End Notes+ I should like to thank Prof. John Pollini, Dean of the School of
Fine Arts at the University of Southern California, for
his help in locating many materials on the portraiture of
Caligula. I should also like to thank
Brooks Levy at the
Princeton Umiversity
Library for insightful views on Caligula's
radiate crown. Many thanks to the Classics Department at the University of California at Berkeley for their scholarly seminars on numismatics, especially Prof. R.
Stroud and Prof. R. Knapp. I am also thankful to the
San Francisco Ancient Numismatic Society, and thanks to Susan
Wood for her
help in in finding material on the portraiture of
Caligula. Lastly I would like to thank Miriam
Griffin for her encouragement and the first book she suggested on the Julio Claudians.
Bibliography1. Suetonius, Cal 8.1:
Fasti Vallenses and
Fasti Pighiani; also see Dio 59.61. A Barrett,
Caligula: The Corruption of Power,
Yale University Press, 1989 (Barrett 1989), while not rejecting Suetonius, raises questions, pp.6-7, Also see J.P.V.D. Balsdon, The Emperor Gaius,
Oxford, 1934 (Balsdon 1934), p.4. 2. Seneca, De
Constantia Sapientis, p.18. See also Suetonius, Calig. p. 50.3.
BMC I 160/88-92:
RIC I 56; AE
dupondius.
Obverse:
Augustus radiate head left.
Reverse: seated figure on curule chair holding branch and globe.
Attribution to the reign of
Caligula now seems certain. See H. Chantraine, Die Antiken Fundmuzen Von Neuss, Novaesium
VIII, 1982. pp. 20-21.4. (supra n. 3 ); The seated figure has been accepted by most scholars as
Augustus, the description of it as an honorific statue apparently goes back to I.
Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum VI, 1828, p. 126. Also see B.E. Levy, "Caligula's
Radiate Crown,"Schweitzer Munzblatter, 38/152, 1988 (Levy 1988), pp. 101-107, Also see H.M.
von Kaenel, "
Augustus,
Caligula oder
Claudius," Gazette
Numismatique Suisse 28, 1978, pp. 39-44. As Levy points out a fuller investigation into: 1st century and Hellenistic evidence would be rewarding. E. Kantorowicz,
Oriens Augusti,
Dumbarton Oaks Paper 17, 1963, 119-133, examines the association of solar imagery with imperial accessions and epiphanies. Unfortunately it starts with the 2nd century A.D. 5.
Swift, F.H., "Imagines in Imperial Portraiture,"
AJA 28, 1923, pp. 286-301. M.
Stewart, "How Were Imperial
Portraits Distributed Throughout The
Roman Empire?"
AJA 43, 1939, pp. 601-617. J. Pollini, The Portraiture of
Gaius and Lucius Caesar",
New York, 1987 (Pollini 1987), pp. 2-3 for a photo of a
terracotta head in the Louvre, see Kiss, L'iconographie, figs. 312-13, p. 99.6. Fullerton, M.D.,
Rev. of Pollini 1987,
AJA 92, 1988, pp. 615-17, probably the most difficult of the Julio-Claudians to attribute; an insightful review. Also see R. Brilliant, "An Early Imperial
Portrait of
Caligula," AAAH 4, 1969, pp. 13-17. Also see J. Pollini, "A Pre-Principate
Portrait of Gaius (
Caligula)?" JWAG,
Vol. 40, 1982 (Pollini 1982), pp.3-4. I believe this
portrait that Pollini speaks of is indeed the only pre-principate likeness, which is similiar to the Dresden and La Spezia
Portraits.7. DioLX22. Also see M. Bergemann and P. Zanker, "Damnatio Memoriae'-Umgearbeitete
Nero und Domitians Portrats: Zur Ikonographie der Flavischen
Kaiser und
des Nerva," jdI 96, 1981, pp. 317-42. See also J. Pollini, "
Damnatio Memoriae in
Stone: Two
Portraits of
Nero Recut to Vespasianin American Museums,"
AJA 88, 1984, pp. 547-66. For a photo of a mutilated small bronze of
Caligula, see F. Johansen, " The Sculpted
Portraits of
Caligula," Ancient
Portraits in the J. Paul
Getty Museum,
Vol. 1, 1987 (Johansen 1987), figs 19a-19b. For a
portrait of
Germanicus mutilated in late
antiquity, See S.
Walker,
Roman Art in the British Museum, 1991, fig. 33, p. 31. For the greatest
work to date on
Caligula in the round. See D. Boschung, Die Bildnisse
des Caligula", Das Romische Herrscherbild,
Vol. 4,
part 1,
Berlin 1989 (Boschung 1989), no 30, pls. 27, 1-4, 45.1. 8. Jonas, E., " A Damanatio Memoriae alkalmazasa egyik duponiusan
Caligula, Numizm Kozlony, 1937-38, pp. 89-91. 9. Barrett 1989, pp. 179-80. D.W. Mcdowall, " THe Economic Context of the
Roman Imperial
Countermark NCAPR," Acta Numismatica I, 1971, p. 87.10.
