building, a 5th pellet below; rare; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Edward II, 1307 - 1326

|England|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Edward| |II,| |1307| |-| |1326||maille| |blanche| |Hibernie|
Edward II had a close and controversial relationship with Piers Gaveston. Powerful barons exiled Gaveston and later executed him. Edward's wife, Isabella of France turned against him and invaded England with a small army. Edward was forced to relinquish his crown in January 1327 in favor of his son, Edward III, and he died in Berkeley Castle on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of the new regime.
ME111004. Silver maille blanche Hibernie, Elias 32, Duplessy Féodales 1049, SCBC-SII 8026, Poey d'Avant 2864 corr. (demi-gross), VF, full flan, toned, light scrapes, edge splits, weight 1.442 g, maximum diameter 23.2 mm, die axis 0o, London, Tower mint, 1326 (perhaps until 1328); obverse + ED': REX ΛnGLIE / + BnDICTV : SIT : nOmE : DnI : nRI (Edward King of England / Blessed be the name of the Lord, double annulet stops), short cross pattée; reverse + DnS : hIBERnIE (Lord of Ireland, double annulet stop), châtel tournois with two turreted towers, three pellets over gateway, topped with a cross pattée; three pellets in a triangle below; all within tressure of arches containing nine leaves; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Aquitaine, Henri IV, 30 September 1399 – 20 March 1413

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Aquitaine,| |Henri| |IV,| |30| |September| |1399| |–| |20| |March| |1413||Hardi| |d'Argent|
It was common in the 19th century for museums and occasionally collectors to mark coins with a number in ink. Unfortunately the origin of this number is not known. The number can be removed with a solvent cleaner, but it is part of the history of the coin.

Henry IV was King of England from 1399 to 1413. He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III, a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France, to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the first English ruler since the Norman Conquest, over three hundred years prior, whose mother tongue was English rather than French.
ME113077. Silver Hardi d'Argent, Withers AGC 283B (S, 4(?)/a), Elias 233e corr. (no annulets on rev.), Duplessy Féodales 1140, SCBC-SII 8147, Choice VF, toned, clipped, clashed dies, weight 1.041 g, maximum diameter 19.2 mm, die axis 0o, Aquitaine mint, 1399 – 1453; obverse E'RIC' R - X AGLIE (or similar, Henry, King of England), half-length figure of king facing, crowned, sword in right hand, left hand raised, annulet (privy mark) above crown, canopy above, figure and canopy breaking legend; reverse FRA-CIE - DNS - AQI (France and Lord of Aquitaine), long cross dividing legend, leopard in 1st and 3rd angles, lis with annulet (privy mark) at foot in 2nd and 4th angles; ex Classical Numismatics Auctions (CNA) VIII (27 Sep 1989), lot 664; SOLD


France, Louis XIV the Sun King, 1643 - 1715

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XIV| |the| |Sun| |King,| |1643| |-| |1715||demi-écu| |aux| |huit| |L|
Under Louis XIV, the Sun King, France reached the apogee of its power. His reign began at age four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days; one of the longest of any European monarch. He fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Louis converted a hunting lodge into the spectacular Palace of Versailles, and by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish palace, he pacified the aristocracy and eliminated the remnants of feudalism. He consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.
WO99430. Silver demi-écu aux huit L, Duplessy 1515, Ciani 1890, Gadoury 184, SCWC KM 275.21, F/gF, toned, scratches and marks, weight 13.398 g, maximum diameter 32.6 mm, die axis 0o, Rennes mint, 1691; obverse ·LVD·XIIII·D.G.☀ - FR·ET·NAV·REX· (Louis XIV, by God's grace, King of France and Navarre), draped bust right, wearing large long wig, 1691 below; reverse *CHRS·REGN·VINC·IMP★ (Christ reigns, defeats, commands), cross formed of eight crowned L's, lis in each quarter, 9 (mintmark) in circle at center; edge legend: DOMINE SALVVM FAC REGEM (Lord, save the King); rare; SOLD


