The coinage of this district was of Greek (Phocaean) origin, and
consisted of didrachms weighing 118 grs. maximum, gradually falling in
weight, and of bronze coins of about the same size as the didrachm,
which perhaps represent the older litra of silver. The silver money
comes to an end in general about B.C. 268, when the Roman denarius
was first issued. How long after this date bronze continued to be coined
in Campania it is hard to determine. It was certainly very generally
issued down to the close of the Hannibalic war and the fall of Capua,
B.C. 211, and some towns specially favoured by the Romans may have
preserved the right of coining their own bronze money for perhaps
a century longer.
The inscriptions are at first purely Greek; subsequently the Oscan
element prevails, except at Neapolis; and finally the Latin gradually
supersedes both Oscan and Greek.
Acerrae (?). (Acherra, north-east of Naples.) To this town Sambon
(Mon. ant. de l'Italie, p. 418) conjecturally attributes the bronze coins
dating from about the middle of the third century B.C., described in the
first edition of this work (p. 26) under Aurunca. The name of the town,
which is in Oscan characters, is still uncertain.
Head of Apollo; behind, Θ.
(Sambon, op. cit., 419.)
Allifae (Alife). Of this town, which was situated on the eastern or
Samnite side of the Vulturnus valley, only silver coins are known (cf.
those of Phistelia). Their Campanian and frequently maritime types point
to commercial relations with the Campanian coast towns, especially with
Cumae. The inscc. consist of mixed Greek and Oscan characters,
e.g. ΛΙΟΗΛ, Ι8, ΑΛΛΙΒΑΝΟΝ, ΑΙΒΑ, ΑΛΛΕΙ. It is clear that
the f sound was variously written ΟΗ, 8, or Β. (Conway, Ital. Dial.,
i. 196.) The chief types and denominations are as follows:—
Head of Athena in helmet adorned with
owl and olive-branch.
Atella. This city, midway between Capua and Neapolis, struck bronze
money only, of late style and bearing an Oscan inscr. (Aderl. retrograde)
and marks of value (circ. B.C. 250-217). It participated in the revolt
31
from Rome during the Hannibalic war and was severely punished in
consequence, B.C. 211, after which it ceased to coin money.
Caiatia lay about ten miles north-east of Capua on the river Vulturnus.
Its coinage (see also under Aquinum,p. 26) is wholly of bronze and dates
from B.C. 268 or later: inscr. CAIATINO:—
Calatia was also in the neighbourhood of Capua. Its coins are of
struck bronze with Oscan legend (sometimes retrograde). The sizes and
marks of value are similar to those of Atella. These two towns were
probably dependent upon Capua, whose fate they shared after the
revolt of B.C. 216. The date of the coinage is circ. B.C. 250-210.
Cales (Calvi), a few miles north of Capua, was originally the capital
of the Ausonian Caleni. It received a Latin colony of 2,500 citizens from
Rome in B.C. 334. Its coinage is plentiful and consists, according to
Haeberlin (System. d. ältesten röm. Münzwesens, p. 33) :—
The constant type of the reverses, a kantharos or cup (calix), was
probably chosen as an indication of the chief industries of the city,
the wine-trade and the manufacture of ceramics. It also suggests the
resemblance in sound between calix and Cales.
For numerous adjunct symbols and other details see Sambon (Italie,
p. 354). For the coins with the Cock-type see under Aquinum (p. 26). The
series of aes grave, above described, if rightly attributed to Cales, is cer-
tainly earlier than the silver and struck bronze coins, and would tend to
show that, down to the earlier part of the third century B.C., Cales traded
only with the bronze-using districts of Samnium.
Capua. The various series of coins issued at Capua, and perhaps else-
where, by the Romans in their own name (ROMANO and, later, ROMA),
in gold, silver, and bronze between B.C. 335 and 268 fall rather into the
category of Roman than of Greek numismatics.
The Romano-Campanian coins (for a catalogue of which see Bahrfeldt
in Riv. Ital. di Num., 1899) are as follows:— The didrachm in the first
period being of the Phocaïc standard (normal wt. 7.58grm. = 1.17grs.):—
Period I. B.C. 335-312.
SILVER.
young Hercules, r. Rx. Wolf and twins; ROMANO (Babelon,
op. cit., i. 13. 8).
BRONZE (perhaps pieces of 1, 2, and 4 litrae).
1. Head of Minerva, I.; ROMANO. R. Eagle on thunderbolt; ROMANO
(Babelon, op. cit., i. 14. 10).
