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Islamic, Ghaznavids, Khusrau Malik, AH 555 - 582, 1160 - 1186 A.D.
Abu'l-Muzaffar Khusrau Malik ibn Khusrau-Shah, better known as Khusrau Malik (also spelled Khosrow Malik), was the last Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling 1160 - 1186. In 1161/2, Oghuz Turks seized the Ghaznavid capital of Ghazna, forcing Khusrau Malik to make Lahore his new capital. From there he expanded his rule into northern India, as far as southern Kashmir. In 1178 the Ghurid ruler Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad invaded and by 1181/2 swept around Lahore. Khusrau Malik only managed to keep the city by paying him. Lahore was finally captured by the Ghurids in 1186. Khusrau-Malik and his son were taken to Ghur and imprisoned, marking the end of the Ghaznavid Empire.IS75959. Bronze jital, Album 1664.2, Mitchiner WOI 802, Tye Jitals 120.3, Deyell 115, F, tight flan typical for the type, Lahore mint, weight 3.316g, maximum diameter 14.0mm, die axis 225o, undated, AH 555 - 582; obverse Arabic inscription in four lines: al-sultan / al-a'zam / Siraj / al-Dawla (the very great sultan, light of the state); border of pellets and outer linear circle; reverse Arabic inscription in two lines: Khusraw / Malik, crescent above, circle of dots between inner and outer linear borders; SOLD
REFERENCES
Album, S. A Checklist of Islamic Coins. (Santa Rosa, CA, 2011).
Deyell, J. Living Without Silver: The Monetary History of Early Medieval North India. (New Delhi, 1999).
Friedberg, A. & I. Gold Coins of the World, From Ancient Times to the Present, 8th ed. (Clifton, NJ, 2009).
Krause, C. & C. Mishler. Standard Catalog of World Coins. (Iola, WI, 2010 - ).
Mitchiner, M. Oriental Coins and Their Values, Vol. 3: Non-Islamic States & Western Colonies. (London, 1979).
Palomares Bueno, F. "Learn to Differentiate Nine Jitals" in Revista Numismática Hécate 2. (2015), pp. 125 - 146.
Tye, R. & M. Jitals: a catalogue and account of the coin denomination of daily use in medieval Afghanistan and North West India. (Isle of South Uist, 1995).
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