France, Louis XIV the Sun King, 1643 - 1715

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XIV| |the| |Sun| |King,| |1643| |-| |1715||demi-écu| |aux| |quatre| |L|
Under Louis XIV, the Sun King, France reached the apogee of its power. His reign began at age four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days; one of the longest of any European monarch. He fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Louis converted a hunting lodge into the spectacular Palace of Versailles, and by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish palace, he pacified the aristocracy and eliminated the remnants of feudalism. He consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.
WO95138. Silver demi-écu aux quatre L, Duplessy 1515 (1690Y), Ciani 1890, SCWC KM 273.16, Choice aEF, dark toning; edge lettering: DOMINE SALVUM FAC REGEM (Lord, save the King), weight 13.180 g, maximum diameter 33.5 mm, die axis 180o, Bourges mint, 1st type, 1690; obverse LVD•XIIII•D•G (sun) FR•ET•NAV•REX• (Louis XIV, by the grace of God, king of France and Navarre), draped bust right, 1690 below; reverse CHRS REGN VINC IMP * (Christus regnat vincit imperat: Christ reigns, conquers, and commands), cross of eight L's with crown at each end, Y (mintmark) in circle at center, fleur-de-lis in each angle; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Henry VI de Lancastre, King of France and England, 1422 - 1453

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Henry| |VI| |de| |Lancastre,| |King| |of| |France| |and| |England,| |1422| |-| |1453||petit| |blanc|
Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. The only child of Henry V, he succeeded to the English throne at the age of nine months upon his father's death, and succeeded to the French throne on the death of his grandfather, Charles VI, shortly afterwards. He is the only English monarch to also have been crowned King of France, as Henry II, in 1431.
WO99273. Silver petit blanc, Elias 292 (R), Duplessy I 446, Ciani 603, SCBC-SII 8167, Lafaurie 450, aVF, light deposits, scratches, weight 0.996 g, maximum diameter 21.5 mm, die axis 45o, crown mintmark, Paris mint, 1422 - 1436; obverse (crown) HEN-RICVS: - REX (King Henry, triple pellet stop), shields of France (on left) and England (on right), side by side; reverse (crown) SIT: nOmE: DnI: BEHEDICTV' (Blessed be the name of the Lord), Latin cross, h - R (Henricus Rex) across lower half of field; ex Gordon Andreas Singer; rare; SOLD


France, Louis XIV the Sun King, 1643 - 1715

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XIV| |the| |Sun| |King,| |1643| |-| |1715||Ecu|
Under Louis XIV, the Sun King, France reached the apogee of its power. His reign began at age four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days; one of the longest of any European monarch. He fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Louis converted a hunting lodge into the spectacular Palace of Versailles, and by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish palace, he pacified the aristocracy and eliminated the remnants of feudalism. He consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.
WO95141. Silver Ecu, Duplessy 1533A (1701W), Ciani 1907, Sobin 994, Gadoury 220, SCWC KM 329.20; overstruck on ecu de Flandre aux palmes (Duplessy 1528), VF, overstruck with undertype effects, toned, weight 27.265 g, maximum diameter 42.2 mm, Lille mint, 1701; obverse •LVD•XIIII•D•G• (sun) FR•ET•NAV•REX (Louis XIV, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre), cuirassed bust right, medusa on breastplate, obverse struck with an older die from ecu de Flandre aux palmes (Duplessy 1528); reverse BENEDICTVM (L) 1701 (clover) SIT•NOMEN•DOMINI (Blessed be the name of the Lord), crowned round arms of France, hand of justice scepter and lis scepter crossed in saltire behind, W below; undertype effects from ecu de Flandre aux palmes (Duplessy 1528) ; ex Karl Stephens (Temple City, CA); SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Aquitaine, 1362 - 1372

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Edward| |the| |Black| |Prince,| |Prince| |of| |Aquitaine,| |1362| |-| |1372||esterlin| |(sterling)|
Edward of Woodstock (15 June 1330 - 8 June 1376), called the Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, and the father of King Richard II of England. He was the first Duke of Cornwall (from 1337), the Prince of Wales (from 1343) and the Prince of Aquitaine (1362-72). He was an exceptional military leader, and his victories over the French at the Battles of Crécy and Poitiers made him very popular in England during his lifetime. Edward died one year before his father, becoming the first English Prince of Wales not to become King of England. The throne passed instead to his son Richard II, a minor, upon the death of Edward III.
SH84611. Silver esterlin (sterling), Elias 194c, SCBC-SII 8133, Duplessy Féodales 1125A, Boudeau 511, Poey d'Avant -, VF, toned, usual tight flan, clashed obverse die, slightly off center, weight 0.996 g, maximum diameter 18.9 mm, Poitiers mint, second issue; obverse + : ED' PO·GIT·REG·AnGL P (Edwardus Primo Genetis Regis Anglie Princeps, double annulet before legend, rosette stops), half-length figure of Edward right, wearing floral wreath. sword in right hand over right shoulder, raising left hand in benediction; reverse : PRI-CPS - AQV-TAE (Prince of Aquitaine, double annulet before legend), long cross pattée, trefoil of three pellets in each quarter; scarce; SOLD