2. Head of Apollo, l. or r. R. Lion biting spear; ROMANO (Babelon, op.
cit., i. 13. 10).
3. Head of Minerva, l. or r. R. Head of horse, r. or l.; ROMANO on one
or both sides (Babelon, op. cit., i. 13. 5).
Period II. B.C. 312-286.
SILVER AND BRONZE.
In the second period the Phocaïc silver standard is replaced by the
scruple standard (scripulum 1.137 grammes = 1/288 of the pound of 327.45
grammes). The light Oscan pound of 272.88 grammes is 5/6 of the heavy
pound, and contains 240 scripula. Silver is to bronze as 1:120. After
the first issue of the new didrachms, ROMANO is replaced by ROMA.
The object of the introduction of the scruple standard was to harmonize
the chief denominations of the bronze and silver standards; 2 scripula
33
of silver (2.274 grammes) at 1: 120 are equivalent to 1 bronze .As or
272.88 grammes. The struck bronze is still as in the first Period
a token-currency; but it is smaller, consisting of tenths and twentieths
of the scruple, i. e. libellae and sembellae. The struck coins of the second
period are:—
(α) FIRST ISSUE: didrachm of 6.82 grm. (= 105.36 grs. = 6 scruples );
no smaller money.
1. Head of Roma in Phrygian helmet, r. R. Victory fastening taenia to
palm-branch; ROMANO (Babelon, op.cit., i. 12. 7). (Fig. 8.)
FIG. 8.
(β) LATER ISSUES: three didrachms, drachms, and bronze.
1. Head of Mars, r., beardless; behind, club. R. Horse, r.; above, club;
ROMA (Babelon, op. cit., i. 26. 32). Libella of same types.
2. Head of Mars, r., beardless. R. Bust of horse, r.; behind, sickle;
ROMA (Babelon, op. cit., i. 27. 34). (Fig. 9.) Drachm and libella of same types.
FIG. 9.
3. Head of Apollo, r. Rx. Horse, I.; ROMA (Babelon, op. cit., i. 28. 37).
Drachm and libella of same types.
These three later issues have a common sembella, Head of Roma, r., in
Phrygian helmet. Rx. Dog; ROMA (Babelon, op. cit., i. 28. 42).
Period III. B.C. 286-268.
GOLD, SILVER, AND BRONZE.
In the third period the bronze unit becomes subordinated to the silver
unit, and in this change lies the secret of the Roman reductions. The
Roman As, equated with the silver unit of the scripulum, loses half
its weight, and is issued on the semi-libral standard. The silver coinage
of the Capuan mint is thoroughly Romanized; its types are, Obv. Head of
youthful Janus; Rev. Jupiter in his quadriga (Fig. 10). Corresponding to
these quadrigati is a bronze coinage (struck pieces with ROMA, from triens or
4-libellae to half-uncia or sembella) which has hitherto not been
recognized as Capuan, and which was a true coinage, not mere token
34
FIG. 10.
money like the small bronze of the previous period. It is partly to the
preceding and partly to this period that Haeberlin (Z. f. N., xxvi, p. 261)
attributes the series of gold coins, Obv. Head of youthful Janus; Rev.
Two soldiers taking oath. over a pig held by a kneeling youth (Fig. 11)
FIG. 11.
(weights 105, 70, and 53 grs.= 6, 4, and 3 scripula). The pieces of
4 scripula, bear on the obv., beneath the head of Janus, the mark of value
XXX (= 30 bronze asses of circ. 273 grm.). The 4-scruple pieces with
this mark of value must have been struck in Period II before the As was
reduced to half its original weight. The authenticity of the specimens
with XXX has been doubted on insufficient evidence. (See Haeberlin, op.
cit., pp. 229 sqq.).
Period IV. After B.C. 268.
In the fourth period when the coinage of silver was mainly transferred
from the Roman mint at Capua to the mint of Rome itself, and when
the Roman denarius was first coined, the only silver denominations
which continued to be struck at Capua were the later quadrigati of
6 and 3 scruples respectively:—Obv. Head of youthful Janus; Rev.
Jupiter in quadriga driven by Victory (wt. 105.3 grs. and 52.3 grs.).
The quadrigatus didrachm continued to be struck at Capua probably
until the Hannibalic war, but the smaller denomination was soon
replaced by the Victoriatus struck at the Roman mint, the weight of
which speedily fell to about 45 grs. (See Haeberlin, op. cit., p. 238.)
