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Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Themes & Provenance| ▸ |Gods, Non-Olympian| ▸ |Sol||View Options:  |  |  | 

Sol

Sol sometimes called Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") was the solar deity in Ancient Roman religion. Worship of Sol began early but seems to have become more significant from the reign of Aurelian until the abolition of paganism under Theodosius I.

Severus Alexander, 13 March 222 - March 235 A.D.

|Severus| |Alexander|, |Severus| |Alexander,| |13| |March| |222| |-| |March| |235| |A.D.||denarius|
TR P abbreviates Tribunicia Potestate, the tribunician power, the power to veto legislation. In Roman coin legends the abbreviation TR P is often followed by a Roman numeral indicating the number of times the tribunitian power has been held. Every emperor claimed the tribunician power from the moment of accession. Up to Nerva the tribunician power was renewed on the anniversary of its original conferment. From Antoninus Pius on it seems to have been renewed on 10 December, the day on which elected tribunes entered office. It is still unclear (a) what system of renewal was in force from Trajan to Antoninus Pius and (b) whether at some point in the third century the tribunician day was moved from 10 December to 1 January.
SH112502. Silver denarius, RIC IV 109; RSC III 411a; BMCRE VI p. 195, 807; SRCV II 7913; Hunter III -, Choice EF, well centered and struck, flow lines, edge crack, mild die wear, weight 2.475 g, maximum diameter 19.6 mm, die axis 180o, Rome mint, 231 A.D.; obverse IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG, laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from the front; reverse P M TR P X COS III P P, Sol standing slightly left, head left, radiate, nude but for chlamys over shoulders and left arm, raising right hand commanding the sun to rise, globe in left hand; $150.00 (€141.00)
 


Cotiaeum, Phrygia, c. 253 - 268 A.D.

|Other| |Phrygia|, |Cotiaeum,| |Phrygia,| |c.| |253| |-| |268| |A.D.||diassarion|
The image of Demos, the personification of the People, was used on ancient coinage as early as the 5th century B.C. In Roman times, many towns under Roman domination struck pseudo-autonomous coinage depicting either the bust or head of Demos, or showed him standing with the Emperor, Boule (the city council), or the Demos of another city.
RP112281. Bronze diassarion, BMC Phrygia p. 162, 13; SNGvA 3774; SNG München 315; SNG Cop -, VF, dark green patina, earthen deposits, weight 12.431 g, maximum diameter 28.8 mm, die axis 0o, Kotiaeion (Kütahya, Turkey) mint, time of Gallienus, c. 253 - 268 A.D.; obverse ΔHMOC (Demos) KOTIAEΩN, diademed bust of the Demos to right, slight drapery over far shoulder; reverse EΠI Π AIΛ ΔHMHTPIANOV IΠΠI, AP-X across fields (under the authority of P. Aelius Demetrius, Archon, HMH ligate), Sol standing in facing spread quadriga, head left, raising right hand commanding sunrise, globe in left hand, no star and crescent below horses, KOTIAEΩN (ΩN ligate) in exergue; rare; $100.00 (€94.00)
 


Probus, Summer 276 - September 282 A.D.

|Probus|, |Probus,| |Summer| |276| |-| |September| |282| |A.D.||antoninianus|
Probus started as a simple soldier but advanced to general and was declared emperor after the death of Tacitus. Florian's murder left him as undisputed ruler. His leadership brought peace and prosperity but he was murdered by mutinous soldiers, enraged at being employed on public building projects.
RA111887. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 862, Cohen VI 655, SRCV III -, Hunter IV 303 var. (2nd officina), VF, much silvering remaining, weight 3.013 g, maximum diameter 23.8 mm, die axis 0o, 3rd officina, Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria) mint, 277 A.D.; obverse IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG, radiate bust left in consular robe, eagle-tipped scepter in right; reverse SOLI INVICTO (to the invincible sun god), Sol in a spread quadriga facing, radiate, cloak billowing out behind, raising right hand commanding sunrise, whip in left hand, KA•Δ• in exergue; $90.00 (€84.60)
 


Regalianus, Usurper in Austria, c. 260 A.D.

|Regalianus|, |Regalianus,| |Usurper| |in| |Austria,| |c.| |260| |A.D.||antoninianus|
Certificate of Authenticity issued by David R. Sear.