France, Louis XV the Beloved, 1 September 1715 - 10 May 1774

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XV| |the| |Beloved,| |1| |September| |1715| |-| |10| |May| |1774||Ecu|
France took 20 Sols de Navarre coins minted in 1719 and 1720, re-struck them as Sixth Ecu de France (between the years of 1720 and 1723) essentially creating a coin worth 1 livre. These re-struck coins, however, were eventually assigned the value of 18 Sols.
WO93952. Silver Ecu, SCWC KM 512.12, Duplessy 1680, Ciani 2122, Lafaurie 698, VF, nicely toned, weight 28.866 g, maximum diameter 41.5 mm, die axis 180o, Bayonne mint, 1771; obverse LVD•XV•D•G•FR•ET•NAV•REX (Louis XV, by the Grace of God, king of France and Navarre), young portrait left, laureate, two flowers (privy mark) below; reverse •SIT•NOMEN•DOMIN•BENEDICTVM*1771• (May the name of the Lord be blessed), crowned arms of France, crowned oval shield with three lis, surrounded by oak wreath; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Aquitaine, Henri IV, 30 September 1399 – 20 March 1413

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Aquitaine,| |Henri| |IV,| |30| |September| |1399| |–| |20| |March| |1413||Hardi| |d'Argent|
It was common in the 19th century for museums and occasionally collectors to mark coins with a number in ink. Unfortunately the origin of this number is not known. The number can be removed with a solvent cleaner, but it is part of the history of the coin.

Henry IV was King of England from 1399 to 1413. He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III, a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France, to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the first English ruler since the Norman Conquest, over three hundred years prior, whose mother tongue was English rather than French.
WO99274. Silver Hardi d'Argent, Elias 233h (S), SCBC-SII 8147, Duplessy Féodales 1140, Poey d'Avant 3121, Boudeau 517, gF, toned, ink museum number on rev., weight 1.110 g, maximum diameter 19.1 mm, die axis 0o, Aquitaine mint, 1399 - 1413; obverse ERIC R AGLE (Henry, King of England), half-length figure of king facing, crowned, sword in right hand, left hand raised, pellet above crown, canopy above, figure and canopy breaking legend; reverse FRA-CIE* - DNS - ACI* (France and Lord of Aquitaine, rosette after FRANCI and ACI), long cross dividing legend, leopard in 1st and 3rd angles, lis with pellet below in 2nd and 4th angles; scarce; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Henry VI de Lancastre, King of France and England, 1422 - 1453

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Henry| |VI| |de| |Lancastre,| |King| |of| |France| |and| |England,| |1422| |-| |1453||grand| |blanc| |aux| |écus|
In 1422, the year old king of England inherited the French throne from his mad grandfather Charles VI of France; the iconography of this type represents the unification of the two nations. Ten years later Joan of Arc would make an appearance which would eventually loosen the English grip on France until by 1436 only Normandy and part of Maine remained in Henry's control.
WO110517. Silver grand blanc aux écus, Elias 288, Ciani 602, Duplessy 445, Lafaurie 449, SCBC-SII 8166, VF, toned, light encrustations, ink mark "museum number" 3.1422, weight 3.169 g, maximum diameter 28.2 mm, die axis 270o, lis mintmark, St Lô mint, 23 Nov 1422 - 1449; obverse ⚜ FRANCORVm: ET: ANGLIE: REX (King of France and England), shields of France (on left) and England (on right), side by side, hERICVS above; reverse ⚜ SIT: nOmEN: DnI: BENEDICV (Blessed be the name of the Lord), Latin cross, fleur-de-lis to left, leopard left on right, hERICVS below; ex Gordon Andreas Singer; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Edward III, 1372 - 1377

|England|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Edward| |III,| |1372| |-| |1377||Gros| |Tournois| |au| |Leopard| |Au-Dessus|
Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most efficient military powers in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in the evolution of the English parliament, the ravages of the Black Death and the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. He remained on the throne for 50 years.