Callu, J.P. and F. Rosati, "Les Depot monetaire du Posarello,"
MEFR, 1964, pp. 51-90.11.
Carson, R.A.G., "The Bredgar Treasure of
Roman Coins", NC, 1959. pp.17-22.12. Seminar held at the University of California-Berkeley. April 1995, Berkeley Classics Department.13. Barrett 1989, p. 180.14.
Stewart, M. (supra n. 5), pp. 601-17.15. IGR IV, 1022.16.
CIL XII, 1848, 1849.17. Dio LIX.4 IG
VII, 2711.18. IG, 2nd ed., vols 2-3, 3266-67.
Athens together with Drusilla;
Graindor,
BCH 38, 1914, no. 18, p. 401.
Seyrig, RA, 1929, p. 90. See also T. Pekary, Monumentum Chiloniense, Amsterdam, 1975, p. 107. E. Koberlein,
Caligula und die agyptische Kulte, Meisenheim am glau, 1962, p. 54. 19. Poulsen, V., "
Portraits of
Caligula," A Arch 29, 1958, pp. 175-90. On the Worcester
head, Poulsen speaks about "an unmistackable nervous tension," For a description of the so-called "crazy
Caligula portrait," see D.
Kleiner,
Roman Sculpture, New haven, 1992, p. 128. See also J. Pollini,
Roman Portraiture: Images of Character and Virtue, Los Angeles 1990, pp. 8-12. 20. For more on the Fulda
head, see Johansen 1987, p. 95. Poulsen (supra n. 19), pp. 178-79. See also H. Heintze, Die antiken Portrats in SchloB Fasanerie bei Fulda, Mainz, 1968, no. 21.21. Copenhagen
head 637a : Th pupils, eylashes and irises were added in paint; only those on the left of the Copenhagen
head are
still preserved. See
Kleiner (supra n. 19), p. 127. J. Pollini told me in conversation that the Docents at the NY Glyptotek like to scare the children with the so called "Crazy looking
Caligula" 22. Pollini 1982, pp. 2-4.23. Poulsen (supra n. 19), p. 186. Johansen 1987, p. 106.
Kleiner (supra n. 19), p. 126. All agree that the Worcester
head is as possible postumous issue from Neronian times.24. A very controversial issue. See Strabo, 4.3.2;
CIL Xiii (supra n. 10), pp. 1820, 1799.25.
Mattingly,
BMC cxiii-iii.26. C.H.V.
Sutherland, " The Mints of
Lugdunum and
Rome under
Caligula: an unsolved problem,"NAC 10, 1981, pp. 297-99.27. Girard, J.B., "les emmisons d'or et d' argent de
Caligula dans l'atelier de
Lyon," RN, 1976, pp. 69-81. There is a danger that these were forgers's does. See also H.M.
von Kaenel, " Die Organasation der Munzparagung Caligulas,"
SNR 66, 1987, pp. 42-43. H.B.
Mattingly, NC 145, 1985, p. 256; Barrett 1989, pp. 244-54. 28. Balsdon 1934, p. 146.29. On the other imagery of
Caligula, see locally produced
glass medallions thought to bear Caligula's image from the Rhine
area, see D. Boschung, Romische Glasphalerae mit Portratbusten," BJ 187, 1987, nos. 2,7, 27. For convincing
identification of the seated male figure on a
gem in the
Vienna Kunsthistoriches Museum, as
Caligula and not
Augustus, see H. Kyrieleis, "Zu einem Kameo in Wien," Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1970, figs. 1,3, pp. 492-98. Pollini 1982, p. 3. For pre-accession
portrait of
Caligula on colonial issues from
Carthago Nova in
Spain (usually crude
portraits), see A.
Banti and
Simonetti, Corpus Nummorum Romanorum 13, Florence, 1977, pp. 141-50.; M Grant, Aspects of the Principate of
Tiberius,
New York, 1950, 35, 101, pl. 6.3. 30. RIC, 36.31. Breglia, L.,
Roman Imperial Coins: Their Art and Techniques, 1968, pp. 44-50. Also see
Kleiner (supra n. 19), pp. 141-63; Boschung 1989, p. 18.32.