The strictly autonomous Capuan coinage, as distinct from the Romano-
Campanian issues, consists entirely of bronze, except during the few
years of the revolt during the Hannibalic war. These coins bear the
name of the town in Oscan letters (Π = KAPU), and are briefly as
follows :—
Before B.C. 268. Bronze, with Π, no marks of value.
In addition to the above there are likewise coins of electrum, Obv.
Janiform female (?) head; Rev. Zeus in quadriga, which, it will be
remarked, are without inscription, either ROMA or Π. This fact,
combined with their late style, renders it probable that they were issued
during the Hannibalic war, B.C. 216-211, while Capua was in revolt
against the Roman domination; but there is nothing to prove that
they are Capuan rather than Carthaginian. The fact that they are
of electrum rather indicates that they were a Carthaginian coinage of
necessity (cf. Hammer in Z. f. N., 1907, p. 60). They must be studied
in connexion with the issue of Roman Republican gold money, Obv.
Head of Mars; Rev.Eagle or Fulmen, of three denominations with marks
of value ΨX, XXXX, and XX (= 60, 40, and 20 sestertii). (See Haeberlin,
op. cit., pp. 265 sqq., and Pl. I. 12 and 29-31.)
Compulteria or Cubulteria (Livy xxiii. 39; xxiv. 20) on the upper
Vulturnus a few miles south of Allifae.
Bronze coins only with Oscan inscriptions, circ. B.C. 268-240.
Cumae was the oldest Greek colony on the west coast of Italy.
According to Strabo (v. 4) it was founded by Chalcidians from Euboea,
and Cumaeans, from either Euboea or Aeolis. Its earliest coins date from
circ. B.C. 490, and are of the same standard as the early issues of the other
Chalcidian colonies, Rhegium, Zancle, Naxus, and Himera. They are
equivalent to the Aeginetic drachm, and, at the same time, to one-third
of the Euboïc tetradrachm.
Lion’s scalp flanked by two boars’
heads (Sambon, Italie, p. 150).
VΚ ΜΕ Bivalve shell (mussel ?)
AR 84 grs.
To this first period also we may ascribe certain small gold coins of
Cumae :—
Head of nymph, hair in sphendone
(Babelon, Traité, Pl. LXIX. 1).
ΚVΜΕ Mussel-shell.
AV 22 grs.
Corinthian helmet.
ΚVΜΕ Mussel-shell.
AV 5.5 grs.
Supposing the relative value of gold to silver to have been the same
here, as at Syracuse, viz. 15:1, this Euboïc half-obol of gold would have
been the exact equivalent of 1 Aeginetic drachm of 84 grs.
In all the above-mentioned Chalcidian colonies, about B.C. 490, the
Aeginetic m standard was abandoned for the Euboïc, and the same change
is noticeable at Cumae.
Circ. B.C. 490-480. (Euboïc-Attic weight.)
ΚVΜΑΙΟΝ (retrograde) Head of
Athena (Sambon, Italie, p. 165).
Crab holding mussel-shell.
AR 129 grs.
The Attic (or Tarentine) didrachm of 130 grs. max. took no
firm root at Cumae, and early in the fifth century it gives place to the
Phocaïc didrachm or stater of 118-115 grs. imported from the Phocaean
colonies Velia and Poseidonia before its abandonment by them.
The silver currency of Cumae on the Phocaïc or Campanian standard
is very plentiful, and lasts from circ. B.C. 480-423, the date of the
capture of Cumae by the Samnites, Circ. B.C. 338 Cumae received from
Rome the status of a civitas sine suffragio, but neither then nor during
the period of its greatest prosperity does it appear to have struck any
bronze coins, for the few bronze coins that are known were probably
once plated with silver.
Circ. B.C. 480-423.
FIG. 12.
Female head diademed, of archaic style.
ΚVΜΕ or ΚΥΜΑΙΟΝ Mussel-shell,
and various symbols, e.g. corn-grain,
sea-serpent, mouse, fish, or marine-
plant (Fig. 12)
The Mussel-shell is a remarkable example of the παρασημον of
a city borrowed from among the natural products of the locality,
the shallow salt-lakes Avernus and Lucrinus being peculiarly adapted
to the cultivation of shell fish. [1] Cf.κυματοτροφος, nourished by the
waves.