The outer obverse legend abbreviates, "BENEDICTUM SIT NOMEN DOMINI NOSTRI DEI," which means, "Blessed be the name of the Lord our God."
UK85377. Silver Gros Tournois au Leopard Au-Dessus, Elias 62f (R), SCBC-SII 8060, Boudeau -, Poey d'Avant -, VF, toned, uneven strike with much of leopard and parts of legends unstruck, weight 2.003 g, maximum diameter 21.6 mm, die axis 0o, 1351 - 1356; obverse ED'· REX : AnGLIE / + BnDICTV · SIT · nOmE : DnI : nRI : DEI (crescent before REX, hammerhead on L), short cross pattée within inner circle; reverse DVX AQITAnIE, châtel aquitanique, annulets flanking crescent with horns up within, leopard left above, all surrounded by tressure of arches containing leaves ; rare; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Henry VI de Lancastre, King of France and England, 1422 - 1453

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Henry| |VI| |de| |Lancastre,| |King| |of| |France| |and| |England,| |1422| |-| |1453||grand| |blanc| |aux| |écus|
In 1422, the year old king of England inherited the French throne from his mad grandfather Charles VI of France; the iconography of this type represents the unification of the two nations. Ten years later Joan of Arc would make an appearance which would eventually loosen the English grip on France until by 1436 only Normandy and part of Maine remained in Henry's control.
ME96059. Silver grand blanc aux écus, Elias 290a (RR), Duplessy 445, Ciani 602, Lafaurie 449, SCBC-SII 8166; rose mint mark (type II), F, dark patina, weight 2.709 g, maximum diameter 28.5 mm, die axis 180o, rose mintmark, Troyes mint, 23 Nov 1422 - 1429; obverse (rose) FRANCORVm: ET: ANGLIE: REX (King of France and England), shields of France (on left) and England (on right), side by side, hERICVS above; reverse (rose) SIT: nOmEN: DnI: BENEDICTV (Blessed be the name of the Lord), Latin cross, fleur-de-lis to left, leopard left on right, hERICVS on a line below; ex Gordon Andreas Singer (17 Aug 1990), ex Peter Woodhead; very rare; SOLD


France, Napoleonic Empire, 1804 - 1814 and 1815

|France|, |France,| |Napoleonic| |Empire,| |1804| |-| |1814| |and| |1815||2| |francs|
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured, and he has been one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in world history. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States.
WO99277. Silver 2 francs, Gadoury 501, SCWC KM 693.1, VF, light tone, light marks; DIEU PROTEGE LA FRANCE (God protected France) on rim, weight 9.969 g, maximum diameter 27.1 mm, die axis 180o, A mintmark, Paris mint, 1810; obverse NAPOLEON EMPEREUR, laureate head of Napoleon right, Tiolier (engraver Pierre-Joseph Tiolier) in cursive script below; reverse EMPIRE FRANCAIS, 2 / FRANCS in two lines, within a wreath of two laurel branches tied at their base with a ribbon; cock 1810 A (mintmark) counterclockwise below below; SOLD


France, Louis XV the Beloved, 1 September 1715 - 10 May 1774

|France|, |France,| |Louis| |XV| |the| |Beloved,| |1| |September| |1715| |-| |10| |May| |1774||Ecu|
Louis XV succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at five and reigned 58 years. Until he reached maturity, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, ruled as regent. Louis did not take sole control until his chief minister, Cardinal Fleury, died in 1743. He ceded New France in N. America to Spain and Great Britain at the conclusion of the disastrous Seven Years' War. He was succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI who perished in the French Revolution. Two of his other grandsons, Louis XVIII and Charles X, occupied the throne after the fall of Napoleon I. Historians generally give his reign very low marks, as wars drained the treasury and set the stage for the French Revolution.
WO111010. Silver Ecu, Duplessy 1680, Ciani 2122, Lafaurie 698, Gadoury 322, SCWC KM 512.12, gVF, iridescent toning on luster, scratches, flan adjustment marks; edge lettering: DOMINE SALVUM FAC REGEM (Lord, save the king), weight 29.190 g, maximum diameter 41.8 mm, die axis 180o, Bayonne mint, 1767; obverse LVD•XV•D•G•FR•ET•NAV•REX• (Louis XV, by the Grace of God, king of France and Navarre), young head of Louis XV left, hair tied with a ribbon, tiny JCR (engraver Joseph-Charles Röettiers) on edge of neck, two flowers with crossed stems between two pellets (privy mark) below; reverse •SIT•NOMEN•DOMIN•BENEDICTVM*1767• (May the name of the Lord be blessed), crowned arms of France, crowned oval shield with three lis, surrounded by wreath of two oak wreath, L (mint mark) below; SOLD