RIC I, 110, no.32.33. Ritter, H.W.,
Adlocutio und Corona Civica unter
Caligula und
Tiberius,"
JNG, 1971, pp. 81-96.34. This
identification was already made in the
auction catalouge, Munzen und Medaillen, AG
Basel 43 (12-13.11.1970), no. 289.35. Boschung 1989, pl D, Figs. 1-8.36. Boschung 1989, pp. 24-25; H.M.
von Kaenel (supra n. 4), pp.39-44.37. Poulsen, V. (supra n. 19), p. 185; Johansen 1989, p. 104.38. For discussion for the typology in
identification of
Caligula. See Pollini 1982, pp. 1-12.39. Johansen 1987, p. 97. Probably made shortly after Caligula's accession, this
head I have seen personally at the J. Paul
Getty Museum. A most impressive
head from
Asia Minor. See Pollini 1982, p. 6.40. Dio 59.6.1; Suet Calig. 14.1. Also see A Jackobson and H. Cotton, Caligula's Rescusatio Imperii,
Historia 34, 1985, pp. 497-503.41. Grenade, P., Essai sur les origines du principat, 1961, p. 283. 42. Kuthmann, H., "
Claudius,
Germanicus und
divus Augustus,"
JNG 10, 1959/60, pp. 56-57.
43.
Kleiner, F.American Journal of Numismatics 3-4
New York (1992): Review of D. Boschung's 'Die Bildnisse
des Caligula' Gerbruder-Mann (1989)44. Smallwood, E.M., Documents illustrating the reigns of Gaius,
Claudius and
Nero, 1967, no. 126. Also see M. Charlesworth,
CAH X, 1952, p. 654, nt. 1; G.J.D Aalders,"
Helios Gaios," Mnemosyne 13, 1960, pp. 242-43.45.
BMC 145/ 49-51.46. First, I have come across at least (as of 5/15/06) 9 known examples of
Caligula radiate?(I
hope you realize it is
caligula). Here is
part of the theory: The Die-Cutter for some reason has shortened the "T" in ET' for some reason. Could it have been that this was to make room for the rays? For one piece where the crown is quite evident see:
Catalog of the Vierordt sale Shuluman 5.3 1923, no. 573. A.
Banti and L.
Simonetti has considerable samples in
CNR VI (1974) 65-72. It's strange when you are not aware to look for something you don't see it! My eyes now scan the Consensv
dupondii very closely. Sometime the "T" is delibretaly raised, but it always seems to be raised to a certain degree. The point regarding
Caligula being the seated figure is obvious, since the curule chair is the seat of the living Princeps before the
Flavian era. The best
portrait, which I have is a photo of
Caligula (iconographically) in the
Bern historical Museum. We can't assume becasue the die-cutters abberations . When we look at
provincial coinage we clearly find
Caligula radiate during
his principate. Did the proposed
radiate crown = divine election? Could this attribute come at the beginning of the issue and then pressure from
Rome discontinued it? Or was the
radiate added later with Caligula's self exaltation? ON THE EMBASSY TO GAIUS THE FIRST
PART OF THE TREATISE ON VIRTUES (De Virtutibus Prima Pars, Quod Est De Legatione Ad Gaium) Philo (95) Afterwards, when he thought fit to do so, he laid aside these
ornaments, and metamorphosed and transformed himself into
Apollo, crowning
his head with garlands, in the form of rays, and holding a bow and arrows in
his left hand, and holding forth
graces in
his right, as if it became him to proffer blessings to all
men from
his ready store, and to display the best arrangement possible on
his right hand, but to contract the punishments which he
had it in
his power to inflict, and to allot to them a more confined space on
his left. There is a very similar case in
Flavian coinage, a
sestertius issued for
Titus at the beginning of
his reign (
BMC 178-81). The
reverse shows V. and T. holding a globe between them; the
head of one figure, on some but not all preserved examples, has very small rays. It’s always been thought this was
Vespasian, but for numerous reasons must be
Titus. As with
Caligula, this detail defines him as the emperor-elect. The
radiate crown he wears on the coinage signifies that he is a descended from
Divus Augustus -- same for
Nero, only he could claim kinship with both
Divus Augustus and Divus
Claudius.
47. Levy, B.E., "
Portraits of the Heir Apparent:
Geta or
Caracalla,"
AJA, 1992, p. 350; B.E. Levy, Calpurnius Siculus/ I 84-88: The Iconograhy of Imperial Succession," APA, 1989, p. 15.
48. R. Fears,
ANRW II.17 (1981)72, note 347. See also Zanker, Paul, Provinzielle Kaiserporträts: Zur Rezeption derSelbstdarstellung
des Princeps,
Munich: Bayerische Akade-mie der Wissenschaften, 1983Boschung, Dietrich, “Die Bildnistypen der iulisch-claudischenKaiserfamilie: ein kritischer Forschungsbericht,” Journal ofRoman Archaeology 6 (1993)