The female head on the coins of Cumae may perhaps represent a
nymph Kyme as a personification of the city, or possibly the famous
Cumaean sibyl or the siren Parthenope. For numerous other varieties
see Sambon, Mon. ant. de l'Italie, pp. 139 sqq. Among these may be
mentioned a didrachm of the Neapolitan type, Obv. Female head; Rev.
Campanian man-headed bull crowned by flying Nike, which must be
assigned to circ. B.C. 343, when Cumae shook off the yoke of the
Samnites.
Fenseris is perhaps identical with the town called by the Romans
Veseris, on the slopes of Vesuvius, and close to Nola. Imhoof (Num.
Zeit., 1886, 211 ff.) identifies it with Hyria (q. v.). Its rare coins are Cam-
panian didrachms, dating apparently from circ. B.C. 400-335, inscribed with
mixed Greek and Oscan characters ΕΝΣΕΡ (= Fenser.) or
8ΕΝΕDΝV
(= Fensernum). The types are as follows:
Head of Hera Argoia or Lakinia to
front. (See p. 100.)
Hyria. The coins variously inscribed in mixed Greek and Oscan
characters, ΗVRΙΕΤΕS, ΥΡΙΝΑ, ΥΡΙΝΑΙΟΣ, ΥΡΙΑΝΟΣ, ΥDΙΝΑ, ΥDΙΝΑΙ,
VDΙΝΑ ,ΥDΕΝΑ, &c., &c., consist of Campanian didrachms of about
115 grs., ranging in date from circ. B.C. 400-335. Their types are copied
from coins of Croton, Poseidonia, Neapolis, and Thurium. Some of the obv.
dies have been shown by Imhoof (Num. Zeit., 1886) and Dressel (Berl.
Cat., III. i. 98) to be identical with dies used at Fenseris and Nola. It
would seem, therefore, that the Hyrians, Fenserines, and Nolaeans, using
1 Hor. Epod. ii. 49; Sat. ii. 432.
38
the same mint must, from a numismatic point of view, be regarded as
closely connected communities. The didrachms of Hyria are of the following types :—
Neapolis, an ancient Rhodian colony, originally called Parthenope, was
recolonized by the Cumaeans in the course of the sixth century B.C.
About the middle of the fifth century Chalcidian and Athenian settlers
called the place Neapolis. Subsequently it was menaced by the Sam-
nites, circ. B.C. 420, who had overrun Campania, and who, circ. B.C. 390,
occupied the citadel of Parthenope and dominated the city for about half
a century. In B.C. 290 Neapolis fell into the hands of the Romans, but
it always remained essentially a Greek town, and continued to strike
silver coins probably down to the end of the First Punic War, B.C. 241.
The coins of Neapolis have been described in approximate chrono-
logical order by A. Sambon (op. cit., pp. 193 sqq.):—
Period I, circ. B.C. 450-340. Didrachms. Obv. Helmeted head of
Athena (Fig. 15) or Head of Nymph (Siren Parthenope ?). Rev. Man-
headed bull (Fig. 16). Later, circ. B.C. 340, Obv. Head of Apollo. Rev.
Tarentine horseman (Sambon, op. cit., p. 213).
FIG. 16.
Period II, ending B.C. 241. Didrachms of poorer style. Obv. Head of
Nymph. Rev. Man-headed bull (Fig. 17).
39
FIG. 17.
The later issues are usually signed by magistrates or moneyers, in more
or less abbreviated forms.
The chronological sequence of the Neapolitan issues is, however,
by no means definitely settled, owing perhaps mainly to the fact that
the obverse and reverse dies were frequently interchangeable and of
different periods, old obverse dies having been sometimes utilized in
conjunction with new reverse dies. The classification according to the
forms of the inscr. ΝΕΟΠΟΙΤΕS, ΝΕΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟΝ, ΝΕΟΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ,
ΝΕΟΠΟΛΙΤΑΣ, ΝΕΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ, ΝΕΟΠΟΛΙΤΕΩΝ, &c., cannot therefore
be relied upon, in all cases, as a proof of the date of issue. There are
other variants which also occur on fourth century coins, e. g. ΝΕΠΟΙΤΕS,
ΝΕΟΠΟΙΤΗS, ΝΕΥΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ, ΝΟΥΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ, ΝΗΟΠΟΛΙΤΑΣ, &c., &c.,
which are probably due to the mixed character of the population of the
city, or to the semi-barbarous Samnite occupation of the citadel of Par-
thenope after circ. B.C. 390.