The extremely rare coinage of Regalianus and his wife, Sulpicia Dryantilla, are all antoniniani produced with crudely engraved dies. Like this coin, all examples appear to be over-struck on earlier coins, mostly on denarii of the Severan dynasty (193-235 A.D.). The reverse legend ORIENS AVGG refers to the East and with the plural ending, AVGG, probably indicates he hoped to rule as co-emperor in the East with Gallienus in the West.
SH21382. Silver antoninianus, Göbl Regalianus M1 and pl. II (same dies, citing specimen in Budapest); RIC V-2 7; RSC IV 4a, nearly VF, over-struck on a denarius of the Severan period though the details of the undertype are too obscure for identification, weight 3.328 g, maximum diameter 19.5 mm, die axis 225o, Carnuntum mint, c. 260 A.D.; obverse IMP C P C REGALIANVS AVG, radiate and draped bust right; reverse ORIENS AVGG (the rising sun of the two emperors), Sol standing left, radiate, nude but for chlamys over shoulders and left arm, raising right hand commanding the sun to rise, whip in left; ex Forum (2003); extremely rare (R5); SOLD


Macrianus, Summer 260 - Early Summer 261 A.D.

|Macrianus|, |Macrianus,| |Summer| |260| |-| |Early| |Summer| |261| |A.D.||antoninianus|
Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") was the sun god of the later Roman Empire and a patron of soldiers. In 274 the Roman emperor Aurelian made it an official cult alongside the traditional Roman cults. The god was favored by emperors after Aurelian and appeared on their coins until Constantine. The last inscription referring to Sol Invictus dates to 387 and there were enough devotees in the 5th century that Augustine found it necessary to preach against them. The date 25 December was selected for Christmas to replace the popular Roman festival Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, the "Birthday of the Unconquered Sun."
RA26604. Billon antoninianus, Göbl MIR 1741, RSC IV 12, RIC V-2 12 (R2), Hunter 8, SRCV III 10809, Choice VF, full circle centering, original hoard toning, weight 4.531 g, maximum diameter 22.1 mm, die axis 0o, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, summer 260 - early summer 261 A.D.; obverse IMP C FVL MACRIANVS P F AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right; reverse SOL INVICTO, Sol standing left, nude but for radiate crown and cloak on left shoulder, raising right hand commanding the sun to rise, globe in left; rare; SOLD


Constantine II, 22 May 337 - March or April 340 A.D.

|Constantine| |II|, |Constantine| |II,| |22| |May| |337| |-| |March| |or| |April| |340| |A.D.||centenionalis|
Most references describe the reverse on this very rare type as the plan of a Roman camp. But experts disagree and there are many theories. One possibility is that the reverse depicts what Constantine saw in his vision; except the god on the coin appears to be Sol, not Christ. One explanation for this is that he did not come to understand the true meaning his vision until just prior to his battle with Licinius (when he may have had another vision).
SH32718. Billon centenionalis, RIC VII Thessalonica 71, aVF, weight 2.745 g, maximum diameter 18.4 mm, die axis 180o, 2nd officina, Thessalonica (Salonika, Greece) mint, as caesar, 319 A.D.; obverse CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C, laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse VIRTVS EXERC (courage of the army), cross shaped pattern, usually described as the plan of a Roman camp, Sol holding globe and raising hand standing above center, TSB in exergue; very rare reverse; SOLD


Florianus, June or July - August or September 276 A.D.

|Florianus|, |Florianus,| |June| |or| |July| |-| |August| |or| |September| |276| |A.D.||antoninianus|
RIC V-1 only lists officinae A and B without KA. Rare and superb
SH80379. Silvered antoninianus, MER-RIC T4518 (8 spec.), BnF XII 1974, Venèra 2932, RIC V-1 112 var. (4th officina not listed), superb EF, very sharp, extraordinary coin!, weight 3.632 g, maximum diameter 21.9 mm, die axis 180o, Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria) mint, 2nd issue, Aug 276 A.D.; obverse IMP C M AN FLORIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right; reverse PROVIDEN DEOR (the foresight of the gods), Providentia holding two standards standing left, Sol raising hand and holding globe in the right, star in between, Δ in exergue; very rare; SOLD


Florianus, June or July - August or September 276 A.D.

|Florianus|, |Florianus,| |June| |or| |July| |-| |August| |or| |September| |276| |A.D.||antoninianus|
PACATOR is Latin for peacemaker or pacifier; from paco ("I make peaceful, pacify"), from pax ("peace"). To the Romans a maker of world peace would necessarily also be a subjugator, a subduer, and a conqueror.
SH43299. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-1 7, BnF XII 1860, Bastien 137, Cohen VI 46, Venèra 2640 - 2644, Gloucester 784, Appleshaw 352, Blackmoor 3947, Maravielle 841, Choice gVF, weight 4.300 g, maximum diameter 22.5 mm, die axis 225o, 3rd officina, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) mint, issue 2, July 276 A.D.; obverse IMP C M AN FLORIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse PACATOR ORBIS (pacifier of the world), Sol advancing left, radiate, nude but for chlamys over shoulders, left arm, and flying behind, raising right hand commanding the sun to rise, whip in left, III in exergue; scarce; SOLD







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