France, Henri IV, 2 August 1589 - 14 May 1610

|France|, |France,| |Henri| |IV,| |2| |August| |1589| |-| |14| |May| |1610||1/2| |franc|
Henry IV, also known as "Good King Henry", was King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. Upon the death of his brother-in-law and distant cousin Henry III of France, Henry was called to the French succession in 1589. He initially kept the Protestant faith but after four years and at least 12 assassination attempts, he abjured the Calvinist faith. He promulgated the Edict of Nantes in 1598, guaranteeing religious freedom and ending the Wars of Religion. He was assassinated in 1610 by a fanatical Catholic. Unpopular immediately after his accession, Henry's popularity greatly improved after his death. The "Good King Henry" (le bon roi Henri) was remembered for his geniality and his great concern about the welfare of his subjects. Henry is said to have originated the oft-repeated phrase, "a chicken in every pot."
WO88344. Silver 1/2 franc, Sombart 4728 (3 spec.); cf. Duplessy 1212A, Lafaurie 1061, Ciani 1534, Roberts 3581, VF, toned, light deposits, weight 6.986 g, maximum diameter 29.3 mm, die axis 325o, Aix-en-Provence mint, 1604; obverse +HENRICVS•IIII•D•G•FRANC•ET•NAVA•REX•1604 (Henry IV, by the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre) clockwise from bottom, laureate and cuirassed bust of Henry IV right, & (mint mark) below; reverse +SIT•NOMEN•DOMINI•BENEDICTVM (Blessed is the Name of the Lord) (sun = Mintmaster: Benoit Beau) (feather = Engraver: Jehan Lége) clockwise from 9:00, floral cross, with H in center; ex Gordon Andreas Singer; rare mint; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Richard I the Lionhearted, Count of Poitou and King of England 1189 - 1199

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Richard| |I| |the| |Lionhearted,| |Count| |of| |Poitou| |and| |King| |of| |England| |1189| |-| |1199||denier|
The only coins of Richard struck in his own name are those of his French possessions; English issues attributed to Richard are all in the name and types of his father, Henry II. Richard I is known as Richard Coeur de Lion or Richard the Lionhearted for his bravery in battle. He was born and spent his childhood in England. By the age of 16, Richard had command of his own army and put down rebellions against his father in Poitou. As king, he was off on Crusade, in captivity, or defending his lands in France, spending as little as 6 months of his 10-year reign in England. He spoke French and Occitan, but never learned English. Rather than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, it seems he saw it primarily as a source of revenue to support his armies. As the leader of the Third Crusade after the departure of Philip II of France, he won considerable victories against Saladin, but did not retake Jerusalem. He was seen as a pious hero by his subjects and is one of the few kings of England remembered by his epithet, rather than regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France. The legendary Robin Hood lived in Sherwood Forest during Richard's reign.
ME112519. Silver denier, Elias 8d (S), Duplessy Feodales 922 var. (pellet vice annulet), Poey d'Avant 2528 var. (same), SCBC-SII 8008 var. (no annulet), VF, dark toning, weight 0.960 g, maximum diameter 19.7 mm, die axis 210o, Melle (Deux-Sèvres, France) mint, 1189 - 1199; obverse + RICARDVS REX (King Richard), cross pattée within inner dot border; reverse PIC/TAVIE/NSIS ([County of] Poitou) in three lines across field, annulet above; ex Gordon Andreas Singer; scarce variety; SOLD