To the Neapolitan mint must also be assigned (on account of the
identity of an obverse die, Imhoof, N. Z., 1886, 226), the didrachms reading
ΠΠΑNΟΣ, ΗΑΜΠΑΝΟΣ, ΚΑΠΠΑNΟΣ, ΑΚΠΑΝΟS, ΚΑΜΠΑΝΟΣ
ΚΑΜΠΑΝΟΝ, &c. But whether these coins were struck by or for the
Campanian invaders is doubtful. In any case Neapolis and not Capua
is their place of mintage.
The types of the Neapolitan coins are probably agonistic. The head
of most frequent occurrence on the obverses would seem to be that of
the Siren Parthenope variously represented in profile, and occasionally
facing with flowing hair, a type very closely resembling the chef-d'oeuvre
of Kimon at Syracuse, the famous tetradrachm with the full-face head
of Arethusa (A. Evans, N. C., 1891, pl. XI). In honour of Parthenope,
identified as the local goddess of Neapolis, annual games were celebrated
(Roscher, Lex., 1653). The man-headed bull on the reverses is thought
to be the River-god Acheloös, the father of the Sirens, whose cultus was
wide-spread throughout the Greek world; cf. the well-known coin of
Metapontum with the inscr. ΑΨΕΛ◇S◇ ΑΕΘΛ◇Ν (infra, p. 76).
At Neapolis, however, it is possible that the periodical agonistic festi-
vals for which coins were issued were not held solely in honour of
Acheloös, the father of Rivers. The man-headed bull, crowned on the
later coins by a winged Nike, clearly an agonistic type, is characteristic
of many Campanian coins, and may have been generally understood as
symbolical of Acheloös, and, locally perhaps, of the tauriform chthonian
divinity, Bacchus Hebon, whose worship was prevalent in Southern
Italy, and more especially in Campania (Lenormant, La Grande Grèce,
i. 420).
For descriptions of the numerous subdivisions of the Neapolitan staters,
ranging in date from the middle of the fifth to the latter part of the
40
fourth century B.C., students must be referred to A. Sambon’s work,
Les Monnaies antiques de l'Italie. Many of the types of these smaller
coins are modifications of Cumaean, Sicilian, Terinaean, Acarnanian, or
Tarentine drachms, obols, litrae, &c., current in Southern Italy. One of
the most interesting among them is an obol of the fourth century, bearing
on the obv. the head of a young River-god accompanied by his name
SΕΠΕΙΘΟS (the modern Sebeto), and on the rev.Nike seated on a
hydria (Berlin Cat., III. i. Pl. VI. 76).
About B.C. 340 the small silver coinage is for the most part replaced
by a bronze coinage which began then to be issued. These coins seem
to be fractions of the obol or of the litra, and they outlast the silver
coinage by a period of uncertain duration. The chief types are the
following:—
All the later coins of Neapolis, whether of silver or bronze, have
symbols or letters in the field. Among the latter we may mention IΣ as
being extremely common, and curiously enough not peculiar to coins of
Neapolis, for it likewise occurs on contemporary coins of Aesernia, Cales,
Compulteria, Suessa, and Teanum. (See A. Sambon, op. cit., p. 190.)
Nola. The coinage of this prosperous town, the centre of the Samnite
opposition to the Roman domination in Campania, is modelled on that of
Neapolis, but it does not begin at so early a date. It would seem, for
the most part, to be included between B.C. 360 and 325.
ΝΩΛΑΙΩΝ, rarely ΝΩΛΑΙΟΣ. Man-
headed bull crowned by Nike.
Head of Athena in round Athenian
helmet bound with olive-wreath on
which an owl is seated.
ΝΩΛΑΙΩΝ Man-headed bull. (Fig. 18.)
1 Of this type there is a variety reading ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ instead of ΝΕΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ.
It is supposed to have been issued at Neapolis in B.C. 326 on the occasion of the foedus
Neapolitanum (see Sambon, Italie, 182, 188, 255, and Hunter Cat. i. 43).
41
In B.C. 313 Nola was conquered by the Romans, and there is a break
in its coinage until about B.C. 270, to which date the following issues,
possibly litrae of silver and bronze, may probably be assigned:—
Nuceria Alfaterna. An Oscan town on the river Sarnus (Nocera dei
Pagani). It was taken by the Romans during the second Samnite war,
B.C. 308. No coins are known which can be safely given to an earlier
date than circ. B.C. 280. They all bear some form of the Oscan inscription,
(= Nuvkrinum Alafaternum) usually
on the obv. Some have also inscc. on the rev. such as
(= Sarnsneis), (= Regvin?), &c. For other varieties see
Conway, Ital. Dialects, p. 14l.