France, Charles IX, 1560 - 1574

|France|, |France,| |Charles| |IX,| |1560| |-| |1574||teston|
Charles IX ascended the throne of France upon the death of his brother Francis II. After decades of tension, war broke out between Protestants and Catholics after the massacre of Vassy in 1562. In 1572, after several unsuccessful peace attempts, Charles ordered the marriage of his sister Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre, a major Protestant nobleman and the future King Henry IV of France, in a last desperate bid to reconcile his people. Facing popular hostility against this policy of appeasement, Charles allowed the massacre of all Huguenot leaders who gathered in Paris for the royal wedding at the instigation of his mother Catherine de' Medici. This event, known as the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, was a significant blow to the Huguenot movement. Religious civil warfare soon began anew. Charles ordered the Siege of La Rochelle, but was unable to take the Protestant stronghold. Charles died of tuberculosis without legitimate male issue in 1574 and was succeeded by his brother Henry III.
WO86742. Silver teston, Duplessy 1071, Lafaurie 9015, cf. Roberts 3551, Ciani -, VF, toned, parts of legends weak, weight 9.308 g, maximum diameter 29.5 mm, die axis 45o, Lyon mint, 1566 D; obverse CAROLVS•VIIII•D•G•FRANCO•REX•M• (Charles IX, by the Grace of God, King of France), laureate and cuirassed boy's bust left, D (mint-mark) below; reverse + SIT•NOMEN•DNI•BENEDICIM•M•D•LXVI•M.clover. (Blessed be the name of the Lord, 1566), crowned coat of arms (three fleur de lis); ex Gordon Andreas Singer; very rare; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic, Edward II, 1307 - 1326

|England|, |Anglo-Gallic,| |Edward| |II,| |1307| |-| |1326||maille| |blanche| |Hibernie|
This coin is the silver maille blanche which Edward II ordered struck at the tower mint in 1326, this was after he had relinquished the duchy of Aquitaine to his son. Since he no longer held that title, the empty space was filled with his Irish title. This type was possibly also struck under Edward III in 1327 and 1328. After 22 July 1330 all maille blanches were withdrawn from circulation but a considerable number escaped the melting-pot.
ME95908. Silver maille blanche Hibernie, Elias 32, Duplessy Féodales 1049, SCBC-SII 8026, Poey d'Avant 2864 corr. (demi-gross), gVF, light toning, weight 1.798 g, maximum diameter 22.2 mm, die axis 0o, London, Tower mint, 1326 (perhaps until 1328); obverse + ED': REX ΛnGLIE / + BnDICTV : SIT : nOmE : DnI : nRI (Edward King of England / Blessed be the name of the Lord, double annulet stops), short cross pattée; reverse + DnS : hIBERnIE (Lord of Ireland, double annulet stop), châtel tournois with two turreted towers, three pellets over gateway, topped with a cross pattée; three pellets in a triangle below; all within tressure of arches containing nine leaves; SOLD


Anglo-Gallic Aquitaine, Edward I Longshanks, 20 November 1272 – 7 July 1307, As Duke and Son of Henry III

|France|, |Anglo-Gallic| |Aquitaine,| |Edward| |I| |Longshanks,| |20| |November| |1272| |–| |7| |July| |1307,| |As| |Duke| |and| |Son| |of| |Henry| |III||denier| |au| |lion|
Edward I was a tall man for his era, at 6'2" (1.88 m), hence the nickname "Longshanks." Henry III ceded the duchy of Aquitaine to Edward in 1252. He ruled as King of England and Lord of Ireland, 20 Nov 1272 - 7 Jul 1307. He was ruthless in pursuing his aims and crushing those who opposed him. Edward fought in the 9th crusade before he became king. He conquered large parts of Wales and he built a series of castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. He attempted to do the same to Scotland but after Philip IV of France (a Scottish ally) confiscated the Duchy of Gascony, Edward went to war with France. He recovered his duchy but the conflict relieved military pressure against Scotland. When the Edward I died, his son was left with a war with Scotland, financial and political problems.
ME112518. Silver denier au lion, Elias 13b, SCBC-SII 8013, Duplessy 1037, Poey d'Avant 2787, Hewlett p. 19 , VF, toned, weight 0.871 g, maximum diameter 17.9 mm, die axis 315o, Aquitaine mint, as Duke of Aquitaine, 1252 - 1272; obverse + EDVVARD: FILI (Edward son of, double pellet stops), lion passant left within inner circle; reverse + h': REGIS: ANGLIE (Henry King of England, double pellet stops), cross pattée within inner circle; SOLD




  




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