One of the Dioskuri (?) standing beside
his horse with sceptre in l. hand
(Fig. 19).
Bronze litrae (?) and ½ litrae (?).
Young male head diademed.
The Dioskuri (?) on horseback.
Æ Size .8
Young male head bound with wreath.
Hound on the scent.
Æ Size .65
Phistelia. This town is only known to us by its coins, which, together
with those of Allifae, have been discovered on the borders of Campania
and Samnium. It is probable that Phistelia, like Allifae, was a Samnite
city. Its numismatic relations, however, are clearly Campanian. Its
coins are of silver only, and may be dated circ. B.C. 380-350. They are
inscribed in Oscan characters, 8ΙΤV, 8ΙΤVΙS, 8ΙΤEV, &c.,
almost always retrograde, a legend which on the obverses of some of the
smaller coins is repeated in Greek characters as ΦΙΣΤΕΛΙΑ, ΦΙΣΤΕΛΑ,
ΦΙΣΤΕΛΑD, &c. The weight of the didrachms ranges between 118 and
105 grs. The following are the chief types. For other varieties see
Sambon, op. cit., pp. 327 ff.
Suessa Aurunca (Sessa), between the Liris and the Vulturnus, west of
Teanum, was occupied by a Roman colony in B.C. 313. Its coins are all
late in style, like those of Cales, Nuceria, Teanum, &c.
(i) Circ. B.C. 280-268.
FIG. 20.
Head of Apollo, apparently copied from
coins of Croton.
SVΕSΑΝΟ Rider carrying filleted
palm, on horseback, leading a second
horse (Fig. 20)
AR didr., 114-100 grs.
Head of Hermes, inscr. ΠRΟΒΟVΜ or
ΠRΟΒΟΜ, as to which see Z. f. N.,
xiv. 161. Cf. ΠRΟΒΟΜ on con-
temporary coins of Beneventum.
The two last varieties point to a monetary convention between Suessa
and other towns in Campania, Latium, and Samnium. For the former
see under Aquinum (p. 26).
Teanum Sidicinum (Teano), a town of Oscan origin and the chief city of
the Sidicini, stood on the Via Latina in the northern corner of Campania.
Its coinage consists of two distinct classes :—
(i) Circ. B.C. 280-268.
Silver didrachms (wt. 114 grs. max.) and bronze litrae (?) with Oscan
inscc. or only (= Tianud Sidikinud or
Tiianud).
Irnum (?). The coins conjecturally attributed to an unknown town of
this name (near Salernum ?) are bronze of circ. B.C. 300 (Sambon, Mon.
ant. de l'Italie, p. 337), inscribed ΙDΝΘΙ├, ΙDΝΘ├, ΙDΘΝΗ, \\\\DNΘΙ, &c.,
bearing types imitated from coins of Neapolis and Cumae. Obv. Head
of Apollo. Rev. Man-headed bull, or Mussel-shell surrounded by three
dolphins.
(a) Aes grave. Semis, Triens, Sextans, and Uncia. Obv. Head of Helios,
Rev. {oVm}Ε Horse’s head. (Berlin Cat., p. 25; Sambon, op. cit., p. 410; Con-
way, op. cit., p. 147.)
(b) Struck coins. Sextans. Obv.Bust of Helios, Rev. {oVm}ΕΛΕΧΑ Elephant.
Restruck over Mamertine coin. Uncia (?). Obv.Bust of Helios, Rev.
{oVm}ΕΛΕΧ Horse’s head. Restruck over Romano-Campanian coin. (Berlin
Cat., p. 164.)
In addition to the above described uncertain coins of Campania, there
are others of more doubtful origin bearing inscriptions which have not
been satisfactorily explained, e.g. ΑΟΡΤΟΝ (?) (Hunter Cat., p. 49);
FΕΙΝΕ (?) (Ibid., p. 150), the latter assigned by Garrucci to Venafrum.
Home
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(?); beneath 
ΙΙ
ΙΟΗΛ, 
Π
ΠΠΑNΟΣ, 
(= Nuvkrinum Alafaternum) usually
on the obv. Some have also inscc. on the rev. such as 
(= Sarnsneis), 
(= Regvin?), &c. For other varieties see
Conway, Ital. Dialects, p. 14l.
or 
only (= Tianud Sidikinud or
Tiianud).
